Logos

Steven Kowalski 2011

Contents
0 Principle Foundations 0.0 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 Tools and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mathematical Foundations 1.0 History and Philosophy of Mathematics 1.1 Sets and Relations . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Operations and Groups . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Building Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Logic 2.0 History and Use of Logic . 2.1 Foundation of Logic . . . . 2.2 Ways to Prove Something 2.2.1 Direct Proof . . . . 2.2.2 Indirect Proof . . . 2.2.3 Counter-Example . 2.3 Theories . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Systems . . . . . . . . . . 3 The 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Theory of Everything (TOE) Story of TOEs Creation . . . . . . . Construction of the Theory . . . . . Physical Space . . . . . . . . . . . . Quasi-Abstract and Abstract Spaces Classication of Information . . . . . i

CONTENTS

ii

3.5 The Supernatural Realm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4 God and Persons 4.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Theories About God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 God does not Exist . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 God Exists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Proofs of Gods Existence . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 The Story of God, the Point . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Perspectives of God and Gods Relation to the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 30 31

Chapter 0 Principle Foundations

CHAPTER 0. PRINCIPLE FOUNDATIONS

0.0

Assumptions

Denition 0.0.1: An assumption of X is an ability to perform X. Assumption 1: Assumptions Listed

1. Let us assume that assumptions exist and that those listed in Section 0.0: Assumptions are true throughout the book. 2. Assume the assumptions in each section.

Denition 0.0.2: A chire is a base unit of writing (e.g., c, , , 3, etc.). Denition 0.0.3: A letter is a chire used to spell words (all units in the alphabet, if it exists). Denition 0.0.4: A word is an un-spaced string of letters that has a meaning. Denition 0.0.5: A symbol is a chire (other than a number) that has meaning. Assumption 2: Use of Words and Symbols

1. Assume the ability to use all words as dened in Websters Dictionary and in this book. (a) If a word is dened in a dierent manner in Logos, assume the Logos denition. 2. Assume (1)standard sentence structure in American English and (2)structure of words and symbols dened in Logos.

CHAPTER 0. PRINCIPLE FOUNDATIONS 3. Assume the symbols dened in the book. Assumption 3: Principle of Non-contradition

1. Given conditions X and Y , if X is true, then X (not X) is false; and if Y is true, then Y is false. Denition 0.0.6: An axiom is an assumption of the existence of X. Denition 0.0.7: Given X and Y are conditions, X implies Y means if X is satised, then so is Y , or Xs existence constitutes the existence of Y . This can be stated Y is an implication of X. Assumption 4: Logical Implications of Assumptions and Axioms 1. If an Axiom of a Theory asserts the existence of X and Y , we may assume that X and Y exist. Denition 0.0.8: A conjecture is a statement that can be proven true or false. Denition 0.0.9: A theorem is a conjecture logically implied by assumptions and axioms. Denition 0.0.10: A lemma is a theorem used to prove a part of the main theorem. Denition 0.0.11: A corollary is a theorem logically implied by the main theorem. Assumption 5: Logical Implications of Theorems 1. Given conditions {X, Y ,...} and given a conjecture, Z, if proven that X,Y ,... imply Z then when supplied with {X, Y ,...} we may automatically assume Z.

CHAPTER 0. PRINCIPLE FOUNDATIONS

(a) This general theorem would read: Given X, Y ,... , Z, Let {X, Y ,...} then Z, If {X, Y ,...}, then Z, or {X, Y ,...} Z. 2. Given a theorem, W : {X, Y, ...} Z and a theorem A : Z B,there is a new theorem, C : {X, Y ,...} B

CHAPTER 0. PRINCIPLE FOUNDATIONS

0.1

Tools and Resources

CHAPTER 0. PRINCIPLE FOUNDATIONS

0.2

Introduction

Chapter 1 Mathematical Foundations

CHAPTER 1. MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS

1.0

History and Philosophy of Mathematics

CHAPTER 1. MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS

1.1

Sets and Relations

CHAPTER 1. MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS

10

1.2

Functions

CHAPTER 1. MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS

11

1.3

Operations and Groups

CHAPTER 1. MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS

12

1.4

Building Arithmetic

Chapter 2 Logic

13

CHAPTER 2. LOGIC

14

2.0

History and Use of Logic

CHAPTER 2. LOGIC

15

2.1

Foundation of Logic

CHAPTER 2. LOGIC

16

2.2
2.2.1

Ways to Prove Something

Direct Proof

Deduction Induction

2.2.2

Indirect Proof

Proof by Contradiction Proof by Contraposition

2.2.3

Counter-Example

CHAPTER 2. LOGIC

17

2.3

Theories

CHAPTER 2. LOGIC

18

2.4

Systems

Chapter 3 The Theory of Everything (TOE)

19

CHAPTER 3. THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING (TOE)

20

3.0

Story of TOEs Creation

CHAPTER 3. THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING (TOE)

21

3.1

Construction of the Theory

CHAPTER 3. THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING (TOE)

22

3.2

Physical Space

CHAPTER 3. THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING (TOE)

23

3.3

Quasi-Abstract and Abstract Spaces

CHAPTER 3. THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING (TOE)

24

3.4

Classication of Information

CHAPTER 3. THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING (TOE)

25

3.5

The Supernatural Realm

Chapter 4 God and Persons

26

CHAPTER 4. GOD AND PERSONS

27

4.0 4.1

Introduction Persons

CHAPTER 4. GOD AND PERSONS

28

4.2
4.2.1

Theories About God

God does not Exist

Our existence is a process of haphazard occurrences. These occurrences stem from a source that spontaneously and haphazardly brought them about. But wait... That cant happen! For this source must have also been caused by a source. And this pre-existing source from which all sources stem would have to have spontaneously created them... meaning this source has either been programmed to function this way by itself or by some intentional system with the ability to program the source, which would imply a creative and intelligent minds existence before the time everything was set into motion. Sounds too much like God. OK... Everything was just mysteriously here ever since the beginning of time; and time started... by some haphazard occurrence... Alright, third times a charm. There was no beginning. There is no end. Everything that exists has always just existed from time extended from negative innity to the present. There is no reason for our existence. Objects in motion have always been in motion. It is only by the principle of serendipitous chance that life exists, that I am capable of reason, and that Math, the product of pure logic, is parallel to the Laws of Physics. My sense of reason is probably askew, but theres no way of knowing this because I am conned to my mind, an alternative reality serendipitously created by neurons ring, and these neurons re from some serendipitous neuron ring mechanism which stems from... neurons ring (among other things). Oh how grateful I am, dear Serendipity!

4.2.2

God Exists

CHAPTER 4. GOD AND PERSONS

29

4.3

Proofs of Gods Existence

CHAPTER 4. GOD AND PERSONS

30

4.4

The Story of God, the Point

CHAPTER 4. GOD AND PERSONS

31

4.5

Perspectives of God and Gods Relation to the World