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Dynamic Spectrum Management Techniques Using Cognitive Radio: Issues and Proposed System
Dipak P.Patil, Vijay M.Wadhai
Abstract This article addresses various issues related to the dynamic spectrum management and also presents the proposed system for design of efficient and flexible spectrum acess and utilization of available spectrum amongst secondary (unlicensed) users.Because of the static spectrum allocation policy,the most of the available spectrum remains underutilized,hence efforts are required to switch from the current static spectrum management policy to a dynamic one.The cognitive radio technique is acknowledged as the most efficient method to improve the spectrum utilization, by utilizing the available spectrum effectively amongst the secondary users in an opportunistic manner in wireless communication networks. In this article the various issues related to the dynamic spectrum management are discussed for efficient spectrum use. Open research issues from spectrum management perspective like spectrum sensing, spectrum sharing, spectrum scheduling, mobility and Qos are also outlined. We propose the system model for design of efficient and flexible spectrum access and utilization of available spectrum amongst secondary (unlicensed) users. The proposed system presented, describes the way for improving the performance of the wireless networks by means of developing the efficient and fast algorithms to manage the spectrum dynamically. Index Terms Cognitive Radio, Dynamic Spectrum Acess, Spectrum allocation, Spectrum management.

INTRODUCTION
dynamically adjust the operating points over a wide rangedependingonavailabilityofthespectrum.TheCR provides the capability to share the wireless channels in anopportunisticmanner.Howeverthebasicrequirement is to ensure that the existing licensed users are not af fected by such transmissions. CR networks are also used to provide high bandwidth to the mobile users through heterogeneous wireless architectures and dynamic spec trum access techniques. The CR networks, however, im poseuniquechallengesduetothehighfluctuationinthe available spectrum, as well as the diverse quality of ser vice (QoS) requirements of various applications. For ad dressing these challenges, each CR user in the CR net workmust. Determinetheavailabilityofthespectrum. Selectthebestavailablechannel Coordinateaccesstothischannelwithlicensedusers Vacatethechannelwhenalicenseduserisdetected.[2] Above mentioned challenges can be realized through spectrummanagementfunctionsthataddressfourissues: spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing, and spectrum mobility. Our proposed research work presents the introduction, definition, the functions, and the current research issues of dynamic spectrum man agementinCRnetworks.Morespecifically,wefocusour onthedevelopmentofCRnetworksthatrequirenomod ification in existing networks. In this paper an overview ofCRtechnologyisprovided,andtheCRnetworkarchi tectureispresented.

e are well aware with the importance of the spec trum resourses in the wireless communica tions.Todays wireless networks have results in spectruminefficiencybecauseofthestaticspectrumallo cation policy. In static spectrum allocation policy, the ra diofrequencybandsarelicensedtotheauthorized users by the government.This static policy based spectrum management framework can guarantee that radio fre quencyspectrumwillbeexclusivelylicensedtoanautho rized user on a long term basis for the specified region. However this can cause inefficient spectrum usage [1].Where a large portion of the assigned spectrum is used sporadically, leading to an underutilization of the allocated spectrum. And this underutilization is due to the fact that an authorized user may not fully utilize the spectrum at all times in all locations. Hence to meet the increasing spectrum demands for wireless applica tions/services, needs of flexible spectrum management techniquearearisesinordertoimproveboththetechnic alandeconomicefficiencyofspectrum. Dynamic spectrum access techniques are proposed to solve the spectrum inefficiency problem, for improving the flexibility of the spectrum usage by considering all dimensionsandissuesofspectrumusage.Thekeyenabl ingtechnologyofdynamicspectrumaccesstechniquesis cognitive radio (CR) technology. The cognitive radio can

Dipak P.Patil, is with the, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Sandip Foundations, SIEM, Nashik-422213.India Vijay M.Wadhai, Principal, MITCOE, Pune-411038.India.

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The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Various issuesrelatedtothespectrummanagementaresurveyed and new methods for spectrum management and how they lead to spectrum efficiency are presented in section 2,italsodescribestheCRtechnologywhichprovidesnew capabilities that support new methods and mechanisms for spectrum access and utilization. Cognitive Radio ar chitectureispresentedtounderstandthedevelopmentof communicationprotocolsthataddressthedynamicspec trumchallenges.Insection3,theproposedsystemmodel ispresentedwhichdescribesthemetodandsuggesssions for improving the performance of the wireless networks by means of developing the efficient and fast algorithms tomanagethespectrumdynamicallywithbasicsolutions foreffectiveutilizationoftheavailablespectrumbetween the licensed (primary) and unlicensed (secondary) users. Thepaperisconcludedinsection4.

lessservicesmeasuredfrom54MHzto3000MHzwhere the average occupancy of the available spectrum is only 5.2%.


Fig.1. Actual spectrum occupancy

2 RELATED WORK
Inthissectionwepresentthemostrepresentativeap proachestocopewiththepresentspectrummanagement problem .Before reviewing different alternatives to the proposedsystem,wehavedefinedasetofaspectstoeva luateandcompareefficientspectrummanagementinCR networks. Followingaresetofaspectstoevaluateandcompareeffi cientspectrummanagementinCRnetworks. QoS in this environment is challenging, as the CR net worksadapttothewirelessspectrumbasedontheavail ablebandsandtheseavailablechannelschangeovertime. As the available bands change with the user moves fromoneplacetoanother,continuousallocationofspec trumisamajorchallenge,. For this the new techniques are required to sense the earby primary receivers, due to the lack of interactions betweenprimarynetworksandCRnetworks;generallya CR user cannot be aware of the precise locations of the primaryreceivers. Efficient and fast routing algorithms should be devel opedconsideringthemultiuserenvironment,isdifficult tosensespectrumholesandestimateinterferenceinmul tiuserenvironment. For next generation wireless systems spectrum effi ciency has become the primary concern of research for increasingnumberofusersinvariousservicesandappli cations. The basic reason for inefficiency in spectrum usage and underutilization of the available spectrum is the fixed spectrum assignment policy, where the spec trum is regulated by various governmental bodies and assigned to the licensed holders on a long term basis for huge regions like a whole countries. But by doing so, most of the resources remain underutilized and wasted. Fig.1 shows the actual spectrum usage for various wire

According to Federal Communications Commission (FCC), temporal and geographical variations in the utili zationoftheassignedspectrumrangefrom15%to85%. To meet the spectrums demand of emerging wireless applications/services, the traditional spectrum manage mentpolicyneedtobemakemoreflexible.Anditcanbe achieved by (1) improving flexibility of spectrum usage; (2) taking all dimensions and related issues of spectrum usageintothepolicy;and(3)supportingandencouraging efficientuseofthespectrum.[3] Theobjectivebehindthisistoimproveboththetech nical and economic efficiency of spectrum management. From a technical perspective, spectrum management needs to ensure the lowest interference and the highest utilization of the radio frequency band. The economic aspects of spectrum management relate to the revenue andsatisfactionofthespectrumlicensee.Toachieveeco nomic efficiency, an economic model needs to be inte grated into the spectrum management framework. The spectrum owners or service providers can compete or cooperate with each other in offering prices to the wire less service users to achieve the highest revenue. In this regard, service providers may be required to provide a qualityofservice(QoS)guaranteetousers. Thelimitedavailablespectrumandtheinefficiencyin thespectrumusagehasledtodevelopingnewmethodsto manage spectrum access and using such techniques we can make use ofthe unused and underutilized spectrum resources.Dynamicspectrumaccessisproposedtosolve thesecurrentspectruminefficiencyproblemsaimstoim plement the policy based intelligent radios known as cognitive radios. Indeed, the goal of minimizing interfe rence with other systems with other purposes may be reasonably automated by the cognitive radio[6].With a cognitive radio, the regulator could define policies at a higherlevel,andexpecttheequipmentandtheinfrastruc

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ture to resolve the details within welldefined practical boundary conditions such as available frequency, power, waveform, geography, and equipment capabilities. CR networks will provide high bandwidth to mobile users via heterogeneous wireless architectures and dynamic spectrum access techniques. The inefficient usage of the existingspectrumcanbeimprovedthroughopportunistic access to the licensed bands without interfering with the existingusers. Cognitiveradioisanewparadigmofdesigningwire less communications systems which aims to enhance the utilizationoftheradiofrequency(RF)spectrum.Themo tivationbehindcognitiveradioisthescarcityoftheavail able frequency spectrum and increasing demand, caused by the emerging wireless applications for mobile users. [1]ACognitiveRadio(CR),asitsnamereadilyimplies,is a radio that is capable of cognitive behavior. In the de scription of CRpioneer Mitola, a CRs cognitive abilities form sixphase cognition cycle Observe, Orient, Plan, Learn, Decide, and Act. [5]. Fig.2 shows block diagram ofcognitiveradio

andbuildknowledgeabouttheenvironment[8]. Thisknowledgeisusedbyacognitiveradiotoadapt itsdecisiononspectrumaccess.Forexample,aCognitive radio (i.e. an unlicensed user) can observe the transmis sion activity of primary (i.e. licensed) users on different channels.Thisenablesthecognitiveradiotobuildknow ledge about the licensed users activity on each channel (e.g. how often and how long the channel will be occu pied by the licensed user). This knowledge is then used by the CR to decide which channel to access so that the desiredperformanceobjectivescanbeachieved. Recent research is focused on developing the commu nication technologies and protocols required for CR net works. However, to ensure efficient spectrum aware communication,moreresearchisrequiredalongthelines introducedinthisarticle. The detail understanding of the Cognitive Radio net work architecture is essential for the development of communicationprotocolsthataddressthedynamicspec trummanagementissues..TheCRnetworkarchitectureis presentedinthissection.


Fig.2. Block diagram of Cognitive Radio

CR as a radio that is aware of its environment (with characteristics such as vacant frequencies, user prefe rences, prevailing spectrum rules, and operator tariffs), and employs this acquired information in a reasoning process, that leads it to decide on its transmission beha vior. Additionally, it is capable of learning, through an evaluation of its own behavior and experiences. An im portant consequence of a CRs cognition is that, unlike other forms of thinking radios, the radios behavior may become unpredictable. Generally, a radio systems cognitive behavior is not strictly limited to its spectrum usage;itmayshowcognitivefeaturesinmultitudeofoth erfunctions[7]. Cognitive radios need to have the ability to learn and adapt their wireless transmission according to the am bient radio environment. Intelligent algorithms such as thosebasedonmachinelearning,geneticalgorithms,and fuzzy control are therefore key to the implementation of cognitive radio technology. In general, these algorithms areusedtoobservethestateofthewirelessenvironment


Fig.3. Cognitive Radio Architecture

The components of the Cognitive Radio network ar chitecture,asshowninFigure3,canbeclassifiedastwo groups: The primary network and the CR network. The primarynetwork(orlicensednetwork)isreferredtoasan existingnetwork,wheretheprimaryusershavealicense to operate in a certain spectrum band. If primary net works have an infrastructure, primary user activities are controlled through primary base stations. Due to their priority in spectrum access, the operations of primary usersshouldnotbeaffectedbyunlicensedusers.[2] TheCRnetwork(secondarynetwork)doesnothavea license to operate in a desired band. Hence, additional functionalityisrequiredforCRuserstosharethelicensed spectrum band. CR networks also can be equipped with CR base stations. CR networks may include spectrum brokers for distributing the spectrum resources among differentCRnetworks.CRusersarecapableofaccessing

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boththelicensedportionsofthespectrumusedbyprima Radio, in figure4. The high level communication model ry users and the unlicensed portions of the spectrum ofthesystemforDSMconsistofmajorcomponentslikea through wide band access technology. Consequently, the reconfigurable radio with configurable parameters like operation types for CR networks can be classified as li center frequency, power, bandwidth, frame length, mod censedbandoperationandunlicensedbandoperation. ulation,spatialtransmissionpatternetc. AsperthearchitectureshowninFigure3,additional functionality is required to support spectrum manage ment in CR networks [11]. CR networks impose unique challenges due to their coexistence with primary net works as well as diverse QoS requirements. Thus, new spectrum management functions are required for CR networkswiththefollowingdesignchallenges. Interference avoidance: CR networks should avoidinterferencewithprimarynetworks. QoS awareness: To decide on an appropriate spectrum band, CR networks should support QoS aware communication, considering the dy Fig.4. The communication model of the system for DSM namic and heterogeneous spectrum environ ment. Asensingenginewillacceptinputsfromtheexternal To address these challenges, different functionality is environmentalsuchastheradiofrequency(RF),butpos requiredforspectrummanagementinCRnetworks. The spectrum management process consists of four siblyothersourcessuchasdatasourcesontheinternetor majorstepswhicharethemainfunctionsofthecognitive other networked nodes. Our learning and reasoning en radio to support intelligent and efficient dynamic spec ginewillacceptsinputsfromthesensingengineandpoli cy data base where user policy and base station policies trumaccess. Spectrumsensing:Spectrumsensingisusedtodetermine are already defined. The learning and reasoning engine the state.A CR user can allocate only an unused portion willalsodeterminesanappropriateconfigurationforthe radiocomponents.Thereasoningenginemaybecapable ofthespectrumandtheactivityoftheprimary(licensed) oflearningbasedonexperience. users.ACRdetectsanunusedspectrumorspectrumhole A configuration database is required to maintain the i.e. monitor the available spectrum bands, capture their current configuration of the radio components.A simple informationetc. CR system might have single reconfigurable radio com Spectrumdecision:Theinformationobtainedfromspec ponent with a reasoning engine accepting sensing infor trum sensing is used to schedule and plan spectrum mation from local node but not from external data access by the unlicensed users. Based on the spectrum sources. Finally, a policy data base may exist that deter availability, CR users can allocate a channel. This alloca mineswhatbehaviorisacceptableinwhatcircumstances. tionnotonlydependsonspectrumavailability,butisalso Thisdatabasemaybedynamicallyconfigurableallowing policiestobechangedwhenrequired. determinedbasedoninternal(andpossiblyexternal)pol The proposed system described above can be imple icies. mentedby,consideringasystemwithnumberofprimary Spectrum sharing: Because there may be multiple CR andsecondaryuserswithabasestation.Inwhichagroup userstryingtoaccessthespectrum.Thespectrumsharing of secondary users monitor a set C of primary channels. intends to avoid collision.CR network access should be The state of each primary channel switches between coordinated to prevent multiple users colliding in over usedandunusedfrequencyband.Thesecondaryusers cancooperativelysenseanyoneoutofthechannelsinC lappingportionsofthespectrum.Thesharingis Spectrum mobility: Spectrum mobility is a function re ineachslot,andcanaccessanyoneoftheL=|C|chan nels in the same slot. In each slot, the secondary users latedtochangeofoperatingfrequencybandofCRusers. mustsatisfyastrictconstraintontheprobabilityofinter When a licensed user starts accessing a radio channel fering with primary transmissions on any channel. The which is currently being used by an unlicensed user,the objective of the secondary users is to select the channels unlicensed user can change the spectrum band which is for sensing and accesses in each slot .We assume that all idle. channelsinChaveequalbandwidthB,andarestatistical ly identical and independent in terms of primary usage. Thestateofchannelasinanytimeslotkisrepresentedby 3 PROPOSED SYSTEM FOR DSM USING COGNITIVE variable Sa(k) and could be either 1 or 0, where state 0 RADIO corresponds to the channel is free for secondary access This proposed system provides design and architec and 1 corresponds to the channel is occupied by some ture of Dynamic Spectrum Management using Cognitive primaryuser.

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The secondary system must be capable of taking deci sions about which channels to sense and access in each slot.Wheneverthesecondaryusersaccessafreechannel in some time slot k, they get a reward B equal to the bandwidthofeachchannelinC. Wehaveconsideredasystemwithnnumberofprima ry and secondary users. Each primary user will have his own licensed spectrum band, and secondary users can access that spectrum band when not used by primary user. For this purpose we will be developing an algorithm which will sense the primary channel and based on that information it will decide its sharing policy. Once de cided,anotheralgorithmfordecidingtheprioritywillbe developedbaseontheresultsofthisalgorithm,thepriori tyofthesecondarychannelwillbedecided. The next step will be to design a Routing algorithm to decidetheshortestpastforroutingtheinformationprop erly.OncethesecondaryusersaccessthePrimaryband,it willbeallottedforafixedperioddecidedbythedecision center. Also the secondary user will be charged a fixed amountdependingonthetimeperiodallotted. Nextstageismobilityi.e.afterafixedtimeperiodthe secondaryuserhasleavetheallottedspectrumbandand shift towards next available band. So for this purpose again the sensing algorithm will sense next available spectrumandsmoothhandoffwilltakeplace All these algorithms can be written in object oriented programming language and will be simulated by using networksimulatortools.Thesimulationresultswillshow thathowprimaryspectrumiscapturedbythesecondary users and at the same time the secondary traffic is re duced. The result will also show the effective channel utilization between all primary and secondary users ad dressing all the cross layer issues for dynamic spectrum management.

[2]

[3]

[4] [5]

[6]

[7] [8] [9]

[10]

[11]

[12] [13]

[14]

CONCLUSION

[15] [16]

In this article, we outlined the major issues for spec trummanagement,andproposedsystemfortheefficient spectrum management using CR is presented. Specific recommendations for addressing all the issues by devel opingvariousalgorithmsarealsoincluded.CRnetworks are being developed to solve current wireless network problems resulting from the limited available spectrum and the inefficiency in spectrum usage. In this article in trinsicpropertiesandcurrentresearchchallengesofspec trummanagementinCRnetworksaredescribed.Inpar ticular, we proposed a system model to investigate spec trum management functionality such as spectrum sens ing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing, and spectrum mobility. The proposed system model described can be implementedby developing efficient andfast algorithms to manage the spectrum dynamically. Also, these algo rithms can be easily adapted by the existing architecture withoutanymajormodifications.

[17]

cyTaskForce,Report,November2002. I. F. Akyildiz et al.,NeXt Generation/Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks: A Survey, Comp.NetworksJ.,vol.50,Sept.2006,p.212759. M. M. Buddhikot, Understanding dynamic spectrum access: models,taxonomyandchallenges,inProceedingsofIEEEinter nationalSymposiumonNewFrontiersinDynamicSpectrumAccess Networks(DySPAN),April2007,pp.649663. P. Kolodzy, Spectrum policy task force report, in FCC, De cember2002. JosephMitolaIII,CognitiveRadioAnIntegratedAgentArchi tectureforSoftwareDefinedRadioDissertation,RoyalInstitute ofTechnology(KTH)TeleinformaticsElectrum,204SE16440Kista Sweden,2000. ] Ekram Hossain, Duist Niyago, Zhu Han,A Dynamic Spec trum Access and Management in Cognitive Radio Networks, CambridgeUniversityPress2009,Firstedition2009. FCC,ETDocketNo03222Noticeofproposedrulemakingand order,December2003. Bruce A. Fette, Cognitive Radio Technology, 2006, Elsevier Inc S. Haykin, Cognitive radio: brainempowered wireless Com munications, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communica tions23(2)(2005)201220. R.W. Thomas, L.A. DaSilva, A.B. MacKenzie, Cognitive net works, in: Proc. IEEE DySPAN 2005, November 2005,pp. 352 360. ]IanF.Akyildiz,WonYeolLee,MehmetC.Vuran,andShanti devMohanty,ASurveyonSpectrumManagementinCognitive RadioNetworks,IEEECommunicationsMagazine,April2008. ] Linda Doyle, Essentials of Cognitive Radio, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITYPRESS,Firstedition2009. J.MitolaandG.Q.Maguire,CognitiveRadio:MakingSoftware Radios More Personal, IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 6, pp.13{18,Aug.1999. A survey of dynamic spectrum access: [Signal processing, net working, and regulatory policy], IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE,MAY2007 Hseyin Arslan , Cognitive Radio, Software Defined Radio, AndAdaptiveWirelessSystems,2007Springer R.V.Prasadetal,CognitiveFunctionalityinNextGeneration Wireless Networks: Standardization Efforts, IEEE Communica tionsMagazine,vol.46,Apr.2008. T.S.Rappaport,WirelessCommunications.PrenticeHall,1996.

Dipak P.Patil Received his Bachelours degree in Engineerng in the field of Electronics and Telecommunications in the year 2000 from North Maharashtra University,Jalgaon and Masters from SGSITS Indore in the year 2007.He is currently working with Sandip Foundations ,SIEM a as a Associate Professor in the department of Electronics & telecommunications Engineering.He is cureently doing his research work at the department of Applied Electronics ,at Sant Gadgebaba Amravati University,Amravati.His area of research is Dynamic Spectrum Mangaement using Cognitive Radio. Vijay M.Wadhai received his Ph.D.degree in Electronics Engineering from Sant Gadgebaba Amravati University, Amravati in 2007. Provides technical guidance to working professional in Industry and Academics for research work.Recognised PhD supervisor in Computer Enggineering and Electronics & Telecommunication Enggineering.Guiding PhD/Reserach students in cognitive radio, wireless network, VANET, Body Area Network domain

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