Choose the ONE BEST answer for questions 1-14.

1. Which of the following is true about sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? a. Both systems work in a coordinated manner to meet the needs of the body in response to changes in environment. b. They always work antagonistically. c. Only acetylcholine is used in both systems. d. A and C e. B and C 2. Subthreshold depolarizations in axons: a. Are graded- non-regenerative potentials. b. Are conducted with decrement. c. Cause a positive feedback loop for the rapid entry of Na+ into the cell. d. Only A and B are true e. A, B and C are true 3. Metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors differ from ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors in that: a. Metabotropic receptors are not channels b. Metabotropic receptors change the properties of other channels through intracellular signaling pathways. c. Metabotropic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors d. Metabotropic receptors mediate slow neurotransmission. e. all of A through D. 4. Which of the following is true about a motor unit? a. All muscle fibers in the same motor unit are innervated by a single alpha motor neuron. b. A muscle fiber can be innervated by more than one alpha motor neuron. c. The alpha motor neuron uses acetylcholine to control muscle contraction. d. A and C. e. A, B and C.

5. Which of the following is true about vision? a. Color is interpreted by cone cells in the photoreceptor layer of retina. b. Light is directly converted to action potentials by giving energy to light-sensitive channels. c. Rod cells are less sensitive to light than cone cells. d. A, B and C e. B and C 6. Which of the following is true about the decision to fire action potentials? a. It is made at axon hillock. b. Both spatial summation and temporal summation contribute to the decision. c. Repetitive stimulations override the decision. d. A and B e. A, B and C. 7. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The frequency of the AP provides information about the strength of the stimulus. b. K+ efflux is responsible for the after-hyperpolarization of the cell membrane during an AP. c. TTX blocks AP generation by blocking Na+ entry into axons and skeletal muscle cells. d. RMPs and APs result from the movement of Na+ and K+ through voltage-dependent channels. e. EPPs and EPSPs both result from time-dependent increases in membrane permeability to K+ and Na+. 8. An action potential: a. Cannot be generated during the relative refractory period of the previous AP. b. Is propagated along nonmyelinated axons by saltatory conduction. c. Results from an increase in gNa+ followed by a decrease in gK+ d. Is conducted more rapidly in an unmyelinated axon than in a skeletal muscle cell. e. Can be generated more easily (readily) if the concentration of extracellular K+ is increased.

9. NMDA receptors differ from AMPA receptors in that: a. AMPA receptors are not gated by glutamate, while NMDA receptors are. b. NMDA receptors produce IPSP, while AMPA receptors produce EPSP. c. NMDA receptors are blocked by Mg2+, while AMPA receptors are not. d. A, B and C. e. B and C. 10. Which of the following happens in the stretch reflex? a. The tendon tap induces stretch of muscle spindles, which produces generator potentials. b. Action potentials travel along Ia fiber of a DRG neuron to the spinal cord. c. An alpha motor neuron is activated by neurotransmitters released from the DRG neurons. d. Release of acetylcholine by the alpha motor neuron triggers contraction of the rectus femoris muscle e. All of A through D. 11. When an axon is at its RMP: a. The membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+ b. The electrical and chemical forces acting on K+ are equal and opposite to each other. c. The Nernst equation can be used to calculate the magnitude of the RMP. d. Only A and B are true e. A, B and C are true. 12. Which of the following is true about the autonomic nervous system? a. Autonomic nervous system deals with involuntary sensory and motor responses of the internal organs. b. Autonomic nervous system relies on autonomic ganglionic neurons to relay the output from the central nervous system to target organs. c. Autonomic nervous system controls skeletal muscles. d. A and B e. A, B and C

13. At the peak of the AP: a. both chemical and electrical potentials act to force K+ out of the cell b. Na+ inactivation occurs and closes Na+ voltage-gated channels c. The membrane potential is more positive than the ENa+ d. Only A and B are true e. A, B and C are true 14. At the NMJ: a. Two (2) molecules of Ach are required to activate ligand-gated channels in the postsynaptic membrane. b. Each EPP always produces several AP in the skeletal muscle membrane. c. The efflux of K+ exceeds the influx of Na+ during the production of the EPP. d. Only A and B are true. e. A, B and C are true.

Choose answer A if ALL parts of the statement are TRUE and B if any part is FALSE. 15. Botulinum toxins block GABAA receptors so that synaptic transmission is halted. a. True b. False 16. Local anesthetics prevent AP production by blocking Na+ channels only in unmyelinated neurons. a. True b. False 17. An increase in the gNa+ of the resting cell membrane will depolarize the cell membrane. a. True b. False

18. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are inhibitory because they lower the probability of firing an action potential. a. True b. False 19. A decrease in [K+O] will stabilize the membrane (make it less excitable) by depolarizing the cell membrane. a. True b. False 20. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) bring membrane potential closer to the threshold of firing action potentials. a. True b. False 21. Axons with a lower Rm and a smaller diameter will have shorter length constants and thus slower conduction velocities. a. True b. False 22. For sensory transduction, all external and internal stimuli are converted to receptor potentials whose summation determines the production of action potentials.

a. True b. False

23. Glutamate can mediate both fast and slow synaptic transmission.

a. True b. False

24. A dorsal root ganglion neuron extends a dendrite to a sensory organ such as skin. a. True b. False 25. In resting axon terminals at the NMJ, both chemical and electrical forces act to force Ca++ into the cell through ligand-gated channels. a. True b. False

Answers: 1-5: A,D,E,D,A 6-10: D,E,E,C,E 11-15: A,D,D,A,B 16-20: B,A,A,B,A 21-25: A,A,A,B,B