1.

Abstract
Coming along with the urgent development of wireless technology, wireless devices have invaded the medical area with a wide range of capability. Not only improving the quality of life of patients and doctor-patient efficiency, wireless technology enables clinicians to monitor patients remotely and give them timely health information, reminders, and support potentially extending the reach of health care by making it available anywhere, anytime. With the Help of RFID the doctors and hospital can keep the record of patient with Unique Identification Number provided with RFID card to him. Whenever the patient want to meet the doctor then the patient can carry his RFID card with him then the doctor will swipe his card to the RFID reader to find his history of disease or medical report on his database. It will help the hospital to manage the patient appropriately and provide them better treatment.

2. Introduction
An RFID system consists of a tag made up of a microchip with an antenna, and an interrogator or reader with an antenna. The reader sends out electromagnetic waves. The tag antenna is tuned to receive these waves. A passive RFID tag draws power from the field created by the reader and uses it to power the microchip's circuits. The chip then modulates the waves that the tag sends back to the reader, which converts the new waves into digital data. Just as like radio tunes in to different frequencies to hear different channels, RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency to communicate. RFID systems use many different frequencies, but generally the most common are low-frequency (around 125 KHz), high-frequency (13.56 MHz) and ultrahigh-frequency or UHF (860-960 MHz). Microwave (2.45 GHz) is also used in some applications. Radio waves behave differently at different frequencies, so its important to choose the right frequency for the right application. Different frequencies have different characteristics that make them more useful for different applications. For instance, low-frequency tags use less power and are better able to penetrate non-metallic substances. They are ideal for scanning objects with high-water content, such as fruit, but their read range is limited to less than a foot (0.33 meter). High-frequency tags work better on objects made of metal and can work around goods with high water content. They have a maximum read range of about three feet (1 meter). UHF frequencies typically offer better range and can transfer data faster than low- and high-frequencies. But they use more power and are less likely to pass through materials. And because they tend to be more "directed," they require a clear path between the tag and reader. UHF tags might be better for scanning boxes of goods as they pass through a dock door into a warehouse. It is best to work with a knowledgeable consultant, integrator or vendor that can help you choose the right frequency for your application.

3. Description

Fig. 1 Block Diagram of RFID based Telemedicine system

Introduction to RFID
A basic RFID system consists of three components: a) An antenna or coil b) A transceiver (with decoder) c) A transponder (RF tag)

The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and write data to it. The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more, depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing.

Fig 2. Circuit diagram of RFID Reader

The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a portable device, called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a particular application. The data transmitted by the tag may provide identification or location information, or specifics about the product tagged, such as price, color, date of purchase, etc. RFID technology has been used by thousands of companies for a decade or more. . RFID quickly gained attention because of its ability to track moving objects. As the technology is refined, more pervasive - and invasive - uses for RFID tags are in the works. A typical RFID tag consists of a microchip attached to a radio antenna mounted on a substrate. The chip can store as much as 2 kilobytes of data. To retrieve the data stored on an RFID tag, you need a reader. A typical reader is a device that has one or more antennas that emit radio waves and receive signals back from the tag. The reader then passes the information in digital form to a computer system.

Current and Potential Uses of RFID

Asset Tracking It's no surprise that asset tracking is one of the most common uses of RFID. Companies can put RFID tags on assets that are lost or stolen often, that are underutilized or that are just hard to locate at the time they are needed. Just about every type of RFID system is used for asset management. NYK Logistics, a third-party logistics provider based in Secaucus, N.J., needed to track containers at its Long Beach, Calif., distribution center. It chose a real-time locating system that uses active RFID beacons to locate container to within 10 feet. Manufacturing RFID has been used in manufacturing plants for more than a decade. It's used to track parts and work in process and to reduce defects, increase throughput and manage the production of different versions of the same product. Supply Chain Management RFID technology has been used in closed loop supply chains or to automate parts of the supply chain within a company's control for years. As standards emerge, companies are increasingly turning to RFID to track shipments among supply chain partners. Retailing Retailers such as Best Buy, Metro, Target, Tesco and Wal-Mart are in the
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forefront of RFID adoption. These retailers are currently focused on improving supply chain efficiency and making sure product is on the shelf when customers want to buy it. Payment Systems RFID is all the rage in the supply chain world, but the technology is also catching on as a convenient payment mechanism. One of the most popular uses of RFID today is to pay for road tolls without stopping. These active systems have caught on in many countries, and quick service restaurants are experimenting with using the same active RFID tags to pay for meals at drivethrough windows. Security and Access Control RFID has long been used as an electronic key to control who has access to office buildings or areas within office buildings. The first access control systems used low-frequency RFID tags. Recently, vendors have introduced 13.56 MHz systems that offer longer read range. The advantage of RFID is it is convenient (an employee can hold up a badge to unlock a door, rather than looking for a key or swiping a magnetic stripe card) and because there is no contact between the card and reader, there is less wear and tear, and therefore less maintenance. As RFID technology evolves and becomes less expensive and more robust, it's likely that companies and RFID vendors will develop many new applications to solve common and unique business problems.

Transponders RFID
Wide portfolio of RFID transponders, including the most popular standards on the market, as well as transponders dedicated to some applications and semifinished products. Our long time experience on the RFID market brings our application support efficient and valuable for the customers, and the right selection of components offered by us.

Form factors of transponders:

white cards, according the ISO standard printed ISO cards (customized product) keyfobs wristbands paper labels (customized product) PVC rings (PETs) inlays and prelams - components used in manufacturing of labels, cards and other transponders transponders dedicated to applications

Although the foundation of the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology was laid by past generations, only recent advances opened an expanding application range to its practical implementation. RFID is only one of numerous technologies grouped under the term Automatic Identification (Auto ID), such as bar code, magnetic inks, optical character recognition, voice recognition, touch memory, smart cards, biometrics etc. Auto ID technologies are a new way of controlling information and material flow, especially suitable for large production networks. The RFID technology is a means of gathering data about a certain item without the need of touching or seeing the data carrier, through the use of inductive coupling or electromagnetic waves. The data carrier is a microchip attached to an antenna (together called transponder or tag), the latter enabling the chip to transmit information to a reader (or transceiver) within a given range, which can forward the information to a host computer. The middleware (software for reading and writing tags) and the tag can be enhanced by data encryption for security-critical application at an extra cost, and anti-collision algorithms may be implemented for the tags if several of them are to be read simultaneously. One important feature enabling RFID for tracking objects is its capability to provide unique identification. One possible approach to item identification is the EPC (Electronic Product Code), pro-viding a standardized number in the EPC global Network, with an Object Name Service (ONS) pro-viding the adequate Internet addresses to access or update instance-specific data. However, currently, ONS cannot be used in a global environment, and since it is a proprietary service, its use is relatively expensive, especially for participants with limited resources such as SMEs. As an alter-native, researchers from the
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Helsinki University have proposed the notation ID@URI, where ID stands for an identity code, and URI stands for a corresponding Internet address. This allows several partners to use the system and still guarantee unique identification. The project Identity-Based Tracking and Web-Services for SMEs (http://www.traser-project.eu) is currently working on further development of this concept. RFID Standards and Specifications (Application specific ISO standards) Tracking Animals ISO 11784 Specifies the structure of the ID code ISO 11785 Specifies how transponder is activated ISO 14223/1 Specifies RF code for advanced transponders Credit Cards ISO 15693 Specifies modulation and coding schemes Passports and proximity cards ISO 14443 Specifies modulation and coding schemes General Frequency bands ISO 18000 series Standard RFID Operating Frequencies ISO 18000-2 <135 KHz ISO 18000-3 13.56 MHZ ISO 18000-4 2.45 GHz ISO 18000-6 860-960 MHz ISO 18000-7 433 MHZ (active) ISO 18000-2 Operates at >135 KHz Inductive Unaffected by presence of water Short range (a few centimeters) Fairly costly because of coil in transponder ISO 18000-3 Operates at 13.56 MHz
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Inductive Lower cost ~ 35 cents Thin flexible form factor ( smart label ) Read / write capable Unaffected by water (but has to be tuned to item) Mid range, 70 125 centimeters Two flavors: Mode 1 Standard ISO 15693 data rate (26 kb/s) Mode 2 High speed interface (848 kb/s) ISO 18000-4 Operates at 2.45 GHz Propagating Dual Mode Passive Backscatter Passive tag currently out of fashion Active High data rate Long range in active version (100 m+) Affected by water (signal absorbedmicrowave) Read / write capable Moderate cost Small antenna ISO 18000-6 A/B Operates between 860 960 MHz Propagating Long range 2-5 meters Low cost High data rates Frequency agile Read / write capable Relatively large antenna The future for mass application RFID ISO 18000-7 Operates at 433 MHz Active Long range - many meters High cost High data rates Read / write capable Manifest tags- DoD
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Antenna
The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and read and write data to it. Antennas are the conduits between the tag and the transceiver, which controls the system's data acquisition and communication. Antennas are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they can be built into a door frame to receive tag data from persons or things passing through the door, or mounted on an interstate tollbooth to monitor traffic passing by on a freeway. The electromagnetic field produced by an antenna can be constantly present when multiple tags are expected continually. If constant interrogation is not required, a sensor device can activate the field. Often the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and decoder to become a reader (a.k.a. interrogator), which can be configured either as a handheld or a fixed-mount device. The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more, depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing.

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 Loop antenna:
A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop (or loops) of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor with its ends connected to a balanced transmission line. Within this physical description there are two very distinct antenna designs: the small loop (or magnetic loop) with a size much smaller than a wavelength, and the resonant loop antenna with a circumference approximately equal to the wavelength. Small loops have a poor efficiency and are mainly used as receiving antennas at low frequencies. Except for car radios, almost every AM broadcast receiver sold has such an antenna built inside of it or directly attached to it. These antennas are also used for radio direction finding. A technically small loop, also known as a magnetic loop, should have a circumference of one tenth of a wavelength or less. This is necessary to ensure a constant current distribution round the loop. As the frequency or the size are increased, a standing wave starts to develop in the current, and the antenna starts to have some of the characteristics of a folded dipole antenna or a self-resonant loop.

Fig 2: Loop Antenna

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 Dipole antenna: The dipole antenna or dipole aerial is one of the most important and commonly used types of RF antenna. It is widely used on its own, and it is also incorporated into many other RF antenna designs where it forms the radiating or driven element for the antenna. A dipole antenna is a radio antenna that can be made of a simple wire, with a center-fed driven element. It consists of two metal conductors of rod or wire, oriented parallel and collinear with each other (in line with each other), with a small space between them. The radio frequency voltage is applied to the antenna at the center, between the two conductors. These antennas are the simplest practical antennas from a theoretical point of view. They are used alone as antennas, notably in traditional "rabbit ears" television antennas, and as the driven element in many other types of antennas, such as the Yagi. Dipole antennas were invented by German physicist Heinrich Hertz around 1886 in his pioneering experiments with radio waves.

Fig3: schematic of a half-wave dipole antenna connected to an unbalanced coaxial cable. Better practice is to connect the balanced dipole to the unbalanced line with a balun.

Fig4: Electric fields (blue) and magnetic fields (red) radiated by a dipole antenna
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 Dipole antenna basics: As the name suggests the dipole antenna consists of two terminals or "poles" into which radio frequency current flows. This current and the associated voltage causes and electromagnetic or radio signal to be radiated. Being more specific, a dipole is generally taken to be an antenna that consists of a resonant length of conductor cut to enable it to be connected to the feeder. For resonance the conductor is an odd number of half wavelengths long. In most cases a single half wavelength is used, although three, five wavelength antennas are equally valid.

The basic half wave dipole antenna The current distribution along a dipole is roughly sinusoidal. It falls to zero at the end and is at a maximum in the middle. Conversely the voltage is low at the middle and rises to a maximum at the ends. It is generally fed at the centre, at the point where the current is at a maximum and the voltage a minimum. This provides a low impedance feed point which is convenient to handle. High voltage feed points are far less convenient and more difficult to use. When multiple half wavelength dipoles are used, they are similarly normally fed in the centre. Here again the voltage is at a minimum and the current at a maximum. Theoretically any of the current maximum nodes could be used.

Fig 5.Three half wavelength wave dipole antenna

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4. Reference
a) Klaus Finkenzeller, RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, Second Edition b) http://www.aimglobal.http://www. c) http://www.microdis.net/manufacturers-partners d) http://en.wikipedia.org

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5. Proposed contents of the report

1. List of Figures 2. Acknowledgements 3. Original Proposal 4. Theoretical Background 5. Introduction 6. Hardware Design Overview 7. Microcontroller code 8. Components Used 9. PCB Designing 10.Future Work 11.References

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