ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Dr. T. Sekar. IFS., Member Secretary, TNPCB

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT
CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES Article 21: Guarantees protection of life and Personal liberty-Enforceable legally

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

Article 47- Duties of the State: It is the duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health Article 48A- Directive Principles of State Policy: The State shall endeavour to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
42nd amendment (1976) to the Constitution incorporated a new chapter on Fundamental Duties under Article 51A (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS IN INDIA

1972 - World Conference on Human Environment at Stockholm, Sweden 1975 - National Committee on Environmental Planning and Coordination ( NCEPC ) Post 1974 - Central and State Pollution Control Boards 1980 - Department of Environment, GoI 1982 - Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board 1985 - Ministry of Environment and Forests, GoI 1996 Department of Environment, GoTN

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS ENFORCED BY TNPCB

The various environmental legislations with which the TNPCB is concerned are given below. Some legislation is implemented directly by the Board and some by other departments of the Government. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, as amended in 1978 & 1988. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, as amended in 1991. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, as amended in 1987. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 as amended in 1992. The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995. The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997.

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS ENFORCED BY TNPCB Contd..

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended in 2000, 2003. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 as amended in 1994 & 2000. Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro organisms / Genetically engineered organisms or cells Rules, 1989. Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 as amended in 1994, 1997 & 2001. The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS ENFORCED BY TNPCB Contd..

The Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,1998 as

amended in 2000. Fly Ash Utilization Notification, 1999. The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999. Use of Fly Ash from Thermal Power Plants Notification, 1999. The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994, 2004, 2006

JUDICIAL ACTIVISM
Vellore Citizen Forum vs UoI & others,1991 Precautionary principle Polluter Pays principle

PRECAUTIONERY PRINCIPLE
CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS ON SITING INDUSTRIES: Government in GO Ms No 213, Environment & Forests (ECI) Department dated 30-03-89 have imposed a total ban on the setting up of the 14 types of highly polluting industries mentioned in its Annexure I within one km from the embankment of the water sources mentioned in its Annexure II. Government in GO Ms No 127, Environment & Forests (ECIII) Department dated 08-05-98 as amended have ordered that 14 types of industries mentioned in Annexure I of GO Ms No 213,Environment & Forests (ECI) Department dated 30-03-89 should not be allowed to be established within 5 km of important rivers in Tamil nadu namely Cauvery and its tributaries, Pennaiyaru,Palar,Vaigai and Tamiraparani.

CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS ON SITING INDUSTRIES Contd

ANNEXURE I TO GO MS NO 213 DATE 30-03-89 (List of Highly Polluting Industries)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Distilleries Tanneries, Sago, Sugar, Distilleries and Glue Fertiliser Pulp & paper (with digestor) Chemical units Petroleum Refinery Textile Dyeing units Steel Plant ( Electroplating, heat treatment etc) Ceramics *Thermal Power Station using fuel other than Natural gas/LNG/CNG/Naphtha/**Biomass Basic Drug Manufacturing units Pesticide Asbestos Foundries

*Amended in Government Letter No 181 E&F Dept dt.19.1.2003 and **2007

POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE

Concept of loss of ecology Reversal of ecological processes Loss of Ecology Authority Award of compensation for losses

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

DEFINITION- CONTD

To ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of the present and future generations without damaging the environment
National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development (1992)

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

PARADIGM SHIFT IN POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES

3Rs 2000s
TREATMENT 1980s DISPOSAL 1950s

CLEANER TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

Caustic soda manufacturing units using mercury cell process are converting into membrane cell process., time frame 2012 as per CREP Use of Cyanide in heat treatment process completely eliminated through carburizing process Use of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene replaced by non chlorinated solvents in engineering industries Use of Chromate based cooling water treatment programmes replaced with zinc orthophosphate based system reduced chromium bearing wastes Phosphate treatment in place of Chromium treatment in cooling water system (SPIC) Elimination of Arsenic for absorption of CO2 in Ammonia plant (SPIC)

ADOPTION OF 3R PRINCIPLES
Reduce Recover, Reuse Recycle

REDUCE
WASTE MINIMIZATION Effective raw material conservation to reduce generation of wastes Effective reduction in use of water ( sugar, tannery) Waste minimization techniques such as de dusting, Counter current soaking, Enzymatic process in Tannery Segregation of high TDS streams, Automized water and chemical dosing in the process, Use of low salt dyes etc used by the textiles.

DESALINIZATION AND REUSE OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE

To conserve water resource and to reduce raw water uptake by ground water abstraction Board is insisting the industries to go for desalinization plant or recovery of process/ cooling water from raw sewage through membrane technologies CPCL in Manali uses 11.5 ML and GMR Power Corporation in Basin Bridge 7.2 ML of raw sewage from Metro water every day Chemplast (Cuddalore) is establishing a 3.0 MLD desalinization plant

GMR POWER CORPORATION, CHENNAIAN EXPERIENCE IN RESOURCE CONSERVATION

GMR Power Corporation Pvt. Ltd., has set up a 200 MW (4 units of 50 MW each) Diesel Engine based power plant at Basin Bridge, Chennai. This is the first Power Plant of an Independent Power Producer in Tamil Nadu and one of the largest Diesel Plants in the world under one roof.

GMR POWER CORPORATION, CHENNAIAN EXPERIENCE IN RESOURCE CONSERVATION A fully Integrated Modern Sewage Treatment Plant is treating 7200 m3/day of raw sewage @ 300 m3/hr from CMWSSB to convert into fresh water for the plant usage. The scheme comprises of a biological treatment plant followed by a chemical treatment plant and a Reverse Osmosis plant. The reject from the RO plant is recycled to Equalization tank mixing with raw sewage and portion of the effluent water is used for gardening purpose. This Plant is modified to enable ZERO DISCHARGE The sludge generated from raw sewage is being used for land filling within the plant , thereby regaining the unusable land for further development of green belt.

BIO SECTION

CHEMICAL SECTION

RO ASSEMBLY

PRODUCT WATER STORAGE

REUSE OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

Use of Phospogypsum sludge for cement manufacture ( Sterlite Industries) Use of refinery sludge in Cement kiln (CPCL) Bio composting of ETP sludge (FUTURA polyester, Manali) Bio-remediation of Oil separated sludge (CPCL, Manali) Biomethanation of CETP sludge in tanneries ( Melvisharam, Ranipet)

BIOMETHANATION OF SLUDGE (3TPD) & FLESHINGS (2TPD) OF M/s. VISHTEC CETP, MELVISHARAM

BENEFICIAL UTILISATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

TRIALS AT M/s. GRASIM INDUSTRIES LIMITED, FOR DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE IN CEMENT KILN CPCB had accorded permission to M/s. Grasim Industries Limited, Reddipalayam, Ariyalur to carry out trial run for co-incineration of refinery sludge, tyre chips and paint wastes in its cement kiln based on the action plan derived by CPCB in association with TNPCB. For the above trial run Grasim Industries Ltd., provided sophisticated alternate fuel feeding system at a cost of Rs. 200 lakhs for burning of hazardous wastes completely in cement kiln at a very high temperature of more than 1800 deg. C in controlled manner, along with proper monitoring devices at various locations.

TRIALS FOR DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE IN CEMENT KILN

Trial conducted between 7th April and 6th July 2006 Total quantity of paint sludge incinerated 722 tonnes and refinery sludge incinerated 336.3 tonnes Detailed emission monitoring schedule was followed before and during the trial run of co- incineration of hazardous wastes Results of emission monitoring reveals no significant levels of any harmful gases into the atmosphere CPCB evolved suitable guidelines for the use of the HWs like paint sludge, refinery sludge, ETP sludge, tarry waste etc in cement kilns

FUEL FEEDING HOPPER

ALTERNATE FUEL FEEDING POINT

USE OF FLYASH IN CEMENT AND BRICK MANUFACTURING

Fly ash notification, 1999 Utilisation of fly ash ( 30-46%) during 2005-06 Power plants moving from wet fly ash collection process to dry collection Dedicated silos put up by cement plants at TPS Transport by specially designed tankers Loading and unloading through pneumatic systems

USE OF FLYASH IN CEMENT AND BRICK MANUFACTURING

Board is insisting: Brick manufacturing units within 100 km from TPS have to use at least 25% of fly ash in their process TPS should use coal with < 25% fly ash content TPS should go for dry ash collection and dispose of 25 % of fly ash through cement units and brick kilns Present level of utilisation of fly ash ranges from 30 to 46 % in respect of TPS located in the coast

ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE

To allow reuse of recovered permeate through membrane technology and RMS Brine recovery through appropriate filtration system in textiles To combat TDS problem The concept of ZLD reinforced by judgments in courts in tannery and textile sector

SEGREGATION AND RECYCLING

Used and waste oils reprocessed and reclaimed at registered facilities Used solvents sent for purification and recovery in solvent recovery plants Spent catalysts from fertilizer plants and refineries reprocessed by hydro metallurgical process to recover copper and nickel Tarry wastes used for manufacture of bitumen coated products and tar pitch Chrome in CETPs recovered in chrome recovery plants by magnesium oxide process PET recycling Plastic Waste recycling Lead ingots, battery scrap are reprocessed at secondary smelters

CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION (CREP)

CPCB has formulated CREP for all 17 category industries Charter is a road map for progressive improvement in environmental management system Water use, Waste generation per unit production Targets set for the industries are far ahead of effluent and emission standards TNPCB is monitoring the compliance with the Charters action plan periodically Due to the Boards insistence about 200 units in the State had gone for ISO 14000

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OPPURTUNITIES

Carbon emission reduction Alternate Energy sources and fuel switch Biomass Based Power Generation Hydel Power Projects Wind Power Plants Gas Based Power Generation Solar Energy Generation Waste to Energy Options MSW in power generation Use of poultry litter in power generation Use of Hazardous Wastes as co-fuel Fly ash blend in cement manufacturing

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OPPURTUNITIES

Carbon Sequestration Forest Plantation Bio-diesel Manufacturing Other GHGs reduction Methane recovery from STPs Methane Avoidance/ Capture N2O / PFC Destruction HFC-23 incineration And Others Energy Efficiency Waste Heat Recovery

STATUS OF ODS PHASE-OUT ACTIVITIES

Over the past twelve years since the approval of Indias original Country Programme for Phase-out of Ozone Depleting Substances in 1993, India has made significant progress in controlling the production and consumption of ODS. From a 1991 consumption level of 10,370 MT of ODS (Annex-A, Group I, II & Annex-B Group II & III), the unconstrained demand was forecasted at about 96,000 MT by 2005. The actual use of these substances by end-2004 was only about 9,000 MT annually, with a complete phaseout of Halons (Annex-A Group-II) and Methyl Chloroform (Annex-B Group-III) achieved. This was achieved through technical and financial assistance from the Multilateral Fund and proactive policy actions by Government of India.

PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION CONTROL SCHEDULE IN INDIA

ODS BASE LINE YEAR 1995-97 BL PODUC TION* 22588 BL CONUM PTION* 6681 2005 2007 2010 2015 2040

CFC

50%

85%

100%

NA

NA

Halon

1995-97

95

260

50%

100%

NA

NA

CTC

19982000 19982000 1995-98

10507

10459

85%

100%

NA

NA

HCF

NIL

1467

30%

70%

100%

NA

Me Br

108

214#

20%

100%

NA

HCFCs* *

100%

* All in Metric tonnes

**Base line to be determined in 2016 # Includes shipments

RESOURCE CONSERVATIONRAIN WATER HARVESTING

Many industrial units have gone for extensive arrangements for collection of rain water which they use for many purposes

RWH STUCTURE IN BRAKES INDIA

GREEN COVER DEVELOPMENT

As a measure of pollution abatement and mitigation of the ill effects of pollution, industries have been directed to develop 25% of their land area as green belt with trees having a thick canopy cover. Accordingly, industries have taken action to plant adequate number of trees in and around industrial premises. Development of green belt is ensured through Consent mechanism in the Board.

GREEN BELT DEVELOPMET INITIATIVES IN NLC

Greenbelt development efforts of NLC are unique in more than one ways Over a period of 50 years of its operation, NLC has successfully rehabilitated the old mine areas with abundant greenery The greening attempts of NLC in its township is a master piece of forest outside forest NLC claims to have about 170 lakh seedlings planted in its township and mine reclamation area

RECLAIMED MINE AREA- NELLI

JATROPHA IN RECAIMED AREA

RW STORAGE IN A MINED AREA AND THE GREEN BELT

ROAD AVENUE

NLC TOWNSHIP- A MASS OF GREENERY

TOWNSHIP ROAD ONLY VISIBLE

CONSTRAINTS IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

Under Hazardous Waste Management Rules, EIA and notification of site for three TSDFs done But could not be completed due to a PIL and for want of local body clearance Government health care facilities yet to join the common BMW facilities Only 90 out of 152 municipalities have obtained permission of the Board MSW management ineffective due to financial constraints, non-availability of suitable site, public objections

POLLUTION MANAGEMENT IN SMALL AND TINY SECTOR Tanneries, textiles, electro-plating and foundry units in small and tiny sector located in residential areas Lack financial and space constraints in providing treatment systems on their own Lot of public objections Units advised to shift to location away from residential areas to form clusters and provide combined treatment systems

STRATEGIES FOR XI FYP

RO or other membrane technologies with RMS CREP recommendations in 17 category industries Waste Minimization and recovery Techniques- bio composting in distilleries, chrome recovery in tannery, salt/brine recovery in textile Use of Cleaner technologies- wet to dry process in cement, mercury cell to membrane cell in caustic soda manufacture, cyanide free electroplating, chlorine free bleaching in paper and pulp, phasing out of ODS based technologies etc., Use of Cleaner fuel- Eco friendly fuel like CNG,LPG; Low benzene and sulphur in auto fuels, low fly ash coal Green Belt Development in industries

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