CHAPTER 1:MICROORGANISMS

Microorganisms Are Living Things Mikroorganisma adalah benda halus dan berseni. Mikroorganisma mikroskop. hanya boleh di lihat mengunakan

Bacteria
- exist in large number in air, water and soil. - exist in different shapes, sizes and colors. (ada dalam pelbagai bentuk, saiz dan warna). - get food from live organisms.

Virus
- Tiniest (paling kecil) microorganisms. - grow inside live cells. - Not a cells- cannot determine if they are alive or not. - Only feed on live organisms. - cause infections of diseases such as bird influenza.

Protozoa
- Mainly found in ponds, lakes and rivers. - Some eat other organisms. - Harmful protozoa are found in raw vegetables that grow in polluted water supplies.

Fungi
Simple plants that cannot make their own food. - feed on materials once alive or living things. - cause food to became rotten. - break down the food and absorb the nutrients.

- Yeast is use to make bread soft and fully.

MICROORGANISMS
USEFUL
1)

Used in food productions or food industry. e.g Yeasts are tapai

added to make Bread, tapai and tempeh. Bread

tempeh

2)

Some bacteria are used to make yogurt and cheese.

3)

Used to produce antibiotics - fungi are use to produce

antibiotics.

4)

Making fertilizer by bacteria - Certain dead organisms and

animal's excrement are used to make organic fertilizer.

HARMFUL
(1)

Cause illness -

Some microorganisms that the body can cause illness. e.g cough, skin diseases, and stomachache. cough skin diseases

(2)

Cause tooth decay (kereputan gigi) - Tooth decay is cause by food

remains between teeth which has reached on by bacteria.

(3)

Cause food to became rotten - Bacteria and fungi cause food to Cause food of poisoning diseases (makanan (contoh beracun) penyakit Consuming disebabkan food oleh

become rotten.
(4)

contaminated with microorganisms will cause food poisoning. a.

i.

Examples

mikroorganisma) caused by organisms Mumps (beguk) - a contagious diseases cause swelling of the salivary glands Measles mild contagious diseases which causes red spots all over the body.

ii.

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. - Caused by HIV (virus). Chicken pox - Infectious diseases - Causes mild fever and itchy red spots on the skins.

iii.

Chicken pox

iv. v.

Demam Mata berair (conjunctivitis) Prevention of Diseases Cause by Microorganisms. (cara untuk menghalang penyakit dari mikroorganisma) - Cover the mouth and the nose when you cough or sneeze. - Drink boiled water - Do not share your personal items with others. - Wash your hands before handling food and after using the toilet. - Bath every day. - inject vaccine to prevent infection of microorganisms. - Apply antiseptic on wound to prevent infection.

CHAPTER 2: SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES

Survival Of Animals

Various Ways Of Animals Look After Their Youngs Beranak Bertelur

Kemandirian Hidupan 1. 2. Hidupan perlu membiak untuk memastikan kewujudan spesiesnya di alam ini. Walau bagaimanapun, hidupan terdedah kepada pelbagai faktor yang menghalang kemandiriannya. Faktor-faktor ini boleh menyebabkan

3.

kepupusan hidupan. Antara faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kepupusan hidupan ialah i. gangguan pemangsa. ii. ketiadaan air dan makanan. iii. keadaan cuaca yang tidak sesuai.

Kemandirian Haiwan 1. 2. Haiwan perlu menjaga dan melindungi telur dan anaknya memelihara untuk dan mengekalkan kemandirian spesiesnya. Haiwan yang melahirkan anak seperti

mamalia,

menyusukan anaknya. Haiwan juga akan melindungi anak-anaknya dan 3. 4. 5. menyediakan makanan. Contoh haiwan yang melahirkan anak ialah kucing, monyet, gajah, harimau, ikan paus dan kangaroo. Haiwan yang bertelur tidak dapat melindungi anaknya di dalam rahim. Haiwan yang bertelur dapat memastikan kemandirian spesiesnya dengan cara i. bertelur dengan banyak. ii. bertelur di tempat yang selamat. iii. menghasilkan telur bercangkerang keras. iv. menjaga telur sehingga menetas. Contoh haiwan yang bertelur ialah katak, ikan,penyu, buaya dan burung.

6.

CARRY
KANGAROO

THEIR

YOUNG~

(haiwan

yang

menjaga

anaknya)
- A kangaroo carries it young in its pouch. - The young will stay in the pouch until it grows big.

FISH (ikan) - Keep their young in their mouth.

FEED AND PROTECT THEIR YOUNG UNTIL THEY BECOME INDEPENDENT

BIRD - Birds provide food for their young. PENGUIN - A penguin feeds its young using its mouth. COW - A cow suckles young (calf). LION - Stay in herds to protect their young. HEN - Attack in order to protect their when they are disturb.

VARIOUS WAYS OF ANIMALS LOOK AFTER THEIR EGGS

FROG - Lays large amount of slimy eggs. - The slimmer layer will then be eaten by tadpoles when the eggs hatches. TURTLES - Buries its eggs in the sand. - Eggs are protects in soft shells COCKROACHES - Eggs are hidden in dark places. - Eggs are protected in an egg case. SNAIL - Hides eggs between the rocks. SNAKE - Coils around its eggs - Eggs are protcted in a hard shells. FISH - Lays a large of eggs.

SURVIVAL OF PLANTS
Kemandirian Tumbuhan 1. Tumbuhan memastikan kemandirian spesiesnya dengan menghasilkan biji benih dan menyebarkan biji benihnya ke tempat-tempat yang jauh 2. dari induknya. Penyebaran biji benih ke tempat yang lebih jauh akan mengurangkan persaingan antara anak pokok yang baru tumbuh dan juga persaingan 3. antara anak pokok dengan pokok induk. Terdapat empat cara bagaimana tumbuhan menyebarkan biji benihnya, iaitu: i. air. ii. angin. iii. haiwan. iv. mekanisme letupan.

VARIOUS WAYS OF SEEDS AND FOOD DISPERSAL

By wind
Contoh : angsana, shorea, dandelion and sycamore. Ciri ciri :- has fine hair berkepak,ringan berbulu. Angsana

Shorea

By water
Contoh: lotus, coconut, water lily and pong- pong. Ciri ciri: Has fibrous structure (husk) that helps to float. Has air space to float, has waxy skin. Berlukit licin, mempunyai daya ketampungan air, ringan, mempunyai ruang udara. Lotus

Coconut

By animal
Contoh: mango, watermelon, rambutan and durian dan juga kemuncup. Ciri ciri: Seed cannot be digested,

Fleshy and juicy, Edible, Has pleasant smell, Attractive and bright coloured (love grass) some seeds have hooks that able to stick to the animal hair. Berbau wangi Berwarna terang Berbulu Menarik + sedap untuk di makan Mango

Watermelon

Rambutan

By explosive mechanism (Letupan)

Contoh: balsam, peas, rubber, okra and flame of forest. Ciri ciri: - When the fruits become dry The fruits explode, The seeds thrown out from the shells onto the air in all directions.

Peas

Rubber (Buah getah)

CHAPTER 3: FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB

Food Chains
Classifications Of The Animals According To The Food They Eat.

HERBIVORE Haiwan yang makan tumbuhan

- Animals that eat plant only. - Certain herbivores like to eat grass and leafy parts of young plants. - Some herbivores like to eat juicy fruits or nuts. Contoh: kambing, lembu, rabbit.

CARNIVORE Haiwan yang makan daging

- Animals that eat the flesh and meat of other animals. - They have sharp claw, sharp teeth and strong beak to kill their prey and tear Their flesh into pieces. - Certain carnivores feed on insects. Contoh: singa, harimau dan kucing

OMNIVORE Haiwan yang makan tumbuhan dan daging

- Animals that eat both plant and other animals - Animals such as swan, duck, or chicken eat worms, small insects or grains - A bear eats honey and fish. Contoh: beruang, ayam dan tupai.

Di dalam kitaran hidup haiwan mempunyai hubungan permakanan

Food relationship
Untuk menjadikan rantai makanan, kita perlu tahu mengenai hubungan makanan. Di dalam hubungan makanan tenaga di beri kepadaa 1 organisma ke organisma yang lain.

Plant = producer (pengeluar)

(kerana tumbuhan boleh membuat makanan sendiri melalui process fotosintesis) Animal = consumer (pengguna) (kerana haiwan perlu mencari makanan untuk terus hidup dan bila haiwan makan tumbuhan mereka akan dapat tenaga dari tumbuhan tersebut.) Herbivore = sebagai penguna primary Carnivore = sebagai penguna sekunder (secondary) Omnivore = sebagai penguna tertier (tertiary) Contoh untuk menghasilkan food chain: Apa apa pun yang pertama mestilah dimulakan dengan producer iaitu plant.

Plant = herbivore / omnivore

Contoh food chain (rantai makanan)

carnivore / omnivore

belalang

Rumput

burung

= di makan oleh

Contoh rantai makanan (food chain) Habitat : pond

Water weed (rumpai laut)

tadpole (berudu)

Small fish

Big fish

Habitat : oil palm plantation

Pokok kelapa sawit

tikus

Burung hantu

Habitat : sea

phytoplankton phytoplankton

udang

Obor - obor

sotong

Habitat : forest ( hutan)

Pokok

deer

Tiger

Habitat : paddy field

Paddy

tikus

Ular

Helang

Food Webs Food webs ialah siratan makanan bagi haiwan yang mana haiwan boleh makan lebih dari 1 jenis makanan. contohnya: Organisms In A Pond
Food web- food chain that are inconnected or linked together in a community. a) elodea ~ tadpole ~ fish ~ duck. b) elodea ~ mosquito larva ~ fish ~ duck. c) elodea ~ fish ~ duck. Kesimpulannya:

Tadpole Elodea mosquito

Fish

Duck

Living Things In The Forest

Food Web a) grass ~ grasshopper ~ bird ~ eagle b) grass ~ rabbit ~ snake ~ eagle c) grass ~ deer ~ snake ~ eagle d) grass ~ grasshopper ~ snake ~ eagle

Grass
grasshopper deer

rabbit

bird snake

Eagle

Oil palm plantation

Food web a) b) c) d) Oil palm fruit ~ rat ~ snake Oil palm fruit ~ squirrel ~ owl Oil palm fruit ~ rat ~owl Oil palm fruit ~ squirrel ~ snake

Oil palm fruit rat squirrel

snake Paddy field

Food web a) b) c)

owl

Paddy ~ grasshopper ~ frog ~ snake ~ eagle Paddy ~ sparrow ~ snake ~ eagle Paddy ~ sparrow ~ eagle

Paddy Grasshopper Sparrow

Frog

snake

Eagle

CHAPTER 4:ENERGY

What Is Energy?
Energy is the ability to do work. (Keupayaan untuk membuat kerja.)

LIVING THINGS
- Energy is needed by living things to carry out life processes such as: a) moving. b) breathing. c) growing.

NON LIVING THINGS

- Energy is needed by non-livings things to make them usable. a) moving. b) melting. c) bouncing.

SOURCES OF ENERGY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wind Sun Food Fuels Batteries

WIND - Wind is a moving air. - Moving air has kinetic energy to spin the wind turbines to generate electricity. - A sailboat uses the wind energy to cruise. SUN - Main source of energy. - Plants use sunlight to make food. - Sunlight can be converted to electrical energy.

FOOD - Human and animals get energy from the food they eat. - Food contains stored energy. - Plants make their own food using energy from the sun and the process called = photosynthesis FUEL - When the fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) are burn to produce heat energy. - Formed from dead plants and animals that lived million years ago. - Example of the fuel : petroleum, natural gas, firewood. BATTERIES - Batteries are devices that supply energy to produce electricity. - batteries are used to power electrical appliances such as radio, clock.

VARIOUS FORMS OF ENERGY

Terdapat pelbagai jenis / bentuk tenaga: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Kinetic energy (tenaga kinetic) Heat energy Light energy Sound energy Electrical energy Potential energy Chemical energy Solar energy

KINECTIC ENERGY - A moving object has kinetic energy. - Object that moves fast has more kinetic energy than one that moves slowly Sources: wind, running, water, moving boat. HEAT ENERGY - Heat energy makes us feel warm and hot. Sources: the sun, burning of fuels, electrical equipment. LIGHT ENERGY - Lights energy enables us to see. sources: the Sun, torchlight, candles, lanterns and lamp. SOUND ENERGY. - Sounds that are produced from vibrating objects or when an objects is hit. sources: musical instruments, speaking, clapping and heard. ELECTRICAL ENERGY. - It is also known as electricity, which is produced by the flow of electric current. sources: dry cells, dynamos, batteries, and power stations. POTENTIAL ENERGY. - Energy is stored in an object because if its position and condition. - There are three types of potential energy: a) Chemical potential energy. b) Gravitational energy. c) Elastic potential energy. - Example: stretched of rubber band, a coconut on a top of tree, a toy car on top of a ramp. CHEMICAL ENERGY

- Energy that stored in the food, fuels and batteries. SOLAR ENERGY - Energy released from the sun and gives out light and heat energy.

Transformation of Energy
ENERGY - Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted or transformed to other form. (tenaga boleh di jumpa dalam pelbagai bentuk)

Energy

Energy transform (tenaga yang di keluarkan)

Burning a candle Chemical energy ~ light energy ~ heat energy Switching on the Electrical energy ~ light energy ~ sound energy television Using a solar Solar energy ~ electrical energy ~ light energy Chemical energy ~ kinetic energy ~ heat energy a Potential energy ~ kinetic energy

calculator Kicking a ball Starching up it

bow and releasing

Alat alat yang mengunakan tenaga:

Alarm clock
Chemical energy ~ electrical energy ~ kinetic energy ~ sound energy.

Radio
Chemical energy ~ sound energy

Kipas angin
Electrical energy ~ kinetic energy

Iron (seterika)
Electrical energy ~ heat energy

Telephone
Chemical energy ~ electrical energy ~ sound energy

Hairdryer
electrical energy ~ heat energy ~ sound energy

RENEWABLE AND NON RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy : adalah tenaga yang boleh di gunakan semula seperti tenaga dari alam semulajadi. Contohnya: solar, wind, water dan biomass. Non renewable energy: tenaga semulajadi yang tidak boleh di gunakan semula selepas di gunakan. Contohnya: petroleum, natural gas, arang dan tenaga nuclear.

Kebiasaannya renewable energy adalah lebih baik dari pada non renewable kerana: a) Sumbernya selalu ada. b) Selalu menjadi kegunaan kita c) Tidak boleh di duakan (duplicated)

Tenaga yang selalu digunakan.

Tenaga hendaklah selalu di gunakan untuk:
a) Mengurangkan pengambilan tenaga yang tidak boleh di guakan

semula contohnya petrol dan gas semula jadi. b) Mengelakkan pembaziran c) Menjimatkan kos d) Mengurangkan pencemaran.

Langkah langkah yang untk menjimatkan tenaga:

a) Tutup semua electric selepas di gunakan b) Gunakan mesin basuh hanya bila baju kotor penuh c) Guna pengangkutan awam d) Kitar semula penggunaan kertas, botol dan lain lain lagi.