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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the use of Throughput in communication networks. For disk drives, see Throughput (disk drive). For business management, see Throughput (business). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) In communication networks, such as Ethernet or packet radio, throughput or network throughput is the average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel. This data may be delivered over a physical or logical link, or pass through a certain network node. The throughput is usually measured in bits per second (bit/s or bps), and sometimes in data packets per second or data packets per time slot. The system throughput or aggregate throughput is the sum of the data rates that are delivered to all terminals in a network. The throughput can be analyzed mathematically by means of queueing theory, where the load in packets per time unit is denoted arrival rate , and the throughput in packets per time unit is denoted departure rate . Throughput is essentially synonymous to digital bandwidth consumption.
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1 Maximum throughput o 1.1 Maximum theoretical throughput o 1.2 Peak measured throughput o 1.3 Maximum sustained throughput 2 Channel utilization - Channel efficiency - Normalized throughput 3 Factors affecting throughput o 3.1 Analog limitations o 3.2 IC hardware considerations o 3.3 Protocol considerations o 3.4 Multi-user considerations 4 Goodput and overhead 5 Other uses of throughput for data o 5.1 Integrated Circuits o 5.2 Wireless and cellular networks o 5.3 Over analog channels 6 Common Misconceptions
The above values are theoretical or calculated values. Peak measured throughput is throughput measured by a real, implemented system, or a simulated system. The value is the throughput measured over a short period of time; mathematically, this is the limit taken with respect to throughput as time approaches zero. This term is synonymous with "instantaneous throughput". This number is useful for systems that rely on burst data transmission, however, for systems with a high duty cycle this is less likely to be a useful measure of system performance.
For example, in Ethernet the maximum frame size 1526 bytes (maximum 1500 byte payload + 8 byte preamble + 14 byte header + 4 Byte trailer). An additional minimum interframe gap corresponding to 12 byte is inserted after each frame. This corresponds to a maximum channel utilization of 1526/(1526+12)100% = 99.22%, or a maximum channel use of 99.22 Mbit/s inclusive of Ethernet datalink layer protocol overhead in a 100 Mbit/s Ethernet connection. The maximum throughput or channel efficiency is then 1500/(1526+12) = 97.5 Mbit/s exclusive of Ethernet protocol overhead.
RC losses: wires have an inherent resistance, and an inherent capacitance when measured with respect to ground. This leads to effects called parasitic capacitance, causing all wires and cables to act as RC lowpass filters. Skin effect: As frequency increases, electric charges migrate to the edges of wires or cable. This reduces the effective cross sectional area available for carrying current, increasing resistance and reducing the signal to noise ratio. For AWG 24 wire (of the type commonly found in Cat 5e cable), the skin effect frequency becomes dominant over the inherent resistivity of the wire at 100 kHz. At 1 GHz the resistivity has increased to 0.1 ohms/inch.[4] Termination and ringing: For long wires (wires longer than 1/6 wavelengths can be considered long) must be modeled as transmission lines and take termination into
account. Unless this is done, reflected signals will travel back and forth across the wire, positively or negatively interfering with the information-carrying signal.[5] Wireless Channel Effects: For wireless systems, all of the effects associated with wireless transmission limit the SNR and bandwidth of the received signal, and therefore the maximum number of bits that can be sent.
CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA "backoff" waiting time and frame retransmissions after detected collisions. This may occur in Ethernet bus networks and hub networks, as well as in wireless networks. Flow control, for example in the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) protocol, affects the throughput if the bandwidth-delay product is larger than the TCP window, i.e. the buffer size. In that case the sending computer must wait for acknowledgement of the data packets before it can send more packets. TCP congestion avoidance controls the data rate. So called "slow start" occurs in the beginning of a file transfer, and after packet drops caused by router congestion or bit errors in for example wireless links.
Packet loss due to Network congestion. Packets may be dropped in switches and routers when the packet queues are full due to congestion.
Packet loss due to bit errors. Scheduling algorithms in routers and switches. If fair queuing is not provided, users that send large packets will get higher bandwidth. Some users may be prioritized in a weighted fair queuing (WFQ) algorithm if differentiated or guaranteed quality of service (QoS) is provided. In some communications systems, such as satellite networks, only a finite number of channels may be available to a given user at a given time. Channels are assigned either through preassignment or through Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA).[6] In these cases, throughput is quantized per channel, and unused capacity on partially utilized channels is lost..
Goodput Greedy source Measuring network throughput Network traffic measurement Link and system spectral efficiency Traffic generation model Iperf Ttcp bwping
[edit] Footnotes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
^ Blahut, 2004, p.4 ^ Johnson, 1993, 2-5 ^ Johnson, 1993, 9 ^ Johnson, 1993, 154 ^ Johnson, 1993, 160-170 ^ Roddy, 2001, 370 - 371
[edit] References
Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice second edition, Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN 0130422320 Blahut, Richard E. Algebraic Codes for Data Transmission Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0521553741 Li, Harnes, Holte, "Impact of Lossy Links on Performance of Multihop Wireless Networks", IEEE, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, Oct 2005, 303 - 308 Johnson, Graham, High Speed Digital Design, a Handbook of Black Magic, Prentice Hall, 1973, ISBN 0133957241 Roddy, Dennis, Satellite Communications third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2001, ISBN 0071371761
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