ln18CuuC1lCn 1C 8C1LC1lCn

When anyLhlng abnormal occurs on an elecLrlcal sysLem some acLlon ls necessary Lo lsolaLe Lhe
abnormal condlLlon elLher lnsLanLaneously or ln some clrcumsLances a predeLermlned Llme
delay such acLlon musL be auLomaLlc and selecLlve le lL musL segregaLe Lhe faulLy secLlon or
plece of equlpmenL llvlng Lhe healLhy remlnd ln normal servlce
1he funcLlon of proLecLlve gear Lo sense Lhe presence of dangerous condlLlons and based on
Lhls senslng Lo lsolaLe Lhe clrculL
1he abnormal condlLlons agalnsL Lo whlch proLecLlon ls requlred are
1 1he condlLlon of overloadlng whlch lf perslsLenL can lead Lo overheaLlng of Lransformer
or machlne wlndlng bus bar connecLlon and lnsulaLed cables
2 1he fallure of lnsulaLlon Lo an exLenL where a dangerous leakage of currenL can occur Lo
earLh
3 1he fallure of lnsulaLlon Lo an exLenL where a shorL clrculL beLween Lwo or Lhree phases
4 1he loss or a serles drop ln sysLem volLage causlng for eg machlne Lo be sLopped

A118l8u1LS Cl 8C1LC1lCn S?S1LM

A proLecLlon sysLem requlres a no of subsysLems for correcL operaLlon 1he proLecLlon
sysLem can be dlvlded lnLo Lhree subsysLems
a ClrculL breakers(C8)
b 8elay (8)
c lnsLrumenL Lransformer(C11)


Cl8Cul1 88LAkL8
1he clrculL breaker ls an auLomaLlcally operaLed elecLrlcal swlLch deslgned Lo proLecL an
elecLrlcal clrculL from damage caused by overload or shorL clrculL lLs baslc funcLlon ls Lo deLecL
a faulL condlLlon and by lnLerrupLlng conLlnulLy Lo lmmedlaLely dlsconLlnue elecLrlcal flow
unllke a fuse whlch operaLes once and Lhen has Lo be replaced a clrculL breaker can be reseL
(elLher manually or auLomaLlcally) Lo resume normal operaLlon
1he characLer of duLy ls unusual and Lhey wlll normally ln closed poslLlon carrylng Lhe load or
ln Lhe open poslLlon provldlng elecLrlcal lsolaLlon Lhey are called on Lo change from one
condlLlon Lo oLher only occaslonally and Lo perform Lhelr speclal funcLlon of closlng on Lo
faulLy clrculL or lnLerrupLlng shorL clrculL currenL only on a very rare occaslons 1he musL
Lherefore be rellable ln Lhe sLaLlc condlLlon ofLen afLer a long perlod wlLhouL movemenLs
1he arc ls Lhe essenLlal componenL of Lhe lnLerrupLlon process so ln order Lo avold arclng Lhe
breakers uses vacuum gas or llquld medlum
Al8 88LAkL8
Alr ls perhaps Lhe obvlously envlronmenL Lo conslder as an arc exLlngulshlng medlum for lL has
good lnsulaLlon properLles aL normal LemperaLure and ls freely avallable 1he problem of uslng
alr ls LhaL once a power arc has been drawn ln alr a conslderable volume of surroundlng alr ls
heaLed up and whlch wlll cause coollng dlfflculL and wlll lnLroduce rlsk of flash over so lL can be
used only for low volLage
vACCuM 88LAkL8
lL conslsLs of flxed and movable conLacL ln vacuum chamber When conLacLs are separaLed Lhe
arc ls supporLed by lonlzed meLal vapour derlved from Lhe conLacLs lnsLead of by lonlzed gas as
ln oLhers and currenL zero collapse of lonlzaLlon and vapour condensaLlon ls very fasL ensurlng
lnLerrupLlon vlrLually lndependenL of Lhe raLe of resLrlklng volLage




8LLA?S
When a faulL occurs ln a sysLem lL can resulL ln a rlse of currenL Lowards Lhe faulL assoclaLed
wlLh reducLlon ln volLage ln Lhe sysLem 1hese powers are very hlgh and are reduced Lo a lower
level by lnsLrumenL Lransformers and fed Lo Lhe relays 1hese relays declde conLacLs are serles wlLh Lhe
faulLy llne very rapldly As Lhe currenL Lhrough breaker passes secLlon from Lhe resL of Lhe sysLem Lhe
enLlre process from Lhe Llme of lnlLlaLlon of faulL Lo lLs flnal clearance Lakes beLween 30100 m sec
dependlng on Lhe proLecLlon sysLem used 1he ma[orlLy of relay fall lnLo flve caLegorles whlch are
1 MagnlLude relays
2 ulrecLlon relays
3 8aLlo relays
4 ulfferenLlal relays
3 lloL relays
8elays may be classlfled accordlng Lo Lhe Lechnology used
1 LlecLromechanlcal relay
2 SLaLlc relay
3 numerlcal relay
4 lmpedance relay
LLLC18C MLCPAnlCAL 8LLA?S
LlecLromechanlcal relays are Lhe convenLlonal relays havlng movable subassemblles 1he
operaLlon of such relays dependlng upon Lhe elecLromagneLlc aLLracLlon or elecLromagneLlc
lnducLlon effecLs of elecLrlc currenL 1he proLecLlon sysLem ln Lhe planL ls lmplemenLed by uslng
elecLro mechanlcal relays excepL a fewer number of sLaLlc relays
S1A1lC 8LLA?S
A sLaLlc relay referred Lo Lhe relay whlch has no armaLure or oLher movlng elemenLs 1he
measuremenL ls carrled ouL by sLaLlonary elecLronlcs clrculLs 1he measuremenL ls carrled ouL
by sLaLlonary elecLronlcs clrculLs 1he solld sLaLe componenLs used are LranslsLors reslsLors
capaclLors and so on 1he response ls developed by elecLronlc magneLlc opLlcal or oLher
componenLs wlLhouL mechanlcal moLlon SLaLlc relays have qulck response long llfe and shock
proof fewer problems of malnLenance hlgh rellablllLy and hlgh degree of accuracy

nuML8lCAL 8LLA?
ConvenLlonal elecLromechanlcal and sLaLlc relays are hard wlred relays 1helr wlrlng ls flxed
only Lhelr seLLlng can be manually changed numerlc relays are programmable relays Lhe
characLerlsLlcs and behavlor of Lhe relay are can be programmed 1hey have numerous
advanLages 1hey have small burden on C1's and 1's 1hey process and dlsplay Lhe slgnals
efflclenLly accuraLely and fasL as posslble manner
lMLuAnCL 8LLA?S
lmpedance relays are used whenever overcurrenL relays do noL provlde adequaLe proLecLlon 1hey
funcLlon even lf Lhe shorL clrculL currenL ls relaLlvely low 1he speed of operaLlon ls lndependenL of
currenL magnlLudelmpedance relays monlLor Lhe lmpedance beLween Lhe relay locaLlon and Lhe faulL lf
Lhe lmpedance falls wlLhln Lhe relay seLLlng Lhe relay wlll operaLe
lnS18uMLn1 18AnSlC8ML8S (C1 1)

1he currenL and Lhe volLage of Lhe proLecLed equlpmenL are converLed lnLo low for relay
operaLlon 1hls ls done for Lwo reasons
1 1he lower level lnpuL Lo Lhe relay ensure LhaL Lhe physlcal hardware Lo
consLrucL Lhe relays wlll be quleL small and less expenslve
2 1he personal worklngs wlLh Lhe relay are ln safe worklng envlronmenL
lL ls necessary LhaL Lhe C1 1 reproduce Lhe currenL and volLage ln Lhe secondary clrculL whlch
dupllcaLes Lhe waveforms as correcLly as posslble 1he load on C11 ls commonly known as
Lhelr burden