Reactance, Impedance and Phasors Time Domain Asin(t+) Phasor Domain (Polar) A+ Phasor Domain (Rectangular) Acos + jAsin

Asin(t-)

Acos - jAsin

Acos(t+ )=Asin(t++900) Asin(t+ )=Acos(t+-900) -Asin(t+ )=Asin(t+1800)

-A = (1800)

If A+ = (Acos + jAsin) then A = (Acos - jAsin)

, ,+,, , in the Phasor Domain NOTE: quantities in the phasor domain can be and usually are given in effective or RMS terms. Generally assume that any Phasor quantities are RMS unless otherwise stated. Rectangular Coordinates + (A + jB) + (C + jD) = (A+C) + j(B+D) Polar Coordinates Add like vectors; usually easiest to convert to rectangular coordinates then add. If is the same for both, can add magnitudes As above, subtract like vectors, but easiest to convert to rectangular coordinates first. If is the same for both, can subtract magnitudes (A1)(2) = (AB)(1+2) (A1)(2) = (AB)( 12)
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(A + jB) - (C + jD) = (A-C) + j(B-D)

(A + jB) (C + jD) = AB + j(BC+AD) + j2(BD) = (AC-BD) + j(BC+AD) (A + jB) (C + jD), need Complex Conjugate
Denard Lynch

Reactance, Impedance and Phasors Rectangular Coordinates Complex Conjugate: (A + jB)* = (A - jB), then MN = MN*NN* = (complex product)(real number) and... (A + jB) (C + jD) = {(AC+BD)(C2+D2)} + j{(BC-AD)(C2+D2)} Reactance: Recall, for inductors: Polar Coordinates

Note that the voltage leads the current by 900(current lags voltage). The quantity,

where L is in Henries

(H), is called the Inductive Reactance, XL and is the Alternating Current world's equivalent of Resistance, R, for an inductor and is measured in ohms, . Note also that the reactance is directly proportional to both the frequency and the Inductance. Similarly for Capacitors:

Note that here the current leads the voltage (voltage lags current) by 900. The quantity,

, where C is in

Farads (F) is called the Capacitive Reactance, XC and is the Alternating Current world's equivalent of Resistance, R, for a capacitor and is measured in ohms, . Note that in this case, the reactance is inversely proportional to frequency and capacitance. Impedance: A component's "reactance" or "opposition" to current / voltage in the phasor domain is called its impedance, Z. It is defined as V/I, the ratio of the phasor voltage to the phasor current. For resistors, since voltage and current are in phase, this is straightforward: For inductors, since current is 900 behind the voltage For capacitors, since current is 900 ahead of the voltage

Using this complex impedance, Z, along with phasor voltage and current representations, Ohm's Law can be applied in a straightforward fashion to A.C. circuits made up of combinations of resistive, inductive and capacitive components. Note: that although Z is complex, it is not a phasor as it is not a sinusoidally varying quantity.

Denard Lynch

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Oct,. 2008