o(a) title (b)introduction (c) objectives (d) diagram/charts/information in various form (e) discussion (f) conclusion (g) referencesb

INTRODUCTION
First of all, special thanks to our beloved Chemistry teacher, Puan Mahanom for her spirit in teaching us. No words can describe how thankful we are for being your student. Thanks for never giving up on us and always lead us in order to achieve excellence. We really appreciate your presence, your words, your actions and every single thing you have done to make us succeed in Chemistry. Also, thanks for your supports toward us in order for us to finish this Chemistry project.

Next, we would like to thanks the most special person in our life, our beloved parents. Thanks for all the supports toward us. Without them, we might not be here. Thanks for being great parents for us and we would really love to show them excellent grades in our SPM slips as the reward for all their sacrifices in order to rise us.

Last but not least, thanks for all of our friends for their supports, compliments and critics toward our project. They helped us a lot to improve the contents of our assignment. Thanks for sharing information with us, and always be great friends of us. May we achieve excellence together in the SPM examination we will sit next year. We hope this assignment will bring benefits for the others, and please pray for our success in the future.

Thank you.

OBJECTIVE

Ammonia is used in the :

Making of fertilisers Manufacture of nitric acid Revive fainted people Electrolyte in dry cells Synthetic fibres Making of explosives Prevent coagulation of latex Cooling agent

1. To manufacture nitrogenous fertilisers needed for plant growth. 1.1. The nitrogenous fertilisers are actually ammonium salts obtained from

neutralisation of ammonia with different acids. 1.2. These fertilisers include : 1.2.1. Ammonium phosphate. The reaction of ammonia with phosphoric acid produces ammonium phosphate. 2NH3 (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) (NH4)2HPO4 (aq) Ammonium phosphate is a good fertilises as it provides two important nutrients; nitrogen and phosphorus. 1.2.2. Ammonium nitrate. Ammonia reacts with nitric acid to produce ammonium nitrate. NH3 (aq) + HNO3 (aq) NH4NO3 (aq)

1.2.3. Ammonium sulphate. Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid to produce ammonium sulphate. 2NH3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq)

1.2.4. Urea. Ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide at 200C and atmospheric pressure of 200 (200 atm) to produce urea. 2NH3 (g) + CO2 (g) CO(NH2)2 (s) + H20 (l) Urea has the highest percentage of nitrogen and is very suitable for plant growth.

2. As raw material for the manufacture of nitric acid. 2.1. 2.2. Ammonia is used to make nitric acid through Ostwald process. This process involves 3 stages : 2.2.1. Oxidation of Ammonia. Ammonia is oxidised to nitrogen monoxide in the presence of platinum as the catalyst. 4NH3 (g) + 502 (g) 4NO (g) + 6H2O (l)

2.2.2. Further oxidised of nitrogen monoxide. Nitrogen monoxide is further oxidised to nitrogen dioxide. 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g)

2.2.3. Formation of nitric acid. Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen dissolve in water to form nitric acid. 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) 4HNO3 (aq)

3. As cooling agent in refrigerators. 3.1. Liquid ammonia is used as cooling agent in refrigerators because ammonia is

highly compressible and has a high heat capacity.

4. To prevent coagulation of latex. 4.1. Ammonia can neutralise the acid produced by bacteria in the latex, thus

preventing latex from coagulating and can be exported in the liquid form.

5. Used as electrolyte in dry cells. 5.1. Ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride. Ammonium

chloride is used as electrolyte in dry cells. NH3 (aq) + HCl (aq) NH4Cl (aq)

6. Making of explosives. 6.1. Ammonia reacts with nitric acid to form ammonium nitrate which is used as

explosive. 6.2. Nitric acid can be used to make explosives such as TNT.

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
Ammonia is a covalent compound with the following physical properties :

Alkaline gas Colourless gas Pungent smell Less dense than air Very soluble in water
1. Ammonia is very soluble in water, but it ionises partially in water to form a weak alkali. A 0.1 mol dm-3 of ammonia solution has a pH of about 10. NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

2. Ammonia being alkaline can undergo neutralisation with acids to form ammonium salts. Examples: Ammonia + Acid Ammonium salt

Ammonia neutralises sulphuric acid to form ammonium sulphate.

2NH3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq)

Ammonia gas reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to form dense white fumes of ammonium chloride. This is used as a test for detecting ammonia gas. NH3(g) + HCI(g) NH2CI(s)

3.

Ammonia solution can react with solutions of some metal ions (except Na+ ion, K+ ion and Ca2+ ion) to produce precipitate of metal hydroxide. -

Mn+ (aq) + nOH- (aq) M(OH)n (s)

Examples: Ammonia reacts with copper ions to produce a blue precipitate, copper (II) hydroxide. Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Cu(OH)2 (s) Copper(II) hydroxide dissolves in excess ammonia solution to form dark blue solution.

Ammonia reacts with zinc ions to produce a white precipitate, zinc hydroxide. Zn2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Zn(OH)2 (s) Zinc hydroxide dissolves in excess ammonia solution to form a colourless solution.

MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA
1. 2. 3. 4. Most of world the world supply of ammonia is manufactured through Haber process. The raw materials for the manufacture of ammonia are hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas. The ratio of the raw materials is one portion of nitrogen to three portion of hydrogen (1 : 3). The Haber process was invented by a Noble Prize winner, Fritz Haber (1868-1934). This reaction makes ammonia out of hydrogen and nitrogen. The nitrogen comes from the air (78% N).

Figure 1 : Fritz Haber, the inventor of Haber process.

5.

The optimum conditions for Haber process is : The use of red hot iron catalyst. Very high pressure of 200 atmospheric pressure. Average high temperature of 450C.

HABER PROCESS

Figure 2 : Schematic diagram of Haber process.

During Haber process :

1.

A mixture of 1 volume of dry nitrogen gas and 3 volume of pure hydrogen gas is mixed and passed to the compressor and compressed to a pressure of about 200 atm.

2.

The mixture is then passed through layers of heated and finely divided iron catalyst in the reactor at a temperature of about 450C.

3.

Ammonia is produced in the reactor but the reaction is reversible. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

4.

The production of ammonia is exothermic and gives out heat. It is passed into the cooling Chamber, then liquefied and separated to get better yield.

5.

The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled and passed back into the reactor together with the new source of nitrogen and hydrogen.

DISCUSSION

CONSLUSION

REFERENCES
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/catalysis/introduction.html http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/jul/fritzhaber/ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/haber-bio.html http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/haber.html http://www.gcsescience.com/h.htm http://www.ausetute.com.au/haberpro.html Eng Nguan Hong, Lim Eng Wah & Lim Yean Ching (2010). Fokus GOAL SPM Chemistry. Kuala Lumpur : Pelangi Publishing Group.