SYNOPSIS

ABS WITH AUTO BRAKING IN FOUR WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM WITH MOVABLE HEADLIGHT

OBJECTIVE 1) To construct a DC geared motorized hybrid vehicle comprises two free wheels at the front with electro-mechanical switch control system. 2) To design a timer based IR Transmitter/Receiver circuit to activate relay when obstruct senses in the front of vehicle. 3) To connect dc-geared motor with relay driver circuit so as to create instant braking when obstacle find at the front of the vehicle. 4) To activate Induction braking mechanism with the same electro-mechanical switching circuit to minimize the vehicle speed. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT:

In this project an automobile hybrid vehicle model is used to run the prototype in practical manner. The IR sensing circuit comprises a 555 timer and relay switching actually sense the obstruction comes in front of it. The circuit activates the relay connected to it and it switches the hybrid vehicle DC motor off that provides the power to move. On the other end, another relay switching energize the Induction braking mechanism that shorts the circuit around the stepper motor pins and it stops the shaft of the vehicle momentarily. Thus the IR circuit provides two relay switches for both solutions for brake.

AIM: - To design & develop Anti-Lock Braking System with Auto braking in Four wheel steering system with movable headlight. ABSTRACT The project here is all about Anti-Lock Braking System with Auto braking in Four wheel steering system with movable headlight. An anti-lock braking system, with Auto braking in Four wheel steering system movable headlight is a safety system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking and also prevents from accidents by auto braking, when it sense any object in front of it. A rotating road wheel allows the driver to maintain steering control under heavy braking, by preventing a locked wheel or skid, and allowing the wheel to continue to forward roll and create lateral control, as directed by driver steering inputs. Disadvantages of the system include increased braking distances under some limited circumstances (ice, snow, gravel, steel bridges, anything other than dry tarmac) and the creation of a "false sense of security" among drivers who do not understand the operation, and limitations of ABS.

What is four-wheel steering?

The concept is simple. Rather than controlling a car solely by the angle at which the front tires meet the road -- the method used by wheeled vehicles since the horse-drawn carriage -four-wheel steering turns the wheels simultaneously at both ends of the car. The idea is intuitively appealing to any city driver who has ever pulled up to a too-short parking space and wished he could point all four tires toward the curb and crab right in. Not so easy. For starters, the rear wheels of a four-wheelsteer car do not always turn in tandem with the front wheels. Depending on the speed of the car, the rear wheels may turn in the same direction (same-side steering) as the front wheels, or in the opposite direction (countersteering). Most of the new four-wheel-steer autos are capable of both countersteering and same-side steering. In sharp, slowspeed turns, countersteering can shave a full yard off a standard sedan's turning radius. At high speeds, however,

countersteering can make a car dangerously unstable, while same-side steering actually improves the ride. The difference comes from the dynamics of high-speed motoring. When a driver traveling at highway speeds turns the wheel of a conventional, two-wheel steering car, the front tires immediately begin to pivot and the car's forward momentum generates a powerful sideways or cornering force at the front axle. The rear tires, however, have to wait until the car has actually started its turn before they begin to generate a corresponding force at the rear axle. That is why a car with two-wheel steering fishtails during lane changes, the back end is trying to catch up to the front. In extreme cases, or under slippery conditions, the rear of the car may fishtail out of control. In a four-wheel-steer car, this high-speed sway can be damped or even eliminated through the use of same-side steering. When the rear wheels are turned at the same time and in the same direction as the front wheels, the back end turns with the front, and the cornering forces occur at both axles simultaneously. The car slides smoothly to the side without sway or fishtail.

But how can the rear wheels turn one way at low speeds and another direction at high? That is the central engineering problem in four-wheel steering, and the competing Japanese automakers have come up with an astonishing variety of technological solutions. Mazda's 626 four-door sedan solves the problem electronically. Sensors monitor the car's speed and its front-wheel angle and pass the information to an onboard computer, which determines in what direction the back wheels should turn. At speeds less than 22 m.p.h., the rear wheels countersteer; at more than 22 m.p.h., they turn in the same direction as the front wheels. Mitsubishi's version is simpler but more limited. On its four-wheel-steer Galant models, now available in Japan, the rear wheels are incapable of countersteering, but they can turn with the front wheels at high speeds. The action is controlled hydraulically: as speed increases, so does the oil pressure in the car's rear differential, the gear assembly that transfers the engine's driving force to the rear axles. The higher the oil pressure, the more sharply the rear wheels turn

METHODOLOGY ADOPTED :Experts differ on four-wheel steering's potential. Jerry Rivard, vice president of Bendix Electronics, a major auto supplier, calls it a "dramatic jump in technology" and predicts that it will be standard equipment on cars of the future. Ron Glantz, an auto analyst at Montgomery Securities, feels otherwise. "Other than parking," he says, "the only benefit is on gravel roads at speeds over 70 m.p.h." In Japan, where the technology was first marketed more than two years ago, car buyers seem favorably impressed. Nissan reports that 40% of the Japanese who pick the flashy Skyline model ask for four-wheel steering. Some 75% of those buying new Honda Prelude in Japan have purchased the high-tech option.

At the Big Three U.S. automakers, spokesmen say the companies are still assessing market demand. Donald Runkle, a director of advanced vehicle engineering at General Motors, acknowledges that four-wheel steering can improve handling and maneuverability. The question, he says, is whether Americans will be willing to pay the premium of some $1,000 the Japanese are charging. "We

have come down on the side of it not being worth what it costs ! right now," says Runkle. "But we could be wrong. Honda could come in here and clean our clock with fourwheel steering."

How Antilock Brake Systems Work Since most cars on the road today have some form of Antilock Brakes (ABS) I think we should take a look at how they work and clear up some mis-information about them. As always, what I describe here is how most systems work in general. Since different manufactures have their own versions of ABS their values, specifications and part names will differ. If you are having a problem with the ABS on your vehicle you should always refer to the specific service and repair manuals for your vehicle. The ABS is a four-wheel system that prevents wheel lockup by automatically modulating the brake pressure during an emergency stop. By preventing the wheels from locking, it enables the driver to maintain steering control and to stop in the shortest possible distance under most conditions. During normal braking, the ABS and non-ABS brake pedal feel will be the same. During ABS operation, a pulsation can be felt in the brake pedal, accompanied by a fall and then rise in brake pedal height and a clicking sound.

Vehicles with ABS are equipped with a pedal-actuated, dual-brake system. The hydraulic system consists of the following: ABS hydraulic control valves and electronic control unit Power brake booster Brake master cylinder Necessary brake tubes and hoses

The anti-lock brake system consists of the following components: Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU). Anti-lock brake control module. Front anti-lock brake sensors / rear anti-lock brake sensors.

Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) operates as follows: When the brakes are applied, fluid is forced from the brake master cylinder outlet ports to the HCU inlet ports. This pressure is transmitted through four normally open solenoid valves contained inside the HCU, then through the outlet ports of the HCU to each wheel. The primary (rear) circuit of the brake master cylinder feeds the front brakes. The secondary (front) circuit of the brake master cylinder feeds the rear brakes. If the anti-lock brake control module senses a wheel is about to lock, based on anti-lock brake sensor data, it closes the normally open solenoid valve for that circuit. This prevents any more fluid from entering that circuit.

The anti-lock brake control module then looks at the anti-lock brake sensor signal from the affected wheel again. If that wheel is still decelerating, it opens the solenoid valve for that circuit. Once the affected wheel comes back up to speed, the anti-lock brake control module returns the solenoid valves to their normal condition allowing fluid flow to the affected brake.

The anti-lock brake control module monitors the electromechanical components of the system. Malfunction of the anti-lock brake system will cause the anti-lock brake control module to shut off or inhibit the system. However, normal powerassisted braking remains. Loss of hydraulic fluid in the brake master cylinder will disable the anti-lock system. The 4-wheel anti-lock brake system is selfmonitoring. When the ignition switch is turned to the RUN position, the anti-lock brake control module will perform a preliminary self-check on the anti-lock electrical system indicated by a three second illumination of the yellow ABS wanting indicator. During vehicle operation, including normal and anti-lock braking, the anti-lock brake control module monitors all electrical anti-lock functions and some hydraulic operations. Each time the vehicle is driven, as soon as vehicle speed reaches approximately 20 km/h (12 mph), the anti-lock brake control module turns on the pump motor for approximately one-half second. At this time, a mechanical noise may be heard. This is a normal function of the self-check by the anti-lock brake control module.

When the vehicle speed goes below 20 km/h (12 mph), the ABS turns off. Most malfunctions of the anti-lock brake system and traction control system, if equipped, will cause the yellow ABS warning indicator to be illuminated.

ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM (ABS) What it is: ABS keeps the wheels from fully locking up while braking to allow the driver to maintain steering control. There are two basic types of ABS. Rear Wheel ABS prevents only rear wheels from locking. Four Wheel ABS prevents all four wheels from locking. Without ABS, too much force applied to the brake pedal can cause a wheel to stop turning (lockup) and begin skidding, greatly reducing the capability of the driver to steer or maintain stability. With ABS, the wheels are kept rolling and the driver maintains steering control within the limits of traction. Many light trucks use rear-wheel ABS to prevent rear wheel lockup. Rear Wheel ABS does not help steering directly during hard braking, but it helps to keep the vehicle stable and reduces fishtailing and a loss of control.

How it works : ABS consists of an electronic control unit (ECU) with a microprocessor, hydraulic control unit (HCU) with valves (to modulate brake line pressure), and wheel speed sensors at each wheel or in the differential. Four Wheel ABS systems also have a pump and motor in the HCU. If a wheel begins to lock up during braking, the computer senses a speed difference compared to the other wheels. The HCU reduces pressure to that brake until it begins to roll again. This occurs many times per second during braking, making pumping of the brakes unnecessary. When the brake pedal is applied firmly, the system constantly seeks to keep each wheel at maximum braking force without locking up to help the driver make the best use of available traction.

Customer benefit : ABS provides the average driver with greater vehicle stability and control during severe braking. Additionally, Four Wheel ABS can help the driver steer away from a potential accident.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM Front Wheels

Gear Attachment

Rear Wheels

Relay T

555 Timers Based tr. /rec. With relay activation

STEPPER MOTOR

Relay

Induction Breaking Coil

COMPONENTS USED IN THIS HYBRID MODEL OF CAR 1. Stepper motor. 2. Induction braking coil. 3. 555 timers IC. 4. Relays. 5. IR transmitter. 6. IR receiver. 7. Gears. 8. Resistances. 9. Capacitors.