The Industrial Revolution + The Democratic Reform

by Jennifer Kim Block B

I N DU S TRI AL RE VOLUTI ON

THE SETTING
Many wealthy English landowners started a trend of buying farms and improving Englands farming methods. Others invented many new important agricultural devices. This allowed the Industrial Revolution to begin in England, through the 1800s. The working class was a big part of the Industrial Revolution. A British mill worker named Samuel Slater would

THE SPINNING WHEEL WAS INVENTED BY JAMES HARGREAVES AND WAS AN IMPORTANT CREATION THAT ALLOWED SPINNERS TO WORK EIGHT THREADS AT A TIME.

inuence the United States by Smith and Karl Marx were important in the Industrial Revolution, because they introduced new ideas and laws.

starting in the 1700s and all the way spreading industrial ideas. Adam

WATER FRAME (1769)

COTTON PRODUCTION

SEED DRILL (1701)

T H E P RO B L E M

DISADVANTAGES
1. WORKERS HAD LOW WAGES. 2. THE FACTORY OWNERS, MERCHANTS, AND SHIPPERS GOT ALL THE NEW PROFITS FROM THE INDUSTRIES. 3. THE WORKERS WORKED IN POOR CONDITIONS 4. CHILDREN AS YOUNG AS 6 HAD TO WORK AT THE FACTORY

The Problem
When the factories came about, Europeans began to ee to the cities. The working class in the factories did not get paid enough for the hours they worked. Even women and children worked as much as 12 hours a day and 6 days a week. Slavery was also a part of the problem. Also, new ideas such as capitalism developed. Adam Smith supported the idea of capitalism, which was an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a prot. Although there were followers of capitalism, there were also people who wanted pure communism. Communism is a form of complete socialism in which the means of production would be owned by the people. This idea was introduced by a journalist named Karl Marx. Marx criticized society and its ways of dividing people into social classes. There were many clashing ideas that led to disagreements among the people.

The Goal
DID THEY ACHIEVE IT? The Working Class The goal of the working class was to have equal rights as the factory owners and the merchants. They wanted a higher pay and better working conditions. Europe Inventors in Europe wanted to keep their industrial secrets to themselves. Their goal was to take the lead in the economy and have Europe be the most powerful and successful nation. Capitalism vs. Socialism Adam Smith, a professor of an university in Scotland, claimed that there were three natural laws of economy. These three laws supported capitalism. Capitalism is an economic system in which the products sold are privately owned and invested to make a prot. Groups such as the factory owners and the small store owners favored capitalism. On the other hand, others, such as the factory workers, favored socialism. Socialism is an economic system in which the means of production are owned by the public and the welfare goes to all. Karl Marx, a German journalist, criticized capitalism and supported socialism. These two different ideas of the economy caused conicts and rebellions between the groups, so the goal was to have a change in the economy. Many years of waiting for reform movements to pass followed.

Industrialization spread from Europe to the United States when Samuel Slater traveled to the United States and built the spinning machine by memory. The city of Manchester arose as a new industrial foundation. This city had ready access to waterpower, so the industries were able to succeed. Their economic growth led to the mill owners and the middle class getting improvements in some aspects of their life. Even the working class started to see their standards rise slowly. However, this event did not completely solve the problem.

THE EVENTS
The formation of unions took a great deal of time and effort. At rst, the British government did not approve of these unions forming, because they saw the unions as a threat. The unions, containing of skilled workers and other members of the middle class, had the ability to replace social order and stability. The British Parliament established the Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800, which forbid the strikes and the unions; however, the workers joined the unions anyway despite the risks of losing their jobs and going to jail. Finally in 1824, the Parliament abolished this act.

In the 1800s, the people of the working class began to take action in politics. The workers joined together to form unions, or voluntary labor associations.

THERE WERE STRIKES AFTER STRIKES .

This led to reformers and unions taking action and establishing new laws in both Great Britain and the United States. These new laws recognized the abuses that came with the industrialization, such as child labor and slavery, and xed them. The reforms spread to many other areas of life.

The Ending
As a pretty permanent solution to all the problems of the Industrial Revolution, many reforms took place. Firstly, in 1833, the British Parliament passed the Factory Act which protected children from child labor. In 1842, the Mines Act forbid women and children from working underground. Also, in 1847, the Ten Hours Act was established to limit the workday to ten hours for women and children who worked in the factories. In 1848, the womens rights movement started and women activists around the world joined to found the International Council for Women in 1888. By the 1850s, Horace Manns suggestion of free public education for all children was put into action when many states started public schooling systems. A member of Parliament named William Wilberforce led the ght for abolition, or the end of slavery. When the Union defeat the United States in the Civil War in 1865, slavery nally ended in the United States. In 1886, several unions bound together to form the American Federation of Labor (AFL). This group of people led many successful strikes that won higher wages and shorter work hours for AFL. Although many groups achieved their goal, Karl Marxs favored Pure Communism did not take action. The countries remained capitalistic, but changed up some of the laws for the working class.

T H E D E M O C R AT I C R E F O R M

A TIME OF WOMEN AND DEMOCRATIC REFORMS

THE SETTING
In the 1800s, the British government was not a true democracy. Queen Victoria came to throne in 1837, and ruled for 64 years during the years of the climax of the British empire. In 1903, a woman named Emmeline Pankhurst formed the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU). This was a militant organization for womens rights. Another inuential person was Abraham Lincoln, the United States president. Many more inventions developed; Thomas Edison developed the lightbulb, which turned out to be a really a life-changing invention.

MEMBERS OF THE WSPU

THOMAS EDISON

THE LIGHTBULB

THE PROBLEM
Although the Reform Bill of 1832 let wealthy men of the middle class vote, only a small percentage of men were actually allowed to vote. Womens Rights As men started to gain more and more rights, such as rights to vote, or suffrage, women also wanted more rights. However, as women voiced their opinions, more and more resistance grew against them. Many people thought that woman suffrage was too far of a reach compared to tradition. This led to a popular movement called the Chartist Movement, in which workers and other groups that could not vote could pledge for more rights. Great Britain As Great Britain went over to foreign countries (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland) and claimed the lands for themselves, the natives there got frustrated. They wanted their land rights back. Some of the natives of these countries despised the British, already having had their own culture, ancestry, and language. United States Expansion The United States rst started off as the thirteen colonies. Their goal was to take over the territory all the way to the western coast. However, some problems such as the Civil War and slavery movements took place and slowed down the process of the expansion.

T H E G OA L

THE GOAL
The goal of the WSPU women was to gain the right to vote for women all over the nation. The British wanted to expand to lands overseas. Their goal was to take possession of the countries and encourage immigration to the newly-British lands to minimize overpopulation. On the other hand, the countries that were being taken over by the British wanted the British to respect their country and their rights. In Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, the natives wanted to govern themselves, but still remain in the British empire. The goal of the United States was to expand all the way to the western coast of the continent. Also, the North and the South disagreed with each other on their opinions about slavery. This made it difcult to get rid of slavery.

THE EVENTS
By 1890, many industrial countries had universal male suffrage, but none for women. After the formation of the WSPU in 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst, her daughter, and many others got arrested and

thrown in jail many times. Through 1880-1914, these women persevered and nally got their welldeserved rights after World War I.
Canada was rst claimed by the French, but in 1763, Great Britain took possession of it after they defeated the French and the Indians in the French and Indian War. In 1769, the British sea captain James Cook declared that New Zealand and parts of Australia as penal colonies. The British offered cheap land to encourage immigration. In 1851, there was a gold rush that rapidly increased the population. In the 1850s, colonies in Australia and New Zealand created self-governing systems that were parliamentary forms of government. New Zealand was the rst country to give women suffrage. In the early 1900s, both Australia and New Zealand became dominions. Ireland was another country that Britain claimed. The Irish were strongly against this because they already had their own culture, ancestry, and language. The British government formed laws that favored the Protestant religion and the English language and cut off the rights of Catholics. The rights of Catholics were brought back by the Catholic Emancipation Act. The Great Famine killed many people in Ireland and many also ed. During Easter week in 1916, Irish nationalists rebelled in Dublin and later formed their own government and called themselves independent.
The United States expanded by rst establishing the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This forced all Native Americans living in the East to move to the West. In 1821, Mexico let Americans settle in the territory of Texas, which Americans then annexed Texas and Mexico in 1845 saw this as a sign of war. The United States fought Mexico for this territory until Mexico nally surrendered in 1848 (known as the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Purchase). Also, much land was bought from the French through the Louisiana Purchase.
Slavery was a big problem in the United States. Being divided into the North and the South, the people of these two sides had very different viewpoints. The South felt that slavery was necessary in order to keep the economy going. The North felt that slavery was wrong. Abraham Lincoln got elected President during this time, and supported the North, saying that slavery was wrong. The Emancipation Proclamation was established and stated that all slaves in the Confederate states were free.

THE ENDING
Women nally earned suffrage. The British recognized the rights of the natives in each of the countries, and negotiated deals to make fair decisions for both Britain and the other country. The other countries also stayed a part of the British Empire. All the events led to a boost in the industry. The Civil War helped the economy because of the needs of the immigrants. The United States started building many more railways that linked California with the eastern United States. These tracks made travel and others very efcient.

AN AG E O F IN VEN T IO N S

The United States spread all the Furthermore, other inventions way to the East Coast, deafeating other nations to gain such as the lightbulb, their territory. However, slavery automobiles, telephones, and wasnt quite over, because when new ideas in science spurred and changed even the world federal troops left, the today. Southerners ostracized the African Americans by limiting their rights to vote.

THOMAS EDISON ( L I G H T B U L B I N V E N TO R )

CHARL ES DARWIN ( DA RW I N I S M )

MARIE CURI E ( C H E M I S T RY / R A D I OAC T I V I T Y )

HENRY F O RD ( AU TO M O B I L E S )

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Bibliography
Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, and Dahia Ibo. Shabaka. Modern World History Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2006. Print.

"Flickr: Creative Commons." Welcome to Flickr - Photo Sharing. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. <http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/>.

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