Transformer at No-Load

T/F at no-load means the secondary side is open-circuit. Primary winding draws a small amount of current, known as exciting current Io, when it is connected to AC source V1. Cu & iron losses are negligible for Io.

 Io can be resolved into two components, Working component Iw, in phase with V1. Its function is to cater for iron losses in core. Iw = Io coso Magnetizing component Im, lagging behind the V1 . Its function is to sustain the flux in the core. Im = Io sino
No-Load current Io can be determined from above relation as,

Io=(Iw2+Im2)
No-Load I/P power is,

Po=V1Iocoso, Io=Po/V1coso

Rules for Referring Impedance

It is necessary to refer the parameters of T/Fs from primary to secondary side or vice versa for developing equivalent circuit. The ratio of primary to secondary current, voltage and impedance Z are, V1/V2=a, & I1/I2=1/a, Z1/Z2=a2 R1 in the primary becomes R1/a2 when referred to secondary. R2 in the secondary becomes a2 R2 when referred to primary. X1 in the primary becomes X1/a2 when referred to secondary. Reactance X2 in the secondary becomes a2X2 when referred to primary.
An audio T/F has 450 turns in the primary and 45 turns in the Secondary. Assume the speaker impedance is 3s. Determine the turn ratio, load impedance referred to primary and primary current if the audio output is15V.

Transformer at Loaded Condition

When load is connected to secondary winding of the T/F it means T/F at under loaded condition.

When load is connected to secondary winding of the T/F it means T/F at under loaded condition. The magnitude of secondary voltage and current are shown in figure, where 2 represent the angle between them. The vector I2R2 vector is in phase with I2 and I2X2 vector is leading the resistive drop by 90. The vector sum of V2, I2R2 and I2X2 is the secondary induced voltage E2. Similarly, the by using primary resistive drop, reactive drop and induced emf the magnitude of primary supply voltage can be determined

Practice Problems
A T/F of 2000/240V takes no-load current of 0.6A and absorbs 400W power. Find the iron loss and magnetizing component currents. A 1- T/F having 440 turns in the primary and 110 turns in the secondary takes no-load current of 0.2A at 0.3 pf lagging. The secondary winding supplies a current of 120A at 0.8 pf. Determine the primary current.

Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

In a two winding transformer, the windings are only magnetically coupled and circuit is difficult to analyze. The ideal transformer is converted to its equivalent circuit for easy computation. In equivalent circuit, the perimeters like resistance, reactance, voltage and current can be transferred either from primary to secondary or from secondary to primary. The magnitude of no load current is very small and it is less than 5% of the rated primary current. So, in the equivalent circuit the no load current can be neglected.

The equivalent circuit Referred to primary

The equivalent circuit referred to primary is shown in fig, where all parameters are transferred from secondary to primary. The parameters are, R2=a2R2, X1=a2X2, ZL=a2ZL, I2= I2/a, V2= V2a,

Total resistance and reactance referred to primary Ro1=R1+R2= R1+ a2R2, Xo1=X1+X2= X1+ a2X2

The equivalent circuit Referred to Secondary

The equivalent circuit referred to primary is shown in fig, where all parameters are transferred from secondary to primary. The parameters are, R1= R1/a2, X1= X1/a2, I1 = aI1, V1= V1/a,

Total resistance and reactance referred to secondary Ro2= R2 + R1= R2 + R1/a2, Xo2 = X2+X1= X2 + X1/a2

Practice Problem
A 200 kVA, 2000/400V T/F has the primary value of resistance R1=6 and of reactance X1=18. In secondary side, the values are R2=0.3 and X2=0.1. Determine the equivalent impedance referred to primary and secondary. Also find the full load copper loss. A 100 kVA, 2200/400 V T/F has the primary value of resistance R1 = 3 and of reactance X1 =12. In secondary side, the values are R2=0.6 and X2 = 0.5. Determine the equivalent impedance referred to primary and secondary.