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by ANIS H. BAJREKTAREVIC
CONSTRUCTING WORLD ORDERS SGIR Conference, Den Haag 09 11 September 2004 New World Security and the Role of Europe
One man counted bound and led One man whom the four men dread Stone Sleeper, Mak Dizdar
European JHA Diplomacy Anis 2004
Summary
of the Survey
Process/es
The IGC breakthrough Ratification of Constitution The EU Enlargement and (promotion of) New Neighborhood policy
(from Morocco to Russia and partnerships beyond)
Transnational challenges
Human and Environmental disaster management (incl. asylum) Transnational Organized Crime (incl. laundering, corruption, etc.) (trafficking in and smuggling of) drugs, humans, arms; E-crimes, etc. International terrorism (incl. ABC particles proliferation)
Males: 70 44
(France 9; Germany 6; Spain 6; Finland 6; Sweden 5; Italy 4; UK 3; Belgium 2; Portugal 1; Denmark 1; the Netherlands 1)
New EU 10:
Non-EU Europeans:
17
11
Non-Europeans:
26
(Canada 6; US 5; Russia 3; Australia 2; Mexico 1; India 1; Pakistan 1; New Zealand 1; South Africa 1; China 1; Morocco 1; S. Korea 1; Chile 1; Malaysia 1)
European JHA Diplomacy Anis 2004
Gender
Female: Male: Below 20: Between 20 35: Between 35 60: Over 60: Studying: Working: Retired/Other:
Age
Occupancy
60,00%
Disagree: 51,00%
50,00%
Agree: 43,33%
c
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
0,00%
EU 15
Agree: Disagree: Dont Know: Agree: Disagree: Dont Know: Agree: Disagree: Dont Know:
44% 50% o6% 59% 41% oo% 36% 46% 18% 31% 65% o4%
10 New EU Members
Non EU Europeans
Non Europeans
Disagree: 62,33%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
Agree: 32,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10,00%
EU 15
Agree: Disagree: Dont Know: Agree: Disagree: Dont Know: Agree: Disagree: Dont Know:
32% 61% o7% 41% 53% o6% 45% 55% oo% 19% 81% oo%
10 New EU Members
Non EU Europeans
Non Europeans
To understand Muslims and their interaction with the rest of the world it is essential to differentiate between Islamic fundamentalism and extremism. Yevgeny PRIMAKOV
Q5: Islam is religion of peace. Using Islam as a way to justify terrorism is an abuse of the faith.
80,00%
A gr e e : 7 3 , 0 0 %
70,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
D i sa gr e e : 11, 3 3 %
20,00%
D on' t K now: 15 , 6 7 %
10 , 0 0 %
In a properly organized society like ours, nobody has any opportunity for being noble or heroic. Aldous HUXLEY
Q6: The absence of economic opportunities and political freedoms in Muslim countries drives people toward violent alternatives including the Al Qaeda-style terrorism.
70,00%
A gr e e : 5 7 , 6 7 %
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
D i s a gr e e : 2 9 , 3 3 %
30,00%
D on't K now : 1 3 , 0 0 %
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q3: I associate ANY terrorism with a lack of political alternative and economic prospects, or with the oppression by central authorities.
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
Q4: Terrorists operate most effectively if they have the tacit support of the populations around them.
70,00%
Agree: 66,67%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
Disagree: 21,33%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q12: Law-enforcement community should be allowed to use physical coercion to obtain infos on imminent terrorist threats.
70,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q13: The suspension of legal rights is acceptable in the fight against terrorism.
80,00%
Disagree: 68,33%
70,00% 60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
Agree: 22,67%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q14: Apprehension and detention of persons suspected of support for terrorism is tolerable, even if there is no credible evidence of their involvement.
80,00%
Disagree: 69,67%
70,00% 60,00% c 50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10,00%
Q15: Foreign state or non-state entities engaged in or supporting terrorism should be subject to sanctions.
80,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q16: Foreign state or non-state entities engaged in or supporting terrorism should be subjected to pre-emptive military intervention.
60,00%
Di sa gr e e : 5 4 , 3 3 %
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q20: Counter-terrorism works best if it operates with the rule of law (balanc-ing security and civil liberties).
70,00%
A g ree: 6 5,0 0 %
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
D isag ree: 13 ,0 0 %
D o n' t Kno w: 2 2 ,0 0 %
20,00%
10,00%
70,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
EU 15
Agree: Disagree: Dont Know: Agree: Disagree: Dont Know: Agree: Disagree: Dont Know:
10 New EU Members
Non EU Europeans
Non Europeans
Agree: Disagree: European JHA Diplomacy Dont Know: Anis 2004
Disa gr e e : 6 9 ,0 0 %
70,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
Don' t Know: 18 ,0 0 %
20,00%
Agr e e : 13 ,0 0 %
10 , 0 0 %
50,00%
Agree: 48,33%
40,00%
Disagree: 33,67%
30,00%
20,00%
10,00%
Q9: Issue of terrorism is over-emphasized. Job security social welfare (e.g. pension reform) and environmental degradation are the biggest challenges Europe is facing.
60,00%
Agree: 55,6 7%
50,00%
40,00%
Disagree: 3 1,0 0 %
30,00%
20,00%
Don't Know: 13 ,3 3 %
10 , 0 0 %
Q10: The EU enlargement, EU constitution and institutional reform are the biggest Europes challenges.
60,00%
40,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q27: Europe is to face more attacks similar to the Madrid 3/11 bombing.
70,00%
Agree: 60,33%
60,00% 50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q27: Europe is to face more attacks similar to the Madrid 3/11 bombing.
EU 15
10 New EU Members
Non EU Europeans
Non Europeans
Agree: Disagree: European Dont Know: JHA Diplomacy
Anis 2004
Q28: Several of the suspects held in connection with the Madrid bombing are the 3rd nationals legally residing in the EU for years. We should stop further immigration to EU. Disagree: 73,67%
80,00%
70,00% 60,00%
50,00% 40,00%
30,00% 20,00%
Agree: 10,00%
Sum A Sum B
10 , 0 0 % 0,00% Sum C
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
Agree: 29,67%
30,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
EU 15
10 New EU Members
Non EU Europeans
Non Europeans
Q30: We shall only stop immigrants from Muslim countries and let other immigrants in.
10 0 , 0 0 % 90,00% 80,00% 70,00% 60,00%
Disagree: 89,33%
Agree: 4,67%
We are becoming ever more diverse and multiethnic in Europe, having become a magnet for immigration ourselves where such flows now largely sustain our Q31: Europe should keep immigration unrestricted. Whatsoever price population growth.prosperity heavily depends on immigration.flows of new Put simply, we need these is, the EU people to our shores, both demographically and financially. Romano PRODI
60,00%
Disagree: 53,33%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
Agree: 23,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q32: Temporary suspension of legal rights for immigrants would improve the EU security.
80,00%
D i sa gr e e : 7 5 , 0 0 %
70,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00% 30,00%
20,00%
D on' t K now: 14 , 6 7 % A gr e e : 10 , 3 3 %
10,00%
Q33: Number of immigrants in Europe remain on the margins of society without ever being offered a real perspective to become part of society.
70,00%
Disagree: 65,33%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
Agree: 19,33%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q34: Europe does quite much for immigrants. They should pay more respect and loyalty to countries of their residence.
60,00%
Agree: 49,67%
50,00% 40,00%
30,00%
Disagree: 27,67%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q38: September/11 and the w ar on terrorism as w ell as the Madrid bombing, have created unfavorable climate for many Muslims in Europe and have led to misperceptions and stereotyping. This intensifies isolation among Muslim immigrants.
A gr e e : 8 5 , 0 0 %
D i sa gr e e : 8 , 0 0 %
10,00% 0,00% Sum A Sum B
D on' t K now: 7 , 0 0 %
Sum C
Q35: Economically non-integrated (unemployed) and socially isolated immigrants may turn into recruiting ground for terrorists.
60,00%
Agree: 55,33%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
Disagree: 27,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q36: Improved (EU) integration policies at home and an understanding of the difficulties many immigrants face would reduce European societal conflicts and consequently improve the overall European security standing.
A gree: 78 ,0 0 %
Q48: To reduce the terrorist threats, the member countries should delegate more JHA powers to the EU institutions.
45,00%
Agree: 42,00%
40,00%
35,00%
30,00%
25,00%
Disagree: 22,00%
20,00%
15 , 0 0 %
10 , 0 0 %
5,00%
Lets be clear: in a globalized world the EU guarantees cultural diversity. To those critics who complain that Member States are losing sovereignty, I fell like saying: take your sovereignty & try seeing member you can do with it. what countries should Q49: When addressing terrorism, the EU Antonio VITORINO keep their JHA prerogatives strictly on national level.
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
Agree: 14,67%
10 , 0 0 %
Q45: The 10 new EU members will not vote as an eastern block in the Union. Rather, they will join coalitions of the willing which cut across the old and new member-states.
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
EU 15
Agree: Disagree: Dont Know: Agree: Disagree: Dont Know: Agree: Disagree: Dont Know: Agree: Disagree: Dont Know:
52% 20% 28% 58% 18% 24% 27% 18% 55% 42% oo% 58%
10 New EU Members
Non EU Europeans
Non Europeans
Q40: Europe should fully side with the US in global fight against terrorism.
90,00%
Disagree: 78,33%
80,00%
70,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
Agree: 10,67%
10 , 0 0 %
Q42: Europe should develop its own policy and act alone in tackling the terrorism.
50,00%
45,00% 40,00%
35,00% 30,00%
25,00% 20,00%
15 , 0 0 % 10 , 0 0 %
60,00%
Disagree: 57,67%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
Agree: 11,67%
10,00%
35,00%
Agree: 34,67%
34,00%
33,00%
32,00%
3 1, 0 0 %
Disagree: 30,33%
30,00%
29,00%
Europe is a partner with the legitimacy that comes through the collective action of a union of 25 sovereign states. Javier SOLANA
Q43: Europe should develop its own policy in conformity with the Intl. law and act through the UN system in tackling terrorism.
80,00%
Agree: 73,00%
70,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
Disagree: 14,33%
10 , 0 0 %
Disagree: 59,33%
60,00% 50,00%
40,00%
Agree: 29,00%
30,00% 20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Q52: Eradication of poverty, of diseases, of environmental degradation, the ICC functioning, are the urgent global priorities.
90,00%
Agr e e : 8 3 , 0 0 %
80,00%
70,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
Di sa gr e e : 7 , 3 3 %
10 , 0 0 % 0,00% Sum A Sum B
Don' t Know: 9 , 6 7 %
Sum C
Agree: 63,33%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
Disagree: 19,33%
20,00% 10 , 0 0 %
Dont know
o39.
On Huntingtons clashes
Q54: There is no clash of civilizations. The only clash is (a conflict) of interests.
45,00%
40,00%
Agree: 38,33%
35,00%
30,00%
25,00%
20,00%
15 , 0 0 %
10 , 0 0 %
5,00%
America did not change on September 11. It only became more itself. Robert KAGAN
Q55: The US has better standing of its global moral and political authority now than it was before 9/11.
90,00%
Disagree: 83,67%
80,00%
70,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
Agree: 7,33%
Sum A Sum B
10 , 0 0 %
0,00%
The question of legitimization goes beyond the capabilities of the US. Joscha FISCHER
Q56: The war on terror so far isolated;
the US itself: 65,33%
70, 00%
60, 00%
50, 00%
40, 00%
30, 00%
20, 00%
10, 00%
EU 15
10 New EU Members
Non EU Europeans
Non Europeans
Q58: The US proclaimed war on terror serves the Europes security too.
60,00%
Disagree: 49,67%
50,00% 40,00%
Agree: 30,67%
30,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Agree: 60,33%
60,00% 50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10 , 0 0 %
Disagree: 39,00%
Agree: 23,33%
Q50: The 10 new EU members see the US as the guarantor of their security, and they fear Franco-German hegemony in Europe more than American power in the world.
10 New EU Members
Non EU Europeans
Non Europeans
Terrorism
Aim: Claim:
Technical approach
Political approach:
Consolidation of the EU (Foreign) Policy-making is sine qua non to the comprehensive EU JHA response to terrorism and other international threats more stake for the JHA in Foreign policy objectives making; Coupling the democracy promotion and human development with our coordinated policies; The EU JHA institution building and the Constitution ratification gaining the momentum.
European JHA Diplomacy Anis 2004