IMAGINE Interface

User Interface
O N - L I N E M A N U A L
Copyright  1982 - 1999 by ERDAS, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
ERDAS Proprietary - Delivered under license agreement.

Copying and disclosure prohibited without express written permission from ERDAS, Inc.
ERDAS, Inc.
2801 Buford Highway, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2137 USA
Phone: 404/248-9000
Fax: 404/248-9400
User Support: 404/248-9777
Warning
All information in this document, as well as the software to which it pertains, is proprietary material of ERDAS, Inc., and is
subject to an ERDAS license and non-disclosure agreement. Neither the software nor the documentation may be reproduced in
any manner without the prior written permission of ERDAS, Inc.
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Trademarks
ERDAS is a trade name of ERDAS, Inc. ERDAS and ERDAS IMAGINE are registered trademarks of ERDAS, Inc. Model
Maker, CellArray, ERDAS Field Guide, and ERDAS Tour Guides are trademarks of ERDAS, Inc. Other brands and product
names are trademarks of their respective owners.
User Interface On-Line Manual
IMAGINE User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Dialog Boxes and Frames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Moving a Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Resizing a Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Frameparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Popup List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Scrolling List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Radio Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Check Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Text Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Number Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Meter Number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
File Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Numeric Expressions in Number Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
File Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
File Name Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
IMAGINE File Name Extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
On-Line Help - File Name Extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
C Programmers’ Toolkit Software - File Name Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Other Software - File Name Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Reading Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Writing New Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Wildcard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Pyramid Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Raw File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Format of the Raw File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
File Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
iii
Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Files of Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
File Open Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
List of Recent Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Select A Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Mount/Unmount CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
UNIX Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
CellArrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Editing Cells of a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Selecting Rows and Columns in a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Selecting Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Selecting Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Working with Columns in a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Resizing Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Number Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Number Format Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Number Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Report Format Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Import Column Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
iv
Import Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Export Column Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Export Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Column Delete Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Add New Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Row Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Sort Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Row Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Colorwheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Using the Colorwheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
IHS Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
RGB Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Color Selection by Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Color Level Slice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Color Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Multiple Color Buttons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Opacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Color Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
v
Kernel Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Kernel Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Kernel Librarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Digitizer Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Digitizer Setup Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Digitizing Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Tablet Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Map Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Tablet Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Quick Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Tablet Template Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Projection Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Spheroids and Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
vi
Adding a New Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Adding a Projection Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Making Changes Available Globally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Category or Item Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Delete Category or Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Rename Category or Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Save Category or Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Arrow Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Fill Style Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Line Style Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Symbol Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Text Style Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Link Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
vii
IMAGINE User Interface

This document explains how to use all of the elements of the ERDAS IMAGINE user interface.
It is an introduction for the IMAGINE user who is new to graphical user interfaces, and it is also
an introduction for anyone who will design user interfaces for IMAGINE applications with the
ERDAS Macro Language (EML).
Dialog Boxes and Frames

A dialog, is a window that is opened on the screen, containing menus, buttons, check boxes,
and other elements called frameparts. Dialogs can be moved or resized as explained in this
document.
The EML keyword used to create a dialog is FRAME, so you may also see dialogs referred to as
“frames.”
Moving a Dialog
All dialogs can be moved on screen to a more desirable position. To move a dialog, simply
position the mouse cursor in the dialog border and left-hold and drag the dialog to the new
position.
On UNIX machines, a dialog can be placed in front of another dialog or Viewer by clicking in the
dialog border or by placing the cursor in the dialog and pressing the Front button on the
keyboard. The preferences of some windowing systems allow you specify that active windows
automatically pop to the front.
On Windows machines, a dialog can be brought to the front by clicking on a visible portion of the
dialog or by clicking on its button in the task bar.
Resizing a Dialog
Some dialogs can be resized on screen to display more information. For example, you may want
to enlarge a dialog which contains a CellArray to view the whole CellArray. If a dialog can be
resized on screen, the cursor will change as it is positioned over an edge or corner of the dialog.
Simply left-hold and drag the arrow to make the dialog larger or smaller.
Windows Systems
1
Unix Sustems
Some UNIX windowing systems may have “pull handles” on each corner or the cursor may
change to a resizing arrow as the cursor is positioned over an edge or a corner. Simply left-hold
and drag the arrow or handle to make the dialog larger or smaller.
Drag this handle to resize the dialog.

The cursor will change to a small
circle with a dot in the center when it is
correctly positioned over the handle.
2
Frameparts
The buttons, lists, and other contents of a dialog are called frameparts.
3
Dialog Part Names
scroll bars
dialog title
open file selector
menu bar cellarray
tool bar
filename
input
scrolling
list
scroll
button
checkbox
edit text
color button
radiobutton nudger
meter handle
popup list number field
popup list
handle
4
All IMAGINE dialogs use one or more of these frameparts, most of which are implemented with
a single EML keyword.
Basic Frameparts EML Keyword
button BUTTON
check CHECKBOX
radio button RADIOBUTTON
menu MENU
popup list POPUPLIST
scrolling list SCROLLIST
number field TEXTNUMBER
text field EDITTEXT
meter number METERNUMBER
file name FILENAME
Advanced Frameparts
CellArray
histogram
colorwheel
color button
Menu
A menu is a list of options. A menu bar is a row of menus which appears along the top of a dialog
or window. For example, see the menu bar at the top of this page. Each word on the menu bar
is the title of a menu. Click on a menu title and the entire menu drops down.
Menus can have submenus, denoted by an arrow. To see the submenu, click on the arrowed
item. You can then select any item in the submenu.
Popup List
A popuplist is a list of options which “pops up” when activated. It can be anywhere in a dialog.
The popup list appears as a button and may have a triangular or rectangular “handle” on the right
side. When you click the button, a list pops up with other options. Then you can click on the
selection you want in the popup list.
5
Scrolling List
A scrolllist lets you select one option from a list. Usually, scrolling lists are used for selecting
from a potentially long dynamic list. The entire list is not always displayed, so you must look at
the placement of the scrollbar to know if there are more items in a list.
To scroll a scrolling list to view the options, you can:
♦ use the scrollbar at the right side of the list, if available, or

♦ use the up and down arrow keys on the keyboard.
In general, to select an item in the scrolling list, click on it. If the scrolling list is part of a filename
framepart, click to select a file and double-click to select and display the contents of a
subdirectory.
Radio Button
Radiobutton frameparts let you select one option from a small set, just as you might select one
station on a car radio.
A set of radio buttons represents a list of mutually exclusive options. When you check one radio
button, all other buttons in the set will be turned off.
Radio buttons are usually circular buttons. Occasionally, they are icons. The radio button of the
selected option is shaded.
Button
A button is a simple framepart on which you click to make something happen.
Buttons can have text labels or they can be icons, such as the icons on the IMAGINE icon panel.
An icon is simply a button with a picture or drawing on it.
A button may be used to start a process, to open or close a dialog, or some combination of these
events. Common buttons are:
♦ Cancel - to close a dialog without carrying out an operation

♦ Apply- to apply parameters and keep this dialog open
♦ OK- to close a dialog and execute an operation as specified
Check Box
A checkbox framepart lets you specify “Yes/No” conditions.
6
♦ If the check is black and depressed, then the specified condition is “Yes” or “On.”
♦ If the check is light gray and raised, then the condition is “No” or “Off.”
Text Field
An edittext framepart provides an area where you can type an entry. Position the mouse pointer
in the text field and then click. A blinking text cursor will display and you may begin entering text.
In some cases, you can edit existing text. Text for text fields must be entered from the keyboard.
If your keyboard supports them, you can also enter special characters, such as ®, Õ, ©, etc. See
the Compose Key document for details.
☞ After you enter text in a text field, IMAGINE will read the text when you press RETURN. On
UNIX machines, text is also read when you move the pointer out of the text field.
Number Field
A textnumber framepart lets you enter a numeric expression. IMAGINE evaluates the
expression after you move the pointer out of the number field.
To enter a number, you can:
♦ double-click the existing number to select it, and then type a new expression over the old,
♦ click in the field and use the arrow keys to move the cursor, so you can edit an existing
number, or
♦ click the nudgers that appear on the right side of the field to increment the number up or
down. You can also hold the nudgers to continuously increase or decrease the number.
To change the increments by which you can “nudge” a number, right-hold the nudger. A popup
list gives you several increments from which to select.
7
Meter Number
A meternumber framepart is the same as a textnumber, but with the added feature of a meter
or gage, which appears to the right of the number field, and works like a scrollbar to express the
current value relative to a range.
Meter numbers can be read-only, to show you a value that you cannot edit, or they can be
editable.
To change an editable meter number, you can:
♦ use any method that you would for a number field,

♦ hold on the meter handle and drag it across the range, or
♦ click to the right or left of the meter handle to increment or decrement the number by one-
tenth of the range.
8
File Name
Windows
Each filename framepart consists of three basic elements:
♦ a scrolling list where you can select one file in the specified directory, and
♦ a text field where you can enter a drive, a file name, or both (including wildcards) from the
keyboard,
♦ the file open icon to open the File Selector dialog.
You can use these elements in a variety of ways to specify the desired file.
UNIX
The filename framepart allows you to enter a file specification, consisting of the path and the
name of a file that you want to open. You can also open a directory with a filename framepart by
entering the directory name followed by a slash (/).
The files that are listed in a filename framepart depend upon the default file extension of the
type of file that you are reading or writing.
Each filename framepart consists of three basic elements:
♦ a text field where you can enter a path, a file name, or both (including wildcards) from the
keyboard,
♦ a scrolling list where you can select one file in the specified directory, and
♦ a popup list of the subdirectories that make up the current path, going up the tree structure
to the root.
You can use these elements in a variety of ways to specify the desired file.
When a filename framepart first comes up, you will see a list of all of the appropriate files in the
directory that you last specified, or in the directory specified under Preferences.
You can specify a directory by selecting one from the popup list or by double-clicking on a
directory listed in the scrolling list. You may display the parent directory by double-clicking on the
../ entry.
9
The file selection pattern is opened in parentheses next to the title of the filename framepart. You
can change the file selection pattern simply by typing a new pattern into the text input field (for
example: *.img to select only IMAGINE image files).
Two special file selection patterns are displayed when working with ARC files. If you enter
*.arcinfo, the selection pattern displayed is (ArcCover); if you enter *.grid, the selection pattern
is displayed as (ArcGrid).
In most dialogs, the file that you specify is not actually opened or written out until you click a
button (such as OK). In some cases, where it’s appropriate, IMAGINE will check to see if the file
exists or is the right type.
If the file is not of the right type, you will get an error frame listing one or more problems with the
specified file. When done reading them, click OK and enter a new file name.
If the file name you entered already exists, you are given a warning and asked if you wish to
replace it. If you select No, the text input area is blanked and you may enter a new file name. If
you select Yes, the existing file is deleted so that it can be replaced by the new file of the same
name.
File checking is done when you move the mouse out of the text field, or when you press RETURN
after typing.
If your keyboard supports them, you can also enter special characters, such as ®, Õ, ©, etc. See
the Compose Key document for details.
10
Numeric Expressions in Number Fields

You can use the following operators and functions in number fields to express a numeric value.
(These also apply to the number field part of a meter number.)
Notation such as <degrees> in angle brackets denotes an argument that requires a certain type
of input value.
<num> denotes any number.
<exp> denotes any numerical expression which may include other operators and functions.
Operator/Function Description
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
** or ^ exponentiation (to the power of)
sin(<degrees>) trigonometric functions
cos(<degrees>)
tan(<degrees>)
asin(<num>) inverse trigonometric functions — results are in degrees
acos(<num>)
atan(<num>)
ln(<num>) natural logarithm
log(<num>) base 10 logarithm
dd(<degrees>, convert degrees, minutes, seconds to decimal degrees
<minutes>,
<seconds>)
sqrt(<num>) square root
<exp> <units1> TO convert the value of the expression <exp> from
<units2> <units1> to the same amount expressed in <units2>
or Example:
<exp> <units1> TO 2 feet to inches yields 24.
<units2>
Valid strings for <units1> and <units2> include the following. For a complete list, see the file
11
<$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/units.dat.
radians
degrees
dd (decimal degrees)
meters
centimeters
kilometers
feet
inches
yards
miles
points
acres
hectares
sqmiles (square miles)
12
File Specifications
File Specifications
A file specification is the complete name of a file. It consists of:
♦ a path, which is the directory and subdirectory where the file is stored, and
♦ a file name, which is usually something descriptive that will help to identify the contents of
the file.
File Name Extensions

A file name extension is a suffix, usually preceded by a period, that often identifies the type of
data in a file.
ERDAS IMAGINE uses file name extensions to identify the type of data in each file. You can use
the part of the file name before the extension to give the file a name that is helpful to you.
There is a default file extension for each type of IMAGINE file. This is the file name extension
that IMAGINE will look for when reading an IMAGINE file, and append to new file names when
a new file is created.
IMAGINE File Name Extensions
The following file extensions are used in or created by ERDAS IMAGINE. You may never
encounter some of the file types listed, since they are used internally for system setup,
configuration, etc. .
Extension Format Description
.aoi HFA Area of Interest file - stores a user-defined area of
interest.
.arcgen ASCII ARC Generate file
.aux HFA Auxilliary file, mainly used in conjunction with non-
IMAGINE files accessed by the Raster DLL, to store
information not normally supported by the particular
raster format. E.g. the TIFF file format does not store
image statistics, so statistics generated by IMAGINE
are stored in an .aux file with the same prefix name as
the .tif file
.bdf ASCII X Bitmap Font Distribution Format File
.bil Binary ESRI Arc/Info BIL raster file.
.cbl ASCII Color Balance file
.cff HFA Coefficient file - stores transformation matrices created
by rectifying a file.
13
File Specifications

.cfg ASCII Configuration file
.chp HFA Thumbnail image used by IMAGINE in the Preview
parts of the File Chooser. Basically a 64 x 64 pixel
reduced resolution dataset of the whole image, with
band combinations determined by the Band
Combination Defaults Preference settings
.config ASCII Installation file
.cov ASCII Image Catalog coverages
.cursor ASCII X icon that is used in conjunction with .mask files for
setting the shape of the cursor.
.customize ASCII Installation file
.dat ASCII Stores map projection data.
.dfad Binary Digital Feature Analysis Data file - stores vector DFAD
data.
.dlg ASCII Digital Line Graph file - stores vector DLG data.
.dxf ASCII Digital Exchange file - stores vector DXF data.
.e00 - .e99 Binary ARC Interchange file
.eml ASCII ERDAS Macro Language file - stores scripts which
control the operation of the IMAGINE graphical user
interface. You can create new .eml files with the
ERDAS Macro Language and incorporate them into the
IMAGINE interface.
.ers Binary ERMapper format image file.
.fft HFA Fast Fourier Transform file - stores raster layers in a
compressed format created by performing a Fast
Fourier Transformation on an .img file.
.filelist ASCII Installation file
.fls ASCII File List file - stores the list of files that is used for
mosaicking images.
.fit Binary Silicon Graphics image file format
.fsp.img HFA Feature Space Image file - stores the same information
as an .img file plus the information required to create
the feature space image (e.g., transformation).
14
File Specifications

.gcc HFA Ground Control Coordinates file - stores ground control
points.
.gen ASCII Generic Options file - stores importing options used in
the Generic Binary importer. Also used by the On-Line
Help Generator for generated lists of hypertext
markers.
.gif Binary GIF format static image files, usually downloaded from
Web sites. The optional LZW Module is required to
read these files as GIF is based on the LZW
compression technique patented by Unisys.
.gis ERDAS Thematic file - raster data
7.x
.gmd ASCII Graphical Model file - stores scripts that draw the
graphical model (i.e., flow chart) created with the
Spatial Modeler Model Maker.
.grid none Use this pseudo extension in a file specification field to
list GRID coverage directories as selectable items.
.icon ASCII Icon file - stores the icons used in IMAGINE.
.ict HFA Image Catalog file
.ifft.img HFA Inverse Fast Fourier Transform file - stores raster layers
created by performing an inverse Fast Fourier
Transformation on an .img file.
.iges ASCII Initial Graphics Exchange Standard file - stores vector
IGES data.
.img HFA Image file - stores single or multiple raster layers,
contrast and color tables, descriptor tables, pyramid
layers, and file information.
.jpg Binary JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) image files.
.klb ASCII Kernel Library file - stores convolution kernels.
.lan ERDAS Continuous file - raster data
7.x
.lst ASCII Security and installation
.mag.img HFA Magnitude Image file - this is an .img file that stores the
magnitude of a Fourier Transform image file.
15
File Specifications

.map ASCII Map file - stores map frames created with Map
Composer.
.map.ovr HFA Map/Overlay file - stores annotation layers created in
Map Composer outside of the map frame (e.g.,
legends, grids, lines, scales).
.mask ASCII Used in conjunction with the .cursor files for changing
the shape of the cursor.
.mdl ASCII Model file - stores Spatial Modeler scripts. It does not
store any graphical model (i.e., flow chart) information.
This file is necessary for running a model. If only a
.gmd file exists, then a temporary .mdl file is created
when a model is run.
.mov ASCII Movie file - defines the sequence of images used in a
movie.
.msh HFA Map Series file - stores map series definitions for the
Map Composer Map Series Tool.
.mtx ASCII Matrix file - stores a matrix used in Spatial Modeler.
.otl Binary Outline font file used for annotation.
.ovr HFA Overlay file - stores an annotation layer which was
created in a map frame, in a blank Viewer, or on an
image in a Viewer.
.pdf ASCII Preference Definition file - stores information that is
used by the Preference Editor.
.plt ASCII Plot file - stores the names of the panel files produced
by MapMaker. MapMaker processes the .map file to
produce one or more map panels. Each panel consists
of two files, one is the name file with the extension
.plt.panel_xx.name which names the various fonts
used in the panel along with name of the actual file that
contains the panel output. The other is the panel file
itself with the .plt.panel_xx extension. The .plt file
contains the complete pathnames (one per line) of the
panel name files.
.plt.panel_xx.n ASCII Panel Name file - stores the name of the panel data file
ame and any fonts used by the panel (the font names are
present only for PostScript output)
16
File Specifications

.plt.panel_xx ASCII/ Panel Data file - stores actual processed data output by
HFA MapMaker. If the destination device was a PostScript
device then this is an ASCII file which contains
PostScript commands. If the output device was a non-
PostScript raster device then this file is an HFA file
which contains one or three layers of raster imagery. It
can be viewed with the Viewer.
.pmdl ASCII Permanent Model files - stores the permanent version
of the .mdl files that are provided by ERDAS.
.prereq ASCII Installation file
.preview.img HFA Preview Image file - an .img file that stores the result of
an import preview.
.pro Binary Plus3 TerraModel project layers - vector engineering
drawings.
.ps PostScript PostScript file - created when map compositions are
printed to a file and in other applications when you print
to file. The On-Line Help manuals are also supplied in
PostScript form, so that they can be printed more
easily.
.raw ASCII Header file used to describe the formatting of generic
binary data files to allow them to be used by the Raw
format Raster DLL. Thus, most raster data in BIL, BIP
or BSQ file format can be accessed directly merely by
defining this simple header.
.rrd HFA Pyramid layers stored externally to the associated
IMAGINE .img image file. IMAGINE gives you the
option to "pyramid" large images for faster processing
in the Viewer. This option creates reduced
subsampled raster layers. See Pyramid Layers.
.saf ASCII Sensor Attribute file - provides information about the
bands of various sensors. These are used by the
Profile tools to provide the proper wavelength number
on the spectral plots.
.sca ASCII Scalar file - stores a scalar used in Spatial Modeler.
.shuffle private Header file for toolkit before unpacking
.sif ASCII Spectral Plot file - stores reflectance spectra developed
in ERDAS IMAGINE.
17
File Specifications

.sig HFA Signature file - stores a signature set which was
created by the Classification Signature Editor or
imported from ERDAS Version 7.5.
.smd HFA Standar Map Definition file - stores standard maps,
e.g., USGS maps, for use with the Map Series Tool.
.sml HFA Symbol Library file - stores annotation symbols for the
symbol library.
.stk ASCII ESRI GRID Stack file
.stl HFA Style Library file
.tab ASCII Spheroid Information file
.tag ASCII Files for use by EML gettaggeddata function.
.tbl ASCII Table file - stores a table used in Spatial Modeler.
.tdf ASCII Template Digitizing file - defines the functionality of the
digitizing tablet templates.
.tif Binary Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) file, including
GeoTIFF raster file
.tfw ASCII TIFF World file header, providing simple
georeferencing information if no GeoTIFF tags are
present for an associated TIFF raster file.
.txt ASCII Text file - stores a variety of information including
arrows, colors, external projection types, font list, line
styles, symbol list, and more.
.vpl ASCII VUE Player List - list of Viewer View files to be
displayed in the VUE player.
.vue ASCII Viewer View file - defines the configuration of a Viewer.
These files are used to store and recall the exact size,
position, and content of a Viewer of map composition.
.wk ASCII Digitizer Attributes file
.xpm ASCII X Pixmap files used for IMAGINE icons.
➲ For more information on IMAGINE file formats see the “File Formats and Extensions”
Appendix in the Erdas Field Guide.
18
File Specifications
On-Line Help - File Name Extensions

.hlp HyperHelp On-Line Help file - stores the IMAGINE On-Line Help
(Binary) documentation.
.cnt ASCII On-Line Help Contents file - Displays the table of
contents for an On-Line Manual when the Contents
button is clicked.
.ndx ASCII On-Line Help context file - stores the component and
frame name of each dialog so that the correct Help file
is displayed when you click the Help button in a dialog.
.fts Binary On-Line Help word index file - generated by HyperHelp
when the Find button is clicked if the file does not exist
or is not current.
.pdf Binary On-Line Help Portable Document Format (not to be
confused with IMAGINE’s preference definition files) -
allows for printing of on-line documentation. Requires
the Adobe® Acrobat® Reader.
C Programmers’ Toolkit Software - File Name Extensions

.0 Binary Shared library extension
.3e ASCII ERDAS man pages
.a Binary Static library extension
.awk ASCII UNIX awk scripts
.c ASCII C source code
.dll Binary Dynamically Loadable (Linked) Library
.example ASCII Example Makefile
19
File Specifications

.fx ASCII Example Makefile for the File Exchange Toolkit
.h ASCII C header files
.help Binary FrameMaker format file for help on keyboard macros.
.hpj ASCII HyperHelp Project file template
.macros ASCII On-Line Help Generator keyboard macros
.mas Binary Master template file - usually saved as MIF type for
application.
.mif ASCII Frame Technology’s Maker Interchange Format
.o Binary Object file that may be used to link toolkit programs.
.rc ASCII UNIX shell script.
.tem Binary On-Line Help Generator templates
Other Software - File Name Extensions

.8900e ASCII Serveware files
.8900r ASCII Serveware files
.ASC ASCII USGS spectra
.adf Binary ARC/INFO files
.afm ASCII HyperHelp files
.aml ASCII ARC/INFO files
.alias ASCII ICS Motif files
.big5 ASCII ICS Motif files
.bit7 ASCII ICS Motif files
.bit8 ASCII ICS Motif files
.ct ASCII ICS Motif files
.dat Binary ARC/INFO files
20
File Specifications

.dir Binary ARC/INFO files
.euc ASCII ICS Motif files
.fonts Binary HyperHelp files
.icl ASCII Iris support
.iris Binary Iris support
.jis7 ASCII ICS Motif files
.jis8 ASCII ICS Motif files
.MAP ASCII HyperHelp files
.mscode ASCII ICS Motif files
.nit Binary ARC/INFO files
.PCL ASCII HyperHelp files
.pjis ASCII ICS Motif files
.PPD ASCII HyperHelp files
.prolog ASCII HyperHelp files
.PS ASCII HyperHelp files
.TFM Binary HyperHelp files
.txt ASCII HyperHelp files
.ugb ASCII ICS Motif files
.ujis ASCII ICS Motif files
.wav ASCII JPL spectra
Reading Files
In a filename framepart, IMAGINE always lists only those files with the default extension that is
relevant to the current operation. For example, in the Open Annotation Layer dialog, the filename
lists only files with the extension .ovr by default, since these are annotation (overlay) files.
You can see a list of other files by entering a wildcard file specification into the filename’s text
field. In some cases, another framepart in the dialog presents you with options for the type of file
to list in the filename.
21
File Specifications
Writing New Files
When a new file is created, IMAGINE makes sure that the default extension is at the end of the
file name (unless you end the file name with a space).
♦ If you enter a file name without an extension, the default extension will be added to your file
name.
♦ If you enter a file name with a different extension (any text after a period), then the default
extension will be appended to the file name in addition to the full file name you enter.
♦ If you enter a file name with the default extension, the file name will not be changed.
♦ If you enter a file name that ends with a space, the trailing space will not be part of the file
name.
Wildcard
IMAGINE uses the asterisk (*) and the question mark (?) as wildcard characters. The wildcard
can represent characters in a file name. The asterisk (*) is used to represent zero or more
characters, while the question mark (?) is used to represent exactly one character.
For example, if you type *any* in a filename, you might see a list of file names like this:
anyfile.img
many.ovr
somefile.any
If you type *.img in a filename, you will see a list of files with the .img extension.
If you type man?????.* in a filename, you might see a list of file names like this ...
manholes.img
manholes.ovr
manholes.aoi
... but you would not get:
manhole.img
manholecover.img
22
File Specifications
Pyramid Layers
IMAGINE gives you the option to “pyramid” large images for faster processing and is opened in
the Viewer. This option creates reduced subsampled raster layers. These can either be stored
within the .img HFA file, or as a separate file with the .rrd extension, determined by the Pyramid
Layers External preference setting in the Image Files (General) category.
For example, a file which is 4k x 4k pixels could take a long time to display when using the Viewer
Fit To Window option. Using the pyramid layer option, IMAGINE would create additional layers
successively reduced from 4k x 4k, to 2k x 2k, 1k x 1k, 512 x 512, 128 x128, down to 64k x 64k.
Then IMAGINE would select the pyramid layer size most appropriate for display in your Viewer
window.
The pyramid layer option is available from the Image Information and the Import utility.
23
Raw File Format
Raw File Format

One of the most important raster file formats to be supported within the Raster Dynamic Loaded
Library (DLL) scheme is the generic or “Raw” format. The Raw DLL supports files which are not
otherwise supported by a Raster DLL, but which are formatted in such a way that the
arrangement of the data may be described by a relatively small number of parameters.
In this way, rather than having to use the Generic Binary Import options to convert an image to
IMAGINE’s internal .img format, the data can be directly accessed using the Raw DLL after
defining only a few parameters about the image (such as number of rows, columns, bands, etc.)
The Raw File format is simply another raster format supported under the DLL umbrella, and as
such does not need any additional DLL design. However, it does need a well-defined method of
describing the image parameters, which is the purpose of this section.
The default file filter is “.raw”. A file with a raw extension is presumed to be a header file which
indicates the name of the file(s) containing the pixel data and the arrangement of the data within
the file(s).
Format of the Raw File

The .raw file is an ASCII file consisting of keywords and associated values. There may be only
one keyword per line. Keywords should begin at the first character of a line. Any line which does
not begin with a recognized keyword will be ignored; this means that a file may contain
comments or other data which is not part of the raw file description. By convention, a comment
line is one which begins with the ‘#’ symbol (pound sign).
All of the data associated with a keyword must be on the same line with the keyword, unless the
continuation character ‘\’ appears at the end of a line. Keywords and strings must be written in
uppercase letters, except strings which denote file names. Keywords and associated data are
separated by white space (spaces and/or tabs). Keywords may be in any order except the
recognition keyword IMAGINE_RAW_FILE, which must appear first.
Keywords
The only keywords which are required are IMAGINE_RAW_FILE, WIDTH, HEIGHT, and if the
data type size is greater than eight bits, BYTE_ORDER. All other keywords are optional and
have default values.
IMAGINE_RAW_FILE This keyword must be at the very beginning of the file, on a line
by itself.
WIDTH The number of pixels in the horizontal (x) direction. Must be an integer greater than
zero. Required; no default value.
24
Raw File Format
HEIGHT The number of pixels in the vertical (y) direction. Must be an integer greater than
zero. Required; no default value.
NUM_LAYERS The number of layers (channels, bands) in the image. Must be an integer
greater than zero. Optional; default value is 1.
FORMAT The type of interleaving used in the file. Must be one of the following strings:
“BIL” (Band Interleaved By Line), “BIP” (Band Interleaved By Pixel), “BSQ” (Band Sequential),
or “TILED” (Tiled or blocked image). Tiled data is presumed to be band sequential within each
tile. If the width and/or height of the file is not an even multiple of the tile size, the tiles must
be padded with zeros so that all tiles are the same size. The tiles themselves are arranged
left to right, top to bottom. For single-layer images, BIL, BIP and BSQ are the same. Optional;
default value is “BIL”.
DATA_TYPE The data type used by the image. Must be one of the following strings: “Up”,
“U2”, “U4”, “U8”, “Ul6”, “Sl6”, “U32”, “S32”, “F32”, “F64”. Optional; default value is “U8”.
LAYER_TYPE The layer type used by the image. Must be either “ATHEMATIC” or
“THEMATIC”. Optional; default value is “ATHEMATIC”.
BYTE_ORDER For data types of sixteen bits or larger, the ordering of the high and low
bytes must be either “MSB” (most-significant-byte first, or Motorola ordering), or “LSB” (least-
significant-byte first, or Intel ordering). Required for DATA_TYPE values of U16, S16, U32,
S32, F32, and F64; ignored otherwise.
PIXEL_FILES The name of the file(s) in which the pixel data reside. For BIL, BIP and
Tiled formats, all of the pixel data must reside in the same file. For BSQ formats, each band
may reside in a separate file. Optional; defaults to the name of the raw file without the .raw
extension. If the file does not contain a path part, the same path part as the raw file will be
assumed. Relative path definitions are allowed.
DATA_OFFSET The number of bytes to be skipped at the beginning of a pixel file. Must
be an integer greater than or equal to zero. Optional; defaults to zero.
RECORD_SKIP_BYTES The number of bytes skipped between data records. A data

record is defined differently depending on the format. For BIL and BSQ images, a data record
holds one row of pixels from one layer. For BIP images, a data record holds one row of pixels
from all layers. For tiled images, a data record holds one tile of pixels from all layers. Must be
an integer greater than or equal to zero. Optional; defaults to zero.
LAYER_SKIP_BYTES BSQ format only: the number of bytes to skip between image
layers. Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. Optional; defaults to zero.
25
Raw File Format
TILE_WIDTH Tiled format only: the number of pixels in the horizontal (x) direction per tile.
Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. and less than or equal to the image width.
Optional; defaults to the minimum of 128 and the image width.
TILE_HEIGHT Tiled format only: the number of pixels in the vertical (y) direction per tile.
Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. and less than or equal to the image width.
Optional; defaults to the minimum of 128 and the image height.
END_RAW_FILE Indicates the end of the raw file information. Useful if the raw file
information is embedded within a larger file (perhaps the image file itself), it signals the DLL
to stop scanning for further keywords. No associated values. Optional; if not present the DLL
will scan to the end of the file.
Examples
Example 1: a 1201 x 1201-pixel DEM (Digital Elevation Model) file containing only pixel data,
stored in the file “atlanta-e.dem” in the same directory as the raw file. The byte order is Motorola.
IMAGINE_RAW_FILE
WIDTH 1201
HEIGHT 1201
DATA_TYPE U16
PIXEL_FILES atlanta-e.dem
BYTE_ORDER MSB
Example 2: a 3-band image in BSQ format. All the data is in the file “/usr/people/Igscene.rgb”.
The file is 1000 pixels wide and 1500 pixels high. There is a 622-byte header at the start of the
file. Each band contains a 2000 byte header and an 1000 byte trailer.
IMAGINE_RAW_FILE
WIDTH 1000 HEIGHT 1500
NUM_LAYERS 3
FORMAT BSQ
PIXEL_FILES /usr/people/Igscene.rgb
DATA_OFFSET 2622
LAYER_SKIP_BYTES 3000
Example 3: a 4-band image in BSQ format. Each layer is in a separate file, named “bandl.dat”,
“band2.dat”, “band3.dat”, and “band4.dat”. The image is 6000 bytes wide and 4000 bytes high.
Each line of data contains 128 bytes of non-image data at the beginning and 32 bytes of non-
image data at the end.
26
Raw File Format
IMAGINE_RAW_FILE
NUM_LAYERS 4
WIDTH 6000
HEIGHT 4000
FORMAT BSQ
PIXEL_FILES bandl.dat band2.dat band3.dat band4.dat
DATA_OFFSET 128
RECORD_BYTE_SKIP 160
Example 4: A thematic image, 1024 by 1024 pixels, tiled with tile size 64 by 64 pixels. The image
data is in the file “landcover.001”:
IMAGINE_RAW_FILE
WIDTH 1024
HEIGHT 1024
FORMAT TILED
TILE WIDTH 64
TILE HEIGHT 64
LAYER_TYPE THEMATIC
PIXEL_FILES landcover.001
27
File Selector
File Selector
This dialog is used throughout IMAGINE to provide uniform access to the file system. The actual
title in the dialog frame varies depending upon the application.
Under UNIX, the Files and Permissions tabs are common to all instances but there may be
additional tabs provided by the application. In these cases, there is an additional Help button on
the tab to explain its use in that application.
In general, this dialog is opened when you click on the icon in any toolbar or palette.
Windows
File This tab provides access to the directory structures and files.
Look in: The current or default directory is displayed. Click the popup list button to
change drives. Click the Up Folder icon to go up one level in the directory structure.
File name: Enter the name of the file, or select it from the scrolling list above.
Files of Type: Click the popup list button and select the file type to display in the file
selector window. Files of Type is the label given to the popup list that is available on all
File Chooser dialogs.
OK Click this button to use the selected file and close the dialog.
Recent... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed files. The List of Recent
Files dialog is opened.
Goto... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed directories. The Select A
Directory dialog is opened.
Cancel Click this button to cancel the selection and close the dialog.
Help Click this button to display this help file.
28
File Selector
This icon occupies the space that is used for the image preview chip if no chip
exists for the selected file or if you have disabled the preview function. The preview chip
provides a miniature version of the selected file before the file is opened. You may elect to
disable the preview function by setting a preference in the User Interface & Session
category of the Preference Editor.
UNIX
Files This tab provides access to the directory structures and files.
Filename: Enter or select the name of the file.
Directory: The current or default directory is displayed. You can enter a new directory
path in the Filename: field.
File Type: Click the popup list button and select the file type to display in the file selector
window.
Permissions This tab provides easy access to file ownership and permissions. Under
some conditions, this tab is not displayed.
Filename: The name of the currently selected file is displayed.
Owner: The owner of the currently selected file is displayed.
Permissions If you are the owner of a file, you can change the file permissions for
yourself (Owner), your Group (those who have the same GID), and all Others. There are
three basic modes of permission in each of these classes.
Read The file may be opened for viewing only. No changes can be made to the file.
Write The file may be opened for editing. Changes made to the image may be saved
to the file.
Execute This permission is for executable files such as shell scripts and programs.
OK Click this button to use the selected file and close the dialog.
Recent... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed files. The List of Recent
Files dialog is opened.
29
File Selector
Goto... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed directories. The Select A
Directory dialog is opened.
Rename... Click this button to change the name of a file for which you have write
permission. You are presented with a dialog in which to enter the new name.
Delete... Click this button to delete the currently selected file. You are queried before the
file is deleted.
CDROM... Click this button to mount a new CD-ROM. The Mount/Unmount CD-ROM
dialog is opened.
Cancel Click this button to cancel the selection and close the dialog.
This icon occupies the space that is used for the image preview chip if no chip
exists for the selected file or if you have disabled the preview function. The preview chip
provides a miniature version of the selected file before the file is opened. You may elect to
disable the preview function by setting a preference in the User Interface & Session
category of the Preference Editor.
30
Files of Type
Files of Type
Files of Type is the label given to the popup list that is available on all File Chooser dialogs. This
popup list contains a list of file types from which you can choose.
MrSid is Multi-resolution Seamless Image Database (MrSID). It is a wavelet compression

technology and data format developed by LizardTech. This patented new Portable Image Format
(TM) provides a significant reduction in the disk space needed to store high-resolution images
while maintaining the quality and integrity of the original.
ERDAS IMAGINE can read images produced by versions 1.2, 1.3, and 2.0 of the MrSID
Compressor. For more information on MrSID or LizardTech, visit their web site at http://
www.lizardtech.com
RAW is a data file without any header information. The Raw DLL supports files which are not
otherwise supported by a Raster DLL, but which are formatted in such a way that the
arrangement of the data may be described by a relatively small number of parameters.
➲ For more information see Raw File Format.

The ERDAS IMAGINE TIFF DLL supports TIFF version 6.0. The GeoTIFF specification defines
how to include cartographic information in a TIFF file, and is not a separate file format. The
ERDAS IMAGINE TIFF DLL supports all TIFF imagery including translation of any cartographic
information conforming to the GeoTIFF rev 1.0 specification.
➲ For more information see TIFF Image Files

DTED is Digital Terrain Elevation Data. ERDAS IMAGINE supports levels 1 and 2. The levels
repress resolutions of the terrain. ERDAS IMAGINE does not support levels 3, 4, and 5.
31
File Open Dialog
File Open Dialog

This dialog provides access to the IMAGINE file name part for file selection. It is used instead of
the File Selector in special cases. It appears in several places throughout IMAGINE when you
click the icon.
File Name Enter the name of the file in the text field.
OK Click to use the selected file and close this dialog.
Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog.
Help Click to open this On-Line Help document.
32
List of Recent Files
List of Recent Files

This dialog presents a list of recently accessed directories from which you may select the current
directory. This dialog is opened when you click on the Recent... button in the File Selector
dialog.
Recent Files... Click on one of the recently used files in this list and click the OK button
to display the file in the Files tab.
OK Click this button to pass this file to the FIle Selector for viewing the permissions and
preview chip if one exists. The file is not opened until the OK button on the File Selector is
clicked.
Clear... Click this button to clear the file history list.
Cancel Click this button to cancel file selection and close the dialog.
33
Select A Directory
Select A Directory
This dialog presents a list of recently accessed directories from which you may select the current
directory. This dialog is opened when you click on the Goto... button in the File Selector dialog.
Enter New Directory... Enter the directory name or path or select one from the list
below.
Recent Directories... Click on one of the recently used directories in this list and click
the OK button to display the file list in the Files tab.
OK Click this button to display the file list for the selected directory. Files are listed in the
Files tab.
Clear... Click this button to clear the directory history list.
Cancel Click this button to cancel directory selection and close the dialog.
34
Mount/Unmount CD-ROM
Mount/Unmount CD-ROM
UNIX Only
This dialog enables you to mount and unmount a CD-ROM. Normally CD-ROMs are
automatically mounted and unmounted in the data loading program, but in special cases, you
may have to use this utility to mount and unmount the CD-ROM. This is often the case when you
are loading data that are not normally on CD.
This dialog is opened when you select Utilities | Mount/Unmount CD-ROM... from the main
ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel menu bar. It is also opened when you click on the CD-ROM...
button in the File Selector dialog.
CDROM List: Select the CD-ROM to mount or unmount.
Mount Click to mount the selected CD-ROM.
Unmount Click to unmount the selected CD-ROM.
Help Click to see this On-Line Help document.

➲ For information on using the ERDAS IMAGINE graphical interface, see the on-line IMAGINE
Interface manual.
➲ For step-by-step instructions on loading many types of data, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour
Guides.
35
CellArrays
CellArrays
A CellArray is a group of “cells” which contains information, similar to a table. It is like a scrolling
list that displays information organized in rows (records) and columns (fields). CellArrays can
scroll in two directions if necessary. Scrollbars will appear at the side or the bottom of the
CellArray, or both, if there are rows or columns not showing.
Some CellArrays are read-only, and simply is opened data. Others have editable cells that you
can treat like text fields or number fields. A CellArray can have both editable and read-only
cells.
☞ Depending on the application, a CellArray may provide any combination of the following
features.
Editing Cells of a CellArray

In some situations, you can edit the contents of cells in the CellArray. To find out if a cell is
editable, click on the cell. If it is editable, it will become like a text or number field and allow you
to begin typing. When you finish editing, press RETURN. In some cases, RETURN also
advances the cursor to the next editable field.
➲ For more information on changes in a CellArray, see Model Attributes.

If your system allows them, you can also type special characters in cells, such as ®, Õ, ©, etc.
See the Compose Key document for details.
Selecting Rows and Columns in a CellArray

Rows (records) and columns (fields) may be selected and deselected for various
manipulations. You can immediately tell if a row or column is selected by the color of the
CellArray:
♦ When a row is selected, it is highlighted in yellow.

♦ When a column is selected, it is highlighted in cyan.
♦ The areas at the intersection of selected rows and columns are highlighted in green.
♦ Unselected rows and columns are white.
Selecting Rows
Use any of these options for selecting rows:
♦ To select one row, click in the first column of the row, or in any uneditable column. The row will
be highlighted.
36
CellArrays
♦ To select a range of rows, click in the first column of the first row in the range,
then middle-click
in the first column of the last row in the range. Or, hold and drag across the range. All rows
in the range will be highlighted.
♦ To select multiple rows that are not in a range, shift-click in the first column of each row that you
want to select.
For more row selection options, right-hold in the first column of the CellArray for the Row
Selection popup menu.
Selecting Columns
♦ To select one column, click in the header row of the column.
♦ To deselect a column, press shift-click in the selected column header.
♦ Pressing shift-click will toggle a column between selected and deselected.

♦ To select a range of columns, click in the first column header in the range, and then middle-click
on the last column header in the range.
♦ When multiple columns are selected and you want to deselect all but one column, click in the
column header that you want to remain selected.
♦ To select multiple columns that are not in a range, shift-click in the first column of each row that
you want to select.
Working with Columns in a CellArray

Resizing Columns
Each column is opened with an initial default size. This size can be changed to allow you to see
more or less of the information in the column.
To change the size of a column, place the cursor over the column separator in the header
cell.The cursor will change from a simple pointer to a right-left arrow pair. You can now hold and
drag the mouse to change the size of the column.
Column Options
For more options for working with columns, right-hold in the header row of any column except
the first column. The Column Options popup menu displays. This menu lets you:
♦ Edit the title of some columns

♦ Import, Export, Copy, and Paste column data
37
CellArrays
♦ Select a standard format or create a customized format for numerical values in the CellArray
(See Number Formats)
♦ Print a Report of the CellArray

♦ Create and apply a Formula using the columns as input and place the results back into the
CellArray
♦ Align column data within the cells (Left, Right, Center)

♦ Compute statistics of CellArray data to be printed with the CellArray report
38
Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray

Just as with the number fields in the rest of IMAGINE, numbers may be entered into the CellArray
as a string with a great deal of flexibility. The string is an expression composed of any sequence
of numbers and operators. The supported operations are:
Variable Description
[+-]ddd[.[ddd]][e+-[ddd]] A simple number composed of digits, a sign, a
decimal point, and an exponent.
[+-] dd mm ss Converts the given degrees (dd), minutes
[+-] dd:mm:ss (mm), and seconds (ss) to decimal degrees.
dd mm ss [N/S] Either a sign may be given before dd mm ss or
dd:mm:ss [N/S] a N/S or E/W may be given after the dd mm ss.
dd mm ss [E/W] Fields may be either space delimited or colon
dd:mm:ss [E/W] delimited.
pi Returns the value of pi (3.141592.....).
<exp> + <exp> Returns the sum of two expressions.
<exp> - <exp> Returns the difference of two expressions.
<exp> * <exp> Returns the product of two expressions.
<exp> / <exp> Returns the quotient of two expressions.
<exp> ^ <exp> Returns the first expression raised to the
second expression.
<exp> ** <exp> Returns the first expression raised to the
second expression.
abs(<exp>) Returns the absolute value of the argument.
int(<exp>) Returns the integer portion of the argument.
mod(<exp>,<exp>) Returns the remainder of the first argument
divided by the second.
min(<exp>,<exp>) Returns the minimum of the two arguments.
max(<exp>,<exp>) Return the maximum of the two arguments.
sin(<exp>) Returns the sine of the single argument. The
argument is assumed to be in radians.
cos(<exp>) Returns the cosine of the single argument.
The argument is assumed to be in radians.
tan(<exp>) Return the tangent of the single argument.
The argument is assumed to be in radians.
39
asin(<exp>) Returns the arcsine of the argument. The
result is in radians.
acos(<exp>) Returns the arccosine of the argument. The
atan(<exp>) Returns the arctangent of the argument. The
ln(<exp>) Returns the natural logarithm of the argument.
log(<exp>) Returns the common logarithm of the
argument.
sqrt(<exp>) Returns the square root of the argument.
dd(<exp>,<exp>,<exp>) Treats the three expressions as degrees,
minutes, and seconds, respectively and
converts them to decimal degrees.
<exp> unitname Multiplies the expression by the conversion
factor for the given unitname. For example “3
feet” will multiply 3 by the number of feet per
meter.
<exp> unitname unitname Multiplies the expression by the conversion
<exp> unitname TO unitname factor needed to convert from the first
CONVERT(<exp>,unitname,unitna unitname to the second unitname. For
me) example “3 feet inches” will multiply 3 by 12.
☞ In all of the forms above that deal with units, the unit names come from the file
<$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/units.dat. This file defines a series of categories (distance,
area, weight) and within each category a variety of units are defined. For each category a
default unit is defined which has a conversion factor of 1.0.
For example, the default unit in distance is the meter, so all of the other distance units are
given in meters. Units and categories may be added to this file. If the environment variable
ERDAS_ETC_PATH is defined, then the file units.dat will be found using that path. The
default value of the path is
./:/<$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/. This means that you can put a modified units.dat file in
the current directory instead of modifying the file in <$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc.
40
Number Formats
Number Formats
Select Formats from the Column Options and the Number Format dialog is opened. This
dialog lets you select the way numeric values are displayed in the CellArray. The Standard
Formats contains a list of commonly used formats.
Number Format Variables
You may also create a customized number format in the Custom Format: area. The custom
format is a character string which uses variables to control the way the numbers are presented.
The custom format string may consist of up to three fields of formatting information separated by
semicolons. The default conditions for each field are:
♦ If only the first field is given, then it is used for all numbers.
♦ If the first and second fields are given, then the first is used for positive numbers and the
second is used for zero and negative numbers.
♦ If all three fields are given, then the first is for positive numbers, the second is for negative,
and the third is for zero.
Each field may also specify a condition of the form [<te><value>]. Here <te> is one of
<,>,=,<>,>=,<= and <value> is any number.
A custom format string may look like this:
#,##0;(#,##0);0
Third field (number = 0)
Second field (number < 0)
First field (number > 0)
Each field consists of format variables from the following list:

General If the number is a whole number, the result has no decimal places.
If it is not a whole number, the result will have as many decimal
places as needed. If the number exceeds 12 digits then scientific
notation is used.
41
Number Formats
0 The general place holder for a digit. It is used to indicate the
number of decimal places to be displayed if used on the right of a
decimal point, and the number of leading zeros to be printed to the
left of the decimal point.
# The same as 0 except that nothing is printed if the position would
contain a leading or a trailing zero.
? The same as 0 except that it prints a space for leading and trailing
zeros.
. Indicates where the decimal point is to be included.
, If this occurs between the digit place holders (0,#,?), then it
indicates that thousands should be separated by commas.
E+,E-,e+,e- Use scientific notation. E causes an uppercase E to be used and e
causes a lowercase e to be used. E+ and e+ force the sign to be
printed. E- and e- print the sign only if it is negative.
% Indicates that the number is to be scaled by one hundred and then
displayed with a percent sign (%).
$,/, ,-,+,(,),: Includes each of these characters as is in the output.
\ Includes the following character as is with no interpretation in the
output.
“...” Includes the characters between the quotes as is with no
interpretation in the output.
d Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of
the month (1-31) without leading zeros.
dd Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of
the month (01-31) with leading zeros.
ddd Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of
the week as (Sun, Mon, Tue, etc.).
dddd Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of
the week as (Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc.)
m Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the
month as a number (1-12) without leading zeros.
mm Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the
month as a number (01-12) with leading zeros.
42
Number Formats
mmm Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the
month as (Jan, Feb, Mar...).
mmmm Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the
month as (January, February, March, etc.).
yy Interpret the number as a time and extract the year. Print the year
as a two digit number (00-99) which is the number of years since
1900.
yyyy Interpret the number as a time and extract the year. Print the year
as a four digit number (1992).
h Interpret the number as a time or an angle and extract the hour.
Print the hour of the day without leading zeros as 00-23 if 24-hour
time is used, or as 1-12 if twelve hour time is used.
hh Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the hour. Print
the hour of the day with leading zeros as 00-23 if 24-hour time is
used, or as 1-12 if twelve hour time is used.
m Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the minute.
Print the minute as 0-59 without leading zeros. (m is interpreted as
minute instead of month if it follows h or hh.)
mm Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the minute.
Print the minute as 0-59 with leading zeros. (mm is interpreted as
minute instead of month if it follows h or hh.)
s Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the second.
Print the second as 0-59 without leading zeros.
ss Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the second.
Print the second as 0-59 with leading zeros.
A/P,a/p Use 12-hour time and indicate the 12-hour period with A or a for
AM and P or p for PM.
AM/PM,am/pm Use 12-hour time and indicate the 12-hour period with AM or am
for AM and PM or pm for PM.
dg Interpret the number as decimal degrees. Extract and print the
degrees without leading zeros. This may be followed with
(m,mm,s,ss).
deg Interpret the number as decimal degrees. Extract and print the
degrees with leading zeros. This may be followed with
(m,mm,s,ss).
43
Number Formats
N/S,n/s If the number is positive print N or n and if the number is negative
(south of the equator) print S or s. When this is used the sign on
the degrees is always positive.
E/W,e/w If the number is positive (east) print E or e and if the number is
negative (west) print W or w. When this is used the sign on the
degrees is always positive.
[Black] Indicate the color code to be used for the output text.
[Red]
[Blue]
[Magenta]
[White]
[Green]
[Cyan]
[Yellow]
[=value] Use this field if the number is equal to the given value.
[>value] Use this field if the number is greater than the given value.
[<value] Use this field if the number is less than the given value.
[>=value] Use this field if the number is greater than or equal to the given
value.
[<=value] Use this field if the number if less than or equal to the given value.
[<>value] Use this field if the number is not equal to the given value.
Numbers which are interpreted as times (of day) are assumed to be encoded as the number of
seconds which have elapsed since Jan-1-1970, 12:00:00 AM GMT.
44
Column Options
Column Options
This right button menu gives you a list of options that can be applied to the columns in a
CellArray. To reach this menu, right-hold in the header row of any column except the first
column.
☞ Depending upon the application you are using, you may not have access to all of these
options.
Select None All columns are unselected.
Select All All columns are selected. Selected columns are highlighted in cyan.
Invert Selection Any columns that are currently unselected will be selected, and any
selected columns will become unselected.
Edit Title When this option is active, it allows you to edit the existing title or enter a new
title for the column.Type in the change and press Return.
Currently, this option is active in the legend tool in Map Composer and the Table tool in the
Model Maker.
Copy This option lets you copy data from the CellArray. Select the rows or columns to
be copied. If no rows or columns are selected when you click on Copy, then the entire
CellArray will be copied.
The data are stored into a buffer until something else is saved with the Copy command. The
copied data can be pasted into another application.
Paste This option lets you retrieve data that were copied with the Copy command. The
data from the copy buffer are copied into the selected rows of the selected columns. If there
are more rows in the copy buffer than there are in the CellArray, then the data will either be
discarded or pasted into new rows (if the application allows for new rows).
Format... This option allows you to choose the format to use for displaying numeric values
in the CellArray. The Format dialog is opened.
Report... Using this option you can generate a report from the data in the CellArray. The
Report Format Definition dialog is opened.
Import... This option allows you to import ASCII data into your CellArray. The Import
Column Data dialog is opened.
45
Column Options
Export... This option allows you to export column data to an ASCII file for use in other
applications. The Export Column Data dialog is opened.
Delete... This option is used to delete the selected columns if the application allows it. The
Column Delete Warning dialog is opened.
Add... This option is used to add new columns to the CellArray if the application allows it.
The Add New Column dialog is opened.
Formula... This option lets you create a formula which can be applied to selected rows or
columns. The Formula dialog is opened.
Color... This option allows you to change the color used for a class. The Color Chooser
dialog is opened.
Alignment Select this option to align the column data.

Left Align data to the center of the selected columns.
Right Align data to the center of the selected columns.
Center Align data to the center of the selected columns.
Compute Stats... The Statistics dialog is opened.

➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.
46
Number Format
Number Format
This dialog enables you to choose the format for displaying numeric values in the CellArray. To
open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of the column for which you want to set the number
format, and select Format... from the Column Options that display.
➲ For more information on format descriptions and variables, see Number Formats.
Categories: Select a category of standard formats. Choose from the General, Time,
Money, or Coordinates format, examples of which display in the Standard Format field.
Standard Formats: Select one of the prepared formats listed below or use the Custom
Format option.
When one of these prepared formats is selected, it is copied to the Custom Format field for
use as is or for modification.
Default Applies the default application formatting.
General If the number is a whole number, the result has no decimal places. If it is not a
whole number, the result will have as many decimal places as needed. If the number
exceeds 12 digits then scientific notation is used.
0
0.00
#,##0
#,##0.00
$#,##0;($#,##0)
$#,##0.00;[Red]($#,##0.00)
0%
0.00%
0.00E+00
m/d/yy
d-mmmm-yy
dg mm ss N/S
dg mm ss E/W
hh:mm:ss
Custom Format: This option lets you create a customized number format by entering a
string of number format variables.
Apply Click to apply the selected number format. This format will be applied to all of the
selected numeric columns in CellArray.
Close Click to close this dialog.
47
Number Format

➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides
manual.
48
Report Format Definition

This dialog enables you to define the format for a printed report of a CellArray. The report is an
ASCII file which retains the formatting and alignment used in the CellArray.
If a CellArray contains more columns than will fit across a report page, then each page is divided
into panels. The report pages are numbered by page and panel.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column except the first column, and select
Report... from the Column Options which appear.
Title: Enter a title to print at the top center of the first page of the report.
Header: Enter the header text to print at the top center of each page of the report, except
for the first page.
Footer: Enter the footer text to print at the bottom center of every page. It will be followed
by the page number and the panel number.
Page Size: This group lets you enter the size of the report page in number of characters.
Width: Enter the width of the page in characters.
Height: Enter the height of the page in characters.
Margins: This group lets you enter the amount of space to be left around the edges of the
report.
Width: Enter the width of the margin in characters. This insures that this much space
will be left blank on the left and right hand sides of the page.
Height: Enter the height of the margin in characters. This insures that this much space
will be left blank on top and bottom of the page.
Statistics: This group lets you select the type of statistics to be included at the end of the
report. These statistics are generated when you select Compute Stats from the Column
Options.
Count Click to report the total number of rows selected.
Total Click to report the arithmetic sum of the values in the column.
Minimum Click to report the minimum value in the column.
Maximum Click to report the maximum value in the column.
Mean Click to report the average of the values in the column.
49
Standard Deviation Click to report the standard deviation of the values in the column.
OK Click to run this process with the options selected and close this dialog.
The report will be written to a temporary file which is then displayed in the IMAGINE Editor
for review. To save the report use the Save As option in the Editor menu bar. To print the
report use the Print option in the Editor menu bar.

50
Import Column Data
Import Column Data

This dialog enables you to import column data from an ASCII file into the CellArray.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column of the table and select Import...
from the Column Options popup.
Import From... Use this filename part to specify the name of the file to import. There is
no default file extension assumed.
View... Click to view the selected file before importing. The ASCII file is opened in the
IMAGINE Text Editor.
Options... The Import Column Options dialog opens. This dialog enables you to define
the separator character, terminator character, rows to skip, comment character, and column
order of the import data.

51
Import Column Options

This dialog enables you to define how the import data are placed into your CellArray.
To open this dialog, select Options... from the Import Column Data dialog.
Separator Character: Click the popup list button and choose the character that
separates the columns in the import data. The default is Tab.
Tab Entries are separated by a tab.
Comma Entries are separated by a comma (,).
Colon (:) Entries are separated by a colon (:).

SemiColon (;) Entries are separated by a semicolon (;).
Vertical Bar (|) Entries are separated by a vertical bar (|).
Space Entries are separated by a space.
WhiteSpace The WhiteSpace entry means that any number of sequential spaces and
tabs are used as the separator. This is used if the file was formatted into columns by using
spaces.
☞ Do not use the WhiteSpace option when two consecutive spaces or tabs have been used to
delimit an empty field.
Row Terminator Character: Click the popup list button and choose the character that
indicates the end of a row in the import data. This is based on the system on which the import
file was created.
NewLine (Unix) Select this option if the import file was created on a UNIX system.
Return NewLine (DOS) Select this option if the import file was created on a DOS
system.
Return (MacOS) Select this option if the import file was created on a Macintosh system.
Comment Character: Indicates the character that is used at the beginning of a

comment in the import data. The default is the # character. If a line begins with a comment
character then it is not imported into a column.
Number of Rows To Skip: Enter the number of rows to skip in the input file. For
example, if the import data contain some sort of header lines at the top of the file, you could
tell IMAGINE to skip those rows when importing. The default value is 0.
52
(table) You may edit this table to control the order in which the columns are imported.
Column lists the columns in your CellArray which will receive data. These entries cannot
be changed.
Field indicates the field number of the imported data to be placed into this column. The
first column in the import file is Field 1. By clicking in this column you may change the
order in which the input columns are imported.
OK Click to accept the options selected and close this dialog. The data is not imported until
you click OK in the Import Column Data dialog.

53
Export Column Data
Export Column Data

This dialog enables you to export column data to an ASCII file for use in another application, or
simply as a means of saving the data for later use.
To use this option, right-hold in the header row of any column of the CellArray, and select
Column Options | Export...
Export To... Use this file name part to specify the output file name. The .dat extension is
added automatically.
Options... The Export Column Options dialog is opened.

54
Export Column Options

This dialog enables you to select format options for the exported column text.
To open this dialog, select Options... from the Export Column Data dialog.
Separator Character: Click the popup list button and choose a character to separate
the columns in the exported text. The default is Tab.
Tab Entries will be separated by a tab.
Comma Entries will be separated by a comma (,).
Colon (:) Entries will be separated by a colon (:).

SemiColon (;) Entries will be separated by a semicolon (;).
Vertical Bar (|) Entries will be separated by a vertical bar (|).
Space Entries will be separated by a space.
Terminator Character: Click the popup list button and choose a character to indicate
the end of each row (based on the system to which the data are being exported).
NewLine (Unix) Select this option if you are exporting data for use on a UNIX computer.
Rows are terminated with a newline.
Return+LineFeed (DOS) Select this option if you are exporting data for use on a DOS
computer. Rows are terminated with a return and line feed.
Return (MacOS) Select this option if you are exporting data for use on a Macintosh
computer. Rows are terminated with a return.
Number of Rows To Skip: Enter the number of rows to leave blank at the top of the
output file. The default is zero.
(table) Use this table to control the order in which the columns are exported.Right-hold on
any column heading for the Column Options popup.
Field lists the columns in the output file. There will be a field for each column that was
selected when the Export option was chosen. If no columns were selected when the
Export option was chosen, all columns are exported.
Column lists the columns in your CellArray which are to be exported. To rearrange the
order in which the data are written to the output file, select the name under Column, type
in the desired column name, and press Return. Only valid column names will be accepted.
55
OK Click to accept the options selected and close this dialog. The data is not exported until
you click OK in the Export Column Data dialog.

56
Column Delete Warning
Column Delete Warning

This dialog enables you to delete a column from a CellArray. The column you want to delete must
be selected before you choose this option.
This dialog opens when you right-hold Column Options | Delete... with your cursor in a column
header.
Deleting this column cannot be undone! This message warns you that once the
column is deleted it cannot be retrieved.
Delete Click to delete the selected column and close this dialog.
Cancel Click to close this dialog without deleting a column.

57
Add New Column
Add New Column

This dialog enables you to add a new column to a CellArray. It opens when you right-hold
Column Options | Add... with your cursor in a column header.
☞ Some applications do not allow you to add columns.
Column Name: Enter a name for the new column.
Column Type: Click the popup list button to specify the data type for the new column.
Select one of the data types below.
Text
Number
Boolean
Exclusive
Column Width: Enter the column width in characters.
OK Click to add this column and close this dialog.
Cancel Click to close this dialog without adding a new column to the CellArray.

58
Formula
Formula
This dialog enables you to create a formula that can be applied to selected rows or columns in a
CellArray. You can either type the formula directly into the Formula text field or construct it from
the other tools in this dialog.
Most of the functions apply only to numeric values. However, the + function from the numeric
keypad may be used to join two character strings and the format () function may be used to
convert a number into a string. The format () function has two forms.
♦ The first form (with one argument) simply converts a number to a character string using the
General format.
♦ The version of format () with two arguments converts the number (the second argument) to
a string using the Format specified by the first argument. The formats may be chosen from
the Formats list. These are the same as the Format menu option.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column of the table, and select Formula...
from the Column Options menu.
Columns: Lists the columns which may be used in the formula. These names are used
to build the expression.
Functions: This list contains the functions which may be used in building an expression.
row Returns the row number.
pi Provides the value of pi (3.141592...)
mod(<a>,) Modulus — the remainder when <a> is divided by .
abs(<a>) Absolute Value of <a>.
int(<a>) Integer — truncate to integer part of <a>.
even(<a>) Returns 1 if <a> is evenly divisible by 2.0. Otherwise it returns 0.
odd(<a>) Returns 1 if <a> is not evenly divisible by 2.0. Otherwise it returns 0.
max(<a>,) Returns the larger of <a> and .
min(<a>,) Returns the smaller of <a> and .
sin(<a>) Returns the sine of <a> in degrees.
cos(<a>) Returns the cosine of <a> in degrees.
tan(<a>) Returns the tangent of <a> in degrees.
59
Formula
asin(<a>) Returns the arcsine of <a> in degrees.
acos(<a>) Returns the arccosine of <a> in degrees.
atan(<a>) Returns the arctangent of <a> in degrees.
ln(<a>) Returns the natural logarithm of <a>.
log(<a>) Returns the common logarithm of <a>.
sqrt(<a>) Return the square root of <a>.
convert(<a>,<from>,<to>) Returns <a> multiplied by the conversion factor which

converts from the <from> units to the <to> units. For example:
convert(3,feet,meters)returns .9144. That is, it converted 3 feet to .9144 meters.
format(<a>) Converts <a> to a character string using the General format.
format(<format>,<a>) Converts <a> to a string using the “Format” specified by the

<format> argument.
lowercase(<string>) Converts all of the characters in <string> to lowercase..
uppercase(<string>) Converts all of the characters in <string> to uppercase
Formats: Select one of the standard formats from the scrolling list or create a custom
format for the <format> argument of the format(<format>,<a>) function. See Number
Formats for more information about custom formats.
General
0
0.00
#,##0
#,##0.00
0%
0.00%
0.00E+00
m/d/yy
d-mmmm-yy
dg mm ss N/S
dg mm ss E/W
hh:mm:ss
(Numeric Keypad) The number pad works like a calculator, to let you enter numerical
values into the query. The - and . keys are for negative and decimal, respectively.
60
Formula
+ This function is used to add two numbers or to join two character strings to create a
new one.
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
E Use this operator to enter the exponent part of a number.
/ Division
( ) Use the parentheses to group logical expressions to show precedence.
[ ] Use the brackets to specify a value from another row. Use the row number to specify
a particular row, or an expression to indicate previous or following rows. For example [-1]
indicates the previous row. [+1] indicates the next row.
Formula: Enter the character string defining the formula in this text field, either manually
or by using the tools in this dialog.
Apply Left-click to apply the formula to the selected rows of the selected columns.
Clear Left-click to remove the text in the Formula box.
Close Left-click to cancel this process and close this dialog.
Help Left-click to see this On-Line Help document.

61
Statistics
Statistics
This dialog reports the statistics for the selected rows of the selected columns of a CellArray. If
no rows are selected, statistics are calculated on all rows.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column of the table, and select Compute
Stats... from the Column Options menu.
(Statistics CellArray) The statistics for the selected rows of the selected columns are
reported in a CellArray. If the data in a column is non-numeric, the statistical value is reported
as “N/A”. The automatically computed statistics are:
Count total number of rows selected
Total arithmetic sum of the values in the column
Min minimum value seen in the column
Max maximum value seen in the column
Mean average of the values in the column
Stddev standard deviation of the values in the column

62
Row Selection
Row Selection
This menu is opened when you right-hold in the first column of a CellArray, in any row except
the header row. (This feature is inactive on some CellArrays.)
Depending on the application, any of these menu options may be inactive and is opened shaded.
Select None All rows are unselected.
Select All All rows are selected. Selected rows are highlighted in yellow.
Invert Selection Any rows that are currently unselected will be selected, and any
selected rows will become unselected.
Delete Selection The currently selected row(s) will be deleted from the CellArray if the
application allows it.
Insert Row Inserts a new row into the CellArray. You must have a row selected before this
option is enabled. This option is disabled for most applications, but is available in the Polygon/
Polyline Properties dialog so that you can more easily add vertices to polygons and polylines.
Before Selection Insert a new row above the selected row(s).
After Selection Insert a new row below the selected row(s).
Criteria... The Selection Criteria dialog is opened, allowing you to use a query language
to select rows logically.
Sort... The Sort Rows dialog is opened, allowing you to sort (reorder) the rows of a
CellArray according to the values of one of the columns.
Goto... The Row Position dialog is opened, allowing you to move to a particular row
quickly.
63
Selection Criteria
Selection Criteria
In any CellArray, you can bring up the Selection Criteria dialog to use a “query language” to
select or search for entries.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the first column of any row, and select Criteria... from the Row
Selection menu.
As you make selections from the scrolling lists in this dialog, you build a selection query in the
Criteria: text field. In addition to building this query with selections, you can also edit this query
as text.
Columns: This is a list of the columns in the CellArray that can be used for criteria
selection.
When you select a column, it is opened as an expression in the Criteria: query.
Functions: These functions can be used to create an expression.

row Returns the current row number.
mod(<a>,) Modulus - the remainder when <a> is divided by .
abs(<a>) Absolute Value of <a>.
int(<a>) Integer - the greatest integer less than or equal to <a>.
even(<a>) Selects all entries with even values in the column <a>. If the modulus of <a>
and two is zero then it is considered even. This function should be applied only to whole
numbers.
odd(<a>) Selects all entries with odd values in the column <a>. This is defined as the
inverse of even(). This function should be applied only to whole numbers.
max(<a>,) This function returns the maximum of the two arguments.
min(<a>,) This function returns the minimum of the two arguments.
row() This function returns the current row number, starting with zero (0) for the first row.
This function takes no arguments.
sin(<a>) Returns the sine of the argument. The argument is interpreted as degrees.
cos(<a>) Returns the cosine of the argument. The argument is interpreted as degrees.
tan(<a>) Returns the tangent of the argument. The argument is interpreted as degrees.
asin(<a>) Returns the arcsine of the argument. The result is in degrees.
64
Selection Criteria
acos(<a>) Returns the arccosine of the argument. The result is in degrees.
atan(<a>) Returns the arctangent of the argument. The result is in degrees.
ln(<a>) Returns the natural logarithm of the argument.
log(<a>) Returns the common logarithm of the argument.
sqrt(<a>) Return the square root of the argument.
convert (<a>,<from>,<to>)
Converts the first argument from one set of units to another. For example, convert
(1.0,feet,meters) converts 1 foot to the appropriate number of meters.
format(<a>) Converts the numeric argument to a string. A general format is used.
format(<format>,<a>) Converts the numeric argument <a> to a string as specified by

the format argument. The format is a string as described in the Format option.
Compares: Use these comparison operators to create logical expressions (“true” or

“false” statements) by comparing values. Most of the comparisons apply only to numeric
values although == (equals) and != (not equals) may also be used with strings.
> Is greater than
< Is less than
== Is equal to
<= Is less than or equal to
>= Is greater than or equal to
!= Is not equal to
contains This function checks to see if the right-hand value is a string which is
contained in the left-hand value. This comparison is valid only for strings.
(Numeric Keypad) The number pad works like a calculator, to let you enter numeric
values into the query. The - and . keys are for negative and decimal, respectively.
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
E Use this operator to enter the exponent part of a number.
65
Selection Criteria
/ Division
( ) Use the parentheses to group logical expressions to show precedence, or with some
of the Operators: as shown in the syntax examples above.
[ ] Use the brackets to specify a value from another row. Use the row number to specify
a particular row, or an expression to indicate previous or following rows. For example [-1]
indicates the previous row. [+1] indicates the next row.
and Use and to combine two logical expressions. Both expressions must be true for the
combined expression to be true.
or Use or to combine two logical expressions. If either expression is true, the combined
expression is true.
not Use not to negate any logical expression.
Criteria: Build or type your selection criteria in this field.
Select Click to select entries in the CellArray based on the query currently displayed in the
Criteria: field. The appropriate entries in the CellArray and in the viewer are highlighted. The
dialog will remain open.
Subset Click to select from the currently selected entries in the CellArray. Selected entries
are tested against the Criteria. All rows which fail the test are removed from the selection.
Add Click to check every unselected row against the criteria. If the criteria are true for the
row then the row is added to the selection.
Remove Click to remove any rows from the current selection which do not meet the
specified criteria.
Clear Click to clear the contents of the Criteria: field. This dialog will remain open.
Close Click to cancel this process and close this dialog.

➲ See Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray for more in-depth On-Line Help.
66
Sort Rows
Sort Rows
This dialog enables you to sort (reorder) the rows of a CellArray according to the values of one
of the columns. All rows will be sorted, regardless of which rows are selected. After sorting a
CellArray, you can revert to the original order by selecting a Sort Order of None.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the first column of any row, and select Sort... from the Row
Selection menu.
Column To Sort By: Select the column on which to base the sort. All columns of the
CellArray are listed.
Sort Order: Indicate how to sort the rows.

Ascending The rows are sorted in ascending order: numeric values will go from least
to greatest, character data is in alphabetical order.
Descending The rows are sorted in descending order: numeric values will go from
greatest to least, character data is in reverse alphabetical order.
None The rows are unsorted. This option is used to revert the CellArray back to its
original order after sorting.
OK Click to sort the rows and close this dialog.
Cancel Click to close this dialog without sorting the rows.

67
Row Position
Row Position
This dialog enables you to move to a particular row quickly.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the first column of any row, and select Goto... from the Row
Selection menu.
Goto Row Type: Specify whether you want the goto to work on all rows in the CellArray
or just the selected rows.
Any Click to goto any rows in the table.
Selected Click to goto only selected rows.
Row: Enter the row number to goto. Click the Goto button to actually go to that row.
First Click to goto the first row in the CellArray or the first selected row.
Prev Click to goto the previous row in the CellArray or to the previous selected row.
Goto Click to goto the row number specified in the Row field.
Next Click to goto the next row in the CellArray or the next selected row.
Last Click to goto the last row in the CellArray or to the last selected row.

68
Colorwheel
Colorwheel
A colorwheel is an advanced framepart that lets you select a color from a wheel-shaped palette.
Setting the Current Color Using Custom RGB Parameters

In the colorwheel, move the dot to control
hue (around) and saturation (in/out), and
use the meter slider bar to control intensity.
Other meters, if displayed, will move
accordingly.
Use these slider bars to individually control the red, blue, and
green content. More precise control of exact color content is
achieved through use of the number fields and nudgers.
hue
saturation
Use this slider bar to control intensity. Use this slider bar to
control opacity where
applicable.
69
Colorwheel
Setting the Current Color Using Custom IHS Parameters

In the colorwheel, move the dot to control
hue (around) and saturation (in/out), and
use the meter slider bar to control intensity.
Other meters, if displayed, will move
accordingly.
Use these slider bars to individually control intensity, hue,
and saturation. More precise control of exact color content
is achieved through use of the number fields and nudgers.
hue
saturation
Use this slider bar to

Use this slider bar to control intensity. control opacity where
applicable.
70
Colorwheel
Setting the Current Color Using Standard Color Names

Use this popup list to select a color library.
Select a color from the color library scroll list.
Using the Colorwheel

There are several methods by which you may change a color using the colorwheel.
♦ Hold the black dot, drag it to a new color and release it.
♦ Use the slider bars to control individual components.
♦ Use number fields to enter exact values of components.
♦ Select a color by name from a library.
The selected color is opened in the rectangle below the colorwheel. When you are satisfied with
the selected color, click Apply to change the current color button.
IHS Color
The colorwheel represents a color’s intensity, hue, and saturation (IHS).
71
Colorwheel
You can select from millions of colors with the colorwheel. Although the wheel itself appears to
be made up of relatively few wedges and arcs of color, each area on the wheel represents many
colors.
♦ Intensity (brightness) is expressed with the slider at the right side of the wheel. The higher
the slider, the greater the intensity. Intensity values range from 0.0 to 1.0.
♦ Hue is expressed in degrees around the colorwheel, from 0 (blue) to 360. Drag the dot around
on the colorwheel to control hue.
♦ Saturation is represented by the distance of the dot from the center of the colorwheel. Drag
the dot outward to add more hue to the color, or inward to make the color more gray.
72
Colorwheel
The IHS color scheme may be represented by a

double cone. Intensity is the distance along the axis,
Saturation is the radial distance from the axis, and
Hue is the number of degrees around the axis.
IHS white = 1
Intensity
(tint >0) Saturation Increasing

Saturation increases
(vivid =1) the amount of color.
Hue Increasing Intensity
increases the
brightness of color.
black = 0
The axis is the gray

scale. Changing the Hue changes the color.
Grays are achieved by red (120) magenta (60)

setting Saturation
equal to zero and Hue
varying Intensity. Hue
does not matter in this
region of the color yellow blue
space. (180) (0)
cyan
green (240)
(300)
73
Colorwheel
RGB Colors
Each colorwheel has a set of meter numbers to let you select a color in terms of RGB values
(red, green, blue). As you move the sliders on these meter numbers, the corresponding intensity,
hue, and saturation are represented on the colorwheel.
The RGB color scheme may RGB

be represented by a unit
cube. The three coordinates cyan
white
to any color are the values of
red, blue, and green. (0,1,1) (1,1,1)
Green
(0,1,0)
yellow
(1,1,0)
Blue
(0,0,1)
magenta
(1,0,1)
The diagonal line
from (0,0,0) to
(1,1,1) is the gray
scale. Setting all black
three coordinates to
the same value (0,0,0)
creates a shade of Red
gray. (1,0,0)
74
Colorwheel
Color Selection by Name

ERDAS IMAGINE is shipped with a color file (<$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/color.txt). This file
contains the RGB values and common names of some colors. You may add your own colors to
this list. The first three columns represent RGB values, respectively, with ranges of 0 to 255. The
fourth column is the color name.
Color Level Slice

A color level slice applies a range of colors to the raster data. When a color level slice is
performed on selected rows in the Color column of a CellArray, the resulting colors range from
Start Color: to End Color:.
The color range depends upon the slice method, the number of levels selected, and the hue
variation option selected as shown in the following illustration:
Going from blue to red, IHS slice

works from a color palette Minimal Hue Variation
consisting of all colors along a
curved path. You may specify red
the longer path (Maximal) or the
shorter path (Minimal).
RGB
level slice
blue
Using the same start and end
colors, RGB slice works with
the color palette consisting of
Whichever method is colors along a straight path.
selected, the color palette
is then divided into N even
increments where N
depends upon the slice
type.
Maximal Hue Variation
75
Color Buttons
Color Buttons
Color buttons are used to allow you to select a color. Most notably, color buttons let you specify
colors for annotation styles.
A color button is a rectangle that is filled with a solid color. Usually, the default color of a color
button is black or white.
To change the color, click the color selector button for a popup list of colors. The popup list
displays all of the colors contained in the Menu category of Standard colors, plus an Other
option.
Selecting Other brings up the Color Chooser dialog. This dialog features a colorwheel and
other frameparts that will allow you to choose from an almost unlimited number of colors.
Multiple Color Buttons
If multiple color buttons are showing in one or more dialogs while the Color Chooser dialog is
also showing, click on any color button to use the Color Chooser dialog on that color.
76
Opacity
Opacity
Opacity is a measure of how opaque, or solid, a color is displayed in a layer. Opacity is a
component of the color scheme of categorical data displayed in pseudo color or in the fill style
of annotation, AOI, and vector layers.
♦ 100% opacity means that a color is completely opaque. Underlying layers cannot be seen.
♦ 50% opacity lets some color show and lets some of the underlying layers show through. The
effect is like looking at the underlying layers through a colored fog.
♦ 0% opacity allows underlying layers to show completely.

By manipulating opacity in the Color Chooser dialog, you can compare two or more layers of
raster data that are opened in a Viewer. Opacity can be set at any value in the range of 0% to
100%.
77
Color Chooser
Color Chooser
The Color Chooser lets you select colors for a variety of purposes, including annotation line
styles and fill styles. This function also allows you to set the color and opacity of raster data to
construct a color scheme for categorical data.
You can use this function to set IHS or RGB values, control opacity, perform a level slice, or
apply a gray scale.
This dialog is opened when you select the Other... option from the color chooser menu of any
color button. The Color column of a CellArray is also a color button so with your cursor on a
color patch, hold and select Other.
Standard This tab lets you choose from a variety of pre-defined colors in various
categories.
Category: Click the popup list button to select the category.
Color: Click on the color of choice from the scrolling list.
Custom This tab enables you to create custom colors.

(Colorwheel) The colorwheel provides the most intuitive method for creating a new
color. Simply drag the black dot (outlined in white) to change the current color. Use the
vertical intensity slider next to the colorwheel to adjust the brightness of the colors.
RGB This tab is for selecting colors based on red, green, and blue content. The R, G,
and B meter numbers show the red, green, and blue values of the current color. If the Use
Color checkbox (below) is enabled, then you can slide these meters to change the current
color.
R Red Component of the color (0.0 to 1.0)
G Green Component of the color (0.0 to 1.0)
B Blue Component of the color (0.0 to 1.0)
IHS This tab is for selecting colors based on intensity, hue, and saturation. The I, H, and
S meter numbers show the values of each of these components for the current color. If the
Use Color checkbox (below) is enabled, then you can slide these meters to change the
current color.
I Intensity (0.0 to 1.0)
H Hue (0.0 to 360.0)
S Saturation (0.0 to 1.0)
78
Color Chooser
O Enter the opacity as a number or by using the slider bar: 0.0 is transparent, 1.0 is
opaque. This option is disabled until you click the Use Opacity checkbox below. This
would be useful if you wanted to fill an AOI with a semi-transparent color to make it stand
out and not mask the image under it.
Use Color When this checkbox is enabled, you can modify the current color using the
RGB or IHS slider bars or the colorwheel.
Use Opacity Click to modify the opacity (transparency) of a color.
Apply Click to apply the current color to the calling application.
Save... Click to save the current color to a specified name in a particular category. The
Save Category or Item dialog is opened.
Rename... Click to rename a saved color or category. The Rename Category or Item
dialog is opened.
Delete... Click to remove a saved color or category. The Delete Category or Item dialog
is opened.
Help Click to display this On-Line Help document.
( color patch ) This color patch displays the currently selected color. Click Apply to
assign this color to the application from which you started the Color Chooser.
79
Kernel Selection
Kernel Selection
This option enables you to select a kernel for filtering, or to edit or create a kernel. This dialog is
opened when you left-hold Raster | Filter Image from the Viewer menu bar.
Kernel Library: Use this file name part to select the filter kernel library to access. The
default file extension is .klb.
Kernel: The kernels in the selected library are listed. Click to kernel to use or edit.
Handle Edges By:

Reflection
Fill
Options:
Normalize the Kernel Turn this on to normalize the matrix (kernel).
Edit ... Click to edit the selected kernel. The Kernel Editor dialog is opened.
New ... Click to create a new kernel. The Kernel Editor dialog is opened.
Ok Click to apply the selected kernel to the image in the Viewer.
Cancel Click to close this dialog.
80
Kernel Editor
Kernel Editor
This dialog allows you to edit an existing filter kernel or to create a new one. It opens when you
click the Edit button in the Set Filter dialog.
When creating a new filter kernel, you can use the X Size and Y Size parts to set the size and
shape of the matrix. In cases where the number of rows or columns is even, the center pixel is
defined as the shaded location in the following illustration:
Rows
Odd Even
Odd
Columns
Even
File This menu provides access to the Kernel Librarian and allows you to exit the Kernel
Editor.
Librarian ... Select this option to access the Kernel Librarian.
Close Select this option to close the Kernel Editor.
Edit This menu provides many kernel editing operations that make creating and
customizing kernels easier.
Undo Select this option to undo the last edit.
Fill ... Select this option to specify kernel fill values for both circular and rectangular
kernels. The Fill dialog is opened.
Shift Select this option to shift all of the values in the kernel by one cell.
Right Shift contents one cell to the right
Left Shift contents one cell to the left
Up Shift contents one cell up
Down Shift contents one cell down
81
Kernel Editor
Flip Select this option to flip the values in the kernel.
Horizontally The values in the kernel are flipped horizontally as illustrated in the
example below:
Original Kernel Flipped Kernel
1.000 4.000 7.000 7.000 4.000 1.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 2.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 9.000 6.000 3.000
Vertically The values in the kernel are flipped vertically as illustrated in the example
below:
1.000 4.000 7.000 3.000 6.000 9.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 1.000 4.000 7.000
Upper-Left to Lower-Right The values in the kernel are flipped diagonally from the
upper left corner to the lower right corner as illustrated in the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 8.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 6.000 5.000 4.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 2.000 1.000
Lower-Left to Upper-Right The values in the kernel are flipped diagonally from the
lower left corner to the upper right corner as illustrated in the example below:
1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 2.000 3.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 4.000 5.000 6.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 8.000 9.000
Rotate Select this option to rotate the values in the kernel.
82
Kernel Editor
90 The values in the kernel are rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise as illustrated in

the example below:
Original Kernel Rotated Kernel
1.000 4.000 7.000 7.000 8.000 9.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 4.000 5.000 6.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 1.000 2.000 3.000
180 The values in the kernel are rotated 180 degrees counterclockwise as illustrated
in the example below:
1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 6.000 3.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 2.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 4.000 1.000
270 The values in the kernel are rotated 270 degrees counterclockwise as illustrated
in the example below:
1.000 4.000 7.000 3.000 2.000 1.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 6.000 5.000 4.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 9.000 8.000 7.000
Reflect Copy Select this option to reflect and copy the values of the kernel.
Left to Right The values in the kernel are reflected left to right as illustrated in the
example below:
Original Kernel Reflected Kernel

1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 1.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 2.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 3.000
Right to Left The values in the kernel are reflected right to left as illustrated in the
example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 7.000 4.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 9.000 6.000 9.000
83
Kernel Editor
Top to Bottom The values in the kernel are reflected top to bottom as illustrated in
the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 1.000 4.000 7.000
Bottom to Top The values in the kernel are reflected bottom to top as illustrated in
the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 3.000 6.000 9.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000
Lower-Left to Upper-Right The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from
the lower left corner to the upper right corner as illustrated in the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 2.000 3.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 6.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000
Upper-Right to Lower-Left The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from
the upper right corner to the lower left corner as illustrated in the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 4.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 8.000 9.000
Upper-Left to Lower-Right The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from
the upper left corner to the lower right corner as illustrated in the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 4.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 2.000 1.000
84
Kernel Editor
Lower-Right to Upper-Left The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from
the lower right corner to the upper left corner as illustrated in the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 8.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 6.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000
Rotate Copy Select this option to rotate and copy the values in the kernel.
Left to Right The values in the kernel are rotated left to right as illustrated in the
example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 3.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 2.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 1.000
Right to Left The values in the kernel are rotated right to left as illustrated in the
example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 4.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 6.000 9.000
Top to Bottom The values in the kernel are rotated top to bottom as illustrated in the
example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 4.000 1.000
85
Kernel Editor
Bottom to Top The values in the kernel are rotated bottom to top as illustrated in the
example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 6.000 3.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000
Lower-Left to Upper-Right The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the
lower left corner to the upper right corner as illustrated in the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 6.000 3.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 2.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000
Upper-Right to Lower-Left The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the
upper right corner to the lower left corner as illustrated in the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 4.000 9.000
Upper-Left to Lower-Right The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the
upper left corner to the lower right corner as illustrated in the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 2.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 4.000 1.000
Lower-Right to Upper-Left The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the
lower right corner to the upper left corner as illustrated in the example below:

1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 6.000 7.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000
86
Kernel Editor
Help Select this menu option to access On-Line Help.

Help For KernelEditor Click to display on-line help for the Kernel Editor.
Click to open the Kernel Librarian.
Click to undo the last change.
Click to fill circle or rectangle from center.
The remaining icons displayed on the toolbar are a function of the currently selected matrix
operation. Click the popup list button and select one of the following matrix operations.
Shift
Click to shift contents one cell to the right. See example above.
Click to shift contents one cell to the left. See example above.
Click to shift contents one cell up. See example above.
Click to shift contents one cell down. See example above.
Flip
Click to flip contents left to right. See example above.
Click to flip contents top to buttom. See example above.
Click to flip contents upper left to lower right. See example above.
Click to flip contents lower left to upper right. See example above.
Rotate
87
Kernel Editor
Click to rotate contents 90 degrees. See example above.
Reflect Copy
Click to reflect copy of left half to right half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of right half to left half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of top half to bottom half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of bottom half to top half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of lower left half to upper right half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of upper right half to lower left half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of upper left half to lower right half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of lower right half to upper left half. See example above.
Rotate Copy
Click to rotate copy of left half to right half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of right half to left half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of top half to bottom half. See example above.
88
Kernel Editor
Click to rotate copy of bottom half to top half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of lower left half to upper right half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of upper right half to lower left half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of upper left half to lower right half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of lower right half to upper left half. See example above.
(CellArray) The kernel is displayed in a CellArray. You can use the options described in
this document or the regular CellArray tools to manipulate the data in the CellArray.
X Size: The number of columns in the kernel matrix is displayed in this number field. You
can change the size and shape of the matrix by changing this value.
Y Size: The number of rows in the kernel matrix is displayed in this number field. You can
change the size and shape of the matrix by changing this value.
Default: This is the value that is placed in the cells of the matrix when a shift operation
populates empty cells.
89
Fill
Fill
This dialog allows you to fill a circular or rectangular area of a kernel with a value. It is opened
when you left-hold Edit | Fill... from the Kernel Editor menu bar.
You can open the Kernel Editor dialog from Image Interpreter | Spatial Enhance | Convolution
| Edit.
Fill shape: Specify the shape you want to fill.

Rectangle The fill shape will be rectangular.
Width: If you select a rectangular fill, enter the width of the rectangle here.
Height: If you select a rectangular fill, enter the height of the rectangle here.
Circle The fill shape will be circular. You can create doughnuts by putting a smaller circle
inside a larger one. First fill the circle of larger radius then fill the smaller one.
Fill radius: If you select a circular fill shape, enter the radius of the circle here.
Fill with: Enter the value to use to fill the specified area.
Apply Click to apply the fill to the kernel displayed in the Kernel Editor.
90
Kernel Librarian
Kernel Librarian
This dialog provides access to the Kernel Librarian where you can select kernels to edit or save
kernels to kernel libraries.
This dialog is opened when you left-hold File | Librarian in the Kernel Editor menu bar.
Library: Select the kernel library to use from this file name part. The default file extension
is .klb.
Kernel: The kernels in the selected library are listed. Select the kernel you want to create
or edit.
Name: Enter a name for the kernel or edit an existing name.
Desc: Enter a more detailed description of the kernel than the name.
Save Click to save this kernel to the library.
New Click to create a new kernel that reflects the current Size and Default parameters set
in the Kernel Editor.
Delete Click to delete the selected kernel from the library.
91
Digitizer Setup
Digitizer Setup
When you setup for a digitizing session with the Map Setup dialog, follow these steps.
1. Select the type of setup, either Rectangular (to a Cartesian coordinate system) or Lat/Lon
(to Latitude/Longitude coordinates).
2. If Lat/Lon is used, you must specify the map projection of the map on the digitizer. This
projection is used so that a 1st-order transformation can be calculated from the digitizer
coordinates to a Cartesian projection system, which can be converted to Lat/Lon.
3. Using the Digitize Points CellArray, enter the known map or Lat/Lon coordinates for three
points from the keyboard.
4. Using the “>” column in the CellArray, select a point to digitize with the tablet, and digitize that
point. You can click on any cell in the > column to change the current point to digitize.
5. If you want to use more than three points for your setup, be sure the > arrow is on the last
entry in the CellArray and digitize the point. The last row of the CellArray is always blank so
that you can add points.
6. Click Apply to save the setup to a file. A transformation is calculated from the digitizer
coordinates to the map system. This transformation will be applied to all other points that you
digitize.
When the Map Setup dialog is on the screen, all input from the tablet is directed into its
CellArray. To test the setup, click Apply and then close the Map Setup dialog. Once the Map
Setup dialog is gone, the transformation will be applied to all tablet input and will be shown in
the Status dialog.
7. To test the digitizer setup, digitize one or more additional points for which map or Lat/Lon
coordinates are known. Compare the known coordinates to the coordinates that appear in the
tablet Status dialog.
If the results are not satisfactory, you can...
♦ change the coordinates in the CellArray. Simply edit those cells, and then click Apply again
to recalculate the setup transformation.
♦ change the digitized points. Click on the > column to move the arrow to the row that you want
to change, and re-digitize that point. Then click Apply again to recalculate the setup
transformation.
♦ refine the transformation by adding more points. Be sure that the > arrow is at the last row
(an empty row). Then digitize a new point on the digitizer. Enter known coordinates into the
new row and click Apply again to recalculate the setup transformation.
92
Digitizer Setup
8. When the setup is satisfactory, click Close to end the setup without saving it, or click Apply
and then Close to save it to a file before closing the dialog.
Digitizer Setup Files

The following files are created when you configure and setup a digitizer tablet. The files are
named after the CPU from which the setup was performed, denoted below as <host name>.
These files are in <$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc.
♦ <host name>.tablet.name — an ASCII file containing the type of tablet and the port assigned.
♦ <host name>.tablet.setup — contains the transformation coefficients that are saved when
you Click Apply in the Map Setup dialog.
♦ <host name>.tablet.prj — contains map projection parameters that are entered in the
Projection Chooser if a Lat/Lon setup was performed.
If these files are present when you start IMAGINE from <host name>, then IMAGINE reads these
files and defaults to these same setup parameters. You can change the setup for a machine by
using the Map Setup... button on the Tablet Status dialog.
☞ A digitizer setup file is valid only for one map while it remains in position on the digitizer. If the
map is changed or moved, the setup must be performed again.
93
Digitizing Tips
Digitizing Tips
When you are using the digitizing tablet to digitize into vector, annotation, or AOI layers (and also
in the Measurement tool and GCP Editor), the following information may be helpful.
♦ Before digitizing, bring up the layer’s tool palette from the Viewer menu bar (or use the
digitizing template included in your Important Information material).
♦ Select the tool you wish to use. These tools work exactly as they do for screen digitizing when
you are using the digitizing tablet. Use the lock feature to retain a tool.
♦ Press the 0 (zero) button on the digitizer keypad to start digitizing a line or a polygon and
press 0 to digitize points.
i When using a Calcomp Drawing Board III press the 1 button on the digitizer keypad to start
digitizing a line or a polygon and press 1 to digitize points.
♦ Press 2 on the digitizer keypad to terminate a line or polygon.

♦ When using the marquee tools, press 0 to start the selection and 0 again to end the selection.
♦ While digitizing is enabled, you can also use the layer’s tools for screen digitizing.
94
Tablet Setup
Tablet Setup
This dialog allows you to select a digitizing tablet to use. It appears in several places throughout
ERDAS IMAGINE, such as in the AOI, Vector, and Annotation menus of the Viewer menu bar.
It is also used in the rectification process if you are going to select GCPs using a digitizing tablet.
Your tablet must already be configured and connected to your system.
Tablet: Click the popup list button and select the digitizing tablet that you will use from
among the supported models. This list varies among platforms.
Calcomp 9100
GTCO Series
Altek Tablets
Drawing Board
Format: Click the popup list button and select the output format which corresponds to your
digitizing tablet switch settings.
Port: Click the popup list button and select the port to which the tablet is connected.
Under UNIX, this could be /dev/ttya, /dev/ttyb, etc.
Under Windows, this could be com1, com2, etc.
OK Click to accept these parameters and close this dialog.
Cancel Click to close this dialog without making any changes.

➲ For helpful hints on using a digitizing tablet or instructions on how to create new vector layers
using a digitizing tablet, see the Digitizing Tips section of this manual.
➲ For additional information about configuring digitizing tablets, see the ERDAS IMAGINE
Installation Guide.
95
Map Setup
Map Setup
The Map Setup dialog allows you to set up a digitizing tablet for a digitizing session. In the
process of using this dialog, you will create a setup file for this digitizer.
If a setup file exists for this CPU, then there may be a setup loaded by default. This setup is valid
only if you are using the same map and that map has not moved on the digitizer.
This dialog is opened when you click OK in the Tablet Setup dialog or when you click Map Setup
in the Tablet Status dialog. It also opens when you click the icon on the Annotation Tools
palette.
This is a flexible tool that allows you to enter coordinates in map units and in Lat/Lon in the same
session. If a map projection is specified, then reference coordinates are automatically converted
to Lat/Lon and vice versa.
Setup Options: Select the type of setup, according to the map coordinates you will use.
Rectangular Setup The known coordinates that will be used for the setup are in a
Cartesian (rectangular) map coordinate system.
If you switch to Lat/Lon Setup, then these coordinates are automatically transformed to
Lat/Lon.
Lat/Lon Setup The known coordinates are in Latitude/Longitude coordinates.
If you switch to reference coordinates (Rectangular Setup), then these coordinates are
automatically switched to reference coordinates, provided that you have specified a map
projection below.
Digitize Points: Use this CellArray to enter at least three known map coordinates from
the keyboard. Then digitize those points on the digitizing tablet, using the “>” column to select
the point to digitize next.
Read the information on digitizer setup for more about using this table.
OK Click to calculate the transformation matrix that will convert the digitized coordinates
into map coordinates. The digitizer setup is saved to a file.
Projection... When you select this option, the Projection Chooser is opened. This dialog
allows you to select a map projection and appropriate projection parameters.
If you specify a map projection, then you can enter both reference coordinates and Lat/Lon
coordinates in the same session. Coordinates will automatically be transformed to the
coordinate system you are using.
96
Map Setup
Clear This button erases the current setup so that you can start over. You may want to use
this if you are deleting a setup from another session, or if your setup is not accurate enough
and you want to start over.
3 Point Setup... Click to display the Quick Setup dialog.

using a digitizing tablet, see the Digitizing Tips section of the IMAGINE Interface manual.
➲ For more information about configuring a digitizing tablet, see the ERDAS IMAGINE
Installation Guide.
97
Tablet Status
Tablet Status
The Tablet Status dialog is opened after you have selected a digitizing tablet, and stays on the
screen while you digitize. You can use it at any time to record a new tablet setup, reconfigure a
digitizer, set up the digitizing template, or to turn stream mode on or off.
From Tablet: The most recently digitized X and Y coordinates are shown.
X:
Y:
Projection: The projection of the map is reported. Initially this is reported as No

Projection. Click the Projection button in the Map Setup dialog and select a projection; the
selected projection is displayed here.
Map Setup... Click to set up your map for a digitizing session. The Map Setup dialog is
opened.
Template... Click to set up a digitizing template to use the digitizing tools directly from a
template attached to your digitizing tablet. The Tablet Template Setup dialog is opened.
This template is included in your Important Information material.
Stream Mode Click to turn stream mode on and off. In stream mode, vertices are
generated automatically as the digitizer keypad is moved across the tablet.
Device Setup... Click to set up your tablet for a digitizing session. The Tablet Setup
dialog is opened.

98
Quick Setup
Quick Setup
This dialog enables you to quickly setup a digitizing tablet. It is opened when you click 3 Point
Setup in the Map Setup dialog.
This option can be used when the map you are using does not have grid lines, and you must use
points at the edge of the map. This setup is not as accurate as the regular setup.
Map Coordinate: Locate three reference points on the map, for which precise map
coordinates are known. Marking them lightly with a pencil makes them easier to locate when
you are ready to digitize.
X: The X reference point is normally a tick mark on the bottom border of the map.
Y: The Y reference points are normally tick marks on the left and right borders of the
map.
Scale 1: Enter the map scale.
Units Specify the map units as either Meters or Feet.

Meters
Feet
Digitize Points: Use this CellArray to enter at least three known map coordinates from
the keyboard. Then digitize those points on the digitizing tablet, using the “>” column to select
the point to digitize next.
Read the information on digitizer setup for more about using this table.
OK Click to use this setup and close this dialog.

99
Tablet Template Setup
Tablet Template Setup

Templates are provided with IMAGINE to allow you to use Vector, Annotation, and AOI digitizing
tools directly from your digitizing tablet. This dialog enables you to set up a template. ERDAS
provides horizontally and vertically oriented templates to fit your preferences. Each orientation
is provided with both English commands and graphical tools. The size of the template is
unimportant so you may enlarge or reduce the template to fit your needs. The setup program
determines the size of the template form the corners you digitize and then divides this area into
a pre-defined grid.
Simply tape the template to your tablet and follow the instructions in this dialog to make it
available to IMAGINE. Once you have performed this setup, you can use this template whenever
you digitize in IMAGINE as long as the template is not physically moved from its original position.
If the template is moved or resized, simply repeat this procedure.
This dialog is opened when you click Template in the Tablet Status dialog.
(instructions) Digitizing the upper left and lower right corners of the template as
instructed.

100
Projection Chooser
Projection Chooser
The Projection Chooser allows you to set the map projection information for geographic data.
This dialog opens in several contexts throughout ERDAS IMAGINE where geographic projection
information is needed.
Standard This tab provides access to those projections that have been previously defined
and saved in a library. Custom projections that have been saved also appear in this popup
list. See Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE.
Categories Select the projection category from this popup list. This is the name of a
library in which the projection is saved.
Projection Select the name of the projection from the scrolling list. The number in
parentheses is the State Plane Zone.
Custom This tab provides access to the projection parameters for creating a custom
projection. If you wish to add a custom projection to a library, enter a valid file name for storing
the category, and click the Save button. Once defined, this saved file will appear in the
Standard popup list.
Projection Type: Select the projection type from this popup list. Depending upon the
selected projection type, one or more additional options are displayed for setting
projection parameters.
OK Click to perform the operation with the current specifications.
Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog.
Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog.
Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog.
Cancel Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog.
101
Projection Chooser
➲ See the On-Line Help about Spheroids and Datums for a complete list of the spheroids and
datums supported in ERDAS IMAGINE, and a geographical list to help you determine the
correct datum for your area.
➲ See the Cartography chapter of the ERDAS Field Guide for information about specific
projections and projection parameters.
102
Spheroids and Datums
Spheroids and Datums

Datums
A geodetic datum is a smooth mathematical surface that closely fits the mean sea-level surface
throughout the area of interest. It is defined by a spheroid and the position and orientation
relationship of the spheroid to a reference mathematical model of the earth. The georeferenced
coordinates are unique only if qualified by a datum. If you go across two different datums during
georeferencing without considering the coordinate shift between them, the potential error can be
up to hundreds of meters.
There are three kinds of datums supported in ERDAS IMAGINE. One is defined by seven
parameters referred to the reference ellipsoid WGS 84. The seven parameters are x-y-z
translations, omega-phi-kappa rotations, and scale variation. The Standard Molodensky
transformation and 7-parameter transformation are used for parametric datum shift.
The second kind of datum is defined by NADCON grids in which the coordinate shifts among
datum NAD 27, NAD 83, and HARN are calculated by bilinear interpolation.
The third one is defined by Multiple Regression Equations (MRE) based on DMA documents.
These datums can be identified by the labels ending with “(MRE)” in the tables that follow.
Most parametric datums applied to global areas are basically spheroids themselves without any
position shift and/or rotations relative to WGS 84. They are assumed to have same centers as
that of WGS 84. They are marked by asterisk (*) in the following tables. The main reason to use
the spheroid name as a global datum name is to make a smooth transition from older to newer
projection versions. Avoid using them when other appropriate local datums are available. Or
users can modify the ERDAS spheroid table by adding new datums if specific parameters are
known to the local geographic regions. See Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection
Categories in IMAGINE.
It is not recommended to use any datum if you are not sure what it is. Using wrong datum may
introduce significant geometric errors (up to a few hundreds of meters) when performing datum
shift calculation.
For more information about parametric datum shift, refer to the document DMA TR 8350.2. For
NADCON, please check with the National Geodetic Survey.
The following tables list the spheroids and datums supported in ERDAS IMAGINE.
♦ Table 1 is arranged alphabetically by region so that you can easily see which datums apply
to a specific area of the world.
♦ Table 2 is arranged alphabetically by spheroid.
103
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

✚ Datums followed by an asterisk (*) are assumed to have its center at the mass center of WGS
84 system without shifts and rotations. Their 7 parameters are all zero. They appear under
Area Global. If any of them has shifts and/or rotations rather than zeros relative to WGS 84,
please modify the ERDAS spheroid table (<IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/spheroid.tab) accordingly
before using. Otherwise, datum shift errors up to several hundreds of meters may occur..
Area Applicable Datum(s)
Afghanistan Herat North

Antarctica (McMurdo Camp Area Astro
Camp Area)
Antigua, Mean NAD27 (East Central America)

Leeward Islands Antigua Island Astro 1943
Argentina Campo Inchauspe
SAD69 (Argentina)
Mean SAD69
Continental, land Campo Inchauspe (MRE)
areas only
Ascension Island Ascension Island 1958

Australia Australian Geodetic 1966
Australian Geodetic 1966 (MRE)
Australian Geodetic 1984
Australian Geodetic 1984 (MRE)
Austria, Mean European 1950
European 1950 (West Europe)
European 1979
European 1950 (West Europe) (MRE)
Azores
Graciosa Base SW 1948
Faial, Graciosa,
Pico, Sao Jorge,
Teceira
Corvo & Flores Observatorio Metereo 1939

Islands
104
Sao Miquel & Sao Braz

Santa Maria
Islands
Bahamas Cape Canaveral

Except San NAD27 (Bahamas)
Salvador Island
San Salvador NAD27 (San Salvador Island)

Island
Bahrain Ain el Abd 1970 (Bahrain)

Bangladesh Indian (Bangladesh)
Barbados NAD27 (East Central America)
Barbuda NAD27 (East Central America)
Belgium European 1950
Belize, Mean NAD27 (West Central America)
Bermuda Bermuda 1957
Bolivia SAD69
SAD69 (Bolivia)
Mean PSAD56
PSAD56 (Bolivia)
Botswana, Mean Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Botswana)
Brazil Corrego Alegre
SAD69
SAD69 (Brazil)
Continental, land Corrego Alegre (MRE)
areas only
Brunei Timbali 1948

Burkina Faso Adindan (Burkina Faso)
Mean Point 58
Burundi Arc 1950 (Burundi)
105
Caicos Islands NAD27 (East Central America)

Cameroon Adindan (Cameroon)
Minna (Cameroon)
Canada NAD27
NAD83
NAD83 (DMA)
Mean NAD27 (Canada)
Continental, land NAD27 (Canada) (MRE)
areas
Alberta NAD27 (Canada_AB)

British Columbia NAD27 (Canada_AB)
Manitoba NAD27 (Canada_MO)
New Brunswick NAD27 (Canada_NNNQ)
Newfoundland NAD27 (Canada_NNNQ)
Northwest NAD27 (Canada_NS)
Territories
Nova Scotia NAD27 (Canada_NNNQ)

Ontario NAD27 (Canada_MO)
Quebec NAD27 (Canada_NNNQ)
Saskatchewan NAD27 (Canada_NS)
Yukon NAD27 (Yukon)
Canal Zone NAD27 (Canal Zone)
Canary Islands Pico de las Nieves
Caroline Islands Kusaie Astro 1951
Cayman Brac Island L. C. 5 Astro 1961
Central America NAD83 (DMA)
Channel Islands European 1950 (UK, Ireland)
106
Chile PSAD56
SAD69
SAD69 (Chile)
Northern, Near PSAD56 (North Chile)
19˚ S
Southern, Near PSAD56 (South Chile)

43˚ S
Southern, Near Provisional S. Chilean 1963

53˚ S (Hito XVIII)
Cocos Islands Anna 1 Astro 1965

Colombia Bogota Observatory
PSAD56
PSAD56 (Colombia)
SAD69
SAD69 (Colombia)
Congo Pointe Noire 1948
Costa Rica NAD27 (West Central America)
Cuba NAD27 (East Central America)
NAD27 (Cuba)
Cyprus European 1950 (Cyprus)
Denmark European 1950
Diego Garcia ISTS 073 Astro 1969
Djibouti Ayabelle Lighthouse
Dominican Republic NAD27 (East Central America)
Easter Island Easter Island 1967
East Falkland Island Sapper Hill 1943
Ecuador PSAD56
PSAD56 (Ecuador)
SAD69
SAD69 (Ecuador)
107
Baltra, Galapagos SAD69 (Baltra, Galapagos)

Efate & Erromango Bellevue (IGN)
Islands
Egypt Old Egyptian 1907

European 1950 (Egypt)
El Salvador NAD27 (West Central America)
England Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936
Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (England)
Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (England, Wales)
European 1950 (UK, Ireland)
Espirito Santo Island Santo (DOS) 1965
Ethiopia (Eritrea) Massawa
Mean Adindan
Adindan (Ethiopia)
Fiji (Viti Levu Island) Viti Levu 1916
Finland European 1950
European 1950 (Finland, Norway)
European 1979
France European 1950
Gabon M’Poraloko
Germany, West European 1950
Ghana Legion
Gibraltar European 1950
108
Global 165*
Airy*
Airy Modified 1849*
Australian National*
Bessel*
Bessel (Namibia)*
BTS87
Clarke 1858*
Clarke 1866*
Clarke 1880*
Clarke 1880 IGN*
Everest*
Everest 1956*
Everest 1969*
Everest (Maylasian & Singapore 1948)*
Everest (Pakistan)*
Everest (Sabah & Sarawak)*
Fischer 1960*
Fischer 1968*
GRS 1980*
Hayford*
Helmert*
Hough*
IAU 1965*
Indonesian 1974*
International 1909*
IUGG 1967*
Krasovsky*
Mercury 1960*
Modified Airy*
Modified Everest*
Modified Fischer 1960*
Modified Mercury 1968*
New International 1967*
South American 1969*
Southeast Asia*
Sphere*
Sphere of Nominal Radius of Earth*
Sphere of Radius 6370997m*
Walbeck*
WGS 60*
WGS 66
WGS 72 109
WGS 84
Grand Cayman NAD27 (East Central America)

Greece European 1950
European 1950 (Greece)
Greenland NAD27 (Greenland)
Hayes Peninsula
South Qornoq
Guam Guam 1963
Guadalcanal Island GUX 1 Astro
Guatemala NAD27 (West Central America)
Guinea Dabola
Guinea-Bissau Bissau
Guyana PSAD56
PSAD56 (Guyana)
SAD69
SAD69 (Guyana)
Honduras NAD27 (West Central America)
Hong Kong Hong Kong 1963
Hungary ETHZ Hungary
Iceland Hjorsey 1955
India Indian (India, Nepal)
Indonesia
Bangka & Belitung Bukit Rimpah

Islands
Sumatra Djakarta (Batavia)

Kalimantan Gunung Segara
Iran European 1950 (Iran)
Iraq, Mean European 1950 (Middle East)
110
Ireland Ireland 1965

Isle of Man Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936
Isreal European 1950 (Middle East)
Italy European 1950
Sardinia European 1950 (Sardinia)
Rome 1940
Sicily European 1950 (Sicily)
Iwo Jima Astro Beacon E 1945
Jamaica NAD27 (East Central America)
Japan (Mean) Tokyo
Johnston Island Johnston Island 1961
Jordan European 1950 (Middle East)
Kenya, Mean Arc 1960
Kerguelen Island Kerguelen Island 1949
Korea Tokyo
Tokyo (Korea)
Kuwait European 1950 (Middle East)
Lebanon European 1950 (Middle East)
Lesotho Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Lesotho)
Liberia Liberia 1964
Luxembourg European 1950
Madagascar Tananarive Observatory 1925
Madeira Islands Porto Santo 1936
Mahe Island Mahe 1971
111
Malaysia, Timbali 1948

East (Sabah,
Sarawak)
West Kertau 1948

Malawi Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Malawi)
Mali Adindan (Mali)
Malta European 1950 (Malta)
Marcus Island Astronomical Station 1952
Marshall Islands Wake-Eniwetok 1960
Mascarene Islands Reunion
Mexico NAD27 (Mexico)
NAD83 (DMA)
Midway Islands Midway Astro 1961
Monserrat (Leeward Monserrat Island Astro 1958
Islands)
Morocco Merchich
Namibia Schwarzeck
Nepal Indian (India, Nepal)
Netherlands European 1950
European 1979
Nevis Fort Thomas 1955
New Georgia Islands DOS 1968
(Gizo Island)
New Zealand Geodetic Datum 1949

Chatham Island Chatham Island Astro 1971
Nicaragua NAD27 (West Central America)
112
Niger Point 58
Nigeria Minna (Nigeria)
Norway European 1950
European 1950 (Finland, Norway)
European 1979
Okinawa Tokyo
Tokyo (Okinawa)
Oman (Misirah Nahrwan (Oman)
Islands) Oman
Paraguay Chua Astro

SAD69
SAD69 (Paraguay)
Peru PSAD56
PSAD56 (Peru)
SAD69
SAD69 (Peru)
Phoenix Islands Canton Astro 1966
Philippines (excluding Luzon (Mindanao)
Mindanao)
Pitcairn Island Pitcairn Astro 1967

Porto Santo Porto Santo 1936
Portugal European 1950
European 1950 (Portugal, Spain)
Puerto Rico NAD27
Puerto Rico
NAD83
Qatar Qatar National
Republic of Maldives Gan 1970
Salvage Islands Selvagem Grande
Saudi Arabia Nahrwan (Saudi Arabia)
Ain el Abd 1970 (Saudi Arabia)
European 1950 (Middle East)
113
Scotland Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (Scotland, Shetland)
Senegal Adindan (Senegal)
Shetland Islands Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936
Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (Scotland, Shetland)
Singapore Kertau 1948
South Asia
Somalia Afgooye
South Africa Cape
South America, SAD69 (MRE)
mainland
South Georgia ISTS 061 Astro 1968

Islands
Soviet Geodetic SGS 85

System 1985
Spain European 1950

European 1950 (Portugal, Spain)
European 1979
Sri Lanka Kandawala
St. George Island NAD27
NAD83
St. Helena Island Astro DOS 71/4
St. Kitts (Leeward Fort Thomas 1955
Islands)
St. Lawrence Island NAD83

St. Paul Island NAD27
NAD83
Suda Adindan
Sudan Adindan (Sudan)
114
Suriname Zanderij
Swaziland Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Swaziland)
Sweden European 1950
European 1979
Switzerland European 1950
European 1979
Syria European 1950 (Middle East)
Taiwan Hu-Tzu-Shan
Tanzania Arc 1960
Tasmania Australian Geodetic 1966
Australian Geodetic 1984
Tern Island Astro Tern Island (FRIG) 1961
Thailand Indian 1954
Indian 1975
Trinidad &Tobago Naparima BWI
SAD69
SAD69 (Trinidad & Tobago)
Tristan da Cunha Tristan Astro 1968
Tunisia Carthage
Turks Islands NAD27 (East Central America)
United Arab Emirates Nahrwan (United Arab Emirates)
United States, NAD27
Continental NAD83
NAD83 (DMA)
Continental, Mean NAD27 (CONUS)
NAD27 (CONUS) (MRE)
115
Mean for East of NAD27 (East CONUS)

Mississippi River
including
Louisiana,
Missouri,
Minnesota
Mean for West of NAD27 (West CONUS)

Mississippi River
Alabama HARN
Alaska (including NAD27
Aleutian Islands) NAD27 (Alaska)
NAD83
NAD83 (DMA)
Colorado HARN
Delaware HARN
Florida Cape Canaveral
HARN
Hawaii NAD27
Old Hawaiian (Hawaii)
NAD83
Mean Old Hawaiian
Kauai Old Hawaiian
Old Hawaiian (Kauai)
Maui Old Hawaiian
Old Hawaiian (Maui)
Oahu Old Hawaiian
Old Hawaiian (Oahu)
Idaho HARN
Louisiana HARN
Maryland HARN
Montana HARN
Oregon HARN
116
Tennessee HARN
Washington HARN
Wisconsin HARN
Uruguay Yacare
Venezuela PSAD56
PSAD56 (Venezuela)
SAD69
SAD69 (Venezuela)
Vietnam Indian 1954
Virgin Islands NAD27
Puerto Rico
NAD83
Wake Atoll Wake Island Astro 1952
Wales Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936
Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (Wales)
Zaire Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Zaire)
Zambia Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Zambia)
Zimbabwe Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Zimbabwe)
117
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Datums followed by an asterisk (*) are assumed to have its center at the mass center of WGS
84 system without shifts and rotations. Their 7 parameters are all zero. Their Area Applied is
Global. If any of them has shifts and/or rotations rather than zeros relative to WGS 84, please
modify ERDAS spheroid table accordingly before apply. Otherwise, datum shift errors up to
several hundreds of meters may occur..
Spheroid Name Datum Name Datum Area Applied

Type
165 165 parametric Global*

Airy Airy parametric Global*
Ord. Survey G. Britain parametric Mean for England, Isle of
1936 Man, Scotland, Shetland
Islands, Wales
Ord. Survey G. Britain parametric England
1936 (England)
Ord. Survey G. Britain parametric England, Isle of Man,
1936 (England, Wales) Wales
Ord. Survey G. Britain parametric Scotland, Shetland
1936 (Scotland, Islands
Shetland)
Ord. Survey G. Britain parametric Wales
1936 (Wales)
ETHZ United Kingdom parametric United Kingdom
Airy Airy Modified 1849 parametric Global*
Modified
1849 Ireland 1965 parametric Ireland
118

Type
Australian Australian National parametric Global*
National
Anna 1 Astro 1965 parametric Cocos Islands
Australian Geodetic parametric Australia & Tasmania
1966
Australian Geodetic regression Australian mainland
1966 (MRE)
Australian Geodetic parametric Australia & Tasmania
1984
Australian Geodetic regression Australian mainland
1984 (MRE)
Bessel Bessel parametric Global*
Bukit Rimpah parametric Indonesia (Bangka &
Belitung Islands)
CH1903 (Bern) Germany
Djakarta (Batavia) parametric Indonesia (Sumatra)
ETHZ Austria parametric Austria
ETHZ Germany parametric Germany
ETHZ Switzerland parametric Switzerland
Gunung Segara parametric Indonesia (Kalimantan)
Massawa parametric Ethiopia (Eritrea)
MGI (Hermannskogel) parametric
Potsdam parametric Germany
Tokyo parametric Mean for Japan, Korea,

Okinawa
Tokyo (Korea) parametric Korea
Tokyo (Okinawa) parametric Okinawa
119

Type
Bessel Bessel (Namibia) parametric Global*
(Namibia)
Schwarzeck parametric Namibia
Clarke 1958 Clarke 1858 parametric Global*
Bermuda 1957 parametric Bermuda
Cape Canaveral parametric Bahamas, Florida
Guam 1963 parametric Guam
L. C. 5 Astro 1961 parametric Cayman Brac Island
Luzon parametric Philippines (excluding
Mindanao)
Luzon (Mindanao) parametric Philippines (Mindanao)
NAD27 grid CONUS, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, Virgin Islands, St.
Lawrence Island, St.
George Island, St. Paul
Island, Alaska, Canada
120

Type
NAD27 (CONUS) parametric Mean for CONUS

NAD27 (CONUS) regression Continental US land
(MRE) areas
NAD27 (East CONUS) parametric Mean for CONUS (East
of Mississippi River
including Louisiana,
Missouri, Minnesota)
NAD27 (West CONUS) parametric Mean for CONUS (West
of Mississippi River)
NAD27 (Alaska) parametric Alaska
NAD27 (Bahamas) parametric Bahamas (Except San
Salvador Island)
NAD27 (San Salvador parametric Bahamas (San Salvador
Island) Island)
NAD27 (Canada) parametric Mean for Canada
NAD27 (Canada) regression Continental Canada
(MRE) land areas
NAD27 (Canada_AB) parametric Canada (Alberta, British
Columbia)
NAD27 (Canada_MO) parametric Canada (Manitoba,
Ontario)
NAD27 parametric Canada (New Brunswick,
(Canada_NNNQ) Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Quebec)
NAD27 (Canada_NS) parametric Canada (Northwest
Territories,
Saskatchewan)
NAD27 (Yukon) parametric Canada (Yukon)
121

Type
NAD27 (East Central parametric Mean for Antigua,

America) Barbados, Barbuda,
Caicos Islands, Cuba,
Dominican Republic,
Grand Cayman,
Jamaica, Turks Islands
NAD27 (West Central parametric Mean for Belize, Costa
America) Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua
NAD27 (Canal Zone) parametric Canal Zone
NAD27 (Cuba) parametric Cuba
NAD27 (Greenland) parametric Greenland (Hayes
Peninsula)
NAD27 (Mexico) parametric Mexico
Old Hawaiian parametric Mean for Hawaii, Kauai,
Maui, Oahu
Old Hawaiian (Hawaii) parametric Hawaii
Old Hawaiian (Kauai) parametric Kauai
Old Hawaiian (Maui) parametric Maui
Old Hawaiian (Oahu) parametric Oahu
Puerto Rico parametric Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands
Adindan parametric Mean for Ethiopia, Suda
Adindan (Burkina Faso) parametric Burkina Faso
Adindan (Cameroon) parametric Cameroon
122

Type
Adindan (Ethiopia) parametric Ethiopia

Adindan (Mali) parametric Mali
Adindan (Senegal) parametric Senegal
Adindan (Sudan) parametric Sudan
Antigua Island Astro parametric Antigua (Leeward
1943 Islands)
Arc 1950 parametric Mean for Botswana,
Lesotho, Malawi,
Swaziland, Zaire,
Zambia, Zimbabwe
Arc 1950 (Botswana) parametric Botswana
Arc 1950 (Burundi) parametric Burundi
Arc 1950 (Lesotho) parametric Lesotho
Arc 1950 (Malawi) parametric Malawi
Arc 1950 (Swaziland) parametric Swaziland
Arc 1950 (Zaire) parametric Zaire
Arc 1950 (Zambia) parametric Zambia
Arc 1950 (Zimbabwe) parametric Zimbabwe
Arc 1960 parametric Mean for Kenya,
Tanzania
Ayabelle Lighthouse parametric Djibouti
Cape parametric South Africa

Carthage parametric Tunisia
Dabola parametric Guinea
Fort Thomas 1955 parametric Nevis, St. Kitts (Leeward
Islands)
123

Type
Leigon parametric Ghana

Liberia 1964 parametric Liberia
M'Poraloko parametric Gabon
Mahe 1971 parametric Mahe Island
Merchich parametric Morocco
Minna (Cameroon) parametric Cameroon
Minna (Nigeria) parametric Nigeria
Montserrat Island parametric Montserrat (Leeward
Astro 1958 Islands)
Nahrwan (Oman) parametric Oman (Masirah Island)
Nahrwan (Saudi parametric Saudi Arabia
Arabia)
Nahrwan (United Arab parametric United Arab Emirates
Emirates)
Oman parametric Oman
Point 58 parametric Mean for Burkina Faso &
Niger
Pointe Noire 1948 parametric Congo
Viti Levu 1916 parametric Fiji (Viti Levu Island)
Clarke 1880 Clarke 1880 IGN parametric Global*
IGN
Everest Everest parametric Global*
Indian (Bangladesh) parametric Bangladesh
Indian 1954 parametric Thailand, Vietnam
Indian 1975 parametric Thailand
Kandawala parametric Sri Lanka
124

Type
Everest 1956 Everest 1956 parametric Global*
Indian (India, Nepal) parametric India, Nepal
Everest 1969 Everest 1969 parametric Global*
Everest Everest (Maylasian & parametric Global*
(Maylasian & Singapore 1948)
Singapore
1948)
Everest Everest (Pakistan) parametric Global*
(Pakistan)
Everest Everest (Sabah & parametric Global*
(Sabah & Sarawak)
Sarawak)
Timbalai 1948 parametric Brunei, East Malaysia
(Sabah, Sarawak)
Fischer 1960 Fischer 1960 parametric Global*
Fischer 1968 Fischer 1968 parametric Global*
GRS 1980 GDA94 parametric Australia
GRS 1980 parametric Global*
NAD83 grid CONUS, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, Virgin Islands, St.
Lawrence Island, St.
George Island, St. Paul
Island, Alaska, Canada
NAD83 (DMA) parametric Alaska, Canada,
CONUS, Central
America, Mexico
HARN grid Alabama, Colorado,
Delaware, Florida,
Idaho, Louisiana,
Maryland, Montana,
Oregon, Tennessee,
Washington, Wisconsin
125

Type
Hayford Hayford parametric Global*
Helmert Helmert parametric Global*
Old Egyptian 1907 parametric Egypt
Hough Hough parametric Global*
Wake-Eniwetok 1960 parametric Marshall Islands
IAU 1965 IAU 1965 parametric Global*
126

Type
International International 1909 parametric Global*
1909
Ain el Abd 1970 parametric Bahrain
(Bahrain)
Ain el Abd 1970 (Saudi parametric Saudi Arabia
Arabia)
Ascension Island 1958 parametric Ascension Island
Astro Beacon E 1945 parametric Iwo Jima
Astro DOS 71/4 parametric St. Helena Island
Astro Tern Island parametric Tern Island
(FRIG) 1961
Astronomical Station parametric Marcus Island
1952
Bellevue (IGN) parametric Efate & Erromango
Islands
Bissau parametric Guinea-Bissau
Bogota Observatory parametric Colombia
Camp Area Astro parametric Antarctica (McMurdo
Camp Area)
Campo Inchauspe parametric Argentina
Campo Inchauspe regression Continental Argentina,
(MRE) land areas only
Canton Astro 1966 parametric Phoenix Islands
Chatham Island Astro parametric New Zealand (Chatham
1971 Island)
Chua Astro parametric Paraguay
Corrego Alegre parametric Brazil
127

Type
Corrego Alegre (MRE) regression Continental Brazil, land

areas only
DOS 1968 parametric New Georgia Islands
(Gizo Island)
Easter Island 1967 parametric Easter Island
European 1950 parametric Mean for Austria,
Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, France, W
Germany, Gibraltar,
Greece, Italy,
Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland
European 1950 parametric Cyprus
(Cyprus)
European 1950 (Egypt) parametric Egypt
European 1950 parametric Finland, Norway
(Finland, Norway)
European 1950 parametric Greece
(Greece)
European 1950 (Iran) parametric Iran
European 1950 (Malta) parametric Malta
European 1950 (Middle parametric Mean for Iraq, Israel,
East) Jordan, Lebanon,
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia,
Syria
European 1950 parametric Portugal, Spain
(Portugal, Spain)
128

Type
European 1950 parametric Italy (Sardinia)

(Sardinia)
European 1950 (Sicily) parametric Italy (Sicily)
European 1950 (UK, parametric England, Channel
Ireland) Islands, Ireland,
Scotland, Shetland
Islands
European 1950 (West parametric Mean for Austria,
Europe) Denmark, France, W
Germany, Netherlands,
Switzerland
European 1950 (West regression Austria, Denmark,
Europe) (MRE) France, W Germany,
Netherlands, Switzerland
European 1979 parametric Mean for Austria,
Finland, Netherlands,
Norway, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland
GUX 1 Astro parametric Guadalcanal Island
Gan 1970 parametric Republic of Maldives
Geodetic Datum 1949 parametric New Zealand
Graciosa Base SW parametric Azores (Faial, Graciosa,
1948 Pico, Sao Jorge,
Terceira)
Herat North parametric Afghanistan
Hjorsey 1955 parametric Iceland
Hong Kong 1963 parametric Hong Kong
Hu-Tzu-Shan parametric Taiwan
129

Type
ISTS 061 Astro 1968 parametric South Georgia Islands

ISTS 073 Astro 1969 parametric Diego Garcia
Johnston Island 1961 parametric Johnston Island
Kerguelen Island 1949 parametric Kerguelen Island
Kusaie Astro 1951 parametric Caroline Islands
Midway Astro 1961 parametric Midway Islands
Naparima BWI parametric Trinidad & Tobago
Observatorio Metereo. parametric Azores (Corvo & Flores
1939 Islands)
PSAD56 parametric Mean for Bolivia, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador,
Guyana, Peru,
Venezuela
PSAD56 (Bolivia) parametric Bolivia
PSAD56 (Colombia) parametric Colombia
PSAD56 (Ecuador) parametric Ecuador
PSAD56 (Guyana) parametric Guyana
PSAD56 (North Chile) parametric Chile (Northern, Near
19˚S)
PSAD56 (Peru) parametric Peru
PSAD56 (South Chile) parametric Chile (Southern, Near
43˚S)
PSAD56 (Venezuela) parametric Venezuela
Pico de las Nieves parametric Canary Islands
Pitcairn Astro 1967 parametric Pitcairn Island
130

Type
Porto Santo 1936 parametric Porto Santo, Madeira

Islands
Provisional S. Chilean parametric Chile (South, Near 53˚S)
1963 (Hito XVIII)
Qatar National parametric Qatar
Qornoq parametric Greenland (South)
Reunion parametric Mascarene Islands
Rome 1940 parametric Italy (Sardinia)
Santo (DOS) 1965 parametric Espirito Santo Island
Sao Braz parametric Azores (Sao Miguel,
Santa Maria Islands)
Sapper Hill 1943 parametric East Falkland Island
Selvagem Grande parametric Salvage Islands
Tananarive parametric Madagascar
Observatory 1925
Tristan Astro 1968 parametric Tristan da Cunha
Wake Island Astro parametric Wake Atoll
1952
Yacare parametric Uruguay
Zanderij parametric Suriname
Indonesian Indonesian 1974 parametric Global*
1974
IUGG 1967 IUGG 1967 parametric Global*
ETHZ Hungary parametric Hungary
131

Type
Krasovsky Afgooye parametric Somalia
Krasovsky parametric Global*
Pulkovo 1942 parametric Russia
System 42/83 (Pulkow) parametric Azerbaijan
Mercury Mercury 1960 parametric Global*

1960
Modified Airy Modified Airy parametric Global*
Modified Modified Everest parametric Global*
Everest
Kertau 1948 parametric West Malaysia &
Singapore
Modified Modified Fischer 1960 parametric Global*
Fischer 1960
South Asia parametric Singapore
Modified Modified Mercury 1968 parametric Global*
Mercury
1968
New New International 1967 parametric Global*
International
1967
SGS 85 SGS 85 parametric Soviet Geodetic System
1985
132

Type
South South American 1969 parametric Global*
American
1969 SAD69 parametric Mean for Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador,
Guyana, Paraguay,
Peru, Trinidad & Tobago,
Venezuela
SAD69 (Argentina) parametric Argentina
SAD69 (Baltra, parametric Ecuador (Baltra,
Galapagos) Galapagos)
SAD69 (Bolivia) parametric Bolivia
SAD69 (Brazil) parametric Brazil
SAD69 (Chile) parametric Chile
SAD69 (Colombia) parametric Colombia
SAD69 (Ecuador) parametric Ecuador
SAD69 (Guyana) parametric Guyana
SAD69 (Paraguay) parametric Paraguay
SAD69 (Peru) parametric Peru
SAD69 (Trinidad, parametric Trinidad & Tobago
Tobago)
SAD69 (Venezuela) parametric Venezuela
SAD69 (MRE) regression South American
mainland
Sphere Sphere parametric Global*
Sphere of Sphere of Nominal parametric Global*
Nominal Radius of Earth
Radius of
Earth
133

Type
Sphere of Sphere of Radius parametric Global*
Radius 6370997m
6370997m
Southeast Southeast Asia parametric Global*
Asia
Walbeck Walbeck parametric Global*
WGS 60 WGS 60 parametric Global*
WGS 66 WGS 66 parametric Global
BTS87 parametric Global
134
Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE

Introduction
ERDAS IMAGINE comes with an extensive library of built-in projections, spheroids and datums.
Every effort is made to include as many projection systems as possible. Frequently ERDAS is
asked to add a new projection system to its library.
IMAGINE provides a mechanism for adding new spheroids and datums into the Projections
Chooser. IMAGINE allows you to save specific sets of parameters to the menu system for future
access.
Overview
Adding a new set of spheroids and/or datums is simple. The file <IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/
spheroid.tab is read by the IMAGINE Projections Chooser to provide all the necessary
parameters for defining spheroids and datums. You can access this file by going to Tools/Edit
Text Files... from the main menu, and typing in the name of the file in the Text Editor dialog.
The following listing shows an example entry from this file for the spheroid “Australian National”.
”Australian National” {
15 6378160.0 6356774.719
“Australian National” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Anna 1 Astro 1965” -491 -22 435 0 0 0 0
“Australian Geodetic 1966” -133 -48 148 0 0 0 0
“Australian Geodetic 1966 (MRE)” regression
“Australian Geodetic 1984” -134 -48 149 0 0 0 0
“Australian Geodetic 1984 (MRE)” regression
}
“Australian National” is the name of the spheroid.The next line defines its sequential number in
the spheroid.tab file, the semi-major axis, and the semi-minor axis (in meters). The general
syntax is:
“Spheroid Name” {
Sequential Number Semi-Major Axis Semi-Minor
Axis
“Spheroid Name” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Datums ...
}
Following the spheroid definition are datums associated with each spheroid. The datums are
recorded in terms of a shift to the WGS84 datum. Any datums added to the spheroid.tab file must
also be recorded as datum shift parameters to WGS84. The parameters are recorded as:
“Datum Name” dx dy dz rω rϕ rκ ds
Where
135
dx, dy and dz are the x,y,z translations to WGS84, in meters,
rω, rϕ, and rκ are the omega, phi, kappa rotations to WGS84, in radians and scientific notation,
and, ds is the scale change to WGS84 in scientific notation.
Most parametric datums applied to global areas are basically spheroids themselves without any
position shift and/or rotations relative to WGS 84. They are assumed to have same centers as
that of WGS 84. The use of the “global datum” syntax below is no longer required by IMAGINE.
“Spheroid Name” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The main reason to use the spheroid name as a global datum name is to make a smooth
transition from older to newer projection versions. Avoid using them when other appropriate local
datums are available.
The spheroid.tab file is ASCII which is easy to edit and modify. Copy spheroid.tab to
spheroid.tab.erdas. You can now make changes to spheroid.tab without the danger of loosing
the original IMAGINE spheroid.tab file.
You can add new datums to an existing spheroid by editing the spheroid.tab file with the
IMAGINE Text Editor and adding a new line for each datum in the section for that spheroid. You
can also add a new spheroid with associated datums by adding a block of text to the end of the
file using the following syntax:
“Spheroid Name” {
Number Semi-Major Axis Semi-Minor Axis
“Datum Name 1” dx dy dz rω rϕ rκ ds
“Datum Name n” dx dy dz rω rϕ rκ ds
}
i Edits made to the spheroid.tab are not available until the next time the Projections Chooser
is activated.
Note: There are three ways to define datums in IMAGINE:
♦ Use a standard 7-parameter transformation, as illustrated above.

♦ Define datums by NADCON grids in which the coordinate shifts among datum NAD 27, NAD
83, and HARN are calculated by bilinear interpolation.
♦ Define datums by Multiple Regression Equations (MRE) based on DMA documents. These
datums can be identified by the labels ending with “(MRE)” in the spheroid.tab.
The first method is documented here because it is the method most encountered outside of the
United States.
136
It is important to enter the correct parameters in the spheroid.tab file. The following example will
guide you through the addition of a “new” projection system to the IMAGINE Projection Chooser.
The source document is from the Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC) which
shows the necessary types of sources used to define the spheroid parameters.
Adding a New Spheroid
According to AIOC documentation:
“In Azerbaijan the coordinate system in use by national agencies are:

Ellipsoid: Name: Krassowski 1940
Defining Parameters: semi-major axis (a) = 6378245.0 metres
inverse flattening (1/f) = 298.3
Geodetic Datum: Pulkovo 1942
Prime Meridian Greenwich
(zero longtude):
Map projection: projection method: Gauss-Kruger (a form of TM)”
Before you can add the new spheroid and datum to spheroid.tab, a little computation is required.
The spheroid name, semi-major axis, and inverse flattening are given in the AIOC document.
You also need the semi-minor axis. The semi-minor axis can be derived with this equation:
b
--- = 1 – f
a
Where:
a = semi-major axis
b = semi-minor axis
f = flattening
Thus, for the “Krassowski 1940” Spheroid:

b
--- = 1 – f
a
b = ( 1 – f ) ⋅ 6378245.0
b = 1 – -------------  ⋅ 6378245.0
1
 298.3 
b = 6356863.019
137
You now have the necessary parameters to add the “Krassowski 1940” spheroid to the
spheroid.tab listing.
Adding a New Datum
Using the same AOIC documentation, the datum used for this region is “Pulkovo 1942” (see
quote above), defined by:
“AOIC currently uses the following Helmert 7-parameter transformation from WGS84 to Pulkovo
Datum:
Transformation method: Bursa Wolf (position vector rotation)
Geocentric translations (meters): dx = -27.0 dY = +135.0 dZ = +84.5
Geocentric rotations (arc seconds): rX = 0.0 rY = 0.0 rZ = -0.554
Scale change (ppm): 0.2263
Note that the sense of the rotation parameters needs to be reversed for the coordinate frame
rotation method used by the US Defense Mapping Agency and others.”
The Geocentric rotations (rX, rY, rZ) are equivalent to the IMAGINE notation (rω, rϕ, rκ).
There are several differences to note in the way information is provided and the way IMAGINE
expects it:
♦ The transformation is from WGS84 rather than to WGS84.

♦ Rotations are given in arc seconds rather than radians.
♦ Scale change is given in parts per million (ppm) rather than a direct value
(scientific notation).
If the transformation is not to WGS84, translations (dx, dy, dz), rotations (rω, rϕ, rκ), and scale
(ds) must be negated. Positive values are made negative and negative values are made positive.
The best way to tell whether or not to negate the rotations is to try it with some known co-
ordinates and see (enter the new parameters into the spheroid.tab and then use the Coordinate
Calculator to test, as shown later in this text).
To convert from arc seconds to radians use the following equation:

n r = n as ⋅ 1 ⁄ 3600 ⋅ π ⁄ 180
Where:
n r = value in radians
n as = value in arc seconds
138
So, for example, the rκ value to be entered in to the spheroid.tab file for “Pulkovo 1942” can be
calculated by:
rκ = – 0.554 ⋅ 1 ⁄ 3600 ⋅ π ⁄ 180
rκ = – 2.685867e – 06
Note that this value must be given in scientific notation.
Add these values as your datum in the copy of the spheroid.tab file in the IMAGINE text editor.
Your additions to the IMAGINE spheroid.tab file should look like the listing below. Note how the
shifts and scale have been negated with respect to the values quoted in the AIOC document.
“Krassowski 1940” {
35 6378245.0 6356863.019
“Krassowski 1940” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Pulkovo 1942” 27.0 -135.0 -84.5 0 0 -2.685867e-
06 2.263e-07
}
Save your edits and close the IMAGINE Text Editor. The new datums and spheroids will now be
available for use in IMAGINE when you restart the Projection Chooser.
Adding a Projection Library
According to the AIOC documentation:
“Two Gauss-Kruger map projection grid systems are used for national mapping. The first,
referred to locally as the co-ordinate system of 1942 (CS42) is a zoned system, used throughout
the former Soviet Union, similar in structure to the UTM grid system but using different
parameters. Zones cover a longitude extent of 6 degrees. Zone 9 is used in Azerbaijan onshore
east of longitude 48 degrees East, and all offshore areas. CS42 Zone 9 projection defining
parameters are:
latitude of origin: 0 degrees N
longitude of origin: 51 degrees E
scale factor at origin: 1.0
false easting: 9500000 meters [for other zones use
6
500000+(zone number * 10 )]
false northing: 0 metres
grid units: International meters”
139
Note: These coordinate systems are based on the Krassowski 1940 spheroid and Pulkovo 1942
datum, as quoted in the “Adding a New Spheroid” section above.
Using the above information, you can create “custom” selectors with the Save Projection dialog.
Select Tools | Coordinate Calculator... to start the Coordinate Calculator. From the Coordinate
Calculator, select Projection | Set Output Projection and Units... to open the Output
Projection and Units Setup dialog. Click the Set Output Projection button on the Output
Projection and Units Setup dialog to open the Projection Chooser.
From the Projection Type: popup, select Transverse Mercator.
From the Spheroid Name: popup, select Krassowski 1940.
From the Datum Name: popup, select Pulkovo 1942.
In the Scale factor at central meridian: field, enter 1.0.
In the Longitude of central meridian: field, enter 51:00:00.00 E.
In the False easting: field, enter 9500000.
Click the Save... button to open the Save Projection dialog.
In the Save as: field, enter CS42 Zone 9.
In the In Category: field, enter Azerbaijan National Mapping.
Click OK. A message dialog opens informing you that the projection category does not exist and
asks if you would like to create it. Click Yes.
The Input Text dialog opens and asks for the base name of the new category file. Enter
Azerbaijan, press Enter or Return, and click OK.
On the Projection Chooser dialog, click the OK button. On the Output Projection and Units Setup
dialog, click the OK button.
The new projection category has been added to IMAGINE. Now it is time to verify that you have
edited the parameters correctly (especially if you are unsure if negating the rotation parameters
is required for this datum). This is accomplished by using a known set of co-ordinates.
Validating Your Changes
The AIOC documentation provides us with:
“An example of a Zone 9 conversion is:

Pulkovo 1942 datum latitude 40d 00m 00.000s N,
longitude 49d 06m 00.000s E
140
CS42 Zone 9 northing (X) 4,431,337.01m,

easting (Y) 9,337,743.73m”
To test the changes you just made, use the Coordinate Calculator from the IMAGINE Tools
menu. You will need to reset the input and output projections.
To reset the input projection:
From the Coordinate Calculator, select Projection | Set Input Projection and Units... to open
the Input Projection and Units Setup dialog. Click the Set Input Projection button on the Input
Projection and Units Setup dialog to open the Projection Chooser. Select the Custom tab.
From the Projection Type: popup, select Geographic (Lat/Lon).
From the Spheroid Name: popup, select Krassowski 1940.
From the Datum Name: popup, select Pulkovo 1942.
Click the OK button. On the Input Projection and Units Setup dialog, click the OK button.
In the Coordinate Calculator Cell Array, enter the Pulkovo 1942 datum Lon/Lat co-ordinates
(given above) into the input projection fields. The output in CS42 Zone 9 is then calculated and
compared to the AIOC result given above. The Coordinate Calculator CellArray shows the
results and confirms that the projection system (including the spheroid and datum parameters)
has been correctly defined, since the co-ordinate values correspond directly to the AIOC results.
If there are discrepancies, check the values in the spheroid.tab file for the spheroid and datum.
Also check the values entered in the Projection Chooser for Scale factor at central meridian,
Longitude of central meridian, and False easting.
Making Changes Available Globally
Often a customer will want to make Global Changes to the projection libraries of an IMAGINE
installation.
The IMAGINE system administrator can replace <IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/spheroid.tab with the

edited version with the newly defined spheroids and datums. The changes will then be available
to all users who start this installation of IMAGINE.
For new projection libraries, the Save... button in the Projection Chooser creates new projection
categories (and their related projections) in <HOME>/.imagine840/projections. In the example
shown, a file called Azerbaijan.plb was created in <HOME>/.imagine840/projections. For this
local category to be available globally, the IMAGINE System Administrator must copy the .plb file
into the <IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/projections directory.
141
Note: Always make a backup copy of any files you replace in <IMAGINE_HOME> and
remember that your new files may be overwritten themselves by patches! So have copies of
those files saved as well. For example, the contents of <IMAGINE_HOME>/etc might have:
spheroid.tab - the modified file
spheroid.tab.erdas - the original ERDAS-supplied file
spheroid.tab.customized - a copy of your modified file
where spheroid.tab contains your new spheroids and datums, and is the same as
spheroid.tab.customized.
142
Category or Item Chooser

This is a general description for a class of dialogs that are used in many places throughout
IMAGINE. They are designed to make the selection of object styles and colors easy and
consistent.
This dialog class is accessed from the Other... option at the bottom of a chooser button list.
Simply hold on the chooser button and drag to select the Other... option.
There are choosers for:
♦ Color
♦ Text
♦ Symbols
♦ Lines
♦ Arrows
♦ Fill
Each of these kinds of dialog contain the common tabs and buttons described below.
Standard This tab provides access to standard items in the object class. Those items
consist of the ones that are shipped with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and
saved at your site.
Custom This tab provides access to those styles over which you have control in that object
class. This allows you to create a custom style for an object and apply it to the current object.
You may save a custom style and access it through the Standard tab.
Apply Click to perform the operation with the current specifications.
Close Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog.
143
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the object rendered with the currently
selected options. It allows you to see how the object will look before the properties are
applied.
144
Delete Category or Item
Delete Category or Item

This dialog enables you to remove an entire category of objects or a single object from a
specified category. Objects may be line styles, symbols, colors, etc.
It is opened when you select Delete... from a Chooser dialog.
Delete Select Category or Item.

Category Click this radiobutton to delete an entire category.
Category Click the popup list button and select the category to be deleted.
Item Click this radiobutton to delete a single item.
Item First select the category from the From Category popup list below then select
the item to be deleted from this popup list.
From Category Click the popup list button and select the category from which an
item is to be deleted.
OK Click to delete the selected item or category.
145
Rename Category or Item
Rename Category or Item

This dialog enables you to change the name of an existing category or object.
It is opened when you select Rename... from a Chooser dialog.
Rename Select Category or Item.

Category Click this radio button to rename a category.
Category Click the popup list button and select the category to be renamed.
To Enter the new name for the category.
Item Click this radio button to rename a single item.
Item First select the category from the In Category popup list below then select the
item to be renamed from this popup list.
In Category Click the popup list button and select the category from which an item
is to be renamed.
To Enter the new name for the item.
OK Click to rename the selected item or category.
146
Save Category or Item
Save Category or Item

This dialog enables you to save an object to a specified name in a particular category. For
example, if you have created a custom color, it may be saved to a name that you specify in one
or more of several different categories. Other objects include line styles and symbols.
It is opened when you select Save... from a Chooser dialog.
Save as: Enter the name of the object you wish to save. This is the name that is displayed
in the (Style) list in the Standard tab of the chooser dialog.
☞ No warning is given when an object of the same name resides in the same category. It is
simply replaced.
In Category: Click the popup list button and select the category in which to save the
object or enter the name of a new category to create for the new style.
OK Click to create the new category and/or save the object.
147
Arrow Chooser
Arrow Chooser
This dialog assists you in selecting or designing an arrow style for your annotation purposes. It
is opened when you click on any Arrow style chooser button and select Other.... This field is
enabled when the Ends: field contains a selection other than None.
Standard This tab provides access to standard graphics arrows that are shipped with
IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup list
button to select the library from which to choose a graphic arrow. Click on the arrow style that
you wish to apply to the current object.
Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control
in the arrow class. This allows you to create a custom graphic arrow style and apply it to the
current object. You may also save a custom style and access it through the Standard tab.
Base Angle: Enter the base angle of the arrow end. The range is 5 to 90 degrees. This
parameter does not apply to Stick type arrows.
Tip Angle: Enter the tip angle of the arrow end. The range is 5 to 85 degrees.
Length: Enter the length of the arrow end.
i The actual length of the arrow head is the product of the length specified above and the line
width specified in the Line Style Chooser.
Filled Select this option for an enclosed arrowhead that is filled with the base line color.
The fill color does not apply to arrows.
Unfilled Select this option for an enclosed arrowhead that is not filled. Any area of the
arrow head that is not taken by the line thickness will show the background.
Stick Select this option for an unenclosed arrowhead.
148
Arrow Chooser
base angle tip angle
length
Apply Click to perform the operation with the current specifications.

( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the arrow rendered with the currently
selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are applied.
149
Fill Style Chooser
Fill Style Chooser

This dialog assists you in selecting or designing a fill style for your annotation purposes. It is
opened when you click on any Fill style chooser button and select Other.... You may fill an
object with color and/or pattern and it may also be outlined.
Standard This tab provides access to standard fill colors and patterns that are shipped
with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup
list button to select the library from which to choose a fill style. Click on the fill style that you
wish to apply to the current object.
Use Solid Color: Select this option to fill areas with a solid color.
( color patch ) This color patch shows the fill color of the current object. Click the chooser
button to specify a different color for the solid fill.
Use Outline: Select this option to outline areas.
( line style ) This style patch shows the currently selected line style. Click on the chooser
button to specify a different line style for the outline.
in the fill class. This allows you to create a custom fill style and apply it to the current object.
You may also save a custom style and access it through the Standard tab.
Use Solid Color: Select this option to fill areas with a solid color.
( color patch ) This color patch shows the fill color of the current object. Click the chooser
button to specify a different color for the solid fill.
Use Outline: Select this option to outline areas.
( line style ) This style patch shows the currently selected line style. Click on the chooser
button to specify a different line style for the outline.
Use Pattern: Select this option to fill areas with a pattern.

Symbol: Select the symbol to be used for the fill pattern. Click on the chooser button to
specify a different symbol for the fill pattern.
X Separation: Enter the X-separation of symbols in the fill pattern.
Y Separation: Enter the Y-separation of symbols in the fill pattern.
Apply Click to apply the current specifications to the parent object.
150
Fill Style Chooser
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the fill style rendered with the currently
151
Line Style Chooser
Line Style Chooser

This dialog assists you in selecting or designing a line style for your annotation purposes. It is
opened when you click on any Line style chooser button and select Other....
Standard This tab provides access to standard line styles that are shipped with IMAGINE
as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup list button to
select the library from which to choose a line style. Click on the line style that you wish to apply
to the current object.
Join: Click on the popup list button to select the Join Style of line segments. Two line
segments are joined at the point where the centers of their end points intersect. The
manner in which the thickness of the line beyond this point is handled is the Join Style.
Rounded The line ends are rounded to a radius of one half of the
line thickness.
Bevel The line ends are beveled perpendicular to the bisector of the
angle of intersection.
Mitre The line ends are extended to the natural intersection of the
exterior sides of the line segments
Note: the mitre length is regulated by the Mitre Limit preference in the Annotation
category of the Preference Editor. This limit is equal to the mitre length divided by the
line width. The default value is 3.0 which means that the mitre length may be up to 3
times the line width. Beyond this limit, the mitre is simply truncated giving the
appearance of a bevel.
Butt The line ends are squared at the point of intersection.
Cap: Click on the popup list button to select the Cap Style of line segment ends. The
terminal ends of a line segment or polyline may be displayed in one of the following
manners.
152
Line Style Chooser
Rounded The line ends are rounded to a radius of one half of the line
thickness.
Butt The line ends are squared. If an inner line exists, it is terminated flush
with the outer line.
Square The line ends are squared. If an inner line exists, it is terminated
one-half line thickness shorter than the outer line.
Ends: Click on the popup list button to select the line end on which to put an arrow head.
None There will not be an arrow head on either end of the line.
Start There will be an arrow on the start end of the line (the end with the
first vertex).
End There will be an arrowhead on the terminal end of the line (the end
with the last vertex).
Both There will be an arrow head on each end of the line.
Arrow: Select an arrow head style from the popup list or use the Arrow Chooser to
select from a different library or to create a custom arrow.
Width: Enter the width of the outer line. Select the units of measure for the width. The
choices are:
pts points
in inches
cm centimeters
Outer Color: Select the color of the outer line or use the Color Chooser to create a
custom color.
Inner Color: Select the color of the inner line. This option is enabled by setting the Inner
Width on the Custom tab to a non-zero value.
in the line class. This allows you to create a custom line style and apply it to the current object.
You may also save a custom line style and access it through the Standard tab.
Display Line: Indicate Whether To Display the Line Underneath the Symbols
153
Line Style Chooser
( patterns ) Use this CellArray to set the mark and gap for dashed lines. The set of rows
in this CellArray establish a pattern that is repeated over the length of the line. The values
are multiples of the line width. Fractional values are allowed.
Mark This value sets the length of the dash.
Gap This value sets the space between dashes.
Join: The same options are available as described for Join under the Standard tab
above.
Cap: The same options are available as described for Cap under the Standard tab
above.
Ends: The same options are available as described for Ends under the Standard tab
above.
Arrow: Select an arrow head style from the popup list or use the Arrow Chooser to
select from a different library or to create a custom arrow. This chooser is enabled only
when Ends: is set to Start, End, or Both.
Outer Width: Enter the width of the outer line. Select the color of the outer line or use
the Color Chooser to create a custom color. Select the units of measure for the width.
The choices are:
pts points
in inches
cm centimeters
Inner Width: Enter the width of the inner line as a percentage of the outer width. Select
the color of the inner line or use the Color Chooser to create a custom color.
Use Symbol: Select this option to display a symbol along the line. This is a valid option
even if the line is not displayed.
Symbol: Select a symbol style from the popup list or use the Symbol Chooser to select
from a different library or to create a custom symbol.
Spacing: Enter the spacing of symbols along the line.
Offset: Enter the offset of the symbol above or below the line. A zero value centers the
symbol on the line. If the symbol is on the wrong side of the line, simply change the sign
of the offset value.
Rotate: Click the popup list button to change the rotation of the symbol. The choices are:
154
Line Style Chooser
None The prefixed rotations of the symbol.
Rotate 90 Click here to change the rotation to 90 degrees.
OK Applies the specification and closes the dialog.
Help Click to display this On-line Help document.
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the line style rendered with the currently
155
Symbol Chooser
Symbol Chooser
This dialog assists you in selecting or designing a symbol style for your annotation purposes. It
is opened when you click on any Symbol style chooser button and select Other....
Standard This tab provides access to standard symbols and libraries that are shipped
list button to select the library from which to choose a symbol style. Click on the style that you
The Symbol Shown Is Not the Selected Symbol
Use Color: Select this option to set the selected and default symbol(s) to a specific color.
( color patch ) This color patch shows the color of the current object. Click the chooser
button to specify a different color.
Size: Use this number field to specify the size of the symbol.
Units: Click the popup list button to select the unit type of the symbol size.
map Select this option to use map units.
paper Select this option to use paper units. Click the popup list button to select the
paper units. The choices are:
m meters
ft feet
in inches
cm centimeters
pts points (72/inch)
dev device units (300/inch default)
other a unit of measure not defined above
dd decimal degrees - This option is enabled for geographic (Lat/Lon) layers.
in the symbol class. This allows you to create a custom symbol style and apply it to the current
object. You may also save a custom style in a specified library and access it through the
Standard tab.
156
Symbol Chooser
i The Paste and View buttons are displayed only when the Symbol Chooser is opened from
an Annotation Style tool.
View... Click to open the Symbol Editor dialog.
Paste Click this button to paste the currently selected annotation group to the preview
canvas on this tab. That object may then be Saved to a library. In this way you can create
custom symbols from existing symbols or from grouped annotation objects.
i Even a single annotation element must be grouped in order to make a symbol from it.
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the symbol style rendered with the
currently selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are
applied.
157
Text Style Chooser
Text Style Chooser

This dialog assists you in selecting or designing a text style for your annotation purposes. It is
opened when you click on any Text style chooser button and select Other....
Standard This tab provides access to standard text styles and libraries that are shipped
list button to select the library from which to choose a symbol style. Click on the style that you
Size: Use this number field to specify the size of the text.
Units: Click the popup list button to select the unit type of the symbol size.
map Select this option to use map units.
paper Select this option to use paper units. Click the popup list button to select the
paper units. The choices are:
m meters
ft feet
in inches
cm centimeters
pts points (72/inch)
dev device units (300/inch default)
other a unit of measure not defined above
dd decimal degrees - This option is enabled for geographic (Lat/Lon) layers.
Alignment: This option available only for vector attributes. Click the popup list button to
select the alignment of the vector attribute to a vector point. For example, Top Left places
the top left corner of the attribute at the location of the point, making the attribute appear
below and to the right of the point. The options are:
Top Left
Top Center
Top Right
Center Left
158
Text Style Chooser
Center Center
Center Right
Bottom Left
Bottom Center
Bottom Right
in the text class. This allows you to create a custom text style and apply it to the current object.
You may also save a custom style in a specified library and access it through the Standard
tab.
Fill Style: Select a fill style from the popup list or use the Fill Style Chooser to select
from a different library or to create a custom fill.
Weight: Click the popup list to select the weight of the font.
Normal
Bold
Italic Select this option to display the text in italics.
Angle: Enter the angle for the italic text. Use negative values for a backward slant.
Underline Select this option to underline the text with the fill style shown.
Offset: Enter the underline offset from the text.
Width: Enter the width of the underline.

Shadow Select this option to place a shadow behind the text.
Offset X: Enter the X-offset for the shadow from the text.
Offset Y: Enter the Y-offset for the shadow from the text.
( color patch ) This color patch shows the color of the shadow. Click the chooser
button to specify a different color.
159
Text Style Chooser
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the text style rendered with the currently
160
Link Viewer
Link Viewer
This dialog enables you to specify the Viewer to which you want to link.
View#: Enter the Viewer number to which you want to link.
OK Click to link to the specified Viewer and close this dialog.
161
Print
Print
This dialog enables you to output information to a printer. It is accessible from several places
throughout ERDAS IMAGINE; for example, the ModelMaker print icon.
Printer: Enter the name of the device on which you want to print. This must be a device
that has been configured for use with ERDAS IMAGINE through the Configuration Editor.
Print Select this option to send the output to a printer.
Save Output to File Select this option to save the output to a file.
File Name: If you have selected Save Output to File, you must enter the file name to which
the output will be written.
Print: If the document/file that you are printing is more than one page long, you have the
option to print a subset.
All Click to print the entire file. This is the default.
Subset Click to print a subset. Enter the page range to print below.
From: Enter the first page number that you want to print.
To: Enter the last page number that you want to print.
Number of Copies: Enter the number of copies to print. The default is 1.
OK Click to print the file and close this dialog.

➲ For more information about configuring printers, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Installation
Guide.
162
Progress
Progress
This dialog informs you of the status of an operation in ERDAS IMAGINE. It is accessed from
many places throughout IMAGINE.
☞ You are free to perform other tasks in IMAGINE while a process is running. This message
box just reports the progress for you.
Job State: The name of the task that is currently running.
Percent Done: The progress of an operation is shown in this meter that moves from 0 to
100 as the job is processed. When the job is 100% done, the OK button will be enabled.
OK Click to close this dialog when a process is complete. This option will not be enabled
until the job is finished.
Cancel Click to cancel this job and close this dialog.
163

IMAGINE Interface

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

IMAGINE Interface

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

User Interface

Printed in the United States of America.

ERDAS Proprietary - Delivered under license agreement.

Specifications are subject to change without notice.

IMAGINE User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Numeric Expressions in Number Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Raw File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

File Open Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

List of Recent Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Report Format Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Import Column Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Import Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Export Column Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Export Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Column Delete Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Add New Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Tablet Template Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Projection Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Spheroids and Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Adding a New Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Category or Item Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Delete Category or Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Rename Category or Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Save Category or Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Arrow Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Fill Style Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Line Style Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Symbol Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Text Style Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Link Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

IMAGINE User Interface

Dialog Boxes and Frames

Drag this handle to resize the dialog.

Dialog Part Names

To scroll a scrolling list to view the options, you can:

♦ use the scrollbar at the right side of the list, if available, or

♦ Cancel - to close a dialog without carrying out an operation

To enter a number, you can:

To change an editable meter number, you can:

♦ use any method that you would for a number field,

Each filename framepart consists of three basic elements:

♦ the file open icon to open the File Selector dialog.

Numeric Expressions in Number Fields

<num> denotes any number.

File Name Extensions

IMAGINE File Name Extensions

Extension Format Description

Extension Format Description

Extension Format Description

Extension Format Description

Extension Format Description

On-Line Help - File Name Extensions

Extension Format Description

C Programmers’ Toolkit Software - File Name Extensions

Extension Format Description

Extension Format Description

Other Software - File Name Extensions

Extension Format Description

Extension Format Description

Writing New Files