1.

6 Evaluate tr(0nn ) and tr(In ), and prove that

(a) tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B),
(b) tr(AB) = tr(BA),
(c) tr(A) = tr(A)
for any n n matrices A, B and R.
1.7 Which of the following are elementary matrices?
#
"
#
"
"
#
1 0
5 1
1 0

(c)
(b)
(a)
0
1 0
5 1
3

0 0 1

(d) 0 1 0
1 0 0

2 0 0
0 1 0

(g)
0 0 1
0 0 0

(e)

2
0
0
1

1 1 0

0 0 1 (f)
0 0 0

1 0 0

0 1 9
0 0 1

1.8 Consider the matrices

3
4
1

A = 2 7 1
8
1
5

3
4
1

C = 2 7 1 .
2 7
3

8
1
5

B = 2 7 1
3
4
1

Find elementary matrices E1 , E2 , E3 and E4 such that

(a) E1 A = B

(b) E2 B = A

(c) E3 A = C

(d) E4 C = A.

1.9 Premultiply the general 4 4 matrix A = [aij ]44 by each of

P1 =

1
c1
0
0

0
c2
0
0

0
c3
1
0

0
c4
0
1

P2 =

1
0
0
0

0
1
0
0

c1
c2
c3
c4

0
0
0
1

and describe the effect on the rows. Hence express each Pi as a product of four
elementary matrices.

1.10 In each of the following, determine whether the matrix

echelon form, both or neither.

1 2 0 3 0
1
0
0
5
0 0 1 1 0

(c)
(a)
(b) 0 0 1 3
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 4
0 0 0 0 0

1 3 0 2 0
#
"
1 0 2 2 0
1 7 5 5

(e)
(d)
(f)

0 0 0 0 1
0
1 3 2
0 0 0 0 0

is in echelon form, reduced

"

1 0 3 1
0 1 2 4

0 0

0 0 .
0 0

1.11 Reduce the following matrices to reduced echelon form, determining in each case the
appropriate premultiplying matrix P .

1 1 1
1 3 4 3
1 1 1
1 2 4

(b) 1 2 2 2 (c)
(a) 3 1 2

1 3 9
1 6 4 1
5 1 3
1 4 16

1 2 1 2
2
2 3
2 4 3 4

(d)
(e) 1 1 0 .
1 3 2 3
1
2 1
0 3 1 3
1.12 In each of the following, suppose that the augmented matrix for a system of linear
equations has been reduced by row operations to the given echelon form and hence
solve the system.

1 0 8 5 | 6
1 3 4 | 7

(b) 0 1 4 9 | 3
(a) 0
1 2 | 2
0 0 1
1 | 2
0
0 1 | 5

1 7 2 0 8 | 3
1
3
7
|
1
0 0
1 1
6 |
5

(c)
1 4 | 0 .
(d) 0
0 0
0 1
3 |
9
0
0 0 | 1
0 0
0 0
0 |
0

1.13 Find the general solutions (if they exist) of the following systems of equations.
(b) 2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 1
5x1 + 6x2 + 7x3 = 2
8x1 + 9x2 + 10x3 = 4

(a) 2x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 0

3x1 2x2 + x3 = 0
x1 3x2 2x3 = 0

+
+
+

3x2
4x2
x2
5x2

+
+

5x3
6x3
x3
2x3

+
+
+

7x4
8x4
x4
5x4

= 2
= 2
= 2
= 7

(c)

x1
2x1
x1
x1

(e)

2x1 + x2 + 3x3 + 5x4 = 6

3x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 + 6x4 = 8
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + 7x4 = 3

(d) 3x1
5x1
4x1
5x1

+
+
+
+

x2
2x2
x2
x2

+
+
+
+

2x3
3x3
3x3
4x3

+
+
+
+

4x4
6x4
6x4
8x4

=
=
=
=

3
5
4
5

1.14 Let x = [1, 0, 2, 2]T , y = [3, 6, 2, 0]T . Calculate

kxk,

kyk,

k4xk,

k 9yk,

kx + yk.

Verify that kx+yk kxk+kyk and show that the angle between x and y is cos1 (1/3).
1.15 Find the Euclidean inner product x y when
(a) x = [3, 1, 4, 5]T ,

y = [2, 2, 4, 3]T

(b) x = [1, 1, 0, 4, 3]T , y = [2, 2, 0, 2, 1]T .

1.16 Let the distance between x and y in Rn be defined by d(x, y) = kx yk. Show that
(a) d(x, y) 0,

(b) d(x, y) = 0 iff x = y

(c) d(x, y) = d(y, x)

(d) d(x, z) d(x, y) + d(y, z).

Find the distance between [1, 2, 1, 4, 7, 3]T and [2, 1, 3, 5, 4, 5]T in R6 .
1.17 For x, y Rn , prove the following:(a) x y iff kxk2 + kyk2 = kx + yk2
(b) kx yk2 = kxk2 + kyk2 2kxk kyk cos ( the angle between x and y)
(c) kx + yk2 + kx yk2 = 2kxk2 + 2kyk2 .
To what theorems of Euclidean geometry do these results correspond in the case of
R2 ?