SuperguideS

Superguide

Total Lion

Get to Know Mac OS X 10.7

Foreword

Over the last decade, Apples Mac OS X has evolved from a curious hybrid of the classic Mac OS and the NextStep operating system into a mainstream OS used by millions. It was a decade of continual refinement, capped by the bug-fixing, internals-tweaking release of Snow Leopard in 2009.

But the last four years have seen some dramatic changes at Apple. In that time, while Mac sales continued to grow, Apple also built an entirely new business around devices that run iOS. Combine the influx of new Mac users with the popularity of the iPhone and iPad, and you get Lion. After a long period of relative stability on the Mac, Lion is a shock to the system. Its a radical revision, and it makes the Mac a friendlier computer. Can Apple make OS X accessible to people buying their first Macs and add familiar threads for those coming to the Mac from the iPhone, all while keeping Mac veterans happy? That would be a neat trickand Apple has tried very hard to pull it off with Lion. Whether youre a relatively new Mac user or someone who remembers the days before there were three colored buttons in the upper left corner of every Mac window, Lion has something new for you. In this book, weve assembled in-depth looks at all of Lions new features and adjustments, and demonstrated how you can use them to their fullest. Theres never been a better time to be a Mac user. And with Total Lion to help you get acquainted with the Macs latest and greatest features, youll be on the fast track to more fun and greater productivity.

Editorial Director, Macworld San Francisco, July 2011

Jason Snell

PhotograPh by Peter belanger

Contents
What You Need to Know

Whats New in Lion

Learn about all of Lions new features, applications, and system tweaks.

Install Lion

Get Your Mac Ready How to Install Lion

Prep your computer before you make the leap to Apples next OS.

18 23 31 33 37 39 44

Get expert instruction on the various ways you can install Lion.

Installation Challenges

Avoid potential installation problems.

Make a Bootable Install Disc or Drive

Create a boot drive or disc for emergencies.

Do a Clean Install

The pros and cons of wiping your hard drive before installing Lion.

Install Lion over Leopard Lion Recovery

Tackle the Leopard-to-Lion upgrade path.

Learn about Lions new recovery mode.

Navigate Lion
2

Multi-Touch Gestures

Interact with Lion using new gestures built into the OS.

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The Finder

Discover new ways to organize and catalog your files with Lions updated Finder.

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Mission Control Launchpad The Dock

Organize windows, full-screen apps, and spaces using Mission Control.

64 67 70

View all your applications in Lions new iOS-like icon view.

Customize the Docks indicator lights and learn about its new MultiTouchenabled features.

Sharing
AirDrop
Learn how to use AirDrop to wirelessly transfer files on a local network.

72 74

Screen Sharing

Share your screen with others by using the Observe Only mode.

Work with Apps

Auto Save, Versions, and Resume

Read about Apples new feature trio for automatically saving and backing up your work.

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Work in Full-Screen Mode

Switch to full-screen mode in Lion apps for a less distracting work experience.

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Explore the Mac App Store

Download third-party applications from the Mac App Store.

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Included Apple Apps

Address Book
explore the new interface and social networking enhancements in Address Book.

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FaceTime and iChat Font Book

Chat with friends using FaceTime and use third-party plug-ins with iChat.

93 95

Discover Apples new emoji font and read about interface tweaks to Font Book.

iCal

Schedule your appointments in Lion using the completely redesigned version of iCal.

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Mail

View your emails in three columns, flag them in multiple colors, arrange them by thread, and more.

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Preview

Sign documents and view them using magnification thanks to new tools in Preview.

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QuickTime Player Safari

Cut, join, and export your video with new QuickTime tools.

113 115 121

Save and read more using Safaris Reading List feature, new in Lion.

TextEdit

Type notes and quick documents using a redesigned Textedit.

Security

Set Your Security

Tweak password settings, add a firewall, and adjust your usage data and location information.

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Encrypt Your Data

Keep your data safe with FileVault 2s full-disk encryption.

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Contributors
Senior editor Roman Loyola has covered Apple and the Macintosh since 1991. Senior editor Jonathan Seff oversees Macworlds Playlist coverage of iTunes, iPods, Apple TV, video and audio playback, and more. Senior editor Jackie Dove runs Macworlds Create channel, covering software, hardware, and services that help Mac users in creative pursuits.

If it works with, connects to, goes in, or installs on a Mac or on an iOS device, senior editor Dan Frakes probably covers it. Staff writer Lex Friedman loved Macs from the moment he met one. He hopes his three adorable children will feel the same way. To complete his research on this topic, senior associate editor Dan Moren spent time immersed among actual lions. Senior editor Chris Breen offers troubleshooting advice in Macworld.coms Mac 911 blog and is the author of The iPhone Pocket Guide, sixth edition (Peachpit Press, 2011).

ToTaL Lion SupeRguiDe Editor Heather Kelly

President and CEO VP, Editorial Director Executive Editor Managing Editor Staff Editor Copy Editors Art Director Designers Production Director Prepress Manager Mike Kisseberth Jason Snell Dan Miller Sue Voelkel Serenity Caldwell Peggy Nauts, Gail Nelson-Bonebrake Rob Schultz Lori Flynn, Kate VandenBerghe Nancy Jonathans Tamara Gargus

Macworld is a publication of Mac Publishing, L.L.C., and International Data Group, Inc. Macworld is an independent journal not affiliated with Apple, Inc. Copyright 2011, Mac Publishing, L.L.C. All rights reserved. Macworld, the Macworld logo, the Macworld Lab, the mouse-ratings logo, MacCentral.com, PriceGrabber, and Mac Developer Journal are registered trademarks of International Data Group, Inc., and used under license by Mac Publishing, L.L.C. Apple, the Apple logo, Mac, and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple, Inc. Printed in the United States of America.

HAVE COMMENTS OR SUGGESTIONS? EMAIL US AT EBOOKS@MACwORLD.COM.

1
Whats New in Lion
The last time Apple updated the Mac operating system2009s Snow Leopard releasethe most noteworthy changes happened under the hood. Thats not the case with Lion, the next major version of Mac OS X. Apple has gradually pulled back the curtain on a pretty significant shift for the Mac OS, influenced in large part by Apples mobile operating system, iOS. Lions big changes naturally produce big questions: Whats really new in Lion? How does it work? How can you get it? Weve spent some time going over Apples latest OS X update to answer all of these questionsand more. In this chapter, well briefly discuss some of the major new features and changes coming to your system with Lion.

CoNteNts
What You Need to Know
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What You Need to Know

Before you play with Lion, you have to know the basics: where to get it; how to install it on your system; what user interface differences and features youll encounter; application changes; and new security improvements.

Pricing and Availability

If you want to lay your paws on Lion, youll need to get it directly from Apples Mac App Store (or, starting in August 2011, you can pick up the OS from Apple on a USB stick for $69). The companys newest operating system costs $30; you need to be running Snow Leopard on your Lion-compatible Mac to begin the installation process. To tell if your Mac can run Lion, check your processor: Computers with an Intel Core 2 Duo, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, or Xeon processor are all cleared for install. To find out what kind of processor you have, click on the Apple icon in the upper left corner of your screen and select About This Mac. Buying Lion from the Mac App Store is as simple as any other app transaction; just click the Buy button to begin your download. Lion runs a cool 4GB, so youll want to make sure youre using an Internet connection that can deal with that kind of download. The downloaded installer can be burned to a CD or put on a flash drive if you need to run it on other Macs, or run directly from your computer on the Mac you downloaded it to. As with any applications you purchase from the Mac App Store, youll be able to install Lion on any Macs that are authorized with the Apple ID you used to purchase the OS. That means if your family has multiple Macs, a single $30 payment will let you install Lion on every machine. Read more about installing Lion, including information about business licenses and boot disks, in the Install Lion chapter.

Chapter 1
Shiny and New In Lion, you can now organize and categorize your files.

WHATS NeW IN LION

Finder
In Lion, Apple has simplified and streamlined the Finders appearance, removing scrollbars and muting colors to provide a cleaner, more uncluttered look. (In fact, scrollbars have been removed throughout the OS entirelythey only reappear when youre scrolling.) There are new options for search and organization, a new All My Files section, and minor improvements for Quick Look and Spotlight (see Shiny and New). Meanwhile, the Docks once-familiar indicator lights for open applications are disabled, though you can re-enable them in System Preferences. Read more about the Finder in the Navigate Lion chapter.

Multi-Touch Gestures
There are many gestures in Lion, and theyre configurable. You can double-tap on a word with three fingers to look it up in Lions built-in dictionary, scroll with two fingers, and zoom in and out by pinching or double-tapping with two fingers. You can swipe between pages (in Safari, iPhoto, and other apps) with left or right two-finger swipes, and you can swipe between apps with three or four fingers.

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Trigger Mission ControlLions new take on exposwith a three- or four-finger swipe up, and reveal the desktop by spreading your thumb and three fingers apart, as if youre flicking all your windows away. even two-finger scrolling has received an alteration. If youve ever used an iOS device, you may have noticed that your content will scroll in the direction in which you push or pull it, imitating how youd interact with a real-world object. In Lion, Apple has brought this conceptreferred to as natural scrollingto the desktop: Pull down with your fingers, and the document will move downward, bringing you closer to the top. Read more about Multi-Touch gestures in the Navigate Lion chapter.

All in a Row Launchpad displays all of your installed apps as paginated icons.

Launchpad
Launchpad gives users instant access to all the applications on their Mac (see All in a Row). Its a look reminiscent of the home screen of an iPad: Users can see their entire application library laid out in icon form, arrange folders, scroll through pages, and rearrange apps as they see fit. Windows users who transitioned to the Mac after falling in love with their iPhone may very well take a liking to Launchpads home screenlike interface; for experienced users with oodles of applications, however, it may prove too unwieldy for general use. That said, Launchpad seems primarily aimed at iOS switchers, and those who prefer the comfort of the Finder can easily ignore it. Read more about Launchpad in the Navigate Lion chapter.

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Full FrameMission Control displays all of your windows, spaces, full-screen apps, and Dashboard widgets.

WHATS NeW IN LION

Mission Control
Mission Control is a reinvention of expos and Spaces, OS Xs respective window-switching and virtual desktop features (see Full Frame). In Mission Control, you use trackpad gestures (or keyboard shortcuts) to quickly view all your running apps and switch between different workspaces (which include shared spaces with multiple apps, apps running in full-screen mode, and even the Dashboard). Instead of configuring what goes where via a preference pane, you just drag and drop apps and windows into new spaces from the Mission Control view. The idea is that you can be more productive by switching among different views (say, between Mail in full screen and a view containing a Web browser and a note-taking app), and Apple is counting on Mission Control being easier to use than expos and Spaces. Read more about Mission Control in the Navigate Lion chapter.

Accessibility
In Apples quest to improve accessibility for its users, Lion includes a bunch of new features for those who need more help seeing and hearing. For those needing some visual assistance, a new picture-inpicture zoom provides an automatic scaling window for specific zoom instances. Lions cursor now scales more gracefully and sharply when enlarged (see enlarge Me). Apple has also incorporated support for more than 80 new Braille tablets in several languages; you now have Verbosity settings for both speech and Braille, and the Announcements

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Enlarge MeYour cursor now scales gracefully, rather than becoming pixelated as it did in previous OSs.

WHATS NeW IN LION

tab has a new Use Phonetics For Single Characters setting. And although the Speech feature includes fewer voices in its default list, when you choose Customize from that list you see many more voices, plus voices for other languages. Youll find these same voices in the Text To Speech tab of the Speech preference pane. VoiceOver Utility also adds an Activities option where you can create custom VoiceOver settings for specific uses. Options include settings for Verbosity, Voices, and Hotspots.

AirDrop
AirDrop is a file-sharing feature designed to allow users in the same area to transfer files wirelessly. AirDrop finds other users in a 30-foot radiuseven if theres no Wi-Fi networkand allows you to exchange files with them. Select the AirDrop item in the Finders sidebar to see the icons of other AirDrop users on your local network. To share a file, drop it onto the icon of the person you wish to send the file to. The receiving party will see a notification asking if they would like to accept or decline the transfer. Read more about AirDrop in the Sharing chapter.

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Remote LoginYou can access a networked computer using your Apple ID rather than a user account.

WHATS NeW IN LION

Screen Sharing
Though OS Xs remote Screen Sharing feature has been around since the 2007 Leopard update, it becomes even more powerful in Lion. If your remote computer has multiple user accounts, you can now log in remotely from one account while someone else, logged into their own user account, continues to use the Mac in-house. You wont disturb their interactions; they wont notice yours. If you dont have a user account for that computer, you now have the option of logging in with your Apple ID; the person on the other end can authorize you for access, and youll be able to connect to the remote desktop as if you were using a local user account (see Remote Login). If youre working with someone else remotely and want a demonstration, you can turn on Observe Only mode, which allows you to watch any actions happening on the remote computer without interfering. Screen Sharing has a customizable toolbar as well, for easy access to switching from Observe Only to Control mode or for sending the application into full-screen mode. Read more about Screen Sharing in the Sharing chapter.

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Apple Applications
In Lion, youll find revised versions of most of Apples core applications. There are changes across the board in Mail, Safari, iCal, Address Book, Preview, Textedit, iChat, Photo Booth, and QuickTime Playereven Font Book has a new feature or two. Mail, one of Lions highlighted features, undergoes the biggest overhaul (see Triple Threat). The program sports a new three-column layout, a conversation view, message previews, related messages, search suggestions, inline reply and deletion controls, custom labels and flags, an archive mailbox, and exchange 2010 support. Safari, meanwhile, includes a new Reading List function (similar to Marco Arments Instapaper; macworld.com/6018); support for Multi-Touch gestures such as tap (or pinch) to zoom and two-finger swipe for navigation; enhanced privacy features; support for new CSS3 and JavaScript elements; and the WOFF text format. iCal and Address Book now more closely resemble their iOS cousins, while Preview gains signature annotation support, magnification tools, and support for opening iWork and Office documents. Textedit has a new top toolbar, while iChat adds a new, unified buddy list and supports third-party plug-ins that supply additional instant messaging services. Photo Booth adds several new effects, support for trimming video clips, and a full-screen mode that imitates the real photo booths of yore.

Triple ThreatIn Lion Mail, you can see your mailboxes, inbox, and messages all in a row.

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QuickTime in Lion brings back several features from its defunct sibling, QuickTime Pro: You can now merge and rotate clips, and export just the audio of a clip. In addition, QuickTime will allow you to do partial screen captures (with or without cursor clicks) and offers export to Vimeo, Flickr, Facebook, iMovie, and Mail. Font Book is slightly reorganized and optimized in Lion. There are even a few new system fontsDamascus, PT Sans, and Kefa. In addition, if you like emoji, the emoticon font first popularized in Japan, youll be pleased to see that Lion has integrated Apples custom color emoji font. Read more about Apple application improvements in the Included Apple Apps chapter.

Full-Screen Apps
Full-screen applicationsas the name suggestsoperate by expanding the application to take up the entire width of the screen. They open in a separate desktop space, so that you can still access any other windows by switching spaces via Multi-Touch gesture or Mission Control (see Full Monty). Most of Apples applications support full-screen mode; for third-party programs, however, developers will need to update their code to use it. To send an application into full-screen mode, click the button in the upper right corner of the toolbar. You can see the Dock in full-screen mode by moving your cursor to the side of the screen where you have

Full MontyIn fullscreen mode, your applications layout alters to use more of your screen real estate.

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it anchored; you can similarly trigger the menu bar by moving the cursor to the top. If you depend on blinking Dock icons (and not audio queues) for alerts about new email messages or instant messages, however, be warned that youll be blind to such notifications when you use an app in full-screen mode, because the Dock operates as if youve hidden it. (Bouncing Dock notifications will still briefly appear when youre running a full-screen app.) Read more about full-screen apps in the Work with Apps chapter.

Resume, Auto Save, and Versions

A trio of featuresResume, Auto Save, and Versionsmay have the single greatest impact on your day-to-day application use. With Resume, when you quit an application with a bunch of open windows and later relaunch it, compatible applications shouldta-da!resume in exactly the state you last left them. If youre accustomed to iOS, its similar to the freeze state iOS 4 uses for multitasking; Lion brings that to the desktop, and it even works after you reboot your Mac. Auto Save and Versions combine to help you kick your 1-S habit: Compatible apps can save your files for you as you type, and you can view and restoreas well as cut and copy fromall your past revisions in a Time Machineesque portal. By default, Versions will save a copy of your file every hour; anytime you manually save, youll add a new version checkpoint as well. As a result, you can spend more time writing your documentor editing your photo, or building codeand less time worrying about how its being saved and stored. Read more about Resume, Auto Save, and Versions in the Work with Apps chapter.

Security Roundup
Lion offers several controls for limiting what information you (and your applications) choose to share and for protecting the files you currently have on your computer. A new Privacy tab in the Security preference pane will let you opt in or out of sending any diagnostic and usage data to Apple; you can also control what applications can determine and use

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Lock It UpYou can encrypt your entire drive to prevent potential trouble from nefarious outsiders.

WHATS NeW IN LION

your current location. As with an iOS device, youll see a little arrow icon in your menu bar when an application uses your location. To protect your files, you can use FileVault, Apples encryption service (see Lock It Up). In Lion, FileVault offers protection and encryption for your entire hard drive or for an external USB or FireWire drive; in previous versions of OS X, you could only encrypt your Home folder. Your application data will also be more secure in Lion, thanks to program sandboxing, which will limit programs access to files outside their purview. In theory, these security tweaks should keep the application from affecting the entire system, should it be compromised in some way. (iOS uses similar sandboxing techniques for its own apps.) Read more about security in the Security chapter.

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2
Install Lion
With Lion, Apple is for the first time making a major new version of OS X available onlinespecifically, through the Mac App Store. Although users without the necessary Internet connection will, beginning in August 2011, be able to purchase a $69 bootable USB stick, Apple expects most people to purchase and download Lion for $30 from the Mac App Store. And youll be able to install Lion on any Macs that are authorized with the Apple ID you used to purchase the OS. That means if your family has four, five, six, or more Macs, a single $30 payment will let you install Lion on every machine. Getting a fresh operating system is exciting, but the installation process can be complicated and even intimidating. This chapter will tell you everything you need to know for a stress-free installation, including what requirements your system needs to meet and even how you can install Lion over Leopard.

Contents
Get Your Mac Ready
Page 18

How to Install Lion

Page 23

Installation Challenges
Page 31

Make a Bootable Install Disc or Drive

Page 33

Do a Clean Install
Page 37

Install Lion over Leopard

Page 39

Lion Recovery
Page 44

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Get Your Mac Ready

Apple is advertising Lion as the easiest-to-install version of OS X yet, and that may be true. But there are still a few things you can do right now to ensure that your Mac is ready for 10.7.

What You Need

To install Lion, you need a Mac with a minimum of 2GB of RAM and one of the following Intel processors: Intel Core 2 Duo, i3, i5, i7, or Xeonearly Intel-based Macs with Core Solo or Core Duo processors arent eligible. You can determine your Macs processor and the amount of installed RAM by choosing About This Mac from the Apple menu and looking at the Processor and Memory lines, respectively (see See Your Specs). The list of Lion-eligible Macs includes most models released since late 2006. However, Macs with 4GB or more of RAM will surely run Lion better than those with only 2GB, so if your Mac currently has less than 4GB, we recommend upgrading to at least that muchand ideally even more, as youll see benefits in many computing tasks. A word of advice here: If you dont buy your RAM directly from Apple, be sure you get RAM thats specifically designed for use in Macs. Some third-party RAM thats not up to Apples specs will cause problems when you upgrade your OS. Its also a good idea to have at least 10GB (and preferably more) of free space

See Your Specs You can check your Macs specs by calling up the About This Mac window.

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TIP
Pick Up a Trackpad
Although you can use any traditional input device with Lion, its new systemwide gesture support makes a trackpad very, very useful. If youve got a desktop Mac without a trackpad, consider splurging on Apples Magic Trackpad. If you prefer a mouse or large trackball for everyday mousing, you can add a Magic Trackpad to your setup just to take advantage of Lions gesturebased features.

on your startup drive. The Lion installer itself is almost 4GB, and you need some room for temporary files. In addition, some of Lions new features mean youll need more everyday free space than you did under Snow Leopard. If you need to free up some space, utilities such as WhatSize and GrandPerspective (macworld.com/2433) can help you figure out whats filling up your drive. Apples system requirements state, Some features may have additional system requirements. Were assuming Apple is referring to graphics cards here, as some graphics-heavy features require more horsepower than the oldest Lion-compatible Macs provide. The better your graphics card and the more dedicated memory it has, the better Lion will perform. Finally, theres a software requirement for installing Lion: Your Mac must be running Snow Leopard (Mac OS X 10.6) version 10.6.6 or later. The main reason for this requirement is that Lion will be available only via the Mac App Store, which debuted in Mac OS X 10.6.6. In addition, Apple recommends that you have the very latest version of Snow Leopard before installing Lion, so be sure to check Software Update for any available updates.

Preinstall Tasks
While Apple portrays the process of upgrading to Lion as a simple download and install, experienced Mac users know that a major OS update is never that simple. Perform these tasks before the upgrade and your chances of a pain-free experience will increase substantially. Check Your Macs Startup Drive HealthTo make sure your Macs startup drive is in tip-top shape, open Disk Utility (in /Applications/ Utilities), select your startup drive, click the First Aid tab, and then click Verify (see Drive Doctor). If Disk Utility finds problems, youll need to boot from a different volume to perform the repairs using the Repair Disk button. If youve got your Snow Leopard install DVD or the OS X install DVD or thumbdrive that shipped with your Mac, you can use that. Alternatively, you can create a bootable Lion installer volumeusing the instructions later in this chapterand boot from it, as the installer includes Disk Utility. If youre feeling especially cautious, you can also opt to run the Apple Hardware Test (support.apple.com/kb/ht1509). Back Up Your Mac and Test the BackupLets say it again: Back up your Mac, and test that backup, before installing Lion. We recommend

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Drive Doctor Disk Utility can verify that your Macs drive is healthy.

creating a bootable-clone backup with a program such as SuperDuper (macworld.com/0536). A Time Machine backup will also work. To test a clone or other bootable backup, use the Startup Disk preference pane to boot from the backup drive. Test a Time Machine or other nonbootable backup by restoring several files to make sure the process works. Run Software UpdateTo be sure youre running the latest version of both Mac OS X and any other Apple software that might be affected by Lion, you should run Software Update (from the Apple menu). Especially important are the Mac OS X 10.6.8 update and Migration Assistant for Mac OS X Snow Leopard, each of which includes fixes specifically related to upgrading to Lion. You should also check for updated firmware for your particular Mac model (support.apple.com/kb/HT1237). Disable FileVaultIf youre using FileVault, OS Xs built-in accountencryption feature, on any of your Macs accounts, we recommend disabling FileVault before upgrading to Lion. Why? For one thing, Lion uses a different (and much-improved) approach to encryption, and while Apple says you can keep using the Snow Leopard implementation for previously encrypted user accounts, Lions approach is likely the better way to go. Plus, its best not to test Murphys Law by risking any

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incompatibilities between the two versions of FileVault. Similarly, if youre using third-party disk encryption, you should probably disable that before installing Lion. Check for Lion-Compatible Updates to Third-Party SoftwareAs with any major upgrade to Mac OS X, youll likely find that some of your third-party software needs to be updated to work with Lion. If you take some time to check compatibility before installing Lion, youll be in a position to get up and running immediately, rather than being frustrated by your favorite apps and add-ons not working. Especially useful for this task is RoaringApps (roaringapps.com/apps:table) growing list of Mac software and Lion compatibility (see Plays nice with Lion). The biggest offendersin terms of incompatibility with Lionwill be programs and system add-ons that integrate with or hack OS X at a low level. Kernel extensions, for example, are notorious for being incompatible with major new versions of OS X, but you may also find that utilities that tweak the Finder, add-ons that enhance Mail, and other plug-ins and enhancers wont work under Lion. So be sure to check vendor websites for Lion-compatible updates for your favorite softwareincluding third-party System Preferences panesbefore upgrading to Lion. If it
Plays Nice with Lion RoaringApps is compiling a usercontributed list of software compatibility with Lion.

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turns out that a particular bit of software isnt compatible with Lion but doesnt have an update available, uninstall or disable it until a Lioncompatible version is released. A bigger issue for some users will be older Mac software that hasnt been upgraded recentlyyou may find that it doesnt work at all under Lion. Specifically, PowerPC programssoftware that was never updated to work on Macs with Intel processorsare dead in the water. Under previous versions of Mac OS X, Apple provided software called Rosetta that allowed PowerPC code to run on Intel Macs. In Snow Leopard (OS X 10.6), Rosetta was no longer installed by default, but OS X would offer to download and install Rosetta if you tried to run a PowerPC program. With Lion, Apple has taken the final step: Rosetta is officially kaput. So if youve got important PowerPC programs (for example, older versions of Quicken for Mac are still surprisingly popular), youll want to update those programs to Intel-processor versions, if possible, before upgrading to Lion. If such updates arent available, you should find acceptable alternatives, whether those are modern Mac programs or, if need be, Windows versions that you can run under Boot Camp or virtualization software such as Parallels or Fusion. How can you tell which of your applications are PowerPC programs? The easiest way is to launch System Profiler (in /Applications/Utilities), select Applications (under Software in the sidebar), and then click the Kind column header, which sorts the list of applications by processor type. Any programs listed as PowerPC will not work under Lion. (If youve got any listed as Classic, well, that ship sailed long ago.) Consider Keeping an empty Drive HandyWhile most people will simply install Lion over Snow Leopard, there are situations in which you might want to install onto an empty drive. For example, maybe you want to install Lion on a second drive to test the OS before upgrading your primary drive, or you want to erase your Macs startup drive and start anew. (The latter might be a good idea if your Snow Leopard installation has been having issues, or if your drive is nearly full or in need of repair.) As well cover in the next section on installing Lion, installing it onto a secondary drive is simple. However, erasing your Macs startup drive and starting fresh means having a good, tested backup, as well as a bootable Lion install drive, so nows the time to start preparing.

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How to Install Lion

For over a decade, installing the latest major version of Mac OS X meant buying a disc and slipping it into your Macs optical drive. no longer. Mac OS X 10.7better known as Lionis available for direct download from Apples Mac App Store (see Download the Cat). In many ways, this new method of distribution is easier and more convenient. But it also raises a number of questions and presents significant upgrade obstacles for some users. Heres a look at the details of installing Apples first-ever download-only OS.

Download the CatTo get a copy of Lion, you must download it from the Mac App Store.

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TIP
Just Bought a Mac?
If you purchased a Mac on or after June 6, 2011, but it didnt come with Lion preinstalled, youre entitled to a free copy of Lion. Visit apple.com/macosx/ uptodate for details.

Purchase and Download Lion

If your system meets all of the requirements outlined in the previous section, getting Lion is easywith the few caveats noted below. You simply launch the Mac App Store app, click the Lion banner on the stores main page or search for Lion, or click the $29.99 button at the top of the screen, then click the Buy App button that appears. After you provide your Apple ID and password, the Lion installer icon will be added to the Dock, and Lion will begin downloading. Specifically, the 4GB installer application, called Install Mac OS X Lion.app, will be saved to the /Applications folder. If youve got multiple Macs running Snow Leopard, you can download the installer onto any of themyour one purchase of Lion entitles you to install it, for no additional charge, on any Macs authorized to use your App Store account. To download the Lion installer on another Mac, launch the Mac App Store on that Mac, click the Purchases button in the toolbar, and then click the Install button next to Lion in the list. Alternatively, once youve downloaded the Lion installer onto one computer, you can copy itover your local network or via a flash drive, a DVD, or an external hard drivefrom one Mac to another. You wont be prompted to authorize the installer on each Mac, as you are with other Mac App Storedistributed softwarethe Lion installer does not use digital-rights management (DRM), which makes it easy to use one installer to upgrade all the Snow Leopard Macs in your home. However, theres a catch: After you download the Lion installer to your Mac, if you leave the installer in the /Applications folder and use it to install Lion on your Macs startup drive, the installer will disappear after installationits deleted as part of the installation process, presumably to free up the 4GB of drive space it occupies. If you plan to use the installer on other Macs, and you dont want to have to download it from the Mac App Store again, copy the installer to another driveor at least move it out of the /Applications folderbefore you install. If you didnt move the installer before it was deleted, and you try to redownload it onto your Mac, which is now running Lion, the Mac App Store will prevent you from downloading the installer, correctly claiming that Lion is already installed. Try these tricks: Option-click the Buy App button in the Mac App Store. If that doesnt work, switch to the Mac App Stores main page and then Option-click the Purchases button in the toolbar. If that doesnt work, quit the Mac App Store app and then hold

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TIP
Wait to Install
Fair warning: If you install Lion immediately after its launch, keep in mind that youre installing the very first release. It could be fully baked and bug free, but if previous debuts of major Mac OS X versions are any indication, well see the first update, containing a number of bug fixes, within a few weeks. If your Mac is mission criticalin other words, if downtime is not an optionyou might consider holding off for the inevitable release of Mac OS X 10.7.1.

down the Option key while launching the Mac App Store again. One of these three procedures should clear the Installed status for Lion and let you download it. note that unlike all other software sold through the Mac App Store, Lion will get subsequent updates via Software Update, not through the Mac App Stores Updates feature.

Install Lion
Whereas previous versions of OS X let you customize your installation, Lion offers no such choicesother than choosing where to install, you dont need to make any decisions until its time to set things up and start using your Mac. You dont even need to boot from a different disc or volume, as the Lion installer runs as a standard application. This makes Lion the easiest-to-install version of OS X yet. Once youve purchased and downloaded the Lion installer, here are the simple steps involved: 1.Double-click the Mac OS X Lion Installer application; in the window that appears, click Continue (see Ready, Set, Install). Then click Agree, assuming that you accept the terms of the software license agreement.

Ready, Set, Install Start the installation process by clicking Continue.

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2.In the next screen, you choose where to install Lion. By default, only your internal startup drive is listed; if you have other drives connected and want to install Lion onto one of them, click the Show All Disks button and then choose the desired drive. note that the Lion installer will let you choose any drive that has Snow Leopard installed or any blank drive. The destination drive must also be formatted as Mac OS Extended (Journaled) and must use a GUID Partition Table, although the built-in drive on any Mac eligible to run Lion should meet these requirements. 3.Click Install, and then provide an admin-level username and password. 4.The installer will spend some time preparing for installation; over a number of test installations we did on a 2010 MacBook Air, the average prep time took just a few minutes. Youll see a message in the installer window saying Your computer will restart automatically. You can continue to work in other applications during this time, but once the preparation phase is finished, youll get only a 30-second warning, and then your Mac will indeed restart on its own. 5.After your Mac restarts, the actual installation occurs. During those test installs on a MacBook Air, this process took 18 to 24 minutes (see Take Your Time).
Take Your TimeThe installer will show a progress bar and a time-to-completion estimate for the installation.

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When installation finishes, what youll see depends on whether youve installed Lion on a blank drive or on a Snow Leopard drive with existing accounts, settings, and data. If you installed onto a blank drive, the first thing youll see will be the initial Lion welcome and setup screens, where you choose your country or region, your keyboard layout, and your network connection. Youll
Movers and ShakersBring over data from another Mac, a Time Machine drive, or even a PC.

then be asked if you want to transfer accounts and data from another Mac, a Windows PC (yes, Lion now has a Windows-specific migration feature), a Time Machine drive, or another drive (see Movers and Shakers). Unless you really want to start anew, youll probably want to transfer everything. If you arent sure, you can transfer the information over later using Lions Migration Assistant. After that, youll be asked to enter your Apple ID (if you have one) and registration information. If you didnt transfer accounts from another computer or drive or from a backup, youll also be asked to create an account (this includes taking or choosing an account picture). Finally, after choosing your time zone, youll see a Finishing Up screen. If your Mac is a laptop, or if youve got a Magic Trackpad or Magic Mouse connected, this window explains how to use Lions new inverted-direction scrolling and shows a video demonstration of two-finger scrolling. Scroll

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through the text and click Start Using Mac OS X Lionor, if youre using a Mac without a trackpad, just click Start Using Mac OS X Lionand your Mac will finish booting. For upgrade installs, once you log in to your account (either automatically or via the login screen, depending on how your Mac was configured before the upgrade), youll see a Mac OS X Setup Assistant window. Despite the different banner text, this is otherwise the same as the Finishing Up window just described. If you upgrade, you may also see a dialog box informing you that some of the software on your Mac is incompatible with Lion, and listing that software. (Apple provides more information about such software in the support article at support.apple.com/kb/HT3258.) Youll usually see this message if you had kernel extensionslow-level software that patches the operating system itselfinstalled under Snow Leopard that Apple knows wont work with Lion. Its also possible to see the incompatible-software dialog box if you performed a clean install of Lion and then imported your accounts and data, but its less likelyOS Xs Migration Assistant generally doesnt import kernel extensions and other startup or background processes. In either case, OS X automatically moves this incompatible software to a folder called Incompatible Software at the root level of your startup disk.
Finishing Touches After the OS X installation is complete, you can go directly to the Start Using Mac OS X Lion tutorial.

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Thats itunlike with previous OS X installers, youre no longer faced with decisions about the type of installation, which language translations or printer drivers to install, or whether youll ever use X11 or QuickTime 7 (see Finishing Touches). The installation procedure is easier and quicker than ever.

Postinstall Tasks
If youve upgraded from Snow Leopard, or if you installed Lion onto a blank drive but imported all your data and settings, chances are you wont need to do anything elseyour Mac will be ready to go. But you may find, despite your preinstall checks, that some of your existing software needs updates. In addition, if youve performed a clean install of Lion, you may need to spend a bit of time setting things up. The first thing youll want to do is run Software Update (from the Apple menu) and install any pending updates. If youve waited a week or more after the initial launch date to install Lion, theres a good chance Apple will have released a minor updateor will do so sometime soon. next youll want to set up your printer(s). As with Snow Leopard, installing Lion doesnt give you a slew of printer drivers. But, like Snow Leopard, Lion can determine which drivers you need and either download them automatically or, using Software Update, help you get them. Open the Print & Scan pane of System Preferences and click the plussign (+) button, and youll see a list of connected and nearby (Bonjour) printers. Choose one, and OS X will see if drivers are available. On a Snow Leopard Mac upgraded to Lion, the Print & Scan preference pane may even alert you to the availability of updated drivers, instructing you to run Software Update to download the new software. next, if you upgraded to Lion from Snow Leopard and saw the aforementioned incompatible-software dialog box, nows a good time to check the contents of the Incompatible Software folder at the root level of your startup disk, and then check each vendors website for updated versions of that software. Similarly, if you performed a clean install, its time to reinstall your appsmake sure youve got the latest versions, as well as any updates youll need to apply to software you install from CDs and DVDs.

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If you want to enable (or reenable, as the case may be) FileVault, nows the time to do so, via the Security pane of System Preferences. note that if the Lion installer was not able to create a Recovery HD partition on your drive (see the Lion Recovery section later in this chapter), you wont be able to enable Lions new full-disk FileVault feature. Finally, if youre a Unix type who had files in /usr/include/ under Snow Leopard, Lion has a surprise for you: When you installed Lion over Snow Leopard, that folder was summarily deleted during the installation process. Similarly, if you installed Lion onto a blank drive and then used Lions Setup Assistant or Migration Assistant to transfer accounts and data from another Mac or drive, the /usr/include/ folder wasnt transferred. If this issue will affect youand youll know it if thats the case you should manually transfer that directory from your backup to your Lion installation.

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Installation Challenges
For many people, Lion is much easier to obtain and install than previous major versions of Mac OS Xnot to mention less expensivebut its not a walk in the park for everyone. Consider the following groups of computer users: 1. Users with Lion-Compatible Macs Who Havent Installed Snow LeopardThere are sure to be people who have been merrily using Leopard (Mac OS X 10.5) on an older, but still Lion-compatible, Mac. What if youre one of them, and youve decided youd like to make the jump to Lion? Apples official policy here is that you need to purchase and install Snow Leopard and then upgrade to Lionwhich brings the cost of Lion to $59, rather than $30. While this requirement is in the license agreement you agree to when installing Lion, the Lion installer is also a stickler about the requirement. The installer application itself will launch under Leopard, but it wont let you install Lion, either over Leopard or onto a bare drive. nor can you mount a Leopard drive on a Mac running Snow Leopard or Lion and then install Lionthe installer simply refuses to install Lion over Leopard. But what if you believe you have the right to install Lion on that particular drive? In other words, what if you own a copy of Snow Leopard for the Mac in question, but you dont want to add an hour or two to the installation process by installing Snow Leopard on it first? To get around this hassle, read Install Lion over Leopard later in this chapter. 2. Users with Slow or Limited-Bandwidth Internet ConnectionsIf your connection to the Internet is slow, it will take a long timeperhaps daysto download the nearly 4GB Lion installer. And if your ISP enforces Internet-data caps, you could end up paying a small fortune for the privilege. If youve got a Mac laptop, you can instead tote it to your favorite Apple retailer, the library, a friends house, or the officeanywhere with a fast Internet connectionand download Lion there. Indeed, Apples official policy is to invite you to your local Apple Store so you can use the stores Internet connection to download Lion; store employees will even walk you through the purchase, download, and installation processes.

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Of course, if your Mac doesnt happen to be portable, or if you live in an area where you cant borrow a fast, no-data-cap Internet connection, youll need to find another solution. It turns out Apple will be providing one, although it wont be available immediately: Starting sometime in August, Apple will sell a $69 bootable flash drive containing the Lion installer. 3. Businesses, Schools, and Other Organizations and Institutions That Need to Install Lion on Many Different ComputersMany large organizationsschools, businesses, and the likehave understandable concerns about Lions Mac App Storefocused distribution. These organizations often need to roll out Lion to many Macs, and forcing each user to download and install Lion presents significant technical, logistical, and support issues. Apple released a document titled OS X Lion for Business and Education (bit.ly/qKfQUi) that explains the options for these organizations. The gist of that document is that while organizations will use the same purchasing procedure as always to buy Mac OS X, theyll be given one Mac App Store redemption code for Lion for each purchase contract. However, once one copy of the Lion installer has been downloaded, that copy can be used to install the new OS on any and all Macs covered by the contract. To do so, Apple says customers can choose to copy the Lion installer to the /Applications folder on each Mac and then run the installer from there. Alternatively, they can create a netInstall or netRestore image, or use Apple Remote Desktop. They can also create one or more bootable Lion install discs or drives, and then install Lion using those drives.

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Make a Bootable Install Disc or Drive

Unlike every previous major version of Mac OS X, Lion doesnt ship on a bootable discits initially available only as an installer app downloadable from the Mac App Store, and that installer doesnt require a bootable installation disc. Indeed, this lack of physical media is perhaps the biggest complaint about Lions App Storeonly distribution, as there are a good number of reasons you might want a bootable Lion installer, whether it be a DVD, a thumbdrive, or an external hard drive. For example, if you want to install Lion on multiple Macs, a bootable installer drive can be more convenient than downloading or copying the entire Lion installer to each computer. Also, if your Mac is experiencing problems, a bootable installer drive makes a handy emergency disk. (Lion features a new Lion Recovery mode, but not all installations of Lion get itand if your Macs drive is itself having trouble, Recovery mode may not even be available. Also, if you need to reinstall Lion, Recovery mode requires you to download the entire 4GB Lion installer again. Read more in the Lion Recovery section.) Finally, a bootable installer drive makes it easier to install Lion over Leopard (see Install Lion over Leopard for more details). As noted above, Apple will eventually sell a bootable Lion USB drive for $69. But its easy to create a bootable Lion-install volume directly from the Mac App Store version of the Lion installer. Heres how.

Peep InsideControlclick (or right-click) on the Lion installer and select Show Package Contents.

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1.Once youve purchased Lion, find the Lion installer on your Mac. Its called Install Mac OS X Lion.app, and it should have been downloaded to /Applications. 2.Control-click (or right-click) the installer, and choose Show Package Contents from the resulting contextual menu (see Peep Inside). 3.In the folder that appears, open Contents, then open SharedSupport; youll see a disk-image file called InstallESD.dmg (see In the Package).
In the Package This is what youll see when you open the SharedSupport folder.

4.Launch Disk Utility (in /Applications/Utilities). 5.Drag the InstallESD.dmg disk image into Disk Utilitys sidebar on the left. The next steps depend on whether you want to create a bootable hard drive or flash drive or a bootable DVD.

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Restore to ThumbdriveYou can use Disk Utility to create a bootable thumbdrive.

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Create a Bootable Hard Drive or Flash Drive

Once youve followed steps 1 through 5 above, do the following to create a bootable drive (see Restore to Thumbdrive): 1.In Disk Utility, select InstallESD.dmg in the sidebar, then click the Restore button in the main part of the window. 2.Drag the InstallESD.dmg icon into the Source field on the right. 3.Connect to your Mac the hard drive or flash drive you want to use for your bootable Lion installer. 4.In Disk Utility, find this destination drive in the sidebar and then drag it into the Destination field on the right. Warning: The next step will erase the destination drive, so make sure it doesnt contain any valuable data. 5.Click Restore and, if prompted, enter an admin-level username and password.

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Create a Bootable DVD

If you are aiming to create a bootable DVD, do the following: 1.In Disk Utility, select InstallESD.dmg in the sidebar. 2.Click the Burn button in the toolbar. 3.When prompted, insert a blank DVD (a single-layer disc should work, although you can use a dual-layer disc instead), choose your burn options, and click Burn. You can now boot any Lion-compatible Mac from this drive or DVD and install Lion. You can also use any of the Lion installers special recovery and restore featuresin fact, when you boot from this drive or DVD, youll see the same Mac OS X Utilities screen you get when you boot into Recovery mode (see Lion Recovery later in this chapter).

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Do a Clean Install
With some previous major releases of Mac OS X, upgrading over an existing OS X installationfor example, installing 10.3 over 10.2entailed some degree of risk, as existing applications, add-ons, and support files could conflict with the new OS. For this reason, many people advocated performing a clean install: wiping your hard drive (after backing it up, of course), installing the latest version of OS X, and then either using the Setup Assistant or Migration Assistant to restore your application and personal data, or copying over your data and manually reinstalling programs. (The OS X 10.2 installer actually included an Archive And Install option, which preserved your original OS in a special folder while installing a completely new, fresh copy of 10.3. This feature was eliminated in Snow Leopard.) Given Lions new download-and-install procedure, some Mac users are asking two related questions: Can you perform a clean install of Lion? And should you?

Can You Perform a Clean Install of Lion?

First, the technical question: Given that the Lion installer doesnt include an official clean-install option, is it possible to perform such an installation? The simple answer is yes. As noted previously, the Lion installer will let you install the new OS on a blank drive. So if you first back up your existing Snow Leopard installation and all your filesa bootable clone made using SuperDuper or Carbon Copy Cloner is idealyou can then boot from a bootable Lion installer disc or drive, erase your Macs normal startup drive, and install Lion on it. In fact, you can use the instructions later in this chapter (see Install Lion over Leopard). Specifically, use the brute-force method, performing steps 1 through 7 and substituting Snow Leopard for Leopardthe result is a clean install. Once youve done this, if you want to use Setup Assistant to restore data from your backup, proceed with step 8. If you truly want a clean start, youll instead need to copy your personal data manually from your backup to your new Lion installation, and then reinstall all of your software. (This is one situation where the Mac App Store really shines. You just launch the Mac App Store app and click a few buttons to automatically reinstall everything youve purchased there.)

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Should You Perform a Clean Install?

OK, so you can, but should you? Prior to Snow Leopard, a clean install was a good recommendation. But the Snow Leopard installer and Setup and Migration Assistants were pretty good about not transferring over incompatible software, and Lion seems to be even better. Lion also automatically detects some incompatible programs and system add-ons the first time you log in, as explained previously. What about stuff the installer and Setup Assistant or Migration Assistant dont catch? We installed Lion many times over a variety of existing Snow Leopardand even Leopardinstallations, and we had little trouble that could be traced directly to incompatibilities with transferred code. Based on our experience, as long as youve properly prepared your Mac before installing Lion, you should be just fine installing directly over Snow Leopard. There are, however, a couple situations in which you might consider a clean install. The first is if youve done some funky partitioning of your Macs startup drive that prevents the Lion installer from creating the special Recovery HD partition. Given how useful Lions new Recovery mode is, a clean install is likely worth the effort just so you can restore your Macs drive to a standard configuration; this will allow the Lion installer to create the Recovery HD partition. (If you dont want to reinstall everything manually afterward, you can use Setup Assistant or Migration Assistant to transfer your data, applications, and the like to the new installation, as described above.) The other scenario is if youve been using your Mac for a while, installing and deleting lots of apps, and your hard drive has become littered with lots of unnecessary gunk: orphaned application-support and preference files, abandoned preference panes, and the like. A new major version of OS X is a great opportunity to do some spring cleaning. Of course, if you perform a clean install for this purpose, you dont want to use Setup or Migration Assistant to bring over everything from your backup. Instead, you should manually copy your personal data and then reinstall just those apps and add-ons you actually use.

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Install Lion over Leopard

One of the requirements for installing Lion is that you already have Snow Leopard version 10.6.6 or later (Mac OS X 10.6.6) installed. The main practical reason for this requirement is that Lion is available via the Mac App Store, and the Mac App Store debuted in Mac OS X 10.6.6. In other words, you need Snow Leopard to purchase and download Lion. But once youve got your copy of Lion, can you install it onto a Mac or a hard drive containing Leopard (Mac OS X 10.5)? That depends. The software license you agree to when you install Lion states that you can download, install, use and run for personal, non-commercial use, one (1) copy of [Lion] directly on each Apple-branded computer running Mac OS X Snow Leopard or Mac OS X Snow Leopard Serverthat you own or control. In other words, if your Mac shipped with Snow Leopard, you can install Lion on it. If your Mac shipped with Leopard, but you later purchased Snow Leopard for, and installed it on, that Mac, you can install Lion on it. If you didnt purchase Snow Leopard, you cant install Lion. Those situations are pretty clear. But what if, for example, youve got a family-pack license for Snow Leopard, and youve got a Mac that shipped with Leopard but that you never upgraded to Snow Leopard? Assuming that Mac is compatible, the Lion license agreement says you cant upgrade to Lion until you first install Snow Leopard. This is just one scenariothere are a number of situations in which you might have Leopard on a Mac or an external hard drive, along with a valid license for Snow Leopard, and youd rather not take the interim step of installing Snow Leopard just to upgrade to Lion. Having performed this two-step upgrade many times while researching our various Lion-installation articles, we can tell you that its a real hassle. But lets take a step back. While the letter of the law says you need to install Snow Leopard before installing Lion, the spirit of the law seems to be that a particular Mac just needs a license for Snow Leopard before you can install Lion on it. In other words, in our view, you should be well within your rights to install Lion on any of your computers for which you have a valid, current Snow Leopard licenseeven if you dont actually install Snow Leopard first.

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So then the question becomes whether there are any technical reasons you cant install Lion over Leopard. Based on our testing, the Lion installer refuses to install Lion onto a drive containing Leopard (10.5); in fact, it refuses to install on any drive running a version of Mac OS X below 10.6.6. It will, however, install onto a blank drive, so Lion clearly doesnt need any of Snow Leopards files or settings. You may be thinking, It will install onto a blank drive? Then Ill just copy the installer to my Leopard-equipped Mac, connect an empty hard drive, install Lion there, and use Migration Assistant to move my files over to it. Alas, while the Lion installer will freely install Lion onto a blank drive, the installer itself must be run from within Snow Leopard or Lion. So how can you install Lion over Leopard? There are three ways: the official way, the brute-force method, and the quick-but-techie way. Whichever method you choose, you shouldas with any OS installationbe sure to have an up-to-date, tested backup of your drive before you begin.

The Official Way

As noted, Apples official policy is that if you want to install Lion onto a Mac or a hard drive containing Leopardassuming, of course, the Mac in question meets Lions system requirementsyou must first install Snow Leopard and then install Lion. This works; its fairly easy to do, if timeconsuming; and it gets the Apple seal of approval.

The Brute-Force Method

What if you dont want to install Snow Leopard first, or you dont have your Snow Leopard disc handy? (Were not being coy hereperhaps youve misplaced it, or maybe youre on the road and youve got your Macs original [Leopard] disc with you as an emergency boot disc, but you dont have your Snow Leopard upgrade disc.) As mentioned above, the Lion installer will let you install Lion onto a bare drive when the installer itself is running under Snow Leopard or Lion. So as long as you have a good backup, a 4GB or larger thumbdrive or external drive, and access either to a Mac running Snow Leopard or Lion, or to an already downloaded copy of the Lion installer, you can perform a bit of installer razzle-dazzle. You just erase your Macs drive,

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install Lion onto it, and then import all your data from your backup. (If this sounds a lot like a clean install, thats because its essentially the same process.) Heres how: 1.Make sure you have an up-to-date backup of your Leopard Macs hard driveeither a Time Machine backup or a clone backup made using a utility such as SuperDuper or Carbon Copy Cloner. (For this purpose, we recommend a clone.) Be sure to test this backup to verify that it has your latest data. In the case of a Time Machine backup, try restoring some important data from the backup; in the case of a clone backup, boot from the clone to make sure that it boots and it contains all your data. 2.Use the Snow Leopard or Lion computer to download the Lion installer from the Mac App Store. (If youve already got your copy of the Lion installer, skip this step.) 3.Create a bootable Lion installer drive using the instructions in the Make a Bootable Install Disc or Drive section. 4.Boot your Leopard Mac from that new Lion install drive. When you do so, youll find yourself at a screen called Mac OS X Utilities, with several options. (This is the same screen youll see if you boot your Mac in Recovery mode, as discussed later.) 5.Select Disk Utility and click Continue, then use Disk Utility to erase your Leopard Macs internal drive. To do so, select that drive on the left, click Erase on the right, choose Mac OS X Extended (Journaled) from the Format pop-up menu, and click Erase. (Warning: This step erases all the data on your Macs hard drive, which is why you absolutely had to make that backup!) 6.When the erase procedure finishes, quit Disk Utility to get back to the Mac OS X Utilities screen. 7.Select Reinstall Mac OS X and click Continue to launch the Lion installer and install Lion on your Macs internal drive. 8.After your Mac restarts, installation finishes, and you proceed through the setup process, watch for the Transfer Information To This Mac screen. Youll use the third option, From Time Machine Or Another Disk, to transfer all your files from your backup to your new installation of Lion.

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When the transfer process is finished, youll be able to log in to Lion with all your accounts and data intact.

The Quick-but-Techie Way

If youre comfortable diving into the OS and editing a plist file, this is the fastest way to install Lion over Leopard, although, as with the previous method, youll need to be able to boot from a Snow Leopard or Lion drive to run the installer. As mentioned above, the Lion installer refuses to install the OS on a Leopard Mac. But how does the installer know your drive contains Leopard and not Snow Leopard? It turns out the installer simply checks a particular file/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist on the destination disk to check the version of OS X currently installed on that disk. This means that if your Mac is running Leopard, and youre feeling adventurous, you can edit the SystemVersion.plist file so that it claims youre running, say, 10.6.7. The Lion installerwhich will still need to be run on a Mac running Snow Leopard or Lionwill then install Lion over Leopard without the slightest complaint. Heres how to do that: 1.On your Leopard-equipped Mac, navigate to /System/Library/ CoreServices/. 2.Using a text editor that lets you enter an admin username and password to edit system-level filessuch as the nonMac App Store version of TextWrangleropen SystemVersion.plist. 3.Locate the ProductVersion key; just below that is a string of numbers indicating the OS version. For example, heres the section of the file from a Mac running OS X 10.5.8: <key>ProductVersion</key> <string>10.5.8</string> 4.Change that number to 10.6.6 (or 10.6.7 or 10.6.8), save the file (providing your admin-level username and password when prompted), and then shut down your Mac.

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5.Finally, youll need to boot your Mac from a drive running Snow Leopard or Lion that also contains the Lion installer. If youve created a bootable Lion install disc or drive, just boot your Mac from it, and, when the Mac OS X Utilities screen appears, use the Reinstall Mac OS X option to install Lion on your Leopard drive. You could instead boot your Leopard Mac from an external drive containing Snow Leopard or Lion, and then run the Lion installer from there. Another option, if youve got two Macs with FireWire, is to boot the Leopard Mac into Target Disk Mode and connect it to your Snow Leopard or Lion Mac, and then run the Lion installer.

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Lion Recovery
One of the most significant new features of Lion is one you will hopefully never need to use: Recovery mode, officially called Lion Recovery. It turns out that when you install Lion, the installer creates an invisible, bootable, 650MB partitiona portion of a drive the operating system treats as a separate volumeon your startup drive. Called Recovery HD, this partition includes a few essential utilities for fixing problems, restoring files, browsing the Web, and even reinstalling Lion. In our testing, it appeared that the restore partition is created only when you install Lion onto an internal drive formatted with a GUID partition scheme (support.apple.com/kb/ts1600). In addition, that internal drive must initially have only a single partition, or it must be a two-partition drive that was partitioned by Boot Camp Assistant and not further modified afterward. (Apple has confirmed some of these restrictions at support.apple.com/kb/HT4649.) So not everyone will get this feature. The idea behind Recovery mode is that if you ever have problems with your Macs startup volume, you can boot from Recovery HD and perform some basic troubleshooting procedures without the need for an OS X install DVD (or, in the case of some recent Macs, the OS X install thumbdrive) or a separate bootable hard drive. Unfortunately, because the Recovery HD volume is read-only, you cant, say, copy your favorite third-party disk utility onto it to make that utility available in Recovery mode. However, because its a separate partitionand one thats invisible even to Disk Utilityeven if you were to erase your Macs hard drive, Recovery mode would still be available at startup. Of course, because the Recovery HD partition is actually part of your Macs internal hard drive or SSD, if that drive is having hardware problems or partition-map issues, the recovery partition itself may be inaccessible. In other words, Recovery mode wont save you from every problem, and its no substitute for having a reliable, regularly updated backup.

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Access Recovery Mode

You can access Recovery mode only when your Mac starts up, although there are two ways to do so: The easy WayOn newer Macs, you can access Recovery mode by simply restarting or starting up the Mac and immediately holding down 1-R. Keep holding these keys until you see the Apple logo on the screen. After a few seconds, youll see a window with Mac OS X Utilities in large text across the top (see Restoration Software). If this procedure doesnt work for you, try the second method.
Restoration Software Lions new Recovery mode contains essential tools for fixing common problems.

The alternate WayOn any Mac, you can access Recovery mode using OS Xs Startup Manager: 1.Restart or start up your Mac and immediately hold down the Option key; keep holding Option until the Startup Managera gray screen showing all connected, bootable volumesappears. One of the volumes will be called Recovery HD. 2.If you want to connect to your local network (for example, to access backups on a Time Capsule) or to the Internet in Recovery mode (see Use Recovery Mode later in this section), you can use the pop-up menu at the bottom of the screen to choose a local Wi-Fi network; provide the networks password when prompted. (If you prefer, you can wait until youre booted into Recovery mode to choose a network.)

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3.Select Recovery HD and then click the upward-pointing arrow below it to boot from Recovery HD. After a brief delay, youll see the same Mac OS X Utilities screen. (note that this Mac OS X Utilities is the same one you would see if you created a bootable Lion install drive or disc and then booted your Mac from it.) Regardless of which method you use to access Recovery mode, the menu bar displays OS Xs Input, Wi-Fi, and (on laptops) battery menus. If you want to connect to your network or the Internet, and you havent already chosen a wireless network, you can do so using the Wi-Fi menu. Alternatively, if youve got a wired connection, make sure the Ethernet cable or USB-to-Ethernet adapter is connected to your Mac.

Use Recovery Mode

When you are booted into Recovery mode, the tasks you can perform are limited. The four main options are listed in the Mac OS X Utilities window; select one and click Continue to use it. Restore from Time Machine Backup: You have a backup of your system that you want to restore.If the problems your Mac is having are serious enough that you need to erase your startup drive (perhaps
Restore Your SystemIf you click the Restore From Time Machine Backup option in the Mac OS X Utilities window, youll get this screen.

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using Disk Utility in Recovery mode), or if youve installed a new hard drive in your Mac, this option lets you restore, from a Time Machine backup, your entire system, including the OS and all accounts, user data, and settings (see Restore Your System). note that to use this feature, your Time Machine backup must be a complete backup that includes all system files. So if you previously added the System folder, or any other OS-related files and folders, to Time Machines exclusion list (in the Time Machine pane of System Preferences), you wont be able to restore your system from that backup. Instead, youll need to reinstall Lion and then use Lions Setup Assistant to transfer your data from your Time Machine backup. Before proceeding, read the important information on the Restore Your System screen that appears when you choose this option and click Continue. Specifically, note that the Restore From Time Machine Backup feature erases the destination driveits only for restoring an entire volume from a Time Machine backup to its original source (or to a replacement drive). To transfer files from a backup to a new Mac, you should use Migration Assistant or Setup Assistant; to restore individual files and folders, use Time Machine while booted into OS X.

Youve Been WarnedThe installation utility will prompt you with a final warning before you erase a hard drive during the restore process.

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If youre sure you want to use the Restore From Time Machine Backup feature, click Continue. On the next screen, you select your Time Machine drive, then the particular backup snapshot you want to restore from, then the destination drive. Youll see a final warning that this procedure will erase the destination drive (see Youve Been Warned); click Continue, and the utility erases the drive and begins restoring your files from your Time Machine backup. Once this process is finishedwhen we tested it on a MacBook Air, it took about an hour and a half for approximately 63GB of datayour Mac will restart from the restored drive, and youll be able to log in normally. Reinstall Mac OS X: Set up and install a new copy of Lion.Select this option and click Return, and the Lion installer launches, letting you install Lion on any supported drive or volume, including the current Macs internal drive. However, this version of the installer doesnt actually include all of the necessary files and data, so installing Lion from within Recovery mode requires an Internet connection to download the actual OS. When you click Continue on the initial installer screen, youll get a dialog box with the message To download and restore Mac OS X, your computers eligibility will be verified with Apple. Clicking Continue sends the necessary information to Apple, and then the installer proceeds just as if you were running the Lion installer normally, with one key exception: Once you select the drive onto which you want to install Lion, youre prompted to enter your Mac App Store Apple ID and password; then the actual data used by the installernearly 4GB of itis downloaded over the Internet. (With a solid broadband connection, the download should take anywhere from half an hour to an hour and a half.) While its nice to have the option to install Lion from within Recovery mode, because of this download-the-whole-OS drawback, we recommend doing so only if you dont have a bootable Lion-installer drive. get Help Online: Browse the apple Support website to find help for your Mac.Choosing this item and clicking Continue launches Safari (with default settings and bookmarks) to let you browse Apples Support site, or any other website, for answers to your troubleshooting problems. You can also check and send email if your email account provides Web access. When Safari first launches in Recovery mode, youll see a page called Recovery Information that provides brief instructions on how to perform various tasks in Recovery mode. Unfortunately, you

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wont be able to print these instructions from within Recovery mode, although you can access them when booted from your normal startup drivesee the Recovery HD Under the Hood section. To get back to the main Mac OS X Utilities window, just quit Safari. (You can actually see the Mac OS X Utilities window by moving Safaris window out of the way, but you wont be able to access any of the other functions until you quit Safari.) Disk Utility: Repair or erase a disk using Disk Utility.Selecting this option and clicking Continue launches Disk Utility, which you can use to check, repair, erase, or partition connected drives. Youll even be able to repair your Macs normal startup volume, although you wont be able to repartition your Macs internal drive, since youre actually booted from it. If you decide to erase your Macs startup drive and reinstall Lion (after making sure youve backed up the drive, of course), youd start here, erase the drive, and then use the Reinstall Mac OS X option (above) to install a new copy of Lion. You can get back to the Mac OS X Utilities window by quitting Disk Utility. Other OptionsIn addition to the four options in the Mac OS X Utilities window, Recovery mode also offers a few options in its Utilities menu (displayed when viewing the main Mac OS X Utilities screen): Firmware Password Utility, network Utility, and Terminal. These are the same utilities you can use when your Mac is booted normally into OS X; they let you configure a firmware password, monitor network connections and traffic, and use OS Xs Unix shell, respectively.

Recovery HD under the Hood

If you try to find the Recovery HD partition in the Finder, or even by using Disk Utility, youll come up empty. Apple has hidden this partition well, presumably to keep it safe from accidental (or intentional) modificationsafter all, what good is an emergency disk if someone has accidentally deleted some of its vital contents? However, if your curiosity wont be sated until youve been able to browse Recovery HD, heres how. Just remember: Look, but dont touch. 1.Open Terminal, type diskutil list, and press Return. 2.Youll get output similar to this:

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DanBookAir:~ frakes$ diskutil list /dev/disk0 #: 0: 1: 2: 3: TYPE NAME GUID_partition_scheme EFI Apple_HFS DanBookAir Apple_Boot Recovery HD SIZE *121.3 GB 209.7 MB 120.5 GB 650.0 MB IDENTIFIER disk0 disk0s1 disk0s2 disk0s3

3.Locate the Recovery HD partition (under name) and note its identifierin our case, disk0s3. 4.Type diskutil mount [identifier], where [identifier] is, of course, that identifier. This mounts the Recovery HD partition in the Finder. Inside should be a single folder, named com.apple.recovery.boot. 5.Open the com.apple.recovery.boot folder in the Finder, and youll see several items. However, you arent seeing everythingsome of the folders contents are invisible. If you want to see everything thats there, switch back to Terminal and type (or copy from here and paste into Terminal) ls -al /Volumes/Recovery\ HD/com.apple.recovery.boot/ and press Return. This will display the full list of the folders contents: DanBookAir:~ frakes$ ls -al /Volumes/Recovery\ HD/ total 930048 drwxr-xr-x 1 0 root wheel 340 Jul 2 14:48 . drwxrwxr-x 8 root wheel 340 Jul 2 14:48 .. -rw-r--r--@ 1 root wheel 749 Jul 2 14:48 .disk_label -rw-r--r--@ 1 root admin 1876 Jun 29 23:55 BaseSystem.chunklist -rw-r--r--@ 1 root admin 451307798 Jun 29 23:47 BaseSystem.dmg

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-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 2245 Jun 15 18:06 PlatformSupport.plist -r--r--r-- 1 root wheel 475 Jun 29 20:42 SystemVersion.plist -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 858800 Jun 29 23:04 boot.efi -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 361 Jul 2 14:48 com.apple.Boot.plist -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 23992189 Jun 29 22:41 kernelcache Of particular interest is BaseSystem.dmg, a disk image that contains the recovery partitions bootable copy of OS X and all the recovery-mode utilities. You can mount this disk image by typing open /Volumes/ Recovery\ HD/com.apple.recovery.boot/BaseSystem.dmg and pressing Return. Once youve done that, you can view the Recovery Information page you see when you launch Safari from within Recovery mode; just type open /Volumes/Mac\ OS\ X\ Base\ System/ System/Installation/CDIS/Mac\ OS\ X\ Utilities.app/ Contents/Resources/English.lproj/ (all one line) and press Return. Youll see the contents of the English.lproj folder; find the RecoveryInformation.html file and double-click it to open it in your default Web browser. When youre done browsing, you can eject Mac OS X Base System as you would any removable volume. You can then unmount the Recovery HD volume by typing, in Terminal, diskutil unmount [identifier], where [identifier] is the same identifier you used above.

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Navigate Lion
More than any previous release, Lion tweaks and extends the Mac OS X interface, often in unexpected ways. The operating system has interesting tools and changes that will please everyone, from novices to power users. Taking a cue from the popularity of the iPhone and iPad, Apple has added support for Multi-Touch gestures in Lion. There are all-new navigation tools like Launchpad and Mission Control. Old standbys like the Finder and the Dock have also received slight tweaks. In this chapter, well walk you through the new navigation tools and have you flying around Lion in no time.

CoNteNts
Multi-Touch Gestures
Page 53

The Finder
Page 57

Mission Control
Page 64

Launchpad
Page 67

Page 70

Dock

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Multi-touch Gestures
First Apple made Multi-Touch popular with the iPhone. Then the company began supporting certain Multi-Touch gestures on the Mac: two-finger scrolling, rotating, pinching to open and close, screen zooming, and secondary clicking; three-finger swiping to navigate or drag; and four-finger swiping for expos and switching between applications. Now Lion offers many new and modified Multi-Touch gestures that work with your laptops built-in trackpad or the Magic Trackpad. essentially, Lion urges you to interact with your Mac as if its a giant iPadusing your easier-toreach trackpad as a proxy for the screen. Most of the new gestures wont work with the Magic Mouse, because that device is limited to two-finger gestures only. The new gestures are configurable in the Trackpad pane of System Preferences. They include the following:

Configure the Secondary Click

Instead of using a two-finger click, you can set either the bottom left or the bottom right corner of your trackpad to trigger a secondary click. (This is in addition to the still-supported Control-click or traditional right-click on two-button mice.)

Double-Tap for Dictionary Definitions

Define InlineTo look up a word in Lion, you just double-tap the trackpad with three fingers.

Move the cursor over any text whether its editable text in a document youre writing, or displayed text on a Web page or anywhere else and double-tap the trackpad with three fingers. A dictionary pop-up will appear, with definitions, synonyms, and even Wikipedia entries when appropriate (see Define Inline). Highlight two or more words before you triple-tap (for example, highlight Steve Jobs), and the dictionary will look up the combined words instead.

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Pinch to Zoom In and Out

If youve ever zoomed in on a website with iOS, these new gestures will feel mighty familiar. Pinch with two fingersor double-tap with two fingersand youll zoom in on the content. Zooming doesnt work systemwide, but you can use the gestures in Safari, iPhoto, Preview, and other apps.

Swipe with Two Fingers for In-App Navigation

In Snow Leopard, you could use the three-finger swipe to navigate within certain appsthink Safari and iPhoto. In Lion, such navigation now requires one finger fewer, along with a mental shift. Back in Snow Leopard, if you navigated from Macworld.com to a specific article on the site, you could use a three-finger swipe to the left to go back to our homepage. In Lion, you use a two-finger swipe to the right instead. Rather than telling your Mac to go back, imagine youre swiping the newly loaded page off the screen, revealing the old one behind it. (If you prefer the old gestures, you can switch to the Swipe With Two Or Three Fingers setting in the More gestures tab of the Trackpad preference pane.)

Swipe between Full-Screen Applications

ILLusTraTIons by KaTe VanDenberGhe

Three- or four-finger swipes navigate between full-screen apps. You choose the number of fingers in the More gestures tab of the Trackpad preference pane. If you swipe your fingers to the right on your main desktop screen, your Dashboard will swoop in from the left. Swiping your fingers left rotates between your full-screen apps and any virtual desktop spaces youve created.

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Swipe Up for Mission Control

A three- or four-finger swipe up enters Mission Control, Lions new take on expos. Repeating or reversing the gesture takes you back to where you were previously. See the Mission Control section of this chapter for more on Mission Control.

Swipe Down to Enter App Expos

Swipe down with four fingers to enter App expos, which reveals all the windows and open documents for the current app. Reversing the gesture exits App expos. To learn more about App expos, read further on in this chapter.

Pinch for Launchpad

A pinch with your thumb and three fingers triggers Launchpad, which displays all your Mac apps in the style of the iPads home screens. See the Launchpad section of this chapter for more on this feature.

Spread Hand Out to Show Desktop

Spreading your thumb and three fingers outward (a reverse pinch) flicks your open windows away, revealing the desktop underneath. Reverse the gesture to bring your windows back.

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Two-Finger Scrolling
Two-finger scrolling works differently in Lion than in previous versions of OS X. The default scrolling behavior in Lion is called Natural Scrolling, meaning that the content moves in the direction in which your fingers move as you scroll. Thats what youre accustomed to seeing on the iPhone or iPad, but its precisely the opposite of how Macs have scrolled to date. If you hate the change, you can disable Natural Scrolling on the Scroll & Zoom tab of the Trackpad preference pane.

Alternatives to Gestures
If you dont use a laptop and havent purchased a Magic Trackpad yet, you have a couple options: Part with the $69 required to get one, or skip the gestures altogether, as many of Lions new technologies can be triggered directly from your keyboard, too. For example, you can switch between full-screen apps by holding down the Control key and pressing the left- or right-arrow keys. And pressing ControlUp Arrow launches Mission Control; ControlDown Arrow enters App expos. As in Snow Leopard, holding down the Control key while you use your mouses scroll wheel zooms in on the screenits not the same as the new Multi-Touch zoom options, but its something. Instead of triple-tapping a word to get its definition, you can rely on a new contextual menu option by Control-clicking on the word instead and choosing Look Up In Dictionary. And you can leave the Launchpad icon in your Dock, and then click on that instead of triggering it via its gesture.

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the Finder
Steve Jobs may dream of a future without a file system, but until that happens, Lions improvements to the Finder are a strong organizational step forward. Heres a look at Lions changes to the Finder window and its cousins, Spotlight and Quick Look.

Organization
The main Finder window has had a few subtle tweaks to make navigating your Mac easier. The changes may be disorienting at first, but with a bit of practice they will feel natural in no time (see Introducing the Finder). general appearanceThe Finders appearance has been simplified and streamlinedApple has removed its scrollbars and muted colors to provide a cleaner, more sterilized look. The drop-down arrows for categories in the sidebar have been removed and replaced with hover controls; now users can simply hover the cursor over a categorys name and click Show or Hide to expand or collapse it. New CategoriesWhen it comes to file arrangement and presentation, Lion presents a whole new experience. Apple has pruned down the sidebar categories in Lion: gone are Places (replaced by Favorites) and
Introducing the FinderLions version of the Finder looks simpler and cleaner than its snow Leopard cousin.

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Search For (excised entirely). The basic elements remain the sameyou can still choose Icon, List, Column, or Cover Flow view to see your filesbut their arrangement differs dramatically. For starters, when you open a new Finder window, youre presented with the All My Files view. As the name suggests, this window showcases every user-friendly file categorized by kind. Categories include events & To Dos, Images, PDF Documents, Music, Movies, Spreadsheets, Documents, and Developer (for HTML and Xcode files). In Icon view, files are displayed three at a time in stacked categories; you can scroll horizontally through a given categorys files, or scroll down through the list of categories. In List, Column, and Cover Flow view, every file is listed vertically, with category titles labeled at the top of each section. While All My Files defaults to showing categories labeled by kind, you can change this to display any number of other options using the new Arrange By menu (see Organize Me). Previous versions of the OS buried this functionality in submenus. Arrange By offers a variety of organizational categories for your files, including Name, Kind, Application, Date Last Opened, Date Added, Date Modified, Date Created, Size, and Label. Application and Date Last Opened are both new in Lion.
Organize Meuse the arrange by menu to categorize your files.

Choose any category but Name, and your files will gain related section headers. For instance, if you choose Date Last Opened, your files will be categorized under the headings Today, Yesterday, Previous 7 Days, Previous 30 Days, and a broader earlier. This organizational structure isnt limited to the All My Files section: Arrange By will work in any Finder window, in any folder.

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Keep It Allyou can avoid accidentally overwriting files, thanks to Lions new Keep both Files option.

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additional Interaction OptionsThere are a few new options when interacting with files inside the Finder as well. When you highlight multiple files in the Finder and Control-click, youll be able to group them into a folder, in addition to compressing them or burning them to a disk. You can also avoid accidentally overwriting files, thanks to the new Keep Both Files option that will appear when copying a file with the same name as another file to the same folder (see Keep It All). If you highlight a file and click the gear icon in the Finder, youll see one or two new options toward the bottom of the menu, depending on the file type. All files have the New email With Attachment option, which will launch Mail with the file attached; images also have the option to Set Desktop Picture. Beginner-Friendly FeaturesMac experts may find a few things missing or altered in the Finder when they install Lion. For one thing, your user library is hidden by default, though your system library remains visible. Ideally, this keeps novice users from mucking about, and users who need to access something can do so by turning on hidden files, or by using the Finders go To Folder command. Its also a lot harder to accidentally move an application: If you try to drag a program out of the Applications folder, it will turn into an alias by default; to actually move it, youll need to hold down the 1 key. Search IntelligentlyThe Finders search bar has been improved under the hood to provide for intelligent queries and multiterm searches. Not
Search and Rescue you can stack search queries to target your desired files.

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only will Lion suggest matches and file types for your words as you type, but it can also convert them to search tokens. For instance, type in photoshop and youll get an offer to look for all Photoshop files on your hard drive. Select that, and you can stack additional queries on top of itsay, if you want to look for every PSD file named hatto get moreprecise results (see Search and Rescue). Once you start a query, the Finder window will convert into a search pane, asking where youd like to search, whether youd like to save the search, or whether you want to add more specificity. gone is Snow Leopards option to search the files contents versus its filename; in Lion, the Finder attempts to intelligently determine which youre looking for. You can save your search as a smart folder by clicking the Save button; as in Snow Leopard, youll have the option to save it to a specific folder on your hard drive or to add it to the Finder sidebar. (If you do so, it will appear under Favorites.) Simplified Mac InfoAt first glance, the trademark Apple menuhiding in the upper left corner of your Macs screenlooks like it hasnt changed at all. Its the same with the menu items themselves: If you click About This Mac, for example, youll be presented with a window thats very similar to that in Snow Leopard. Click the More Info button, however, and youll find a very different window awaiting your perusal. Previously, when you went to look up more information on your computers innards, Finder opened a little utility called System Profiler that gave you a no-nonsense view of all your computers parts and external connections. In Lion, however, Apple has made that step more novice friendly. Instead of seeing the technical jargon, youre brought to an About This Mac screen within the renamed System Information utility, simplified to present information about your Macs innards in a clean, clear manner. Divided into six sectionsOverview, Displays, Storage, Memory, Support, and Serviceit provides information such as the computers serial number, current software version, display type and graphics card, amount of hard disk space remaining (and what types of files are currently on the disk), and memory capacity and upgrade instructions. The last two tabs, Support and Service, also provide direct links to Apples Help Center, the computers user manual, and AppleCare support. If its technical jargon you seek, you can access the old System Profiler by clicking System Report in the Overview tab.

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Instant Previews spotlight now offers full previews of your files, email messages, and images.

Spotlight
While Lions Spotlight looks superficially similar to its Snow Leopard compatriot, Mac OS Xs search and launch tool has a few neat new tricks hiding away in this iteration. For one, you can now use Quick Look on almost anything from the Spotlight search bar; hover the cursor over an item, and a preview will pop up to the left of the window, showing a full scrollable preview. You can also search Wikipedia and the Web using dedicated options available at the bottom of the Spotlight menu. While you cant use the new search tokens in Spotlight to create multiterm searches (as you can in Finder and in Mail), you can still do things the old-fashioned way using Boolean searches and keywords. For instance, searching kind:photoshop hat returns the same results as if you used the Photoshop search token and the word hat in the Finder. Once youve found the file you were looking for, you have three options: You can click on it to open it directly in its default application; if you want to see where your file is located, you can click on Show All In Finder; andnew to Lionyou can drag it directly from the Spotlight menu to copy it to an email, folder, or AirDrop, Lions new local file-sharing feature. For more on AirDrop, see the Sharing chapter.

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Open SesameIf you want to edit your file, you can open it in the appropriate application directly from the Quick Look window.

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Quick Look
Introduced in 2007 as part of Leopard, Quick Look offered users a way to easily preview files without going to the trouble of opening applications. gone were the days of manually opening a thousand pictures with names like DSC0001 to find images of last years beach trip; instead, you could just tap the spacebar and navigate with your arrow keys to see full-size previews. Quick Look didnt change all that much in Mac OS iterations over the yearsbut with Lion, it expands its sphere of influence. No longer limited to the Finder, the utility is now integrated systemwide, offering URL previews in applications like Mail and iChat, file previews in Spotlight, and window previews in Mission Control. In the Finder, Quick Look works the same way it always hasyou can tap the spacebar or use one of the many keyboard combinations to preview

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your filethough the eye icon is no longer present by default in the toolbar. When previewing a file, you now have the option to open the file in its currently assigned application, in addition to making it full-screen (see Open Sesame). Unlike with full-screen apps, making a Quick Look window full-screen does not create a space for it; instead, it takes up the full screen of your desktop. even without entering Quick Look mode, you can view enhanced previews using Column view or Cover Flow view; PDFs, for example, now have multipage previews that you can thumb through using arrow controls that appear when you hover. In supported applications like Mail, when you hover over a URL, youll see an arrow pointing down appended to the end. Click it, and youll be presented with a Quick Look scrollable preview of that page, and an option to open it in Safari.

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Mission Control
Hard as it may be to believe, there was a time before Mac OS Xs expos featurea dark time. As in many of Apples prior major releases, expos has gotten a face-lift in Lionthis time it has become part of a feature Apple calls Mission Control. Apple bills Mission Control as Mac command centrala place where you can get a quick and organized overview of everything your computer is doing right now. There are a number of ways to activate it, but Apple clearly hopes youll use the three-finger upward swipe gesture on your Multi-Touchenabled trackpad. Otherwise, you can click the Mission Control icon in the Dock, use the expos key on your Macs keyboard, or assign Mission Control to another keyboard shortcut, mouse button, or hot corner via the Mission Control pane of System Preferences. When you trigger Mission Control, youll get an expos-like birds-eye view of your open windows, organized in stacks by application (see Mission: Controllable). each application stack has a badge with the name of the app and its icon; clicking an icon will bring that app and all of its windows to the foreground, but you can also click an individual window to bring that oneand only that oneto the front. You can even cycle through all apps on the keyboard using 1-tilde (~). (Note that windows youve minimized do not show up in Mission Control.)
Mission: ControllableIn Lion, expos, spaces, and Dashboard have been united into Mission Control, a new tool that gives you a birds-eye view of whats happening on your Mac.

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Additional Desktops you can have multiple desktops, and they will appear as thumbnails along the top of the Mission Control screen.

Above your windows is a list of your open spaces, or virtual desktops. Unlike previous versions of OS X, Lion doesnt provide any way to entirely disable the Spaces feature. By default you have two spaces: Dashboard and your desktop (though you can convert Dashboard back to its Snow Leopardstyle overlay in the Mission Control preference pane). You can add another space in several ways, most simply by putting any of your apps into full-screen mode. You can also put a windowed app into a new space by triggering Mission Control and dragging a window or app toward the top of the screen. A new picture of your desktop, overlaid with a plus sign (+), will appear in the upper right corner; drop your dragged item anywhere at the top of the screen to create a new desktop with just that item in it (see Additional Desktops). To swap back and forth between spaces, you have a few options, but Apple once again seems to be pushing gestures. A three-finger swipe, either in Mission Control or from your desktop, will take you to the next space. Clicking any desktop in Mission Control will take you right to the full-screen version of that space. Moving windows and apps between spaces is also a breeze: Just switch to a space in Mission Control, and drag and drop the items you want to move onto another space, or into a new space. You cant drag them out of a space thumbnail, however, nor can you rearrange or rename your spaces. And, unlike previous versions of OS X that included the Spaces feature, Lion doesnt let you add spaces below or above your desktops; you can only add them in a horizontal spectrum. To delete a space, hover over it in Mission Control until an X icon appears in the upper left corner; any windows or apps left in that space will jump back to your primary desktop. You cant do that with spaces that are full-screen apps, thoughto collapse one of these, youll need to go into the space and toggle the app back to windowed mode. However, you can control a couple of aspects of space organization, thanks to two options in the Mission Control preference pane. By default, Automatically Rearrange Spaces Based On Most Recent Use is

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active, meaning that the last-used space will always appear to the right of your primary space. (Its a bit like the way 1-Tab always shows the most recent application directly to the right of the current app.) Keep in mind that this option will result in a constantly changing space order, so if youd rather keep your spaces static, just deselect this checkbox. Also by default, when you click on a Dock icon for an open application, Lion will shift you to a space where there are already windows for that app. If youd like to deactivate that option, you can uncheck it in the Mission Control preference pane as well. Fans of exposs other featuresthe option to show all windows in an application and show your desktopneednt fret; the capabilities are still there. As with Mission Control, you can assign hot corners, keyboard shortcuts, or mouse clicks to those functions, or you can use MultiTouch gestures. A three-finger downward swipe will reveal all windows in the current application, along with a horizontal list of that apps documents (if any) that you can swipe through. (Swiping down while hovering over any apps icon in the Dock will reveal all windows and documents for that application.) To show your desktop, youll need to perform a four-finger spreada reverse pinch. If you have multiple displays, Mission Control will show you the apps and windows on each display, but you cant move items between displays while in Mission Control; that applies to Dashboard widgets as well. If you create a new space on either display, it will create a linked desktop on the other display (assuming youre operating in extended display mode). Swiping through spaces on either display switches them on both.

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Launchpad
If youre looking for iOS influences on Lion, you couldnt ask for a better example than Launchpad. Its as if Apple picked up an iPhone and tipped its Springboard interface directly onto the nearest Mac: The same app icon layout, folders, and multiple home screens that you see on iOS devices now appear right on your desktop. You access Launchpad either from its Dock icon (a brushed-metal picture of a spaceship) or via a three- or four-finger pinch gesture, if youve enabled it in the Trackpad preference panes More gestures tab. If youd like to set up a hot corner, you can do so via the Desktop & Screen Saver preference pane; click on the Hot Corners button in the Desktop tab. You can also use the Launchpad icon in the Applications folderthankfully, Launchpad does not appear within Launchpad. When triggered, Launchpad zooms in as a layer over all your existing stuff, which youll see fuzzed out in the background; in that way, it behaves a lot like Dashboard did pre-Lion. Your applications are neatly laid out in a grid of icons, which you can rearrange to your hearts contentby default, all of OS Xs included applications are on the first screen, with third-party apps relegated to any subsequent screens (see Ready for Launch). You can quickly switch between screens with a
Ready for Launch users of apples ios should find Launchpads grid of icons a familiar sight.

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two-finger swipe, either by using the left- and right-arrow keys on the keyboard, or by clicking the little dots that represent your home screens. As in iOS, launching an app is as easy as clicking on it. You can quickly rearrange apps by dragging them aroundunlike on iOS devices, you dont need to click and hold on them and make them jiggle around, but you can if you prefer. However, if you want to delete an appand bear in mind that you cant delete any of Apples own appsyou will have to do the click-and-hold dance, and then tap the X that appears in the upper left corner. Launchpad does sport iOS-style foldersby default, all of the apps in your Macs /Applications/Utilities folder appear in a separate Utilities folder inside Launchpad. Creating additional folders is as easy as dragging one icon and dropping it on top of another; OS X will automatically name the folder based on its contents, but you can change it to whatever you like. You can then rearrange folders just like app icons, but you cant drop one folder inside another. Also, unlike iOS, Lion doesnt allow creation of a folder with a single app in itthe folder will disappear as soon as theres just one app inside it, moving that icon back to the main Launchpad level (see Welcome to the Fold). You can have up to 32 apps in a single folder, but, as with iOS, youll have to move each app in or out of a folder individuallytheres no way to move them en masse. New programs downloaded from the Mac App Store go directly into Launchpad, as do ones that you drag into the Applications folder.
Welcome to the FoldFolders can contain up to 32 apps, and you can rename them with whatever name you want.

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Theres no way to keep apps arranged in any other way besides where you put them. You also cant use a secondary display with Launchpad; it appears only on your primary monitor. Though the hierarchy of Launchpad initially reflects the hierarchy of your Applications folder (Launchpads Utilities folder has the same contents as /Applications/Utilities), the two are not synonymous. So if you move an app into or out of a subfolder in Launchpad, the same change doesnt happen in the Applications folder, and vice versa. Theres one notable exception: deleting an app. If you remove an app from Launchpad, its gone from your Applications folderand we mean gone, baby, gone; it doesnt even show up in the Trash. However, the only apps you can delete in Launchpad are those youve downloaded from the Mac App Store, and you can download anything youve purchased from the store again for free. In many cases, those apps will even retain your data.

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the Dock
Lights Outby default, the Dock no longer shows indicator lights underneath running programs, but you can restore them in system Preferences.

With a few exceptions, the Dock in Apples latest OS X update is pretty much the same one Apple has included in OS X for years. The major change isnt some new piece of functionality, but rather something thats gone away: the little blue indicator lights underneath programs that indicate theyre running. Dont worry, thoughif you miss the lights, theyre just a few clicks away. Open up System Preferences, go to the Dock pane, and click the checkbox next to Show Indicator Lights For Open Applications (see Lights Out). Another change to the Dock is more subtle: If youve activated the App expos feature in the Trackpad preference panes More gestures tab, you can do a three- or four-finger swipe down while hovering over any app icon to show just the windows associated with that app (see Dock-uments). In apps that work with documentsTextedit and Preview, for exampleyoull also get a Cover Flowlike list of files youve worked with in that app. Clicking one of them will open that document in the application. Heres a nice tweak: Apps newly downloaded from the Mac App Store no longer jump into your Dock, but rather appear in Launchpad.

Dock-umentsThe app expos feature, which is triggered when you do a three-finger swipe down over any icon in the Dock, reveals a list of documents associated with the selected program.

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Sharing
Sharing files and screens is easier in Mac OS X 10.7. With the new AirDrop feature, Mac users who are on the same Wi-Fi network and in close proximity to each other can share files by dragging and dropping. The screen-sharing tool has also been upgraded to make controlling and viewing other screens from afar easier.

ContentS
AirDrop
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Screen Sharing
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AirDrop
AirDrop is Apples alternative to sneakerneta way to easily transfer files between Macs without setting up a complicated network. To use it, all you need are at least two Macs running Lion, logged into the same wireless network and located within about 30 feet of each other.

Get Started
To use AirDrop, open a Finder window on your Mac and select the AirDrop entry in the sidebar. (Alternatively, you can choose AirDrop from the Finders go menu or press 1-Shift-r.) Your Mac will now appear as an AirDrop destination for any other Mac that also has its AirDrop window open. Close this window, and your Mac is no longer available for AirDrop transfers. When the window is open, your Mac is identified by the icon associated with your users account or, if youre listed as a contact in that persons copy of Address Book, the image associated with your contact. note that if someone elses AirDrop window was open but has since been closed, their icon may still appear in your AirDrop window. When you attempt to send a file to that computer, youll eventually see a message that reads The transfer failed. Please try again. This gives you the opportunity to yell across the room, hey, Mary, im trying to send you that fileopen AirDrop!
Lions ShareAirDrop is a great new feature in Lion that makes it simple to connect to other Macs running Lion within a 30-foot radius.

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To transfer a file to another Mac, just drop it on that Macs icon in the AirDrop window. Youll see a small window that reads Do you want to send nameoffile to otherMac? This will be accompanied by Cancel and Send buttons. Click Send, and you see Waiting for otherMac to accept. You can click Cancel if you like. On the other Mac, a dialog box appears, reading FirstMac wants to send you nameoffile. You can choose Save And Open, Decline, or Save options. The file is copied over if you choose Save And Open or Save. (Decline, naturally, rejects the invitation to accept the file.)

Obtain Missing Apps

if you choose Save And Open and you dont have an application that supports the copied file, you see a warning that reads There is no application set to open the document nameoffile. This is accompanied by Choose Application, Cancel, and Search App Store buttons. For example, if someone sends you a garageBand file and you dont have a copy of garageBand installed, click the Search App Store button. The App Store will display garageBand for the Mac. Purchase and download the application, and youre ready to open the file.

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Screen Sharing
One of our favorite ways to troubleshoot problems with Macs of friends and family members is to use the Screen Sharing featurea way to remotely control another persons Mac on a local network. Screen Sharing under Lion has been significantly enhanced.

Access Multiple Accounts

its now possible for you to not only view the display of another Mac, but also share the screen for any account you have access to on that Mac, even when someone else is using it with another account. For example, lets say a remote Mac has two user accounts: Joe and Jane. Joe is currently working on that Mac in his account. From another Mac, Jane can select that Mac under the Shared heading in a Finder window, click Share Screen, and enter her username and password in the resulting dialog box. When she clicks the Connect button, a Select Display window appears, with two options: Ask To Share The Display and Connect To A Virtual Display. if she clicks Ask To Share The Display, a message appears on the other Mac, indicating that Jane would like to share the screen. if Joe clicks Share Screen, Jane can see whats on Joes screen as well as control his account. if instead she clicks Connect To A Virtual Display, she can choose to view and control any account she has access to on the other Mac. She can, for
Let the Sharing BeginWith Screen Sharing in Lion, you can connect to a hardware display or a virtual display.

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example, select the Jane account and enter her password; her account will launch in the background on the remote Mac. The only indication Joe will have that this is happening is the appearance of the Screen Sharing icon in the menu bar. Jane can then work with the Mac remotely while Joe is also using it.

More Display Modes

Screen Sharing now offers you two display modeshardware and Virtual Display. The first time you connect to another Mac youll be offered the choice to choose one or the other (see Let the Sharing Begin). hardware is the display mode were accustomed to. When youve connected to another Mac via Screen Sharing, the other Macs display image appears on your Mac and on the Mac youre connected to. As you control the other Mac, the person sitting in front of it can see what youre doing, provided that the user is logged in to the account youre working with. When you choose Virtual Display, you see the remote Macs screen but the display on the remote Mac switches to the gray log-in screen. For the person at the remote Mac to regain control of it, he or she must log in with a password. regardless of the mode you choose for Screen Sharing, you have control over the remote Mac. You have the option of switching from one mode to another by choosing a mode from the View menu (see Extra Options). Theres also a new Observe mode (available in the View menu). in this mode, you can see whats happening on the remote Mac, but you cant control it. This is useful for watching a presentation on another Mac.

Extra OptionsLions Screen Sharing mode has a new toolbar.

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Toolbar Tweaks
Finally, Screen Sharing includes a new toolbar that appears when you run Screen Sharing in full-screen mode. You can use it to switch between Control and Observe Only modes, trigger the Fit Screen in Window command, take a screen shot (also found in the Connection menu, this command takes a screen shot of everything on the remote Macs display), and get the contents of the remote Macs Clipboard, as well as send the Clipboard contents from the Mac youre working with to the remote Mac.

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Work with Apps
The operating system may be the Macs backbone, but your applications are what you use to get things done. With Lion, Apple has introduced several new techniques for interacting with your apps and their files. Youll also be able to find new third-party apps more easily via the Mac App Store.

Contents
Auto Save, Versions, and Resume
Page 78

Work in Full-Screen Mode

Page 83

Explore the Mac App Store

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Auto save, Versions, and Resume

Coming to grips with data loss can be hard, but thanks to three new features in Lion (and improvements to Time Machine), losing your information may soon be a thing of the past. Versions, Auto Save, resume, and Time Machine combine to make sure that not only does your data reliably get saved, but its always right where you left it.

Auto Save and Versions

Weve all heard the mantra: Save your work. Anybody whos lost data knows how painful the experience can beespecially when you know it was preventable. With Lion, however, that step becomes unnecessary: Your work will automatically be saved when you make changes, thanks to Auto Save and Versions, two new features in the oS. Auto Save does pretty much what its name suggestsit automatically saves your work when you make changes. Thats it: You dont need to do anything. Auto Save wont be available in every app by default, as it
Like a VersionYou can access Versions commands from a new drop-down menu in the title bar of your document.

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requires some work for third-party developers to integrate into their applications; for compatible apps, however, itll all happen in the backgroundno need to worry about pressing 1-S. As for Versions, it works similarly to Apples Time Machine, except on a per-document basis. Whenever you make significant changes, Versions takes that into account; it works hand in hand with Lions Auto Save and Time Machine to make sure your edits are always saved. Apps should also save Versions snapshots when you open, save, duplicate, lock, rename, or revert to a previous version of a document. Since Versions saves only the history of your changes rather than a full copy of every additional version, it uses only a fraction of the space it otherwise might. There are a few ways to access Versions. First, you can always revert to either the last saved or the last opened version from the File menu or the Versions menuyou can access the latter via a downward-pointing triangle that appears when you hover the cursor over a documents title bar (see Like a Version). if you use the File menu, a dialog sheet will give you the choice of reverting to the last opened or saved version or browsing older versions; from the Versions menu, you can just choose Browse All Versions. if you choose to view the older versions of a document, youll be moved into a Time Machinestyle interface showing two documents: the current version on the left, and a stack of previous versions stretching back into time on the right (see Time and Time Again). To navigate, click any older versions title bar to bring it to the foreground, or use the
Time and Time AgainVersions Time Machinestyle interface lets you restore to an older copy of a document or just copy and paste text from an old version to a new one.

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history slider on the right to isolate a version by a particular time and date. Underneath the older version, youll see when that iteration was saved. A pair of buttons appears at the bottom of the screen: Done and restore. Done will take you out of the Versions interface and back into your application without making any changes; restore will use the selected older version to replace your current version. its also worth noting that in this interface, older versions are interactive. While you cant delete or alter their text, you can copy text from them into the current version; if you deleted that iffy sentence but decide you want to restore it without touching other alterations youve made, you can do so. To freeze your document so that no other changes can be made, select Lock from the Versions drop-down menu. A little padlock will appear on the document icon in the title bar and in the Finder, and gray Locked text will appear in the title bar. if you try to make any changes to a locked file, youll be prompted either to unlock it or to duplicate it (which you can also do via the Versions menu or File menu). There has been one casualty in the transition to Versions and Auto Save: the Save As option. instead, youll need to use the Duplicate feature, found in the title bars drop-down menu.

Resume
Weve all done itaccidentally quit an application when we only meant to close a window. You then face a long, arduous process: relaunch the app, open all your documents, reorganize all your windows, and so forth. With Lion, Apple aims to make that task a thing of the past by implementing an ioS-influenced feature: resume. Like Auto Save, resume is a feature that requires essentially no action on the users part. When you launch an application, it puts you right back where you were when you left off, including opening the same documents and windows (see As You Were). resume applies not only to quitting an app, but also to restarting your Mac. in fact, when you select restart, Shut Down, or Log out from the Apple menu, youll see a checkbox that lets you specify whether youd like windows reopened when you log back in. You can also disable resume entirely from the General pane of System preferences by

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As You WereWhen shutting down or restarting your Mac, you can decide whether to relaunch your programs and reopen all their windows.

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unchecking the box marked restore Windows When Quitting And re-opening Apps; if you want to avoid opening old windows when restarting a specific application, hold down the Shift key during launch.

Time Machine
Though Time Machine was first introduced as part of Mac oS X 10.5, Leopard, it picks up a couple of new features in Lionnamely, the ability to encrypt your backup disk and support for local snapshots. First, Time Machine offers greater security for your backed-up data by allowing you to fully encrypt your backup disk (see Encrypt keeper). When you set up a new Time Machine drive, all you need to do is check the box marked Encrypt Backup Disk and then enter a password. Whenever you connect your Time Machine drive, youll be prompted to enter the password. people without the password who try to plug the drive into their own computer wont be able to access the data. Laptop users will also be happy about another new Time Machine ability: local snapshots. in Lion, the system will keep local backups of deleted files as space permits; so if youre on a trip and accidentally delete a photo, for instance, you may still be able to retrieve it by going into the Time Machine interface. When you plug your Time Machine drive back into your Mac, those snapshots will move to your backup drive, consolidating all your data into a single, easy-to-browse location.

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Encrypt Keeper You can choose to encrypt your Time Machine disk when you specify a drive, keeping your backups safe from prying eyes.

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The Time Machine preference pane has received a few minor tweaks of its own. For example, when you click options within the pane, you can lock documents (in apps that support Auto Save and Versions) either one day, one week, two weeks, one month, or one year after their last edit; this means those documents cannot accidentally be edited. in addition, the Time Machine interface now highlights the date of your last backup in the timeline, coloring it and any backups before that in purple so you can easily distinguish between them (later backups appear in white). Finally, while youve long been able to move your data quickly and easily from a Time Machine backup to a new computer using Apples Migration Assistant, you can now also restore your data via Lions recovery mode.

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Work in Full-screen Mode

Since the very first Mac oS, your applications have lived in resizable windows, cordoned off so that you could appropriately multitask. in Lion, your apps have a new option: full-screen mode (see Under the Lens). When you enable this, your application moves to a new Mission Control space and enlarges to fill the whole screen; from here, you can work and switch between it and your other apps using a Multi-Touch gesture. While any software can implement Lions full-screen mode, thanks to code made available by Apple, third-party developers will need to update their software before their apps can take advantage of the feature. Most of Apples applications, howeverMail, Safari, Terminal, GarageBand, iTunes, and the iLife and iWork suitessupport full-screen mode. To enter full-screen mode, click on the small diagonal-arrow icon at the upper right corner of the windows title bar. When you send an app into full-screen mode, the Dock and menu bar zip off the screen. Move your cursor to where the menu bar or Dock should be, and theyll temporarily reappear. Your full-screen app is technically running in its own space, but dont fret if youve never used or understood Spaces before. Essentially, your app is now running on a standalone screen. You can switch to your main desktopor to other full-screen appsby swiping left or right with three fingers, or by pressing the left- or
Under the LensIn full-screen mode, you can home in on the document youre working on.

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right-arrow keys while holding Control. And you can take your window out of full-screen mode at any time with either of two approaches: Generally, pressing Escape will exit full-screen mode (unless theres a dialog box on the screen that youd cancel or close by pressing Escape). But you can always depend on the menu bar option: Move your cursor to the upper right corner of your screen so that the menu bar appears, and then click the blue full-screen toggle. While youre in a full-screen app, you can also switch to other apps using familiar methods. Move the cursor where the Dock should be, and it appears; you can then click into another app, and Lion automatically takes you to the appropriate space. You can also rely on 1-Tab to switch applications, or enter Mission Control with a four-finger swipe up. An apps interface may change in various subtle ways when you enter full-screen mode. The experience matches how some ioS apps (like Mail) change their look when you rotate between portrait and landscape. Full-screen Safari windows, for example, ditch the Bookmarks bar; it reappears when you move your cursor to where the bar should be. photo Booth becomes a red-curtained, wood-paneled theater in fullscreen mode. Some apps behave differently in full-screen mode, too. FaceTime, for example, will pause your call if youre running it full-screen and then switch to another space. if you run FaceTime as a regular app and you switch away from it, however, your call continues. (Surprisingly, however, iChat full-screen calls continue even if you switch to another space.) When youre in full-screen mode, you might miss out on certain Dock alerts. Dock icon badgesfor your unread messages, for instanceare obviously invisible when the Dock itself isnt on the screen. Similarly, flashing Dock badgessuch as the ones that Adium (adium.im) employs to alert you to new instant messagesdont appear while youre in full-screen mode. Lions full-screen support for dual-monitor setups is minimal. Dashboard lets you drag widgets to either screen; otherwise, though, whenever youre in full-screen mode, any connected monitors other than your primary display are essentially dead space. The app fills up your main screen, and all other displays show a scratchy gray background (though you can drag a full-screen app from one display to another, if you grab the windows very top edge).

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explore the Mac App store

Navigating the Mac App Store will be a familiar process to iTunes Store shoppers, because its designed much like the iTunes Store. one exception: Theres no sidebar listing your media library, playlists, and so on. Across the top of the Mac App Store window are back and forward buttons on the left, and middle buttons for A Featured, B Top Charts, C Categories, D purchases, and E Updates (see Mac App Store). The top marquee spot features a rotation of various apps; to the right of that are three smaller marquee spots. Quick Links for your account, redeeming gift cards, and support are under the three small marquee spots. App product pages are much like the ones youd find in the iTunes Store. product pages feature a description; an information box with version number, file size, requirements, and so forth; links to the developers website; screenshots; and customer ratings. Click the purchases button at the top of the Mac App Store window to see a list of the apps youve bought through the store. The list is basic, showing the app, the date on which you purchased it, and its installation status. To get more details about your purchase, you can go to the

Mac App StoreThe Mac App Store contains all the apps personally vetted by Apple.

d E

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iTunes Store and click purchase history in your iTunes account; there, youll see a detailed description of your Mac App Store purchase, including the amount you paid, order iD, date and time, and item details. To purchase an app, just click the price button below its icon; youll log in with the same Apple iD and password you use to purchase things in the ioS App Store or iTunes. once your application starts to download, you can view its progress by opening up Launchpad (for more on Launchpad, see the Launchpad section in the Navigate Lion chapter). if you have to remove yourself from internet access at any point, you can click the icon in Launchpad to temporarily pause or resume your download. After the application finishes downloading, youll be able to download free updates from the Mac App Store via the Updates tab.

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Included Apple Apps
Most of the programs that Apple bundles with OS X have changed. These are the apps you use every day, to communicate (iChat, FaceTime, Mail), to be productive (TextEdit, iCal, Address Book), or to hop onto the Internet (Safari). This chapter looks at the programs with the most notable new interfaces and features.

Contents
Address Book
Page 88

FaceTime and iChat

Page 93

Font Book
Page 95

Page 97

iCal

Page 103

Mail

Preview

Page 111

QuickTime Player
Page 113

Page 115

Safari

TextEdit
Page 121

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Address Book
In lion, Apples Address Book contact application has seen a radical redesignit was clearly rebuilt to mimic the look and feel of the Contacts app on the ipad.

New Look
The new Address Book is designed to look much more like a traditional address book, with pages folding out from the binding (complete with subtle shadowing), stacked atop the edges of a beige book. In this way, its almost exactly like the Contacts app on the ipadand very different from the version in Snow leopard. In OS X 10.6, Address Book either displayed as a three-paned interface with Group, name, and Card columnsor in a single Card view. In lion, you can view your selected contacts on the left and selected card on the right; view all your different lists on the left and your contacts on the right; or choose a single-page view that shows one card at a time. (As you could previously, you can double-click a card name to open it up in a new window.) When viewing a contact, theres now a Share button next to the Edit button. Click Share to open a new email message in Mail with that

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contacts vCard attached. In the past, you could only drag a card from Address Book directly into a Mail message to do the same thing. As with other lion apps, you can resize Address Book by clicking and dragging on any corner, but if you click the top or bottom of Address Book, or the left or right, you can also adjust just the height or width of the window, respectively. Address Book doesnt offer a full-screen mode, unlike some other built-in lion apps.

Faces
If you like having pictures to go along with your contacts, the new Address Book can now pull from your iphoto faces (see Tap into iphoto). double-click the picture box on a card, and click the Import Face From iphoto button in the lower left corner. (It will be grayed out if you havent tagged any faces with the name of that contact.) Youll then be presented with a grid showing up to eight faces associated with that name in iphotoin reverse chronological order, complete with date, to help you pick a recent pic if you wantwith the current contact photo in the middle (if there isnt one, the Current square will be blank).
Tap into iPhotoYou can now choose an image from your iPhoto library to go with an Address Book contact.

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If there are more than eight photos for a contacts face, you can use arrows at the bottom of the photo pop-up window to select additional pages of photos. note that if you use Aperture, youre not out of luck. Although Apple touts the features as being for iphoto users, and the button specifically name-checks iphoto, if youve tagged faces in Aperture, the feature will still work. In fact, if you use both iphoto and Aperture and have Faces enabled in each, Address Book will show you all faces for a particular person when you click to view your options. Find a picture you like and click it, and youre presented with the standard picture window, in which you can pan and zoom the image, and then choose it with a click of the Set button.

New Fields
As a nod to the importance of social networking, Apple has added two new fields to Address Book. The first is Twitter. Add a contacts Twitter account name (Address Book takes care of the @ symbol automatically), and you can then click the word Twitter to bring up a pop-up menu with View profile and Send Tweet options. Click View profile, and Address Book will launch the official Twitter Mac app (if you have it installed) and take you to that persons profile. If you have the Twitter app installed, click Send Tweet, and Twitter opens with a new message to that contact. The second new field is called profile. It gives you the option to enter a profile name for a Facebook, linkedIn, Flickr, or MySpace user (as well as Twitter). pick Facebook from the pop-up menu and add a Facebook account (the custom name that appears at the end of the uRl when you visit someones profile page), and you can click the word Facebook to get View profile and View photos pop-up options. View profile takes you to the users profile page in Safari; View photos takes you to that persons photo page. For Flickr accounts, the pop-up gives you a single View photostream option that opens in a browser. linkedIn offers View profile, which takes you to a persons profile. And MySpace offers a similar View profile choice. Theres also a Custom option when picking which service to use, so you could enter, say, someones ping account name. But keep in mind that custom profiles dont do anything when you click their names.

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Do You Yahoo?In Lion, Address Book has added support for Yahoo accounts.

As you begin to add an address for a chosen service (linkedIn, say) in Edit mode, Address Book adds another of them (Twitter, which is first on the list, but you can choose any service), so you can enter as many social networking profiles as you want without having to manually add the field multiple times.

Other Changes
Apple says Address Book offers improved syncing with Yahoo contacts (see do You Yahoo?). Changes made to contacts are immediately reflected in both Address Book and your Yahoo address book, and you can view just your Yahoo contacts by selecting Yahoo from Address Books Groups page. Another lion change is that you can now add birthdays to contacts without having to include the year (useful for those people who dont like to share their ages). But when you do add a year, the upcoming age now shows up in your iCal Birthday calendars.

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You can start a FaceTime call from Address Book by clicking the label (Home, Work, and so on) next to an email address and choosing FaceTime from the pop-up menu. You can do the same thing currently in Snow leopard, but Apple is probably calling this feature out as new because FaceTime comes as part of lion, rather than as a $1 Mac App Store download, so all lion users will have the ability to use it.

Improved Preferences
The General tab, where you choose sort order and address format, is mostly the same as before but no longer has a Font Size pop-up menu, from which you could formerly choose Small, Medium, or large. It doesnt appear that you can change the font size in lion. The Accounts tab, which is where you add and manage address accounts, has two sections. Account Information is exactly the same, down to the Synchronize With MobileMe option. The Sharing section changes slightly, adding an Address Book Subscriptions area above the Share Your Address Book area that was there before. If you choose to add a new account in the Accounts sidebar, theres now an option to add a Yahoo account, and the Exchange 2007 option has been renamed simply Exchange. The Template tab is where you set the fields you do and dont want to show up in contact records. Except for the new field options discussed earlier, the only other changes are cosmeticnew plus-sign (+) and minus-sign () buttons. The phone tab, in which you set the format for phone numbers in Address Book, hasnt changed. Similarly, the vCard tab (where you pick vCard format and export settings) is the same as in Snow leopard.

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Facetime and iChat

Though iChat and FaceTime have a lot in common, they remain fully separate apps in lion. iChat scored a slew of updates in lion; FaceTime, just a couple. new in iChat is the ability to log into Yahoo instant messaging accounts (see iChatterbox). You can add one or more Yahoo accounts; the app retains its support for AOl Instant Messenger (AIM), me.com and mac.com accounts, Google Talk, and the Jabber protocol. (As with previous incarnations of iChat, you can use the software to connect to Facebook chat by using the Jabber option, as discussed at macw.us/ dvunhy.) To add a Yahoo accountor any othergo to iChat -> preferences and click the Accounts tab. Then click the plus-sign (+) button to add your account. iChat in lion allows you to combine your separate accounts into a single, unified buddy list window. You can toggle that setting in the General tab of iChats preferencesits called Show All My Accounts In One list. And you can use unified status, meaning that you update your status message once and it affects all of the services youre signed into with iChat. If you cant find the buddy you want to IM, press 1-F (or choose Edit -> Find), and start typing a buddys name; iChat will filter your list to show only matching entries. You can click and drag on tabs to rearrange them, pull them out into their own window, and merge them into new windows. iChat also supports third-party plug-ins for new chat services in lion; no such plug-ins were available to test at press time. Videoconferencing in iChat gets a couple of lion updates, too. You can leverage all of photo Booths new effects while video chatting, so now you can give yourself bugged-out eyeballs while you chat. And while iChat generally doesnt support lions full-screen app functionality, there is a full-screen option when youre video chatting. In keeping with lions handling of full-screen appsand in contrast to previous versions of iChatfull-screen video calls now go into their own space. You can press Escape or Control plus an arrow key, or use a three-finger swipe to

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iChatterboxYou can now add Yahoo chat accounts in iChat.

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switch to other spaces. If you switch away to another space while video-chatting in full-screen mode, your video chat continues. FaceTime, however, works differently. Apples video-chatting app for communicating between Macs and iOS devices also supports full-screen calling in lion, and full-screen calls get their own space. But if you switch away from your FaceTime full-screen window, the call is immediately pausedyou cant hear or see your contact, and your contact cant hear or see you, either. Beyond its new lion full-screen support, FaceTime remains essentially unchanged from its most recent Snow leopard version.

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Font Book
Apples new lion OS has expanded the features in Font Book. While its still not an industrial-strength font manager capable of replacing those on the commercial market, these improvements are nonetheless welcome (see Font look). Font Book 3.0 offers more versatility in character displays, shows all font glyphs, and displays full typeface metadata. The information panel lists the chosen fonts postScript name and full name, family, style, kind, version, installed location, unique name, copyright, glyph count, and whether it is enabled, copy protected, embeddable, or the duplicate of another installed font. As for the fonts themselves, theres a cool new one called Apple Color Emoji. Typically used for emoticons, its now included in lion, and its 728 TrueType glyphs can be viewed in Font Book. Apple already supported emoticons in the iOS for Japanese input, but including the Emoji font in lion (available in the Character Viewer) makes emoticons universal. Font Books interface has changed, too. Theres an updated four-button menu in the toolbar that replaces the gear-icon drop-down menu. The buttons are Sample, Repertoire, Custom, and Information. You can click to see a sample menu, each individual glyph, text of your own choosing, or the information panel. under the File menu, theres a new Restore Standard Fonts option. If you choose that, a dialog box appears that allows you to go back to the standard system font configuration that shipped with your OS; youll then see a new Fonts (Removed) folder next to the Fonts folder. lion also adds international language fontsincluding damascus, pT Sans, and Kefato Font Book.

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Font LookApples Font Book has a few minor but welcome updates in Lion.

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iCal
iCal, Apples built-in calendar application, gets some big changes in lion. Many of the visual tweaks are borrowed from the Calendar iOS app on the ipad, with a focus on giving you more room to actually see your appointments.

Updated Look
In lion, iCal gets a makeover, with a new look and more. The first thing youll notice is that the boring gray title bar of old has been replaced by a leather-like pattern reminiscent of an old desktop calendar. With Apples typical attention to detail, the leather boasts realistic stitching, and if you look closely, youll even see the remaining bits of pages, as if theyd been torn off the calendar (see Class Act). The list of calendars, which in the past was a sidebar you could show or hide, is now hidden by default and only appears as a pop-up menu when you click the new Calendars button. As you can in iTunes and Mail, you can hide groups of calendars from the list by clicking the Hide text that appears when you hover your cursor over a heading. This doesnt hide the events from those calendars, just the list of calendars under that headingto hide the events, you uncheck the box in front of each calendars name, just as before. Because the Calendar list is generally
Class ActApple has given iCal a classy new look, including an old-school title bar that looks like leather.

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Sudden PlansClick the plus sign to quickly add an event to your calendar using common phrases.

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out of the way, you wont see the spinning gears next to each calendar to indicate that its refreshing. Instead, the word Updating appears in gray next to the word iCal in the title bar. To the right of the Calendars button is a plus-sign (+) button. Click it and up pops a Create Quick Event window that lets you add events to your calendars by typing regular-language phrases (see Sudden plans). For example, enter Dinner at the White House at 7PM on Saturday and iCal creates an event in your default calendar (although you can pick a different calendar before you click done) with the name dinner at the White House from 7 p.m. to 8 p.m. on the upcoming Saturday. Or change at 7pM to from 7pM to 9pM and Saturday to June 25 to create an event that lasts two hours starting at 7 p.m. and is on that specific date. For relatively simple events, the process works quite well. To create a repeating event or add an alert, say, youll have to create the event and then open the events editor. A revamped Today button, which has moved from the upper left to the upper right of the window, is now flanked by arrow buttons. depending on what view youre in, those arrows take you back or forward by one day, one week, one month, or one year. Another small change: Apple has dropped the colon and double zeros from events that begin on the hour6:00 p.m. simply becomes 6 p.m.

New Views
lions iCal looks more like the Calendar app on the ipad than the previous version of iCal on the Mac. iCals new day view includes a list of that days events on the left side; all-day events and timed events in a chrono-

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logical format appear on the right. To move between days in iCal, you can swipe with two fingers or tap a day on the monthly calendar on the left side. The new day view is much more user-friendly and provides more information than the one youll find in Snow leopard, which basically is just an expansion of a single day from the Week view. The Week view is very similar to that in 10.6. You still see all-day events in a section at the top of each day, and other events displayed in their respective time slots. But rather than full days listed atop each day of the week (Thursday, June 16), youll see the date followed by the day of the week (16 Thursday). And where iCal used to have the year (2011) listed in the same font size to the left of the days, lion now shows a large month, week, and year (June 1218, 2011) at the top of that weeks calendar. The All-day area at the top of the Week view is now a fixed size, and you can scroll up and down to see all the events. (On the minus side, however, when you scroll down, you can no longer see the date and day of the week.) previously, that area would expand enough to fit every all-day event for the longest day in that week, which meant a lot of white space for some of the other days. You can scroll between weeks with a two-finger gesture, and the page simply slides over to reveal the previous or next week. The Month view hasnt changed that much, but it does fix some annoying aspects of the previous version. In the past, the number of events youd see each day was limited by the size of your iCal window and your displayin 10.6, youd see few items in Month view on a MacBook pro
One Year at a TimeApple has added a new Year view to iCal that shows the next 12 months all at once.

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than on an iMac, say. With lion, youre still limited by screen real estate, but at least it lets you know how many other items there are that youre not seeing13 more, for example. double-click the number and youre taken to the day view for that day. Another improvement is that instead of using rather subtle background shading to indicate the current day in the month, the new iCal adds the word Today in bold blue text. It adds the name of the month, also in blue, to the day-only listing for every other day. A two-finger swipe in either direction switches the month with a page-lifting effect. Finally, Apple has added a new Year view to iCal in lion (see One Year at a Time). As you might expect from the name, it shows mini-calendars for each of the 12 months in a particular year. The top of the current month, as well as the current day, are highlighted with a strong blue background that helps you easily see where in the year you are now. But theres also another use of color in the Year view: a heat map that uses color to show how busy each day is. days with little or no activity have white backgrounds, and the color goes from yellow to orange to red (with different degrees of shading) to indicate more and more events planned. Each month shows six full weeks in order to show enough days for every month and to maintain consistent size, and days that arent part of a particular month (the last few days of July in the August calendar, for example) display with a gray background (but show up correctly color-coded in the month in which they belong). Two-finger swiping (or, as with other views, clicking the arrows next to the Today button) switches between years with the same page-turning effect as in Month view.

Full-Screen Mode
like many of the built-in apps in lion, iCal can now run as a fullscreen app. Click the two arrows pointing away from each other in the upper right corner of iCal (just above the search box), and iCal expands to fill your entire screen. Move your cursor up to the title bar, and the OS X menu bar drops down, complete with an icon similar to the page-expanding one (this time its two white arrows pointing toward each other in a blue box). Click this to revert to normal window size and operation.

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Other Changes
Click the File menu, and youll see that the new To do item in 10.6 has changed to new Reminder in lion. Thats because Apple has renamed To do, but it seems the change is in name onlyreminders appear to function just as to-dos did in the past. In OS X 10.6, the text size in iCal was set automatically. With lion, you can now use the keyboard shortcuts 1-plus (+) and 1-minus () to increase or decrease the text size, respectively. (note that the setting has no effect in Year view or day view.) Another subtle change is that for any Address Book contact with a birthday entry, including the year of birth, that birthday will now show up in your calendar with the persons current age. To get birthdays to show up in iCal, youll need to go to preferences -> General and select the Show Birthday Calendar option. If you dont enter the year of birth for a contactinformation the lion version of Address Book now allows you to omit in the birthday fieldyoull see the birthday without an age, as before. One feature thats gone missing is the ability to click a calendar in the Calendars list and then create a new event in that calendar. previously, picking a calendar and selecting File -> new Event or double-clicking in iCal to create an event would do so on that selected calendar. now, double-clicking creates the event on your default calendar, although you can click and hold the Create Quick Event button and then select the calendar to which you want to add the new event.

Preferences
iCals preferences pane has three tabs. General hasnt changed much from Snow leopard to lion. OS X 10.6 had a Synchronize iCal With Other Computers And devices using MobileMe option, which has been removed from the 10.7 version of iCal (not a big surprise considering that Apple is phasing out MobileMe because of iCloud). lion adds one option not present in the previous version: a default Calendar pop-up menu that lets you choose which calendar (if you have multiple ones) to add new events to by default (see Generally Speaking). In OS X 10.6, whichever calendar was first in your list became the default. And the wording changed slightly on another option: Show Event Times In Month View has become simply Show Event Times.

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Generally Speaking There is a new Default Calendar pop-up menu in iCals preferences.

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The Accounts tab, where you add and manage accounts, has changed somewhat due to the way lion now handles mail, contacts, and calendars via a new system preference. In the past, the Account Information tab of iCals Accounts pane was where youd see a description, user name, password, and calendar refresh options for each account. Much of that info is still there in lion, but theres also an Enable This Account checkbox like the one youd find in Mail. A new Edit Account button takes you to the Mail, Contacts & Calendars preference pane, where you can turn various selections on or off for each account (Mail, iChat, iCal). The Server Settings tab is no longer, and the delegation tab functions exactly the way it did in 10.6. The Advanced tab in lion is almost identical to its predecessor: The one change is that the Automatically Retrieve Invitations From Mail option is now Automatically Retrieve CaldAV Invitations From Mail.

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Mail
Mac OS Xs email client, Mail, does many things exceptionally well, and it integrates (mostly) flawlessly with other OS X apps and technologies. At the same time, its long been missing both basic and advanced features theres a thriving market of Mail add-ons that aim to fill those holes and otherwise enhance the program. So its welcome news that in lion, Mail has received perhaps its most significant update yet. Heres a look at what has changed and how it works.

Do a Quick Upgrade
If you upgrade to lion from Snow leopard, or if youve got a fresh installation of lion and you import data from an older version of Mail, the first time you launch the new version of Mail, youll be prompted to update your existing email data. This is because lions version of Mail uses a different format for its message database than older versions youll have to allow the upgrade to occur before you can work with Mail. luckily, the process should take no more than a few minutes, even if youve got tens of thousands of messages.

A More Expansive Layout

prior to lion, among the most popular Mail add-ons were letterbox and WideMail, each of which moved Mails message preview pane to the right of the message lista head-slappingly obvious layout when using Mail on todays widescreen displays. In lion, Mail finally has such an option built-in; in fact, its the default layout. (You can revert to the older view, with the preview pane below the message list, by checking the use Classic layout box in the Viewing screen of Mails preferences window.) When using this new layout, the message list adapts to its much narrower width by giving each message a multiline preview, very similar to the one youd see in iOS Mails message list. (In fact, if you hide OS X Mails mailbox sidebar by choosing View -> Hide Mailbox list, the window is very similar in appearance to iOS Mail on an ipad in landscape orientation.) For each message, you see the sender (or, when viewing Sent

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mailboxes, the recipient), the subject, and a preview of the messages contents. In Mails preferences, you can choose the size of the preview (zero to five lines), whether to show a To/CC label (which indicates whether you are the primary or a Ccd recipient), and whether to show the senders (or recipients) Address Book image; if you do choose to show the image, that image reduces the amount of preview text. This new layout is a welcome improvement, although it doesnt quite match the options provided by third-party plug-ins. For example, letterbox lets you maintain single-line message lists and allows you to choose which columns appear in the list, so you can view more messages in the list at once and see more information about each message without having to view it in the preview pane. (You can also enable alternating row colors for the message list.) And letterbox lets you quickly toggle the location of the preview panebetween the bottom and the rightwithout making a trip to the preferences window. More than a few Mail users will be hoping that the developers of these plug-ins will update them to work with lions Mail (see Add-ons need updating later in this chapter).

Switch to Conversation View

Apart from the new window layout, the biggestand likely the most popularchange in Mail is the new conversation view. While Snow leopard Mail offered a rudimentary Organize By Thread option, that feature simply grouped all the messages in the current mailbox or message view that had the same subject. lions Mail still includes this feature but adds a new option, Show Related Messages. Click this button in the toolbar, and Mail displays, in the message window or pane, all messages in the thread, including sent and deleted messages, regardless of where those messages currently residelocally or on the email server, in the same mailbox or spread across multiple mailboxes. (A checkbox in Mails Viewing preferences makes Show Related Messages the default behavior for all conversations, so you never have to actually click the button.) In other words, you see the entire message thread, including your own replies, in a nice, easy-to-read list (see Smoother Conversations). Gmail users who access their email on the Gmail website are probably thinking, So what? but for Mail users, this change is simply huge. This feature offers some nice touches. One is that when viewing an entire conversation, each message that isnt in the currently viewed mailbox displays its parent folder right in the header area. Another is

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that Mail numbers each message in a thread and displays that number in the messages header area, so you know where you are in the thread while browsing it. (However, these numbers appear only on messages in the currently viewed mailbox, making the feature much less useful than if every message got a number.) Finally, to make it easier to read discussions that include lots of quoting, Mail automatically hides quoted text thats already been displayed; if you want to view the hidden text, just click the See More link at the bottom of a message.

Explore New Interface Elements

Speaking of interface changes, Mail also gains a more lion-like appearance, complete with new toolbar buttons, minimalist scrollbars, and monochrome sidebar icons like those in lions Finder. But there are also practical changes, such as inline buttonswhich appear just below a messages header area when the cursor moves over itfor deleting, replying to, or forwarding that message. The header area itself has also gotten a keep-it-simple makeoverit shows just the messages sender (the recipient for sent mail), subject, and date; clicking details gives you the traditional header view. When composing a message, the message window now offers a separate formatting bar (accessed by clicking the Format button in the toolbar) that lets you quickly choose the font; font size, color, and style; alignment; list format; and indentation for the message or currently selected text. Youll also find a new Favorites bar just below the toolbarsee the next section for more on that.
Smoother ConversationsMail takes a cue from Gmail and adds a slick conversation view.

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Favorites Bar
perhaps inspired by a similar feature in Microsofts Outlook, lion Mail sports a new Favorites bar just below the traditional toolbar. While its initially stocked with buttons for Inbox, Sent, notes, drafts, and Flagged, you can customize the Favorites bar to contain pretty much any item mailbox, folder, smart folder, and so onthat appears in Mails left sidebar. Just drag one of these items to the Favorites bar to add it as a new button; drag the item off the bar to remove it. Click any button in the Favorites bar to switch to that mailbox or view. If the item has subfolders or submailboxes, clicking the buttons downward-pointing arrow displays a pop-up menu listing those contentschoose one to view it. Each item in the Favorites bar also displays the number of unread items it contains. Although the Favorites bar might initially seem redundant, given that you already have quick access to the same items via Mails sidebar, it does offer some advantages. The first is that if youve got a small screen, the Favorites bar lets you hide Mails sidebar to give the message list and preview panes more room. The second is that if youve got dozens (or hundreds) of mailboxes, folders, and smart folders, the Favorites bar works well for providing quick access to, well, your favorites. But for keyboard jockeys, the Favorite bars biggest advantage is that it enables some brand-new keyboard-shortcut features. Whereas in Snow leopard Mail, the keyboard shortcuts 1-1 through 1-8 were reserved for Inbox, Outbox, drafts, Sent, Trash, Junk, notes, and To do, respectively, in lion Mail, 1-1 through 1-9 are automatically assigned to the first nine items, from left to right, in the Favorites bar. press 1-1, for example, to view the first item on the left (Inbox by default). The even bigger deal here is that by adding the Control key to those shortcutsfor example, 1-Control-1 for the first item on the left, 1-Control-2 for the second item from the left, and so onyou can move selected messages to that folder or mailbox. (You can also access these actions from the View menu, or you can drag a message from the message list to a Favorites bar item.) In other words, OS X Mail finally lets you quickly file messages using the keyboard. For users who file messages in many different folders, its a welcome improvement.

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Better Searching
Mail uses OS Xs Spotlight search feature, including Spotlights liveupdated content index, to help you find particular messages. But in lion, Mail takes better advantage of Spotlights index to make message searching smarter. For starters, whenever you begin to type a search string in Mails search field, Mail displays suggestions based on the contents, subjects, recipients, and senders of existing messages in Mail. So if you type Joe, for example, the top suggestion is Message contains, but just below that is a list of people with Joe in their name. If you choose one of the suggested search terms, the text you entered changes from a string of text into what Apple calls a search tokena blue bubble that contains the search term. If your token is a person, the token also contains a pop-up menu for choosing whether you want to search From or To fields or entire messages. For other types of tokens, you can search in the subject field or the entire message; for particular flags; and for the name or contents of attachmentsor even whether a message has an attachment. Apple says you can also search the contents of attachments, although in our testing, we havent been able to do so. You can even combine multiple tokens, making it easier to find, say, a message from your friend Jane that contains the phrase lunch. As with previous versions of Mail, you can choose to search the current mailbox or all mailboxes, but now you can also use the Favorites bar to quickly focus the search on any of your favorite folders or items.

Full-Screen Mode
As with Safari and many other stock lion apps, Mail also gains a fullscreen mode. Click the full-screen button in the upper right corner of the Mail window (or press 1-Control-F), and the menu bar disappears, the Mail window stretches to fill the entire screen, and the windows title bar fades away, giving you as much viewable Mail-window area as possible. (This full-screen Mail window actually resides in a new workspace, so you can switch between it and other apps using lions threefinger sideways-swipe gesture.) Move the cursor to the top of the screen and the menu bar slides into view; this version of the menu bar includes a button to exit full-screen mode. For Mail, the main benefit of full-screen mode is that it gets rid of a bit of on-screen clutter (the menu bar and Mail-window title bar) while you

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work with your email. Mail does go a step further than, say, Safari, however: When you open a received message in its own window, or when you open a new message-composition window., background Mail windows are dimmed to let you better focus on the message window. Still, for many of us, email is something we deal with in chunks throughout the dayand frequently while switching between Mail and other programs and the Finderso frequently transitioning to full-screen mode and back again may be more distracting than its worth.

One-Stop Account Management

In Snow leopard, you set up email accounts within Mail, contacts-server accounts within Address Book, calendar accounts within iCal, chat accounts within iChat, and so on. In lion, a new Mail, Contacts & Calendar accounts pane of System preferencesclearly inspired by the identically named screen in the iOS Settings applets you set up and configure Exchange, MobileMe, Gmail, Yahoo, and AOl accounts, as well as generic email, chat, CaldAV, CarddAV, ldAp, and Mac OS X Server accounts. This new preference pane uses a setup wizard similar to the one in iOS: Just select the Add Account item on the left; in the list that appears to the right, click the type of account youll be setting up; and then provide the necessary account information as prompted. Once youve set up an account, you can select it in the Accounts list to quickly enable or disable it or any of its component services (email, calendars, chat, and so on) or to view its details. (This information is also still available in the Accounts view of Mails own preferences window.) Speaking of accounts, Mail (along with iCal and Address Book) also now supports Exchange 2010 accounts, and you can now set your Exchange vacation message from within the Info window for your Exchange account (right-click or Control-click on your Exchange-account Inbox and then choose Get Account Info).

Miscellaneous Mail Changes

Besides the big changes mentioned above, lion Mail includes a number of simpler changes that nevertheless offer improvements in productivity. For starters, Quick look support has been expanded: In addition to being able to quickly preview email attachments, you can now preview

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the websites of many uRls in incoming email messages by clicking the tiny downward-pointing arrow icon at the end of the uRl. (not all uRls get this preview button, although the logic behind which do and which dont isnt entirely clear.) If the uRl seems suspicious, OS X will refuse to preview it, instead displaying a warning. Another nifty feature is that you can now flag messages using any of seven colors, and those flags are synced between Mail on all your Macs running lion and all your iOS devices running iOS 5. You can customize the names of these flag colors, and once you start using flag colors other than the standard red, the Flagged item in Mails sidebar automatically adds sublists for each color. You can also now archive selected messages by clicking the new Archive toolbar button (or choosing Message -> Archive, or right-clicking one of the messages and choosing Archive from the resulting contextual menu). This feature is more or less Mails version of Gmails keep these messages around but out of sight feature. But instead of using special labels or views, Mail simply creates a mailbox called Archive for each of your accounts and then moves messages to these mailboxes (keeping each message in the account in which it was received). The main appeal of the archive feature is that it lets you perform this housecleaning with a simple click.

Add-ons Need Updating

As with every major new version of Mail, if youve got any third-party Mail add-ons installed (macworld.com/mailaddons), youll likely find that they stop working when you upgrade to lion. under previous versions of Mail, this was because Mail plug-ins were specifically coded in a way that lets new versions of Mail disable them automatically, even if they would likely work finethe theory being that its better to have Mail disable plug-ins with every new version than to risk losing data if one of them turns out to be disastrously incompatible. prior to lion, when you launched Mail after an upgrade, youd see a message indicating which add-ons were incompatible; those would be automatically moved from ~/library/Mail/Bundles to ~/ library/Mail/Bundles (disabled). The idea here was that it was better to have Mail disable plug-ins in every new version than to risk losing data if one of them turned out to be disastrously incompatible with that Mail version. But lion goes a step further by moving the entire Bundles folder from ~/ library/Mail to ~/library/Mail/Mail lost+Found, effectively disabling any add-ons inside that folder.

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You may find that some plug-ins and add-ons you used in Snow leopard arent as necessary in lion, thanks to Mails new features. But if youve got must-have Mail plug-ins that have been disabled in lion, you have three options for getting them working again. The first, and safest, is to simply wait until the developer of each plug-in updates it for lion Mail. This ensures that the plug-in has been vetted for lion compatibility. The second, which should be safe, but isnt guaranteed to be so, is to quit Mail and move the Bundles folder from youruserfolder/library/Mail lost+Found back to youruserfolder/library/Mail. The next time you launch Mail, it will perform the traditional compatibility check, and youll see a dialog box noting which plug-ins are specifically incompatible and have been moved to youruserfolder/library/Mail/Bundles (disabled). If Mail deems one of your must-have add-ons incompatible here, the final option, which isnt guaranteed to work, is to update each plug-in yourself. Read our article on updating Mail bundles (macw.us/n3heAE) for the detailed instructions; the gist of the process is that you need to edit a preference file inside each plug-in so that it lists the current version of Mail as compatible, and then move the plug-in back to youruserfolder/library/Mail/Bundles and relaunch Mail. We performed this procedure with several plug-ins, and it worked for some but not all.

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Preview
From the outside, the lion version of Apples pdF and graphics viewing and annotation application isnt significantly different from the previous versionsome menu commands have been shuffled and toolbars rejiggered, but the interface is similar. The most significant new feature is Signatures.

Use Signatures
Within preview you have the option to capture and append a picture of your written signature to a pdF file. To do this, choose preview -> preferences, select the Signatures tab, and click the Create Signature button (see Sign Here). A Signature Capture window appears. At this point, hold in front of your Macs iSight camera a piece of white paper on which youve scrawled your signature in black ink. Align it with the blue line that appears on screen. A preview of your signature will appear to the right of the camera screen. Click Accept to capture your signature. To use a signature youve created, click the Annotations tool in previews toolbar and from the Signatures pop-up menu below select your signature and click and drag in the document where you want the signature to appear. You can resize and move the signature if you like. While this is not as secure (or acceptable, in some places) as a true digital signature, its helpful when you need to sign your John Hancock to an electronic form before returning it.
Sign HereAdding your signature is now possible in Preview.

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New Preview Look A few interface elements have been moved in Preview.

Other Additions
preview adds a couple of less notable features. You now have a wider variety of annotation styles available to you, including outlined text, boxed text, speech bubble, and thought bubble (found under Tools -> Annotate). You can also call up a magnifier (Tools -> Show Magnifier) to impose a rectangular magnifying glass over a document. This is a useful way to zoom in on a particular bit of text without having to zoom the entire document. Also, this version of preview includes an Annotations list that details every annotation thats been added to a file (this is located in the last tab of the Inspector window).

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Quicktime Player
With Snow leopard, Apple introduced QuickTime player X, a version of the application that stripped out the many editing features found in QuickTime player pro 7. With lions version of QuickTime player, Apple has restored some of those export and editing features and, by way of a bonus, made them easier to use.

New Export Commands

Specifically, lions version of QuickTime player (10.1) provides two new Export commands in the File menuExport and Export For Web. Regrettably, if youre hoping to choose Export and see the same wealth of export options thats available in QuickTime player pro 7, youll be disappointed. lions QuickTime provides just a handful of templated options420p; 720p; ipod touch & iphone 3GS; and ipad, iphone 4 & Apple TV, for example. The Export For Web command provides three optionsWi-Fi (H.264, 1Mbit/s maximum data rate), Cellular (H.264, 220 kbits/s maximum data rate), and Broadband (H.264, 5 Mbits/s maximum data rate). Export options in the Share menu have been expanded. not only can you export to iTunes, MobileMe Galleries (good until Apple pulls the plug on MobileMe in June 2012), and YouTube as you could with the previous version of QuickTime player X, but now you also have the choice of Vimeo, Flickr, Facebook, and Mail. When you choose one of these options (except for Mail), youll be asked to enter your login information and password for the service.

New Editing Features

lions QuickTime player is very clip-centric, much like movies on an iOS device. For instance, choose View -> Show Clips (1-E), and a clip viewer appears at the bottom of the movie window. Here you can drag the playhead to wherever you like in the movie to move to that spot. This is a bit more convenient than dragging the old-style playhead in a timeline and scrubbing the windows video. Once youve planted your playhead, you can choose Edit -> Split Clip (1-Y) to create two clips in the clip

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viewer. You can then select one of these clips and drag it to a new locationprior to the previous clip, for example. You can also trim a selected clip by choosing Edit -> Trim (1-T). do so, and a very iOS-like yellow trim bar appears. To trim the clip, just drag one end or the other to where youd like to trim the video and click the Trim button. You can also add clips to an existing movie, either by choosing Edit -> Add Clip To End or by selecting a movie in the Finder and dragging it into an open QuickTime movie. drag it into the viewing portion of the movie window, and the dragged movie is appended to the end of the QuickTime player movie as an additional clip. drag it instead into the clip viewer, and you can place it at the beginning or end, or between clips. If you drag an audio file into a movie window, that file will be added as a separate audio clip, beneath the video clip. Regrettably, there appears to be no way to adjust the volume of the audio clip or the movie clip. You can, however, select audio clips and trim them just as you can video clips.

Screen Recording and Gestures

lions QuickTime player also adds more-flexible screen recording. now when you choose File -> new Screen Recording and click the Record button in the resulting window, you can choose to record either the Macs entire screen or just a portion of it by dragging a selection on the desktop. You can also choose to show clickseach of which appears as a circle surrounding the cursor as long as the mouse button or finger on your trackpad is held down. Regrettably, by default QuickTime player doesnt allow you to capture the Macs internal audio. Finally, this version of QuickTime player supports Multi-Touch gestures. When the movie isnt playing, drag two fingers to the right to scrub forward, two fingers to the left to scrub back. While a movie is playing, you use these same gestures to fast-forward and rewind, respectively.

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safari
Thanks to its new Reading list feature, Safari has gotten a lot of attention in Apples lion pR. But OS Xs Web browser gets many other changes and improvements as well. Heres a look at whats new and different in the latest version of Safari.

Reading List
The flagship feature of lion Safari (also known as Safari 5.1) is Reading list, which lets you save interesting articles for later reading. When you come across an article on the Web that you just dont have time to read immediately, or that you want to keep around for later reference, you simply choose Bookmarks: Add To Reading list (or press 1-Shift-d), and that article is added to your list. You can view your Reading list at any timeit appears as a sidebar on the left side of the Safari windowby choosing View -> Show Reading list, by clicking the Reading list icon (it looks like a pair of eyeglasses) in Safaris Bookmarks bar, or by pressing 1-Shift-l. Your saved articles are listed here, each displaying the article title, the host sites favicon (Web icon), and a two-line preview of the articles content. Click any article in the list to view it in the main part of the Safari window (see Start Reading).
Start ReadingSafaris new Reading List feature makes it easy to manage all the things you want to read.

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Once Apples new iCloud service is up and running, and youve set up your iCloud account on all your Macs and iOS devices, your Reading list, just like your Safari bookmarks, will be synchronized between all those devices. Add an article to your list on your iphone, and when you get back to your desk, the article will be waiting in Safari on your Mac. Reading list is similar in principle to popular services such as Instapaper (instapaper.com) and Read It later (readitlaterlist.com). But Reading list lacks many of the features that make these services so popular. For example, Reading list doesnt store articles for offline viewingwhen accessing a saved article in the reading list, your computer must be connected to the Internet (see Online Only). Similarly, while Safaris Reader feature lets you view an article in a format optimized for readingfree of ads and messy formatting, similar to the Readability Web service or Instapapers own Mobilizeryou cant save this more readable version to your reading list. In many ways, Reading list is just a prettified list of bookmarks. In contrast, Instapaper, as an example, also lets you organize saved articles into folders; share your lists of articles with friends; add articles to your list via email; and download articles in formats optimized for different devices. The Instapaper iOS apps even track your current reading position when you switch between devices, and scores of Mac and iOS apps let you add articles to your Instapaper list without making you first open those articles in Safari. And, of course, Instapaper works in any browser, not just Safari.
Online OnlyUnlike Instapaper, Reading List doesnt store your articles for offline viewing.

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In other words, as with support for RSS feeds (added in Safari 3), Apple has chosen to include a bare-bones, easy-to-use read later feature that will satisfy a good number of people but will leave advanced users wanting more. Indeed, its likely that services such as Instapaper and Read It later will actually gain users thanks to Reading list, as more people see the utility of Reading list but, frustrated with its limitations, look for better options.

iOS-Inspired Gestures
As with much of lion, Safari 5.1 adopts a number of touch-based gestures for users with compatible input devices, such as Apples Magic Trackpad, Magic Mouse, and recent MacBook trackpads. For example, if you double-tap on a block of text with two fingers (rather than only one, as in iOS), Safari will zoom in on that column or paragraph; double-tap again to zoom back out. And pinching in and out with your thumb and index finger zooms out and in, respectively, on the entire webpagecleverly, unlike clicking Safaris zoom in/zoom out buttons or pressing 1minus sign () and 1plus sign (+), this method focuses the zoom on whatever is directly beneath the cursor. You can also use a two-finger swipe to the left to go back one page in the current tabs history, or to the right to go to the next page in that history. Oddly, the entire page slides off the screen, which makes it appear as though youre switching between tabs. unfortunately, there doesnt seem to be a gesture for that action.

Full-Screen Mode
Safari also adopts another of lions flagship features: full-screen mode. Click the full-screen button in the upper right corner of the Safari window (or press 1-Control-F), and the menu bar and dock disappear, the current Safari window stretches to fill the entire screen, and the windows title bar and Bookmarks bar fade away, giving you as much viewable browser-window area as possible. (This full-screen view is actually a new workspace, so you can switch between it and other apps using lions three-finger sideways-swipe gesture.) Move the cursor to the top of the screen, and the menu bar and Bookmarks bar slide into view.

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Full-screen mode can be useful on smaller screens, but because most modern websites use a layout with a maximum width, on such sites Safaris window ends up with lots of empty space on each side. Similarly, if youve got more than one Safari window open when you activate full-screen mode, its difficult to switch between those windows.

Security and Privacy Changes

Though they wont garner big headlines, a number of changes in Safari 5.1 offer significant improvements when it comes to security and keeping your personal information private. For starters, the new private AutoFill feature doesnt automatically enter your personal information into Web forms until you give the OK. You can even choose the specific information you want to autofill. But the most telling change is that Safaris preferences window gains a new privacy screen that consolidates most privacy-related settings (removing them from the Security screen). This is where you now choose when Safari should accept cookiesinterestingly, now phrased as when Safari should block cookiesand where you view, by site, the cookies already stored by Safari. But whereas earlier versions of Safari showed only cookies, Safari 5.1 displays, for each site, exactly what data Safari has stored for that site: cookies, caches, databases, and other local storage. (unfortunately, thats all the detail you getmissing is the detailed view of Safari 5.0, which showed you the name, path, security status, expiration date, and contents of each cookie.) You can also now delete all stored dataeither for a particular site or for all siteswith a click. This action even deletes Flash plug-in data. (The setting for whether sites can store databases on your Mac to begin with, and the size limit for those databases, has been moved to the Advanced screen of Safaris preferences.) You also get more control over location information. Safari 5 debuted a setting (in Security) to allow or deny access to your physical location when a website requested it. In Safari 5.1, your options (now in the privacy screen) are to deny access completely, to be prompted once each day for each site (which gives perpetual access to those sites you approve), or to be prompted once for each site each day. Finally, Apple claims Safari includes better sandboxinga technique that isolates each website and Web app in its own memory space so it doesnt have access to data from any other site or Web app (or to data

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on your computer). As Apple puts it, If a website contains malicious code intended to capture personal data or tamper with your computer, sandboxing provides a built-in blocker that restricts the code from doing harm.

New Downloads Manager

One of the features thats gotten the biggest aesthetic makeover is Safaris downloads list. In older versions of Safari, you viewed this list as a separate window; in Safari 5.1, its hidden behind a new downloads button located (by default) at the right edge of Safaris toolbar. Click this button, and you see an iOS-like pop-over listing all downloads, with the newest at the top. While the buttons tiny progress bar is useful for monitoring the progress of a single download without having a separate window open, you cant monitor simultaneous downloads without activating the pop-over, and you cant choose to keep the pop-over visibleonce you click anywhere else in Safari, the pop-over disappears. You also cant view the list as a separate window as you could under previous versions of Safari. The new downloads list does provide one oft-requested feature: You can now move a downloaded file from your downloads folder by simply dragging it from the list to the desired location in the Finderyou no longer have to reveal it in your downloads folder first.

Miscellaneous Improvements
Safari 5.1 also includes a slew of improvements that arent advertised or necessarily obvious. For example, when you 1-click a link on a Web page to open it in a new tab, the new tab opens directly to the right of the current tab, rather than at the far-right end of the tab bar. This is a popular feature of Canisbos linkThing (canisbos.com/linkthing), so users of that extension will appreciate the inclusion of that behavior in Safari. One change that will be helpful for people who are new to the Mac (as well as anyone setting up a new Mac) is Safari 5.1s tighter account integration with other OS X apps. When you first log in to a Gmail, Yahoo Mail, or AOl email account from within Safari, OS X will offer to automatically set up that account (and, thus, information syncing) in Mail, iCal, Address Book, and iChat.

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Finally, under-the-hood changes include improved multiprocessor support; better hardware-graphics performance; HTMl5 media caching for offline viewing and better low-bandwidth performance; support for MathMl, the Web Open Font Format (WOFF), and additional CSS features; and the capability to search for text that either starts with or contains your search string. And Apple now allows extensions that provide their own toolbar to present iOS-like pop-overs with HTMl content. On the other hand, one option thats missing from Safari 5.1 is the setting to get a confirmation dialog box when you try to close a window with multiple tabs, or when you try to quit Safari with multiple windows open. Of course, the Reopen last Closed Windows and Reopen All Windows From last Session commands, in the History menu, and the undo Close Tab command, in the Edit menu, make it easy to recover from such mishaps, but many people are unaware those commands existthe confirmation dialog box was a useful feature to prevent accidental closures in the first place.

One More Thing

Theres one more Safari trick hidden away in lion. When you install lion onto an internal hard drive, the installer typically partitions your startup drive to create a hidden, bootable restore partition that lets you repair your Macs startup drive, or even reinstall lion and restore files using Time Machine, without requiring a separate drive or disc. Conveniently, that restore partition provides network connectivity and includes a version of Safari, so you can browse Apples support website and other sites while booted from the emergency partition. You can even log in to Web-based email systems to read and send messages. Although being able to access the Web from your Mac while youre troubleshooting the very same Mac isnt as big a deal these days as it used to be, thanks to the proliferation of Web-browsing phones and tablets, this is still a welcome and exceptionally convenient feature.

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textedit
TextEdit, Mac OS Xs basic text editor, has been upgraded with a new interface and better support for Asian languages. The toolbar is now reminiscent of a fullyfeatured word processing program, with controls for paragraph styles, font family, typeface, font size, text and text background color, font style, alignment, line and paragraph spacing, and list bullets and numbering. You can select fonts and highlight text right from the toolbar without consulting the Fonts dialog box. It is a nice, elegant treatment that was long overdue. Too bad the toolbar is still not configurable. One of the handiest improvements is that its easier than ever to insert accented characters. previously, you could add an e or an by using

Full BarA number of new options have been added to TextEdits toolbar.

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shortcut keys or the Character Viewer. In lion, you just hold down the letter you want to add an accent to, and a dialog box pops up listing its accented alternatives. You can click on a character or press the number underneath it to insert it. Another big text-related improvement in lion is system-wide auto-correction. As you type, lion will display suggested alternatives in a little bubble below misspelled words. To accept the suggestion, you can press the spacebar; to reject it, you can click on the little X in the suggestion bubble or press Escape. The programs search function has been refined so that the search window appears underneath the ruler and highlights every instance of the found item simultaneously. You can select Find and Replace right from the Edit menu. under the File menu, there is a new command to Export As pdF. The new version also adds support for vertical text layouts for Asian languages. And speaking of international fonts, lion supports the major languages of South and Southeast Asia. new fonts and keyboards support Bengali, Kannada, Khmer, lao, Malayalam, Myanmar, Oriya, Sinhala, Telugu, and urdu. new font families augment support for the devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, and Tamil scripts used to write the Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, nepali, panjabi, and Tamil languages. The nanum font family supports the Korean language. TextEdit makes use of the new automatic file-saving Auto Save and Versions technologies in lion, which replace the apps simple autosave feature (previously set to save a backup copy every 30 seconds). With Versions support, you can browse previous versions of your document and either revert to a previous version or cut and paste from it.

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Security
When it comes to your Mac, you want the best protection possible against nefarious outside forces. Updates to Mac OS Xs security settings (now in the Security & Privacy system preference), FileVault, and disk encryption can help you in your quest to keep your files safe and sound. In this chapter, well discuss each of these methods and the new security features present in Lion.

ContentS
Set Your Security
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Encrypt Your Data

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Set Your Security

Its important to protect your computer from prying eyes, and Lion has several security features built in to guard your privacy. Lions security settings are found in the new Security & Privacy system preference. there are four sections to Security & Privacy.
The BasicsThe General tab covers password, login, and infrared controls.

General
the settings in the General tab cover a variety of user access settings (see the Basics). Here, you can decide whether to require a password when waking from sleep or after your screensaver has activated; in addition, there are several other account settings. you can disable automatic login; require an administrator password when accessing preferences; log out after a specified period of inactivity; show a message when the screen is locked; automatically update your safe downloads list to avoid accidentally downloading any software Apple has marked as malware; and (if applicable) disable the infrared receiver.

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The Great WallYour computers built-in firewall can protect your computer from any unwanted incoming connections.

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Firewall
Lion has a built-in firewall to protect your computer from incoming connections (see the Great Wall). to turn on the firewall, you must first unlock the padlock in the lower right corner (an administrator password is required). then click the Start button. From there, you can fine-tune your firewall settings by clicking the Advanced button. you can choose to block all incoming connections, or you can create a list of specific applications allowed to pass over the firewall; for instance, to enable music sharing, you can allow connections from itunes.

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Split Down the MiddleThe Privacy tab, new in Lion, allows users to choose whether theyd like to send any diagnostic data to Apple and whether theyd like to enable Location Services for apps.

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Privacy
Added to the Security pane in Lion, the Privacy tab has two sections (see Split Down the Middle). the first section allows you to choose whether youd like to send diagnostic and usage data about your system to Apple. this data includes information about crashes, freezes, or kernel panics; events that happen on your computer (for instance, whether it wakes from sleep properly); and usage statistics (how you use your computer, and what third-party software, hardware, and services you use). All of this data is anonymously recorded and sent, which means theres no way for Apple to identify you personally. If youd rather Apple not have this information, leave the box unchecked. the section on the right allows you to enable Location Services for your applications. Some applications can find your location using Wi-Fi triangulation; if an application is able to, it will appear in this section of the Privacy tab. you can enable or disable Location Services globally, or pick and choose specific applications.

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encrypt Your Data

By creating a user account and password, you automatically enable an initial layer of security on your Mac. even so, there are still further precautions you can take to prevent unsavory types from getting a peek at your data. If you want to be extra cautious, consider using encryption: this keeps your files secure, should they fall into the wrong hands. When you encrypt your drive, you essentially make it impossible to read for anybody without the key to decrypt it.

File Vault 2
Lion includes FileVault 2, the latest version of Apples method of file protection (see Locked Up). At its core, FileVault is designed to encrypt your hard drive. As long as your files are saved to the internal drive, theyll be safe. Not only does this make your hard drive more secure, theres also no need to fuss with third-party security tools.

Locked UpWith FileVault enabled, you can encrypt your hard drive to prevent people without the decryption key from accessing your files and folders.

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Password MeTo encrypt your drive, youll first have to enter the passwords of the user accounts currently on your computer.

to encrypt your computer, youll need to make sure you have Lions recovery HD partitionotherwise the process wont work. If youve done a default install of the OS onto an internal drive with a single partition, or onto multiple partitions using Boot camp Assistant, you should be good to go. If youre worried that you may not have the recovery HD partition, you can verify this by booting your Mac with the Option key held down. youll see a gray screen with icons for each bootable volume your Mac recognizes; recovery HD should be one of them. If you dont have the recovery HD partition and still want to encrypt your computer, youll need to back up your data, erase and repartition your drive, and then reinstall Lion. (See the Install Lion chapter for more details.) to access FileVault 2, go to your System Preferences and double-click the Security & Privacy pane. then click the FileVault tab. to start the process, youll need to click the padlock in the lower left corner and enter an administrator password. click the turn On FileVault button, and youll be asked for the password of each user who has an account on the Mac (see Password Me). enter these passwords, then click continue. After doing this, youll be given a recovery key, which you should record and keep in a safe place, as its the only way to decrypt your drive if you forget your password. you can also

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have Apple store the recovery key for you; to retrieve it, youll have to provide the answers to three preset questions. After you restart your Mac, it will begin the process of encrypting your drive. this can take several hours; fortunately, the encryption process occurs in the background, so you can continue working. that said, its better to avoid anything processor- or disk-intensive while Lion is encrypting your drive, since the process will adversely affect system and application performance. Once the initial encryption is done, youre all set. Lion will automatically decrypt any files you need to use and encrypt any new files you create.

Disk Utility
FileVault 2 not only encrypts your Macs internal drive, it can also encrypt external drives. to do this, youll need Disk Utility, an application found in /Applications/Utilities. Unfortunately, to encrypt your external drive, Disk Utility needs to reformat it, which means any data on the drive will be erased. If you want to keep the data, you need to back it up and then copy it back to the drive after reformatting. One major caveat to encrypting an external drive using Lion: encrypted hard drives can be used only on other Macs running Lion, not on those with older versions of OS X. When you connect a drive encrypted using Lions Disk Utility to a Mac running Snow Leopard, a message appears, stating that the drive requires OS X 10.7. to encrypt an external drive, connect it to your Mac and launch Disk Utility. youll see a left column that lists the storage devices on your Mac. the first device is your internal drive. your external drives should follow. Select the drive you want to encrypt. then click the erase tab in the section to the right. In the Format menu, youll see two new formats available, in addition to the standard Mac OS extended (Journaled), Mac OS extended (casesensitive, Journaled), MS-DOS (FAt), and exFAt. the two new formats are Mac OS extended (Journaled, encrypted), and Mac OS extended (case-sensitive, Journaled, encrypted). In most cases, you should pick Mac OS extended (Journaled, encrypted). the other encrypted Mac format lets you give files the same names but with different letter-case treatment. (For example, two files with the names 2011taxes.numbers and 2011taxes.Numbers can coexist in the

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Encrypt KeeperTo create an external encrypted volume, you must add a password to the disk. Record it somewhere safe: Youll need it whenever you mount the drive.

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same folder.) youll also need to provide a name. click erase to begin the formatting process. A window will appear, confirming that you want to create an encrypted volume (see encrypt Keeper). If so, you need to enter a password. youll have to enter it any time you mount the drive, so be sure to memorize it or record it someplace secure. Once you enter and confirm the password, click erase. this will start the formatting process, which will take several minutes. Once the drive is formatted, you must enter your password to access it. your files will be automatically decrypted and reencrypted on the fly. If you dismount the drive, youll need to enter the password when you try to mount it again on your desktop. If you enter the wrong password or dont enter one at all, you cant access the data. At the password-entry window, you have the option to save your password in your keychain. this will allow your drive to mount without requiring your password for the particular Mac thats storing your keychain. If you try to attach the encrypted drive to, say, your friends Mac, which doesnt have your keychain info, youll have to enter the password to access that drive.

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Nobody spends more time with Apples computers and software than the writers and editors at Macworld, the worlds foremost Mac authority. Now, let Macworlds team of experts take you on a tour of Apples newest operating system, Mac OS X 10.7, aka Lion. Rebuilt to incorporate many of the lessons learned from Apples mobile operating system, iOS, Lion blends Multi-Touch gestures, full-screen views, improved navigation, and redesigned apps with the same Mac OS you know and love. In this book, we walk you through everything you need to know about Lion, starting with a comprehensive rundown of all the new features present in this version of Mac OS X. We help you install Lion, troubleshoot any installation woes, and learn how to set up a boot disc or drive. Once youve got Lion up and running, discover how to navigate the new interface by using Multi-Touch gestures, Mission Control, and Launchpad; share files in AirDrop; and control other screens via Screen Sharing. Avoid ever having to manually save documents again with Lions new Auto Save, Versions, and Resume features. Protect yourself from would-be data thieves by using Apples FileVault 2 encryption service. And finally, find out about tons of new features, large and small, that Apple has added to the OSs included applications. Let Macworld show you how to get the most out of Lion and your Mac.