Mozambique Scan-ICT Final Report

Submitted by: Informatics Centre of the Eduardo Mondlane University (Centro de Informatica da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane) (CIUEM)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acronyms and Definitions of Concepts I. Background of the SCAN-ICT Process II. Methodology 2.1. Strategy 2.2. Survey Coverage 2.3. The Questionnaires 2.4. Recommendations on the Methodology 3 6 7 7 8 9 9

III. General Country Profile 10 3.1. Population 10 3.1.1. Population Distribution by Geographical Area 11 3.1.2. Population Distribution by Age 12 3.1.3. Educational Levels 12 3.2. Economy 12 3.2.1. Balance of Payments 12 3.2.2. Gross Domestic Product Expenditure on GDP Growth Rate 15 3.2.3. GDP by Sectoral Distribution 16 3.2.4. Unemployment Rate 17 3.2.5. Inflation 17 3.2.6. Debt 18 3.2.7. Main Export and Import Products 18 3.2.8. Income Distribution (Poverty Levels) 18 3.3. Political System 19 3.3.1 Historical Context 19 IV. African Information Society Initiative (AISI) Theme Areas 4.1. ICT Infrastructure 4.2. Mobile Telephony 4.3. Radio 4.4. Television 4.5. Internet Connectivity 4.6. Telecentres 4.7. Content 4.8. ICT and Gender 4.9. National Legislation Concerning ICTs 4.10. The National ICT Policy V. Sectoral Applications 5.1. ICT in Education Sector 5.1.1. Survey in Education Summary Data ICT Investments Users Usage/Access Content 39 19 19 21 24 25 26 28 28 28 28 29 30 30 32 33 35 35 37

5.2. ICT in Health Sector 5.2.1. Survey in Health Sector Institutions Summary Data Answers to SCAN Questionnaire 5.2.2. Survey in Health Sector Individuals Summary Data Answers to SCAN Questionnaire 5.3. ICT in the Private Sector 5.3.1. Survey in the Private Sector Summary Data Answers to SCAN Questionnaire 5.4. E-Commerce VI. General Trends in ICT Jobs and Skills VII. Conclusions and Recommendations 7.1. Policy 7.2. Human Resources Development 7.3. Infrastructure 7.4. Lessons Learned and Research Questions VIII. Inventory of ICT Infrastructure Projects IX. Inventory of Strategic Planning and ICT Policy-Related Projects X. References and Web-Based Information Sources Bibliography and References Annexes

41 42 43 44 48 48 44 49 50 50 50 59 62 63 63 63 63 64 64 67 70 73 75

ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS

In this section the main concepts discussed in the SCAN framework are defined. In some cases, this is not necessarily a scientific definition and is instead the personal understanding of the project team members with respect to those concepts in the context of work done on the ground. -ICT stands for Information and Communications Technology. This concept is generally used in relation to any computer-based processes in which information and content are developed, shared and transmitted over local, regional or international boundaries. -ICT environment describes the country-specific situation with regard to the status of different elements that influence the development of ICT, such as the telecommunications infrastructure, regulatory framework and investment and tax policies. -ICT sector encompasses both the industry and the business structures of the ICT field. -Teledensity represents the number of existing telephone lines per 100 inhabitants. -Universal access was adopted to compensate for the limitations of another important concept, universal service, which refers to the goal of 1 telephone line per household. In practice, most countries could not meet that goal and for them a different approach was chosen, where the goal was to ensure that all citizens could have access to a public phone at a reasonable distance from their homes. Generally, reasonable distance should mean walking distance, but in some countries especially in Africa this may be 5km or more. Universal access is therefore used to define the average distance or time needed to reach the nearest public phone. BIM International Bank of Mozambique (Banco Internacional de Moambique)

BSTM Standard Totta Bank of Mozambique (Banco Standard Totta de Moambique) CD-ROM CFM CIUEM Compact Disc Read Only Memory Railways of Mozambique (Caminhos de Ferro de Moambique) Informatics Centre of the Eduardo Mondlane University (Centro de Informatica da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane)

CPRD Provincial Digital Resource Centre (Centro Provincial de Recursos Digitais) DETECON FRELIMO GDOI GDP Deutsche Telepost Consulting, GmbH Mozambique Liberation Front (Frente de Libertao de Moambique) Global Digital Opportunity Initiative Gross Domestic Product

IDRC

International Development Research Centre

INCM National Institute of Communications of Mozambique (Instituto Nacional das Comunicaes de Moambique) INE ISDN ISP ITU IX LAM mCel MICOA MICTI MOZAL MzDG NGO PoPs RA RM RTK TDM TMM TVM UEM UNDP UNECA UNESCO National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estatstica) Integrated Services Digital Network Internet Service Provider International Telecommunications Union Internet Exchange Mozambique Airlines (Linhas Areas de Moambique) Mozambique Cellular (Moambique Celular) Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (Ministrio para Coordenao da Aco Ambiental) Mozambique Information and Communication Technology Institute Mozambique Aluminium Smelter Mozambique Development Gateway Non-Governmental Organisation Points of Presence Regulatory Authority Radio of Mozambique (Rdio Moambique) Klint Radio and Television (Rdio Televiso Klint) Telecommunications of Mozambique (Telecomunicaes de Moambique) Mobile Telecommunications of Mozambique (Telecomunicaes Mveis de Moambique) Television of Mozambique (Televiso de Moambique) Eduardo Mondlane University (Universidade Eduardo Mondlane) United Nations Development Program United Nations Economic Commission for Africa United Nations Education Science and Culture Organisation

VSAT

Very Small Aperture Terminal

I. BACKGROUND OF THE SCAN-ICT PROCESS

The SCAN-ICT process is an initiative of IDRC and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) that aims at undertaking a baseline study on ICT in African countries. The SCAN framework was launched during the first Scan-ICT workshop, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 27-30 November 2000. Mozambique was selected, together with five other countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Morocco, Senegal and Uganda), to participate in the pilot phase. The Eduardo Mondlane University Informatics Centre (CIUEM) is the collaborating institution. The overall goal of the project is to contribute to building ICT capacity and development in Mozambique and the region. Specifically, SCAN-ICT aims to: Collect and disseminate ICT-related information in Mozambique Create statistical databases containing national information aimed at: 1. Providing useful and reliable information for the Government and other ICT actors (funding agencies, private investors, NGOs and educational and research institutions) 2. Helping to promote development co-ordinated and harmonised efforts in ICT

3. Sharing existing knowledge, expertise and resources 4. Facilitating the implementation of appropriate technologies in the country 5. Providing useful information for regional collaboration and integration in ICT 6. Promoting effective use of national capacity 7. Creating public awareness about the importance of ICT for development The pilot phase of the Mozambique SCAN Project covered the following priority areas: Education Health Infrastructure Public Administration Private Sector E-Commerce This report presents the outcomes of the Mozambique baseline study carried out in the framework of the SCAN-ICT initiative. It includes the following components: the SCAN methodology; SCAN country profile/baseline data; and SCAN country profile/analysis. It also follows the outline suggested by the SCAN-ICT framework for the study. The SCAN country profile and baseline data are presented in table format for maximum clarity; most indicators are presented graphically, in tables and charts. The section on methodology explains in detailed form how the study was conducted, discusses the suggested framework with regard to the indicators and provides recommendations for further studies.

II. METHODOLOGY
A team consisting of a Project Supervisor, Project Co-ordinator and two Project Assistants had the responsibility of organising and co-ordinating the process, including planning, monitoring, evaluating and reporting. The project also contracted temporary staff for the survey, database design, data input and analysis, web design and English translation. This group mainly consisted of university students and ICT professionals. Following the recommendations of the SCAN framework, the project team decided to use a combination of these methodologies for this study: - Desk research - Interviews - Questionnaires

2.1 STRATEGY
The strategy for the study included:

Awareness Campaign
Having recognised that the success of the project would benefit from an enhanced level of awareness and commitment of all stakeholders, the project team organised an awareness raising workshop. All Ministries, other public institutions and the private sector were invited to participate. About 50 people attended. During the workshop, the project objectives and workplan were presented and discussed. Participants committed themselves to collaborate with the team and act as focal points for SCAN within their institutions. Those belonging to the public administration helped to identify focal points at provincial level.

Piloting in Maputo
Given the size of the country and the complexity of the SCAN framework, the project team decided to pilot the process in Maputo City before expanding the activities. The objective was to test the validity of the working instruments and create confidence among team members. Maputo was chosen for piloting, firstly, because almost all institutions listed for the SCAN study are based in the capital and, secondly, because the co-ordinating institution, Eduardo Mondlane University also is in Maputo, minimising logistical requirements. In this process the team interviewed primarily top-level managers from both the private sector and public administration. In most cases, the interviews were extended to cover local ICT experts as well. Selected institutions included the Ministries of Education, Labour and Health; the National Telecommunications Company (TDM); the national television (TVM); the National Broadcasting Company (RM); the Railway Company (CFM); Mozambique Airlines (LAM); and the Mozambique Aluminium Smelter Plant (MOZAL). Results of the pilot study were decisive for the success of the following phases.

Through the piloting process the team was able, for instance, to detect weaknesses in the questionnaires and sharpen them accordingly.

Working With Students

It was very important to select the right people as field surveyors. Intelligence, enthusiasm and reasonable costs were paramount, leading the team to decide that students would be the best choice. About 30 students from UEM were recruited and trained on how to conduct interviews. Afterward, 20 of the students were selected and contracted for the survey. In addition, a core team of five people, including both Project Assistants, was built to organise and co-ordinate logistics, as well as to support surveyors should problems arise.

2.2 SURVEY COVERAGE

Because of time limitations, the study was carried out in 10 provinces out of 11, namely: Cabo Delgado, Nampula, Zambezia, Tete, Manica, Sofala, Inhambane, Gaza, Maputo and Maputo City. The province of Niassa, in the north of the country, could not be covered because of the lack of flights. The survey generally covered the provincial capitals only, but six districts (Manhia, Marracuene, Namaacha, Boane, Moamba and Ressano Garcia) were included in Maputo, along with Nacala city in Nampula. About 1,500 people in 780 institutions were interviewed. Table 1 shows the distribution of interviewees by province. However, the list containing full personal details by sector is presented as an annex to this report. According to the teams initial plan, the project should have interviewed about 3,000 people in about 1,000 institutions. The main reasons for not reaching these targets were related to major time limitations for the fieldwork (one month) and the fact that when the survey was conducted, most schools were closed for vacation. This situation considerably affected the results in the education sector. Some interviewees requested anonymity, so the total numbers by province and by sector/institution do not always match the information in Tables 1 and 2 below. Distribution of interviewees by province (Summary) Table 1 PROVINCE Interviewees Cabo Delgado 146 Nampula 220 Zambezia 65 Tete 62 Manica 10 Sofala 55 Inhambane 58 Gaza 322 Maputo 228 Maputo City* 302 Total 1468 (*) Maputo City has the status of a province.

Type and number of institutions (Summary) Table 2 Type of Institution Number of Institutions Visited Education 134 Health 82 Public Sector 121 Private Sector 63 Total 400 Clearly, the number of interviewees and institutions visited differs between provinces, according to the local environment and conditions. Maputo City, as host of the project, is far ahead in comparison, for instance, with Manica province. An important factor in the results achieved was the commitment and enthusiasm of the local people, who agreed to join the project teams even without payment. The provinces of Nampula and Gaza are particularly good examples.

2.3 THE QUESTIONNAIRES

Two questionnaires were designed for each area, one for the institutions themselves and another for individuals. It was important to separate the purely institutional information from the individual aspects, because the impact of ICT development in an organisation might affect staff in differing ways. Questionnaires were designed overall in accordance with the SCAN framework, but in some cases suggested indicators and/or the respective methods of measurement were not applicable for Mozambique. A related problem was the lack of up-to-date information and statistical data, about the country in general and the visited institutions in particular. This situation resulted in missing indicators in this report or in the use of different indicators. Samples of all questionnaires used are presented as annexes to this report.

2.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE METHODOLOGY

Based on the experience of the pilot phase, the project team would like to recommend the following measures on the methodology for the coming phases: -Establishment of permanent focal points in each province, preferably at the institutional rather than individual level, to ensure the continuous character of the SCAN process -Involvement of the National Institute for Statistics (INE) in the process in order to give the survey a mandatory character, at least for Government and public institutions, to increase the number of respondents and accuracy of data -Promotion and awareness among groups to be interviewed to stimulate more participation. In this regard, the involvement of local authorities will be determinant, especially in rural areas -More time for the fieldwork to increase coverage of the survey

10

-Revision of the questionnaires in order to create more realistic, suitable and measurable indicators and more area-specific, rather than general, aspects

III. GENERAL COUNTRY PROFILE

The tables below summarise the demographic, economic, political and cultural data of the country.

3.1 POPULATION

According to the National Statistics Institute (INE), Mozambique has a population of nearly 18 million. The population growth from 2001 to 2002 was estimated at 426,370, a rate of 2.3 percent. 3.1.1. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA The table below shows the population distribution by province and region (North, Central and South). Table 1 Region/Province Total NORTH 5,601,935 Niassa 870,544 Cabo Delgado 1,465,537 Nampula 3,265,854 CENTRAL 7,227,983 Zambzia 3,316,703 Tete 1,319,904 Manica 1,137,448 Sofala 1,453,928 SOUTH 4,412,322 Inhambane 1,256,139 Gaza 1,203,294 Maputo Province 933,951 Maputo 1,018,938 Grand Total 17,242,240
Source: National Human Development Report 2001, UNDP, Maputo

11

3.1.2 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY AGE Table 2

Provi nce Niassa Cabo Delgad o Nampu la Zamb zia Tete Manica Sofala Inham b. Gaza Maput o Prov. Maput o city 0 3541 6 5345 1 1269 45 1413 33 5557 0 4720 9 5567 3 4791 5 4266 0 3121 4 3361 8 1-4 1217 10 1759 27 4280 91 4686 16 1891 30 1607 96 1911 65 1632 98 1501 87 1080 19 1159 72 5-9 1418 74 2140 30 5108 20 5175 04 2138 94 1704 68 2115 95 1641 50 1592 95 1198 99 1186 34 1014 1168 79 1888 82 4251 33 4049 28 1790 17 1503 85 1788 80 1599 43 1590 62 1183 43 1257 16 1519 8488 9 1385 49 3141 56 3354 19 1270 53 1184 60 1513 13 1391 48 1425 53 1099 43 1283 55 2024 7434 4 1276 70 2834 82 2909 37 1109 19 1035 89 1360 67 1119 10 1116 41 9625 5 1163 99 2529 6744 4 1221 86 2642 34 2704 15 1013 90 9150 9 1224 01 8825 1 8301 9 7491 5 9287 0 AGE 303534 39 5499 4279 3 0 1026 8118 84 8 2167 75 2220 30 8124 3 7219 2 9785 5 7069 0 6654 7 5916 1 7243 2 1693 65 1700 93 6076 2 5392 8 7531 0 5467 5 5260 0 4835 0 5858 4 4044 3412 7 6591 0 1366 97 1341 88 4906 2 4290 9 6183 1 4762 2 4582 7 3923 4 4701 7 4549 2683 0 5277 0 1083 05 1037 92 3962 5 3389 3 4962 6 4319 6 4140 6 3113 4 3507 4 5054 212 21 431 02 862 94 811 75 316 73 269 08 377 67 393 20 360 28 255 02 250 92 5559 162 49 343 37 670 11 614 52 248 33 210 73 277 75 355 74 310 59 211 53 171 94 6064 121 52 261 19 506 09 458 04 197 03 159 82 209 27 309 87 266 51 173 11 125 87 6569 860 1 185 11 359 53 321 61 149 83 115 66 152 44 255 47 219 55 139 19 904 6 7074 547 6 114 78 225 60 199 41 996 2 764 8 972 2 174 22 153 67 962 1 499 6 7579 292 4 545 0 113 75 975 9 567 4 433 9 528 3 934 6 890 0 525 6 258 7 80 + 262 5 329 3 804 9 715 6 541 1 459 4 549 4 714 5 853 7 472 2 276 5

Source: National Human Development Report 2001, UNDP, Maputo

12

3.1.3 EDUCATIONAL LEVELS Table 3

Level of Education Category Adult Education Primary Secondary Technical Higher Other Total Source: http://www.ine.gov.mz Percentage 1.5 86.4 9.1 1.7 0.7 0.6 100.0

3.2 ECONOMY
Political stability in the country has been a decisive factor in its economic success. With a double-digit growth rate before the devastating floods of 2000, Mozambique was considered among countries with the fastest economic growth. These growth trends continued after the floods, but the country will need time to re-establish its previous levels of development. To illustrate the statement above, some of the most important indicators are presented. In some cases, updated data were not available. 3.2.1 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Mozambique Balance of Payments (in USD millions)

2002-03-31
Table 4
2002Q1 Prov. I. Current Account A. Goods and Services 1. Goods 1.1. Exports (FOB) 1.1.1. Of which: Large Projects 1.2. Imports (FOB) 1.2.1. Of which: Large Projects 2. Services 2.1. Transportation 2.1.1. Credit -135.9 -177.6 -112.5 152.5 115.0 -265.0 -68.5 -65.1 -33.8 17.7

13

2.1.2. Debit 2.2. Travel 2.2.1. Credit 2.2.2. Debit 2.3. Communications Services 2.3.1. Credit 2.3.2. Debit 2.4. Construction Services 2.4.1. Credit 2.4.2. Debit 2.5. Insurance Services 2.5.1. Credit 2.5.2. Debit 2.6. Financial Services 2.6.1. Credit 2.6.2. Debit 2.7. Computer and Information Services 2.7.1. Credit 2.7.2. Debit 2.8. Royalties and License Fees 2.8.1. Credit 2.8.2. Debit 2.9. Government Services (n.i.e.) 2.9.1. Credit 2.9.2. Debit 2.10.Other Services 2.10.1. Credit 2.10.2. Debit B. Income 3. Compensation of Employees 3.1.1. Credit 3.1.2. Debit 4. Direct Investment 4.1.1. Credit 4.1.2. Debit 5. Portfolio Investment 5.1.1. Credit 5.1.2. Debit 6. Other Investment 6.1. Interest on public sector external debt 6.2. Interest on private sector external debt 6.3. Interest on deposits abroad 6.4. Other interest C. Current Transfers 7. General Government 8. Other Sectors 8.1. Worker's remittances 8.2. Other transfers II. Capital and Financial Account D. Capital Account

-51.5 -13.0 9.9 -22.9 -0.1 0.1 -0.2 -17.7 1.9 -19.7 -3.2 0.0 -3.2 0.3 1.0 -0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.3 -1.4 1.5 22.3 -20.8 -49.2 -21.3 7.1 -28.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -27.9 -30.3 -0.5 3.4 -0.5 91.0 82.1 8.9 2.0 6.9 126.2 45.9

14

9.

General Government 9.1. Debt forgiveness 9.2. Other (grants for investment)

45.9 0.0 45.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.3 0.0 43.3 0.0 31.2 0.0 0.0 31.2 0.0 0.0 31.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 -4.6 -4.6 50.5 0.0 -55.3 18.2 -73.5 0.0 105.8 -39.5 0.0 -39.5 -0.7 -0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.5 -14.8 0.3 0.5 8.9 -12.0 -12.0 0.0 -12.6

10. Other Sectors 10.1. Migrants' transfers 10.2. Other transfers E. Financial Account 11. Direct Investment Abroad 12. Direct Investment in Reporting Economy 13. Portfolio Investment 14. Other Investment Assets 14.1. Trade credits 14.2. Loans 14.3. Currency and deposits a. Monetary authorities b. General government c. Banks d. Other sectors 14.4. Other assets a. Monetary authorities b. General government c. Banks d. Other sectors 15. Other Investment Liabilities 15.1. Trade credits a. Other sectors 15.2. Loans a. Monetary authorities b. General government Drawing on new loans Repayments c. Banks d. Other sectors 15.3. Currency and deposits a. Monetary authorities b. Banks 15.4. Other liabilities a. Monetary authorities b. General government c. Banks d. Other sectors F. Financing 16. Reserve Assets 16.1. Monetary gold 16.2. Special drawing rights 16.3. Reserve position in the Fund 16.4. Foreign exchange a. Currency and deposits b. Securities 16.5. Other assets

15

17. Use of IMF Credit 18. Exceptional Financing Transactions III. Net Errors and Omissions Source: Banco de Moambique

-13.5 98.8 -60.8

3.2.2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT - EXPENDITURE ON GDP - GROWTH RATE 2001-12-31 Table 5 Type of Expenditure 2001 Overall Demand 9.3 Domestic Demand 2.5 Total Consumption 6.4 Private Consumption 5.2 Government Consumption 15.2 Gross Capital Formation -8.6 Exports of Goods and Services 68.2 Imports of Goods and Services -3.2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (mp) 13.8 Source: Banco de Moambique 3.2.3 GDP BY SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION Mozambiques Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Percentage Structure, 1999 Table 6
GDP Niassa C. Namp. Zamb. Tete Manica Sofala Ibane Gaza Map. Map. Total Delg. Prov. City 48.1 0.8 4.6 0.4 0.3 6.2 52.4 5.6 5.2 1.9 1.9 2.6 52.8 2.2 3.1 2.7 0.1 6.4 55.4 1.5 6.5 3.1 0.2 7.9 25.7 34.1 3.2 4.1 1.3 0.1 6.4 1.6 5.3 0 0.2 12.8 15.5 2.1 3.1 2.1 0.1 9.4 34.2 3.0 3.2 2.8 0.1 3.7 26.5 13.9 6.1 3.3 2.9 0.1 3.3 1.9 2.6 2.4 1.7 12.6 1.0 0.2 0.5 3.4 0 24.6 1.8 2.8 2.6 0.3

Agriculture Livestock Forestry Fisheries Mining Manufacturing industry Electricity and water Construction

18.4 11.3

0.7

0.7

1.3

0.8

1.3

3.2

2.1

0.6

1.7

0.5

4.6

2.5

4.4

1.2 6.5

0.7 5.7

0.8 2.6

4.1 7.4

2.8 8.1

3.6 13.5

2.8 7.8

5.9 9.8

23.1 14.5

20.1 9.6 11.5 9.2

Transport and 4.6 communications Commerce 14.1

12.2

13.5

9.9

24.1 17.9

29.8

24.6

21.7 15.3

30.2 22.5

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Restaurants and 0.6 hotels Public admin. and defence services Financial and insurance services Real estate, renting and business activities Education services 5.3

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.8

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

1.9

0.9

3.9

2.1

3.1

3.9

3.0

2.5

3.3

3.8

3.6

0.9

2.3

1.3

1.0

1.4

1.3

2.3

1.2

3.7

1.6

1.9

1.1

3.5

2.4

3.0

2.9

3.3

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.3

4.5

4.7

1.9

1.9

2.9

2.4

1.8

1.5

2.7

2.3

1.5

0.9

2.4

2.7

2.4

0.5

1.4

Health services 0.6 Other services Adjustment by customs duties and SIFIM 1.7 0.9

0.4 -1.1 0.9

0.4 1.8 0.9

0.5 0 0.9

0.7 8.5 0.9

0.6 2.6 0.9

0.5 5.5 0.9

0.8 3.5 0.9

0.9 3.6 0.9

0.6 0.9 0.9

0.3 0.3 0.9

0.5 1.8 0.9

Source: National Human Resources Development 2001 3.2.4 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE Table 7

Rural
Absolutely Poor poor Unemployed 0.2 Error (0.06) 0.3 (0.05) Non poor 0.3 (0.08) All

Urban
Absolutely Poor poor 1.2 (0.33) 1.2 (0.23) Non poor 1.4 (0.38) All

Total Mozambique
Absolutely Poor poor 0.4 (0.07) 0.4 (0.06) Non poor 0.6 (0.12) All

0.3 (0.04)

1.3 (0.2)

0.5 (0.05)

Note: The errors standardised in brackets have been corrected to give uniformity to the survey. Source: National Human Development Report 2001

3.2.5 INFLATION Consumer Price Index Table 8

1998=100 General Index a) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 1995 52.9 52.5 54.1 55.6 57.2 59.3 62.2 63.4 65.4 69.8 73.6 1996 83.1 90.3 92.7 93.5 91.1 92.4 92.9 93.5 93.6 93.9 95.2 1997 98.3 100.4 100.2 99.4 98 98.1 97.9 98.7 98.3 98.9 99.7 1998 102.4 104.1 103.2 102.2 101.7 100.4 99.1 98.8 98 97.7 98.9 1999 102.7 105 103.9 104.7 104.1 103.8 103.4 102.7 102.4 101.2 100.9 Dec 79.7 95.1 101 100 106.2

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Monthly growth rate b)

Cumulative growth c)

2000 105.8 113.9 116.5 118.4 119.3 117.8 118.6 117.2 118 118.2 116.8 2001 117.2 116.9 117.7 119 121.8 124.4 127.4 129.6 130.9 135.9 140.4 2002 144.1 146 145 145.4 145.6 147.1 148.6 149.4 149.6 150.2 153 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 1995 4 -0.9 3.1 2.8 2.7 3.8 4.8 1.9 3.2 6.8 5.3 1996 4.3 8.6 2.6 0.9 -2.6 1.4 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.3 1.4 1997 3.4 2.2 -0.2 -0.9 -1.3 0.1 -0.1 0.6 -0.5 0.6 0.8 1998 1.4 1.8 -0.9 -0.9 -0.5 -1.3 -1.2 -0.3 -0.9 -0.3 1.2 1999 2.7 2.3 -1.1 0.8 -0.5 -0.3 -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 -1.2 -0.3 2000 -0.3 7.6 2.3 1.6 0.8 -1.2 0.7 -1.1 0.7 0.2 -1.2 2001 -1 -0.2 0.7 1.1 2.4 2.1 2.4 0.5 1 3.8 3.4 2002 -0.2 1.2 -0.7 0.3 0.1 1.1 1 0.6 0.1 0.4 1.9 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 1995 4 3.1 6.3 9.3 12.3 16.6 22.2 24.5 28.5 37.2 44.6 1996 4.3 13.3 16.3 17.4 14.3 15.9 16.6 17.4 17.5 17.9 19.5 1997 3.4 5.6 5.4 4.5 3.1 3.1 3 3.8 3.4 4 4.8 1998 1.4 3.1 2.2 1.3 0.7 -0.6 -1.8 -2.1 -3 -3.3 -2.1 1999 2.7 5 3.9 4.7 4.1 3.8 3.4 2.7 2.4 1.2 0.9 2000 -0.3 7.2 9.7 11.4 12.3 10.9 11.7 10.4 11.1 11.3 9.9 2001 -1 -1.2 -0.6 0.5 2.9 5.1 7.7 9.5 10.6 14.8 18.6 2002 -0.2 1.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.9 3 3.5 3.6 4.1 6

118.4 144.3 157.5 Dec 8.3 -0.1 1.3 1.2 5.2 1.4 2.8 2.9 Dec 56.5 19.3 6.2 -1 6.2 11.4 21.9 9.1

3.2.6 DEBT Mozambiques external debt was estimated at US$4,916.7 million in 20011. 3.2.7 MAIN EXPORT AND IMPORT PRODUCTS Main Exports: Aluminum, fish, prawns, lobsters, electric power, cotton, cashews, sugar, tea, copra, timber, tobacco. Main Imports: Transport and electrical equipment, machinery, food products, petroleum products, cereals. Natural Resources: Natural gas, minerals, hydroelectric energy and coal, water resources 3.2.8 INCOME DISTRIBUTION (POVERTY LEVELS) Human Poverty Index (HPI 1), Mozambique Table 9
Deprivation of adequate conditions People without living

Region/ Province

Children < 3 years old who are Human Survival Knowledge Composite Access Health Poverty deprivation people deprivation living to services(%) moderately or severely Index who will not live Illiterate standard piped underweight beyond the age of adults (%) deprivation water (%) 40 (%) (1997) (%) (%) 56.4 50.9 59.8 41.9 39.0 43.9 70.8 65.3 77.3 56.3 48.5 58.1 69.9 67.6 64.7 65.9 46.7 72.9 33.2 31.1 36.7

NORTH Niassa Cabo Delgado

1

Source: Banco de Moambique www.bancomoc.mz

18

Nampula CENTRAL Zambzia Tete Manica Sofala SOUTH Inhambane Gaza Maputo Prov.

58.4 51.6 63.8 49.4 45.9 47.2 32.3 44.0 38.2 31.3

43.0 39.6 47.5 35.3 35.7 40.1 27 30.4 32.1 25.5

69.9 59 74.7 57 50.8 53.5 34.2 47.1 43.8 32.9

62.4 56.1 69.2 56 51.1 48.2 35.8 54.6 38.7 35.4

77.4 62 82.9 60.4 52 52.9 36.2 65.8 27.5 49.4

78 78.8 93.7 76.3 78.1 67.1 57.6 81.8 70.6 45.3

31.9 27.6 31.1 31.3 23.2 24.7 13.7 16.1 18.1 11.5

Maputo City Mozambique

15.8 49.9

19.9 39.4

13 56.7

14.6 53.4

2.1 62.9

32.6 71.6

9 25.7

Source: National Human Development Report, 2001

3.3 POLITICAL SYSTEM

In 1994 Mozambique moved from a one-party to a multi-party regime, establishing a democratic system as defined in the 1990 Constitution. The party in power, FRELIMO, has evolved from Marxism-Leninism to a social democratic ideology.

3.3.1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT Mozambiques 30 years of conflict and attempts to bring about a lasting peace are best understood within a broad historical and international framework. From the initial stirrings of nationalist sentiment under Portuguese colonial rule, through the immense development challenges facing the newly independent state, to the subsequent war of destabilisation waged by the Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) and its backers, efforts to find peace have remained largely out of the hands of Mozambicans themselves. With the signing of the October 1992 peace agreement, the situation started to change. Given the desperate state of the countrys social and physical infrastructure, however, ongoing efforts to consolidate the peace continue to depend greatly on long-term international assistance. The current Government was formed in January 2000, following the second multiparty general elections of December 1999. Voting patterns had given grounds both for optimism and caution regarding prospects for reconciliation. The presidential election was won by Joaquim Chissano, President of FRELIMO, who had been head of

19

state since October 1986, with 52.29% of the vote. In second place was Afonso Dhlakama, President of RENAMO, with 47.717% of the vote. The head of state also is head of Government, and thus President Chissano appoints the members of his Cabinet.

IV. AFRICAN INFORMATION SOCIETY INITIATIVE (AISI) THEME AREAS

4.1 ICT INFRASTRUCTURE
The national telecommunications network is managed and operated by Telecomunicaes de Moambique, E.P. (TDM), owned entirely by the state. TDM also includes a large number of subsidiaries resulting from joint ventures with foreign companies, mainly in Portugal, Germany and Sweden. The Telecommunications Law of 1992 established TDM as the monopoly service provider for basic services, switching and transmission, as well as for cellular services. Complementary and value-added services and data communications are open to competition, subject to licensing by the regulatory body INCM. No restrictions exist on resale to third parties of TDM circuits as long as they are not used for voice traffic. The telecommunications infrastructure consists of a national backbone covering all provinces up to the district level. Within the main cities the telephone switches are linked via optical fibre networks, while copper is used for connecting end users to the secondary network. Most recently, a 5Gbps marine fibre optic cable along the coast links the coastal cities of Maputo, Xai-Xai, Inhambane, Vilanculos and Beira. In the next five years the project will expand to four more cities and include links to other sites in the interior. At the same time, the ICT industry in Mozambique is limited to a few software companies with very little market expression. No manufacturers of telecommunications equipment exist. Mozambique has a teledensity of about 0.46 2, one of the lowest in the region. TDMs Annual Report 2001 indicates that the available capacity in telephone lines was 127,902 but that the number of subscribers was only 89,488, compared with 85,714 in 2000 an increase of only 4 percent. Peoples limited purchasing power, especially in the rural areas, is the main reason for such slow growth. In terms of the type of telephone lines available, TDM offers both dial-up and leased lines; ISDN has also been available since 2001. However, due to the high costs of bandwidth, leased lines and ISDN services are primarily requested by commercial enterprises, such as banks, ISPs and Internet cafes. The installation fee for a 4-wire analog leased line costs MZM8,749,000, equivalent to about US$360. The monthly fee depends on the distance. Between 0km and 20km, the fee can vary from MZM1,304,000 to MZM5,592,000, or from about US$53 to US$230.
2

Source: www.infopol.gov.mz/simposio/politica/politica.doc

20

The cost of ISDN lines follows the same structure as the analog. Considering a 64Kbps link, the installation fee is MZM5,680,000 (US$232), and the monthly charge varies between MZM 2,726,000 (US$112) and MZM7,013,000 (US$287) for the same distances as above. TDM recently launched videoconferencing services, becoming the second entity in the country to do so. In 1997 CIUEM had made videoconferencing facilities donated by the World Bank available to the public. According to Government reforms in the telecommunications sector, TDM will be privatised (see also Section 4.4). Notwithstanding the privatisation process, TDM is investing heavily in expansion and modernisation of the telecommunications infrastructure. The Government justifies this position as a way of strengthening the company in preparation for competition in a liberalised market. Meanwhile, the National ICT Policy Implementation Strategy presents a long list of short-, medium- and long-term projects in the telecommunications sector, with a total budget of US$144.2 million. According to the same source, out of that amount US$141.08 already has been raised.

4.2 MOBILE TELEPHONY

Only one mobile service provider operates in the country. mCel (Moambique Celular) is the brand name for Telecomunicaes Mveis de Moambique (TMM). It was established in 1997 as result of a joint venture between TDM and DETECON GmbH (Deutsche Telepost Consulting GmbH), a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom, holding 74% and 26% of shares respectively3. The Government awarded a second mobile phone licence to Vodacom in August 2002. However, mCel continued to enjoy a monopoly until the new operator began operating in early 2003. Geographical coverage of the mCel network is still limited to the main cities, a few main roads, and the development corridors linking the coast with the interior and neighbouring countries. However, the network is gradually being extended to smaller towns, with priority given to those located in strategic regions of economic development or tourism. mCel had increased the number of its subscribers exponentially, from 2,500 in 1997 to 152,652 in 2001, mainly as a result of the introduction of the pre-paid system. Because of the high costs of the standard contract package, most mobile subscribers have joined this pre-paid modality. Many are so-called bipadores, or beepers, meaning those who normally buy the cheapest SIM card in order to beep others they want to call them back. This phenomenon is common among people with the least financial resources, for whom the service is still very expensive even though mCel lowered the price of the initial subscription fee for the pre-paid service several times. Since November 2002, a pre-paid service subscription has now been free. The price of mobile handsets also is dropping, mainly because of strong competition in the local market. However, the majority of the population still cannot afford such products. The cheapest brand-name phone costs, on average, about US$50, while
3

Source: www.mcel.co.mz

21

the minimum salary is about US$33 per month. Many people prefer to buy nonbrand name or secondhand handsets.

4.3 RADIO
Mozambique has a number of radio stations, the most important being Rdio Moambique (RM), Rdio Miramar, RTK, Rdio Terra Verde and RTPAfrica (Portuguese Radio). Community radios also play an important role in remote areas for providing information and awareness of education, culture, health and civic campaigns. The radio network covers about 60 70 percent of the population, with Rdio Moambique by far possessing the largest geographical coverage4. Broadcasting in Portuguese, English and the major local languages, RM is the only radio station that covers every province. The table below shows the full list of both local and foreign radio stations and their respective points of presence. LIST OF RADIO STATIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE Table 1

A. Local radio stations

# 1. Name of Radio Station Rdio Moambique Location/coverage Beira, Chimoio, Dondo, Inhambane, Lichinga, Maputo, Matola, Nampula, Pemba, Quelimane and Tete Maputo Beira, Maputo and Nampula Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo, Mocuba Beira Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo

2. Radio e Televiso Klint RTK 3. Radio Miramar 4. Radio Maria 5. Radio RTV 6. Radio Terra Verde 7. Radio Trans Mundial 8. Radio Cidade B. Foreign radio stations 1. RDPAfrica 2. Voice of America 3. BBC 4. RFI Source: SCANICT Mozambique, 2002

http://www.paginasamarelas.co.mz

LIST OF COMMUNITY RADIO AND TELEVISION STATIONS

Miller, Jonathan and James, Tina. Preliminary Report: A Country ICT Survey for Mozambique, prepared for SIDA, September 2001

22

N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

DESIGNATION

LOCATION

OWNER

STATUS

YEAR OF REGISTRATION 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 1998 1998

Rdio Comunitria Moamba Moamba Rdio Comunitria Mocuba Rdio Comunitria Zona Verde Rdio Comunitria Manhia Rdio Comunitria Ulngue Rdio Comunitria Mutarara Rdio Comunitria Xai-Xai Rdio Televiso Rural Vilanculos Rdio Televiso Rural de Chire Mocuba Maputo Manhia Tete Tete Gaza Vilankulos Chire Namialo Mandimba Marromeu Alto Molocu Chimoio Angonia Manica Zambzia Tete Quelimane Pemba

Instituto de Comunicao Operational Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Insituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Instituto de Comunicao Social (Public) Diocese de Quelimane Misso Catlica do Sag.Corao de Jesus Nangololo (Religion Mission) Vila de BuziSofala(Private) Associao da Rdio Comunitria de HoAssociao da Rdio Comunitria de Cuamba UNESCO(Private) Operational Unoperational Unoperational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Unoperational Operational Operational Operational

10 Rdio Televiso Rural de Namialo 11 Rdio Televiso Rural de Mandimba 12 Rdio Televiso Rural de Marromeu 13 Rdio Rural de Alto Molocu 14 Televiso Rural de Chimoio 15 Televiso Rural de Ulngue 16 Rdio Comunitria de Sussundenga 17 Rdio Comunitria de Morrumbala 18 Rdio Comunitria de Bawa 19 Nova Rdio Paz 20 Rdio S.Francisco Assis

21 Rdio Bzi 22 Rdio Comunitria de Homoine 23 Rdio Comunitria de Cuamba -RCC 24 Rdio Comunitria GESOM

Sofala Inhambane Niassa

Operational Unoperational Unoperational

1998 2001 2001

Chimoio

Grupo de Educao Social Unoperational de Manica UNESCO (Private)

2001

23

DESIGNATION

LOCATION Matola

OWNER Liga dos Escuteiros da Rdio Comunitria Do Lago UNESCO (Private) Associao da Rdio Comunitria do Lago UNESCO (Private) Associao p/Desenvolvimento Thumbine-Milange UNESCO (Private)

STATUS Unoperational

YEAR OF REGISTRATION 2002

25 Rdio Comunitria Escuta 26 Rdio Comunitria do Lago 27 Rdio Comunitria Thumbine- Milange

Niassa

Unoperational

2002

Zambzia

Unoperational

2002

28 Rdio Comunitria Mbumba 29 Rdio Comunitria Voz da Cooperativa

Sofala

Maputo

Associao Unoperational p/Desenvolvimento DondoUNESCO (Private) Unio Geral das Unoperational Cooperativas UNESCO (Private)

2002

2002

Source: Gabinete de Informao, 2002

4.4 TELEVISION
The first national TV station was Televiso de Moambique (TVM), established in 1980. More than 10 years later, Radio Televiso Klint (RTK), a private radio and television broadcasting company, was created. Today TVM shares the market with Rdio Televiso Miramar, STV and RTPAfrica. TVM is a public company that benefits from a Government budget for institutional capacity building as well as network expansion. While other TV stations are more or less limited to Maputo and Beira, TVM has points of presence in all provinces, with different ranges of broadcast. However, national TV broadcasting in general serves only 15 to 17 percent of the population5. Satellite TV is available across the country but is expensive. The number of subscribers is low and concentrated in major cities. Cable TV is only available in Maputo (City) through a metropolitan network owned by TVCabo, one of TDMs subsidiaries. The company uses the same infrastructure to provide Internet access to TV subscribers. The subscription fee for the basic package is US$85 and US$20 per month thereafter. The price of TV sets has dropped in the last five years, but for the majority of the population they continue to be luxury items. A brand-name (20-inch) set costs an average of US$250. The SCAN survey showed that out of 121 interviewees, 52 percent have radios at home, while 46 percent have TV sets. In the opinion of the project team, the percentage of people who have TV sets at home is likely valid only for the urban and semi-urban areas. In rural areas, the figures are much lower. Local TV channels broadcast in Portuguese, English and occasionally Shangana, a local language spoken in the south of the country. The following table presents the list of TV stations and their territorial distribution/coverage:
5

Miller, Jonathan and James, Tina. Preliminary Report: A Country ICT Survey for Mozambique, prepared for SIDA, September 2001

24

LIST OF TV STATIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE Table 2

A. Local TV stations
# 1. Name of TV Station TVM, Televiso de Moambique

Location/Coverage
Maputo, Beira, Quelimane, Pemba, Nampula, Ilha de Moambique, Lichinga, Mandimba, Maxixe, Xai-Xai, Tete, Songo, Vilanculos, Marromeu, Namialo, Chire, Ulngu and Chimoio Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo

2. RTK 3. Miramar 4. STV B. Foreign TV stations 5. RTP Africa Source: SCANICT Mozambique, 2002 http://www.paginasamarelas.co.mz/ http://www.tvm.co.mz

4.5 INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

The provision of email and Internet services in Mozambique was initiated in 1993 by CIUEM, the result of two years of intensive research on appropriate technologies and staff training, and the establishment of partnership agreements. In 1997, through the Leland Initiative, USAID supported the establishment of five ISPs sharing a 128Kbps gateway hosted by TDM. Currently, more than 10 ISPs exist in Mozambique; only two, however, have PoPs outside Maputo. The total number of email users in the country is estimated at about 60,000, with more than 50 based in Maputo. High subscription fees appear to limit the number of email subscribers. Most ISPs charge, on average, between US$30 and US$40 per month. CIUEM administers the countrys top-level domain, mz, on which there are about 2,000 registered domains. The fee for domain registration is US$100 for two years. Changes and updates cost US$50. Since May 2002 CIUEM also has been hosting the national Internet Exchange (IX) facilities, which serve six ISPs. All except one are connected to the IX via a 64kbps leased line. No data were available related to the level of usage of different service categories offered by ISPs. However, the range of available services in general includes email and Internet; Web design; Web hosting; ICQ; FTP; domain registration; videoconferencing; advertisements; and other. In the provincial capitals, especially Maputo, the number of Internet cafes is beginning to grow after long stagnation, again apparently caused by high fees. On average, Internet cafes in Maputo now charge between MZM30,000 and MZM60,000 per hour (US$1.20 and US$2.50). Looking at this issue in the local context, however, prices remain too high, and it is worth comparing them with the prices in other SADC

25

countries such as Tanzania, where Internet cafes charge the equivalent of US$0.50 per hour. An important initiative in the history of Internet connectivity in Mozambique was the Sustainable Development Network Programme (SDNP), launched in 1997 by UNDP in collaboration with the Ministry for Environmental Affairs (MICOA). The total budget of the programme was US$250,000 for two years. The main objective was to provide connectivity and information to promote sustainable development to a wide range of organisations, especially Government institutions. Working with CIUEM and UNDP, the emphasis was on connecting users in the Ministries of Agriculture, Tourism, Commerce, Education, Mass Media and Culture. Specifically, SDNP established a 128Kbps, VSAT-based Internet link for ISPs in Beira. The data communications node, which established connectivity through regular dialup to Maputo, initially was hosted at the local office of the National Institute of Statistics, but later was transferred to the Catholic University and updated to a VSAT-based Internet hub. The idea was to implement similar nodes in Nampula and Quelimane as well as in other provinces; however, when the programme ended the remaining funds were insufficient to cover the necessary investments. It was only possible to establish a 64Kbps VSAT link at the MICOA office in Quelimane, but because of technical problems this site has not been operational for quite some time6. On a smaller scale, IDRC supported a local project aiming at providing connectivity to two remote Integrated Natural Resource Management programmes in Tete and Manica provinces. CIUEM was involved in designing the technical wireless solution.

4.6 TELECENTRES
In many countries, the concept of telecentre is used to designate different models of public access points, ranging from a simple public phone to the most sophisticated multi-purpose community centres. In the Mozambican context, a telecentre is defined as follows: It is a centre that facilitates, promotes and provides a variety of services of public interest, through the use and application of ICTs, defending and safeguarding universal access principles and contributing to local socioeconomic development7. However, it is important to note that the availability of computers and connectivity is a basic condition for such community centres to merit the designation of telecentres. In 1999, IDRC funded the pilot phase of the first two telecentres, established in the towns of Namaacha and Manhia. This project was part of the Acacia Initiative and was implemented in partnership with CIUEM. Also funded by IDRC was the initial phase of a telecentre in Inhambane (City).

Source: Preliminary National Connectivity Assessment and Funding Proposal, 1997, The World Bank, Maputo
7

Mabila, Francisco and Gaster, Polly (2002). Projecto Telecentros, (Prepared for the ICT Policy Commission)

26

Currently, other telecentres in Chkw, Sussundenga, Gondola and Manica (Town) are funded by the Kellogg Foundation and coordinated by CIUEM. Another telecentre in Boane (Maputo Province) is under the initiative of the Community Development Foundation (FDC), a Mozambican NGO oriented toward establishing connectivity in schools within the framework of the SchoolNet Project. The existing telecentre models represent different typologies. The pilots in Namaacha and Manhia are basic, community-owned telecentres, while the one in Inhambane can be considered business-oriented, tending toward a multi-purpose community centre. Those in Chkw, Sussundenga, Gondola and Manica (Town) were established in partnership with local organisations, which own and operate them in the context of their specific vocations (e.g., community radio, rural development, etc.). Each telecentre offers a mix of the same basic services, in accordance with its size. Services offered include email and Internet access; basic computer skills training; access to computers and CD-ROMs; information dissemination; telephone; word processing and design; printing; photocopying; scanning; CD writing; binding; and library. Phone charges differ from telecentre to telecentre. However, on average the cost of a local phone call is MZM2,500 (about US$0.10) per impulse, a time unit equivalent to about 1.5 minutes, and MZM45,000 (almost US$2) for 30 minutes of Internet usage. Taking into account that most telecentres must make an inter-urban call to access their ISPs, and that the quality of the telephone lines is very poor, it becomes clear these figures are not sustainable. Research shows that Internet use at the telecentres is very low, with high costs cited as the main barrier. The future success of the telecentres will therefore require a combined solution consisting of affordable technology options and suitable policies. The table below shows the user distribution by gender, age and month in 2002 at the telecentre of Manhia:
Table 3 User Distribution

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Male
Children Youth Adults Children

Female
Youth Adults

Monthly Total

390 214 412 643 260 235 839 936 742 1285 859 264 7,079

1374 763 1243 1600 1421 663 1546 2011 2010 2206 1373 1157 17,367

962 362 652 771 1285 465 1017 1862 1862 1918 1412 906 13,474

34 20 56 114 124 102 475 563 562 662 657 290 3,659

1103 250 348 458 324 323 577 1140 1136 1321 1114 554 8,648

464 124 148 221 298 276 441 960 970 1183 804 499 6,388

4,327 1,733 2,859 3,807 3,712 2,064 4,895 7,472 7,282 8,575 6,219 3,670 56,615

Source: Telecentro da Manhia, 2002

This table gives a clear picture of the gender variations between the two groups (male and female) in all three categories (children, youth and adults). On average,

27

the rate of female users is less than half that of males. However, in both groups, the highest figures belong to youth, followed by adults and children.

4.7 CONTENT
Local content development is relatively new to Mozambique. The first significant steps were made in 1997 by CIUEM, and the official website on Mozambique (http//www.mozambique.mz) belongs to these first experiences. Many other sites and portals now have been made by local ISPs. Most sites display commercial content, with relatively few non-profit sites available, such as on rural community development or academic and research activities. In the planning phase is the Mozambique Development Gateway (MzDG), a national portal funded by World Bank, to be designed under the guidance of a steering committee involving Government, the private sector and civil society. Meanwhile, CD-ROM production also is still emerging, with very few initiatives in the area. The private company Pandora Box Lda. is worthy of mention as the pioneer of CD-ROM production in Mozambique. Pandora Box reproduces the national legislation published in the Government Gazette in searchable CD-ROM format.

4.8 ICT AND GENDER

The involvement of women in business-related activities in Mozambique is generally low. Although the Constitution defends equal rights for men and women, most girls, especially in the countryside, do not have access to education. After independence the party in power has actively promoted womens empowerment, reflected today in general statistics and illiteracy levels. However, a true gender balance in political, social and economic life is still to be achieved. To illustrate, the study has included the gender issue in relation to ICT, particularly with regard to education. The table below shows that 291 out of 882 ICT users from different schools are female. This case study also validates the situation found among the telecentres (Table 3 above). GENDER DISTRIBUTION Table 4 Users ICT Users in visited schools Gender distribution No. of people Male 591 Female 291 Total 882 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

Percentage 62 38 100

4.9 NATIONAL LEGISLATION CONCERNING ICTs

The Instituto Nacional das Comunicaes de Moambique (INCM), an independent body established in 1992, is the national Regulatory Authority (RA) and reports to the Minister of Transport and Communications. The independence of any RA is a long, complex process, and while INCM is in an advantageous starting position, it still has a long way to go. A major weakness is the lack of human resources with the

28

required technical skills. To tackle this problem, the Government has included capacity building of INCM in the list of priority projects under the ICT Policy Implementation Strategy. One of INCMs main activities is licensing, defined in Decree 32/2001. Fixed voice communications and network services based on radio frequencies are subject to licensing, while public communications services, with the exception of the two listed above, must be registered. VSAT technologies are allowed for data communications but not for voice, except when used within a private network. Major sources of funding for the RAs activities comprise fees related to both licensing and spectrum utilisation (for fixed, mobile, land, sea and aeronautic communications). A mechanism for conflict resolution is defined in the decree on interconnection and related regulation. Legal instruments for the fiscal regime are still not in place; however, the ICT Policy Implementation Strategy considers this issue a priority for the success of ongoing telecommunications reforms. In addition, the Government is prioritising the introduction of legislation on computer crime and web content. A project for building capacity of INCM, integrated in the policy implementation strategy, is intended to fill this gap. The Government intends to undertake the following actions, among others: -Adopting measures to reduce the cost of tariffs for telephone access so as to extend the network to a bigger number of users; -Setting a single tariff, equal to the cost of a local call, for calls to ISPs from any point in the country;

-Creating incentives for suppliers of telecommunications services in deprived

zones where profits are not sufficiently attractive to the private sector; -Defining a community tariff for electricity and telecommunications supplied to community access points. The incumbent operator is TDM, the public company with the monopoly on fixed telephony. Its privatisation process is expected to be finalised in 2004. According to the law, after privatisation TDM will enjoy a three-year exclusivity period before the Government opens the market. The objective is to give the company enough time to prepare for competition. Regulations for implementation of universal service are still being prepared, but the law defines universal service obligations for the operators of public telecommunications services. A critical element in this process is the creation of the Universal Service Fund (USF), to be managed by INCM. Other mechanisms for promoting universal service will include cross-subsidies and special incentives for operators and other telecommunications investors.

4.10 THE NATIONAL ICT POLICY

The Government adopted the National ICT Policy in December 2000 and its respective Implementation Strategy in June 2002. The ICT Policy identifies six priority areas: - Education - Human resources development

29

- Health - Universal access - Infrastructure - Governance To address the challenges faced in each area, the Implementation Strategy presents 37 priority projects, divided into short-, medium- and long-term. The list includes nine projects related to the national information and communications infrastructure. The total budget for all projects is US$280.5 million, with about US$160 million raised thus far8 . Some projects are already being implemented, e.g., national transmission network (marine cable), telecentres and SchoolNet. It is still too early for a realistic evaluation of the Implementation Strategy process as a whole. However, important projects include ICT for Development, funded by UNDP, and capacity building of the ICT Policy Commission Secretariat, which aims at strengthening the role of the commission in policy implementation. This project is intended to resolve the human resources problem. Lastly, the World Bank, through the InfoDev program, is funding the planning phase of the Mozambique Development Gateway project, while the Mozambique ICT Institute is in its first implementation phase. Both the ICT Policy www.infopol.gov.mz. and the Implementation Strategy are available at

V. SECTORAL APPLICATIONS
This section presents the results of the SCAN survey with regard to ICT applications and penetration in different sectors, based on the questionnaire and interviews at both the institutional and individuals level. The survey covered education; health; public administration; private sector; and e-commerce. Given the size of the reports by sector, the analysis focuses only on the discussion of the major indicators, using samples from the SCAN data. Complete survey results from each sector are presented at the end of the respective sub-sections.

5.1 ICT IN EDUCATION SECTOR

The availability of computers and Internet connectivity in the education sector is still very low and is essentially limited to higher education institutions and some preuniversity secondary schools. At the primary level are a very few private schools where students and teachers have access to computers and Internet; however, those schools are mainly in Maputo and Beira. The SCAN survey indicates that, out of 52 secondary schools visited, 24 had computers and only 12 had Internet (see Tables 2 and 3 below). Constraints are not only related to the limited number of computers and labs but also to the bandwidth available.

Source: www.infopol.gov.mz

30

Table 2 ICT Penetration Total and % of schools with computers

Type of schools No. of inquired schools Number of schools with computers

Yes(%) 0 46 100

No(%) 100 54 0

Primary 59 Secondary 52 Higher Education 12 Total 123 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

0 24 12

Table 3 ICT Penetration Total and % of schools with Internet connectivity

Type of schools Number of inquired schools Number of schools with Internet connectivity %(Yes) %(No)

Primary Secondary Higher Education Total Source: SCAN

59 0 52 20 12 12 123 ICT Mozambique, 2002

0 39 100

100 61 0

At the individual level, out of 261 student interviewees, only 124 from all educational levels have basic computer skills and use Internet regularly. The situation is similar with regard to teachers. A total of 100 were interviewed; only 59 used computers and Internet (see Table 6 below). Interestingly, while none of the primary schools had computers or Internet connection, it was found that 6 percent and 21 percent of primary students and teachers had access to computers and Internet elsewhere. Table 6 Users Total and % of students and teachers that use computers or Internet Level Students % Teachers % Primary 15 6 30 21 Secondary 154 59 80 58 Higher Education 92 35 30 21 Total 261 100 140 100 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002 To address the need for basic computer skills and Internet access in education, the Ministry of Education in 1998 launched the SchoolNet Project. Basically, the project aims at establishing, in each school involved, one computer lab with an Internet connection to an ISP. SchoolNet was initially funded by the Government, World

31

Bank, IDRC and the Embassy of the Netherlands. Now the Ministry has now created a specific unit to manage and ensure the future of the project, which covers 18 secondary schools and teacher training and upgrading institutes. The goal is to cover 200 schools in five years. As a priority project in the framework of the ICT policy, SchoolNet will continue to benefit from Government funds. Meanwhile, very few ICT-dedicated institutes exist in the country. Universities teach informatics and telecommunications-related subjects, but none has established a chair for ICT. So far, only one university has introduced a masters degree course in computer science. One project expected to have a major impact on the education sector is the establishment of the Mozambique ICT Institute (MICTI), which is among the biggest challenges of the ICT Policy Implementation Strategy. The institute will have three components, research and learning, technology incubator, and science park. UEM has developed the concept of the institute and is involved in initial stages of implementation, following a feasibility study and business plan. Even so, overall ICT investments in education are extremely low. The survey shows that from the total of 25 schools and universities, 13 have an annual budget of between US$1,000 and US$3,000 for ICT; only one has a budget of more than US$50,000, as shown in the following table: Table 4 ICT investments Level of ICT investments and expenditures in the education sector Budget/Institution/Year No. of schools Percentage <=$1.000,00 5 20 $1.000,00 - $3.000,00 13 52 $4.000,00 - $6.000,00 3 12 $7.000,00 - $9.000,00 2 8 $10.000,00 - $50.000,00 1 4 >$50.000,00 1 4 Total 25 100 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002 5.1.1 SURVEY IN EDUCATION The complete results from the SCAN survey in education are presented below:

32

SUMMARY DATA
Table 1 Type of visited Number institutions Primary schools 59 Secondary schools 52 Higher Education 12 Total 123 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002 Total and % of schools with computers Table 2 ICT Penetration Total and % of schools with computers No. of No. of schools with Type of schools inquired computers schools Primary 59 Secondary 52 Higher Education 12 Total 123 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002 0 24 12

Yes(%)

No(%)

0 46 100

100 54 0

Percentage of secondary schools w ith computers

46% 54%

Yes No

33

Percentage of Higher Education institutions w ith computers

100%

Total and % of schools with Internet connectivity Table 3 ICT penetration Total and % of schools with Internet connectivity Type of Number of Number of schools with schools inquired Internet connectivity schools Primary 59 0 Secondary 52 20 Higher 12 12 Education Total 123 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

%(Yes)

%(No)

0 39 100

100 61 0

Total and % of secondary schools w ith internet connectivity

39% Yes 61% No

34

Total and % of higher education Institutions with internet connectivity

100%

ICT INVESTMENTS
Level of ICT investments and expenditures in the education sector Table 4 ICT investments Level of ICT investments and expenditures in the education sector Budget/Institution/Year No. of schools Percentage <=$1.000,00 5 20 $1.000,00 - $3.000,00 13 52 $4.000,00 - $6.000,00 3 12 $7.000,00 - $9.000,00 2 8 $10.000,00 - $50.000,00 1 4 >$50.000,00 1 4 Total 25 100 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

Level of ICT investim ents and expenditures in the education sector

8% 12%

4%

4%

20%

>=$1.000,00 $1.000,00 $3.000,00 $4.000,00 $6.000,00 $7.000,00 $9.000,00 $10.000,00 $50.000,00

52%

>>$50.000,00

USERS
Total of interviewed students and teachers by level

35

Table 5 Level

No. of Teachers students Primary 57 116 Secondary 447 140 Higher Education 92 30 Total 596 286 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002 Total and % of students and teachers that use computers or Internet Table 6 Users Total and % of students and teachers that use computers or Internet Level Students % Teachers % Primary 15 6 30 21 Secondary 154 59 80 58 Higher Education 92 35 30 21 Total 261 100 140 100 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

Total and % of students that use computers or Internet

6% 35%

59%

Prim ary

Secondary

High Education

36

Total and % of teachers that use computers or Internet

21%

21%

58%

Prim ary

Secondary

High Education

GENDER DISTRIBUTION Table 7 Users ICT Users in visited schools Gender distribution No. of people Male 591 Female 291 Total 882 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

Percentage 62 38 100

Gender distribution

33%

67%

Male

Female

USAGE/ACCESS

37

Place where students and teachers have access to computers and/or Internet Table 8 Usage/Access Place where students and teachers have access to computers and/or Internet Place No. of people Percentage School 36 Internet caf 58 16 Household 154 42 Elsewhere 153 42 Total 401 100 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002 Purpose of students/teachers using computers or Internet Table 9 Usage/access Purpose of students and teaching using computers or Internet Place No. of people Percentage E-mail 113 30 Research 102 33 Employment opportunity 14 4 Applications 72 10 Business 3 4 Others 97 19 Total 401 100 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

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Purpose of students and teaching using com puters

24% 1% 18% 3%

29%

25%

E-mail Employment opportunity Business

Research Applications Others

CONTENT
Availability of local education content (Number and % of schools/universities that have websites) Table 10 Content Availability of local education content (Number and % of schools/universities that have websites) Type of schools Number of inquired No. of schools schools with websites Primary schools 59 0 Secondary schools 52 1 Higher Education 12 9 Total 123 16 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

Percentage 0 2 75

39

Availability of local education content in secondary schools

2% % of schools w ith w ebsites % of schools w ithout w ebsites 98%

Availability of local education content in high education institutions

25% Yes No 75%

Availability of distance education and TV or radio educational programs Table 11 Content Availability of distance education and TV or radio educational programs Content No. of contents Distance Education 7 TV or Radio 10 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

40

MAIN LANGUAGES OF EDUCATIONAL CONTENT Table 12 Content Main languages of educational content Language No. of educational content Percentage Portuguese 24 45 English 20 38 Local languages 4 8 Others 5 9 Total 53 100 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

Main languages of educational contents 9% 45%

8%

38%

Portuguese

English

Local language

Other

5.2 ICT IN HEALTH SECTOR

Overall, the scenario in the health sector is no better than in education. Some computers are available in central and general hospitals and private clinics, and computers also can occasionally be found in lower-category hospitals. As illustrated in Table 5, out of 52 institutions visited, 27 had five PCs or fewer, and only four had more than 10 computers:

41

Table 5 Distribution of health institutions with computers Stock of computers Frequency <= 5.0 27 5.0 >10.0 5 > 10.0 4 Not available 16 Total of institutions 52 Total of computers 212 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

Percentage 51.9 9.6 7.7 30.8 100.0

The few existing computers are used for different purposes, mainly by doctors and administrative staff. Out of 121 interviewees, 22 use computers to access databases, 13 for email and 12 for research (see Table 3). Some interviewees mentioned other applications such as distance education and telemedicine.

Table 6 Usage Main purposes for the use of ICTs by health institutions Value Label Yes No Total Telemedicine 3 49 52 E-mail 5 47 52 Research 4 48 52 Distance learning 1 51 52 Health promotion 2 50 52 Information systems 5 47 52 Database 6 46 52 Application software 6 46 52 Other 14 38 52 Total 47 421 Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

Percentage 7 11 9 2 4 11 13 13 30 100

The ICT Policy considers the health sector as a priority and, as such, some health projects are already in place using ICTs, e.g., the link between two central hospitals (Beira and Maputo) based on the telemedicine principle. A specific project is included in the Implementation Strategy on establishment of an information system for HIV/AIDS. 5.2.1 SURVEY IN HEALTH SECTOR - INSTITUTIONS This section contains complete results from the survey carried out in the health sector with regard to institutional data.

42

SUMMARY DATA
Table 1 Item Health institutions visited People interviewed

Number 52 142

Table 2 Health institutions using ICTs by type Type of health Frequency institution General Care Hospital 4 Central Hospital 4 Provincial Hospital 4 Rural Hospital 2 Psychiatric Hospital 1 Health Centre 21 Health Unit 5 Private Clinic 6 Pharmacy 3 Other 2 Total 52

Percentage 7.8 7.8 7.8 3.9 2 41.2 9.8 11.8 5.9 2 100

Health institutions using ICTs by type

2% 6% 12% 10% 8% 8% 8% 4% 2% 40% General Care Hospital Central Hospital Provincial Hospital Rural Hospital Psychiatric Hospital Health Centre Health Unit Private Clinic Pharmacy Other

43

Table 3 Distribution of health institutions with computers Stock of computers Frequency <= 5.0 27 5.0 >10.0 5 > 10.0 4 Not available 16 Total of institutions 52 Total of computers 212

Percentage 51.9 9.6 7.7 30.8 100.0

Distribution of health institutions with computers

31% 51% 8% 10%

<= 5.0 5.0 >10.0 > 10.0 Not available

ANSWERS TO SCAN QUESTIONNAIRE

Table 4 Usage Main purposes for the use of ICTs by Health institutions Value Label Yes No Total Telemedicine 3 49 52 E-mail 5 47 52 Research 4 48 52 Distance learning 1 51 52 Health promotion 2 50 52 Information systems 5 47 52 Database 6 46 52 Application software 6 46 52 Other 14 38 52 Total 47 421

Percentage 7 11 9 2 4 11 13 13 30 100

44

Main purposes for the use of ICTs by health institutions

Telemedicine 7% 30% 11% 9% 2% 4% 13% 13% 11% E-mail Research Distance learning Health promotion Information systems Database Application softw are Other

Table 5 Language of local web-sites with medical information Language Yes No Total Percentage Portuguese 7 45 52 50 English 4 48 52 29 Local language 1 51 52 7 Other languages 2 50 52 14 Total 14 194 100

Language of local web-sites with medical information

14% 7% 50% 29% Portuguese English Local language Other languages

45

Table 6 Distribution of health institutions with telephone Internet connectivity and fax Value Label Yes No Total Percentage Internet connectivity 5 47 52 8 Telephone 35 17 52 60 Fax 19 33 52 32

Distribution of health institutions with telephone, Internet connectivity and fax

8% 32% Internet connectivity Telephone FAX 60%

Table 7 Level of ICT investments and expenditures in the health sector Budget/Institution/year Frequency Percentage <=$1.000,00 15 29 $1.000,00 - $3.000,00 3 6 $10.000,00 - $50.000,00 2 4 $10.000,00 - $50.000,00 3 6 No information 29 55 Total 52 100

46

Level of ICT investments and expenditures in the health sector

29%

<=$1.000,00 $1.000,00 - $3.000,00 $10.000,00 - $50.000,00

55%

6% 4% 6%

$10.000,00 - $50.000,00 No information

Table 8 Employees using ICT ICT Users <= 5.0 5.0 > 20.0 20.0 > 50.0 50.0 > 100.0 Not available Total
Total of ICT Users

Frequency 20 7 4 2 19 52
405

Percentage 38.5 13.5 7.7 3.8 36.5 100

Employees using ICT

37%

<= 5.0 38% 5.0 > 20.0 20.0 > 50.0 50.0 > 100.0 Not available 8% 13%

4%

47

5.2.2 SURVEY IN HEALTH SECTOR INDIVIDUALS This section contains complete results from the survey carried out with regard to employees from health institutions.

SUMMARY DATA
Table 1 Item Health institutions visited People interviewed

Number 52 142

Table 2 Type of hospital or health unit visited Value Label Frequency General Care Hospital 4 Central Hospital 23 Provincial Hospital 22 Hospital Rural 11 District Hospital 1 Psychiatric Hospital 6 Health Centre 55 Medical Unit 9 Private Clinic 3 Pharmacy 6

Percentage 2.9 16.4 15.7 7.9 0.7 4.3 39.3 6.4 2.1 4.3

Type of hospital or health unit

4% 2% 6% 3% 16% General Care Hospital Central Hospital Provincial Hospital Hospital Rural District Hospital 16% 40% 8% 1% 4% Psychiatric Hospital Health Centre Medical Unit Private Clinic Pharmacy

48

Table 3 Occupation Value Label Doctor Nurse Total

Frequency 17 104 121

Percentage 13.4 81.9 100

Ocuppation

14%

Doctor Nurse

86%

5.3 ICT IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR

The private sector in Mozambique consists mainly of the business sector (including commercial enterprises and services, along with informal business), and small and medium industry. Nevertheless, heavy industry is emerging again. After a long period of stagnation, new investments are taking place in different fields, with the establishment of the Aluminium Smelter Plant (MOZAL) as a major reference point. When compared with the other sectors, the level of ICT penetration in the private sector appears highest. Competition in the local, regional and international markets dictates the need for effective use of ICT to ensure high standards of quality goods and services. Most companies visited have a business e-mail address, and some have a website. The survey also found that the private sector contains more staff with ICT skills than the public administration. In the public administration 73 percent of the 182 interviewees said they had computer skills; 11 percent were computer technicians and 26 percent had a Microsoft Professional Certificate. But in the private sector 89.9 percent, 27.5 percent and 35 percent respectively had these levels of skills (see Sections 5.3.2, Tables 3, 4 and 11, and 5.4.1, Tables 3, 4 and 9). These differences may be explained by the fact that the private sector is able to attract more qualified candidates by offering better salaries, resulting in a brain drain from the public administration.

49

5.3.1 SURVEY IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR This section contains complete results from the survey with regard to employees from private enterprises.

SUMMARY DATA
Table 1 Item Enterprises visited Employees interviewed

Number 17 69

Table 2 Staff education level Value Label Basic Medium level University Total

Frequency 11 49 9 69

Percentage 15.9 71 13 100

Staff Education level

13%

16% Basic Medium level University 71%

ANSWERS TO SCAN QUESTIONNAIRE

50

Table 3 Do you have computer skills? Value Label Frequency Yes 62 No 7 Total 69

Percentage 89.9 10.1 100

Do you have com puters skills?

10% Yes No 90%

Table 4 Are you a computer technician? Value Label Frequency Percentage Yes 19 27.5 No 50 72.5 Total 69 100
Are you computer technician?

28% Yes No 72%

51

Table 5 Staff Professional Background Value Label Yes HARDWARE SOFTWARE 41 TELECOM 8 Other 16 Total 82

No 52 28 61 53 194

Total 69 69 69 69

Percentage 21 49 10 20 100

Staff Professional Background

20% 10%

21%

HARDWARE SOFTWARE TELECOM Other

49%

Table 6 Company Sector Value Label Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector Total

Frequency Percentage 12 18.2 11 16.7 43 65.2 69 100

Indicate to which sector belongs your company

18% Primary Sector Secondary Sector 17% 65% Terciary Sector

Table 7

52

Medium level University Post graduate Total

58 1 1 69

84.1 1.4 1.4 100

Staff educational level/degree in ICT

1% 1% 13% Basic Medium level University Post graduate 85%

Table 8 Professional training Value Label FrequencyPercentage Yes 9 13 No 60 87 Total 69 100

Did you have any professional training in ICT?

13%

Yes No

87%

53

Table 9 Staff Professional Training Value Label Microsoft Professional Certificate Novell Professional Certificate IBM Professional Certificate Other Total

Yes

No

Total

Percentage 35 6 0 59 100

259

Staff Professional Training

Microsoft Professional Certificate 35% Novell Professional Certificate IBM Professional Certificate 6% 0% Other

59%

54

Table 10 Where do you have access to computers? Value Label Yes No Work Telecentre 4 Internet cafe Home Other 6 Total 103

Total

Percentage 52 16 22

Where do you have access to computers?

6% 22% 52% 16% 4% Work Telecentre Internet cafe Home Other

Table 11 What do you use computers for? Value label Yes Email Research Job opportunities Application Software Sells Other Total

No

Total

Percentage 29 14 10 22 12 13 100

55

What do you use computers for?

13% 29% 12%

Email Research Job opportunities Application Softw are Sells Other

22% 10%

14%

Table 12 Local of Internet Access Value label Work Internet cafe Home Other Total

Yes 37 14 14 7 72

No 32 55 55 62 204

Total 69 69 69 69

Percentage 52 19 19 10 100

Local of internet access

10% 19% 52% Work Internet cafe Home Other 19%

56

Table 13 Purpose of using internet Value Label Email Research Job opportunities Application software Sells Other Total

Yes 34 23 11 19 13 58 158 35 46 58 50 56 11 256

No 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Total

Percentage 22 15 7 12 8 36 100

Purpose of using internet

22% 36% 15% 8% 7%

Email Research Job opportunities Application softw are Sells Other

12%

Table 14 Where did you learn to use computers? Value Label Frequency Percentage Work 34 49.3 Telecentre 18 26.1 Home 8 11.6 Other 9 13.0 Total 69 100.0

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Where did you learn to use computers?

13% 12% 49% Work Telecentre Home Other 26%

Table 15 Where did you learn to use internet? Value Label Frequency Percentage Work 50 72.5 Telecentre 12 17.4 Home 7 10.1 Total 69 100.0

Where did you learn to use internet?

10% 17% Work Telecentre Home 73%

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Table 16 What ICT facilities do you have at home? Value Label Yes No Total Radio 67 2 69 TV 65 4 69 Cable TV 2 67 69 Internet 9 60 69 Cable internet 2 67 69 Total 145 200

Percentage 47 45 1 6 1 100

What ICT facilities do you have at home?

1% 6% 1% Radio 47% 45% TV Cable TV Internet Cable internet

5.4 E-COMMERCE
E-commerce and e-business do not formally exist in Mozambique. However, some isolated initiatives can be considered e-business, rather than e-commerce. When it comes to purchasing advertised goods on local ISPs, the sense of insecurity and distrust is so high that very few people take the risk. As mentioned above, no national legislation against cybercrime exists and digital signature authentication is also not yet possible. Other major obstacles to the development of these e-business and e-commerce are related to: -Lack of appropriate legislation and security instruments -Inadequate banking system -Poorly developed telecommunications infrastructure, especially outside urban areas -High illiteracy rate -Cultural factors. The National ICT Policy recognises the importance of e-commerce for national development and defines the need for a regulatory framework as a priority.

59

Another barrier arises from the fact that comparatively few companies have websites. The SCAN research shows that out of 66 companies, only 20 have a website, as indicated in the table below: Presence of Web Pages in the Private Sector
Table 1 ORGANISATION/COMPANY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. AUCAREIRA DE MOAMBIQUE, S.A.R.L. AFRICA COMERCIAL IRMAOS LDA AL RAZZAKO UNIVERSAL, LDA AMI MOAMBIQUE S.A.R.L. ARMAZNS DO NORTE LDA ASIA INTERNACIONAL SERVICES LDA ASSMA WORLD IMPORT EXPORT, LDA ASVEX,LDA ATLAS HOTEL APARTAMENTOS LDA AUSTRAL CONSULTORES LIMTADA AUTO RADIADORES MAPUTO LDA AUTO RALLY LDA BANCO INTERNACIONAL DE MOAMBIQUE, S.A.R.L BANCO STANDARD TOTTA S.A.R.L. BASSOPA LDA NAMPULA BMPN-BEIRA MANPOWER MANAGEMENT LDA CASA DE FRUTAS LDA CASA KARSANDAS, LDA CASA SHAQUIL LDA CATERING SUPPLIES MOAMBIQUE LDA CERVEJAS DE MOAMBIQUE, S.A.R.L. CIMENTOS DE MOAMBIQUE, S.A.R.L. CMC AFRICA AUSTRAL LDA CNA MOZAMBIQUE LDA CONSTRUTORA GERAL DE MOAMBIQUE, LDA COMPANHIA COMERCIAL GORDHANDAS VALABHDAS, S.A.R.L. CONTEXT LDA CONSULTORES CONSTRUAO CIVIL DURVESH INDUSTRIAL LDA ELECTRICIDADE DE MOAMBIQUE ELO GRFICO LDA GONHAR LDA GREEN TIMBER LDA HIDROELCTRICA DE CAHORA BASSA KPMG MOAMBIQUE LAM LINHAS AREAS DE MOAMBIQUE LDA GCI GESTO COMERCIO INDUSTRIA LUNIK LDA MECANOTUBOS S.A.R.L MILANO LDA MILLENNIUM 2000 MOTORS LDA MINAS CHIPANGA LDA MOAMBIQUE EDITORA LDA WEB PAGE NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES

60

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

MOAMBIQUE INDUSTRIAL - S.A.R.L. MOZAL MOZAUTO, S.A.R.L. NISSAN RONIL LDA OREY LDA PGINAS AMARELAS LDA PANDORA BOX LDA PREMIER GROUP LDA PROFURN (MOZAMBIQUE) LDA ROVER ZAMBEZIA LDA SECEL LDA QUELIMANE SERVIOS DE ALUGUER DE MAQUINAS E EQUIPAMENTO LDA SETIL LDA SHOU COMERCIAL, LDA SUIA DISTRIBUIDORA LDA TELECOMUNICAES DE MOAMBIQUE TELEDATA LIMTADA TELEVISO DE MOAMBIQUE TIMBER CO LDA TROPICAL LDA TURISTICA LDA TVCABO MOAMBIQUE LDA V M GRAIN CO. LDA ZUID LDA

NO YES NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES NO YES NO NO

Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

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Table 2 Presence of Web sites in Private Sector Value Label Yes No Total Frequency 20 46 66 Percentage 30 70 100

Source: SCANICT Mozambique, 2002

One e-business initiative is online banking, started by Banco Internacional de Moambique (BIM) and Banco Standard Totta de Moambique (BSTM) in 1997. Online banking is now being adopted by all other banks, and the number of ATMs in urban areas is increasing. However, the majority of the population does not have a bank account because of their low incomes and even many of those who do believe money must be live, not electronic.

VI. GENERAL TRENDS IN ICT JOBS AND SKILLS

The labour market in Mozambique is still growing, and an extremely high demand for skilled people exists, especially in IT-related areas such as network administrators, network planners, network operators, telecommunications engineers, systems analysts, programmers, web designers/masters, database administrators and hardware technicians. The Government in particular faces a serious challenge with regard to staff retention since, as noted above, the private sector offers far more attractive salaries. Some Government and public institutions are adopting a combination of measures to stop the brain drain or reduce its impact. Such measures may include training, career development, payment of a percentage of consultancy income, housing, transport and other fringe benefits. Data on emigration and immigration are lacking, but it is generally agreed that the number of foreign experts employed in the country has fallen drastically, compared with the first two decades after independence. The Ministry of Labour imposes very strict rules for immigrants seeking job opportunities in Mozambique, and if a private company or Government institution intends to contract an expatriate, in order to get authorisation it must prove that there are no Mozambicans available with the required qualifications or skills. On the other hand, emigration for employment reasons likewise seems to have fallen, because the country now offers more job opportunities for qualified people than a few years ago. The ICT sector in particular is one of the most competitive sectors in the national market. Finally, the informal ICT sector is still embryonic and as yet does not permit substantive analysis. Isolated instances of basic computer training have been found, along with computer hardware and TV repair.

62

VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The major findings of the pilot phase of the SCAN-ICT Project can be divided into three categories, policy issues, human resources development and infrastructure.

7.1 POLICY

The Government has expended a great deal of effort in creating an enabling environment for ICT development, establishing an ICT Information Policy and Implementation Strategy; strengthening the role of the Regulatory Authority; introducing telecommunications sector reforms; and reviewing the fiscal regime for computer-related goods. However, the dynamic of the national economy requires more substantive changes to satisfy the needs and expectations of the ICT market. In order to accommodate present and future ICT needs and related initiatives, the Government must undertake the necessary steps immediately. In so doing, it should take into account regional and international development trends in the ICT sector.

7.2 HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

Human capacity is a crucial factor for the development of any society. The SCAN study shows that the lack of people with ICT skills in Mozambique results in large part from the fact that very few schools and universities have ICT incorporated in their curricula. The number of professional training institutes or basic computer training centres also is insignificant. ICT, meaning computer-based teaching and learning, should be formally introduced in education, starting from the universities and gradually extending to the lower levels. Moreover, once basic training centres are in place, they must prepare people to start their own businesses, by establishing small-scale enterprises based on the business incubator principle. At the same time, the Government should invite the private sector to participate in research and development programmes that can build a critical mass toward the creation of a national ICT industry.

7.3 INFRASTRUCTURE
As can be identified by the SCAN study, the national ICT infrastructure is poorly developed, with the telecommunications network limited primarily to the urban and semi-urban areas. In rural areas, citizens have to face not only the scarcity of access points to basic telecommunications, but also poor quality and high costs of such services. Taking into consideration that Mozambique is poor, it will be important to choose the right solution both technically and economically. Also in that regard, because of the cost implications for beneficiaries small projects such as telecentres will provide a bigger impact on community development than mega-projects. To reduce the gap between rural and urban areas with regard to ICT infrastructure, the Government should build partnerships with the private sector and international organisations.

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7.4 LESSONS LEARNED AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This SCAN survey has identified a number of research questions of concern that the project team would like to present briefly: -In general, many indicators could not be measured because ofeither lack of reliable data, or no data available at all. In such cases, the team had to rely on its own knowledge to provide a generic evaluation. The next phase of SCAN should consider revisiting those cases to consolidate evaluations made during the pilot phase. -A major concern faced during the survey was the lack of statistics in most institutions visited. The little information that was available often was not systemised. Therefore, the team recommends that SCAN find ways of supporting the Government in creating awareness of the importance of statistics in public institutions. -The present report does not assess the real impact of ICT at the individual level. It is recommended that this research component be included in the next phase of SCAN as well. -Because of time limitations, the project was unable to create a formal national SCAN network for regular updating of the SCAN database. Apart from Maputo, the project only managed to establish reliable collaboration among individuals in some provinces. Formalisation and consolidation of relationships with SCAN focal points should be a future priority. -It also will be important to assess the need for specific information on ICT by different sectors and the level of use and dissemination of existing information sources, including the SCAN database. In addition, the project should undertake the following actions: -Create a dynamic SCAN database instead of the current static version. This could not be accomplished during the pilot phase because of time constraints -Translate the SCAN website into Portuguese -Advertise and promote the SCAN website -Monitor and evaluate the comments and suggestions of visitors to the website for improvements

VIII. INVENTORY OF ICT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

The table below presents an inventory of ICT infrastructure-related projects divided by sectors (NGO, public and private) and time of implementation (past, present and future). The table also provides a brief description of name of the project, objective, partners involved, length, cost/budget, target group and availability of evaluation information.

64

Table 1

SECTOR NGO

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Past

Present

Future

1. Digitalisation of National Telephone Network Objective: Improve quality of national backbone by replacing the old analogue telephone switches by digital systems Partners: Govt., TDM Length: completed in 2000

1. National Transmission Network Objective: Increase bandwidth capacity of the national backbone by laying down a high capacity marine and land fibre optic cable, to interconnect all provincial capitals and some cities Partners: Govt., TDM Length: 2001-2007 Cost: USD1,000,000 Target Group: Public in general, business and Govt services Evaluation Information: Not available yet 2. Modernisation and Expansion of Traffic Centres Objective: To expand and modernise existing capacities in regard to the traffic centres (north, central and south regions) in order for the network to support integrated digital systems up to district level Partners: Govt., TDM Length: 2001-2003 Cost: USD6,000,000 Target Group: Public in general, business sector and Govt services Evaluation Information: Not available yet 3. Modernisation of the Transmission Network for Maputo and Surrounding Areas Objective: To expand the backbone of the transmission network and

1. VSAT Communications Network Objective: Extend national backbone to remote rural areas, where other technologies are not appropriate Partners: Govt., TDM Length: 2002-2003 Cost: USD3,500,000 Target Group: Public in general, business sector and Govt services Evaluation Information: Not available yet 2. Low Cost VSAT Stations Objective: Provide connectivity to remote areas, where other technologies are not appropriate, serving initiatives such as community access points (Telecentres), Schoolnet and the Provincial Centres of Digital Resources (CPRDs), etc. Partners: Govt., TDM Length: 2002-2003 Cost: USD168,000 Target Group: Public in general, business sector and Govt services Evaluation Information: Not available yet 3. Universal and Affordable E-mail Access Objective: Increase email access and connectivity by providing relatively cheap solutions,

Public

Cost: Information not available Target Group: Public in general, business and Govt services Evaluation Information: Available at TDM 2. Mobile Network Infrastructure Objective: Provide mobile telephony services by establishing the necessary network infrastructure, to be extended gradually to the all country Partners: Govt ,TDM and private sector Length: since 1999 up to now Cost: Information not available Target Group: Public in general, business sector and Govt services Evaluation Information: available at TDM and MCel 3.Telecentres Project Objective: To bring connectivity and access to information to rural communities Partners: Govt., CIUEM,

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IDRC and UNESCO Length: 1999-2002 (Pilot phase) Cost: about USD350,000 Target Group: Women, small business initiatives, students, local govt services (e.g. education, health), tourists, etc Evaluation Information: Available at CIUEM 4. Schoolnet Project Objective: To provide basic computer skills, connectivity and access to information to preuniversity schools Partners: Govt., CIUEM, World Bank, IDRC and Govt of the Netherlands Length: 1998-2000 (phase I) Cost: About USD500,000 Target Group: students and teachers Evaluation Information: Available at CIUEM and Ministry of Education 5. Sustainable Development Network Program (SNDP) Objective: To provide connectivity and information to promote sustainable development to a wide range of organisations, especially government institutions Partners: Ministry for Environmental Affairs (MICOA) and UNDP and CIUEM Length: 1997-1999 Cost: $US250,000 Target Group: Govt institutions Evaluation Information:

introduce new services Partners: Govt., TDM Length: 2001-2004 Cost: USD26.500,000 Target Group: Public in general, business sector and Govt services Evaluation Information: Not available yet 4. Digital Agencies Objective: Integrate Internet access facilities and services in the existing shops of TDM Partners: TDM Length: 2001-2003 Cost: USD1,000,000 Target Group: Business sector and public in general Evaluation Information: Not available yet 5. Telecentres Project (phase II) Objective: To bring connectivity and access to information to rural communities, and development of local content Partners: Govt., CIUEM, Kellogg Foundation, IDRC, UNESCO and NGOs Length: 2002-2004 Cost: USD2,500,000 Target Group: Women, small business initiatives, students, local govt services (e.g. education, health), tourists, etc Evaluation Information: Not available yet

such as store and forward e-mail systems and packet radio networks for remote locations Partners: Govt and stakeholders Length: 2002-2003 Cost: USD500,000 Target Group: Public in general, business sector and Govt services Evaluation Information: Not available yet 4. TeleMoz Objective: Establish provincial gateways and networks at provincial level mainly for Internet access within the Ministry of Transport and Communications Partners: Govt and USAID Length: 2002-2004 Cost: USD4,100,000 Target Group: Govt services Evaluation Information: Not available yet

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available at MICOA 6. Leland Initiative Objective: To eliminate the monopoly in the provision of Internet services, by providing technical and financial resources for the establishment of new ISPs. Partners: USAID and TDM 6. Mobile Network Infrastructure (for second Operator) Objective: Provide mobile telephony services by establishing the necessary network infrastructure for the second mobile operator Partners: private sector Length: 2002-2003 Cost: Not available Target Group: Public in general, business and Govt services Evaluation Information: Not available yet

Private

Length: 1997 Cost: Information not available Target Group: IT related entrepreneurs Evaluation Information: Available at USAID

Source: ICTPolicy Implementation Strategy (www.infopol.gov.mz) and Scan ICT Mozambique, 2002

IX. INVENTORY OF STRATEGIC PLANNING AND ICT POLICY-RELATED PROJECTS

Following the structure used above, the table below summarises the inventory of strategic planning and ICT policy-related projects. Table 1

SECTOR NGO

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Past

Present

Future

1. Preliminary National Connectivity Assessment and Funding Proposal Objective: Design a funding proposal for supporting the development of data communications infrastructure for Govt institutions, based on the assessment of national and provincial ICT infrastructure Partners: World Bank,

1. Capacity Building of ICT Policy Commission Secretariat Objective: Strengthen the role of the ICT Policy Commission in the process of implementation of the Policy. The project will essentially resolve the human resources problem. Partners: Govt. Length: 2003 Cost: $250,000

1. Capacity Building at the INCM Objective: To strengthen the role of the Regulatory Authority. Partners: Govt. Length: 2002-2004 Cost: USD 150,000 Target Group: Public in general, business sector and Govt services

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and UEM Length: 1997 (3 months)

Target Group: ICT Policy Commission Secretariat Evaluation Information: Not available yet

Evaluation Information: Not available yet

Public

Cost: Information not available Target Group: Govt institutions Evaluation Information: Available at the World Bank 2. Y2k Objective: To identify national y2kreadiness and plan how to minimise the impact of the bug 2000 Partners: Govt, UEM Length: 1999-2000 Cost: about USD120,000 Target Group: Public in general, business and Govt services Evaluation Information: Available at ICT Policy Commission 3. Study on National ICT Capacity Objective: To assess the real situation on ICT penetration in the country incl. number of existing computer facilities and human resources capacity. Partners: Govt. Length: May-Oct/2000 Cost: $US30,000 Target Group: Govt institutions, and public in general Evaluation Information: Available at ICT Policy Commission 4. The National ICT Policy Objective: Develop the National ICT Policy

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Partners: Govt, IDRC Length: 1998-2000 Cost: $US242,000 Target Group Govt institutions, public and society in general. Evaluation Information: Available at Informatics Policy Commission 5. National ICT Policy Implementation Strategy Objective: Develop the strategy for the implementation of the ICT Policy. Partners: Govt IDRC, UNDP, GDOI Length: 2001-2002 Cost: USD 79,000 Target Group: Public in general, business and Govt services Evaluation Information: Available at ICT Policy Commission

Private
Source: Source: ICTPolicy Implementation Strategy (www.infopol.gov.mz) and Scan ICT Mozambique, 2002

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X. REFERENCES AND WEB-BASED INFORMATION SOURCES

The table below presents the summary of existing web-based information sources with regard to ICT in Mozambique.
Table 1 Institution/Content A study of the actual and potential usage of information and ... Acacia Africa ICT Policy Monitor Resources African Governments on the WWW Balancing Act News Update - African internet developments CIA World FactBook. Comisso para a Poltica de Informtica Commercial Code for Mozambique [under development through the Ministry of Justice]. Development Gateway DigitalDivide EDITOSIA E-readiness Methodology Harvard Global eReadiness. ICT & PrivateSector ICT Projects in Africa International Telecommunication Union Global Telecommunications Indicators. Jensen, Mike (September 2000). African Country Internet Status Summary. KPMG. Mozambique: Economic Overview 2000. Leland Initiative Location: Mozambique has a strategic location along the eastern ... Web site www.ifi.uio.no/in364/docs/foils/jorn_braa_14_3.pdf

www.bellanet.org/gkaims/acacia/acacia_pub_list.cfm - 35k www.networkedintelligence.com/init.html -

www.gksoft.com www.balancingact-africa.com/news/ back/balancing-act_119.html - 65k - 21 Jan 2003

www.cia.gov www.infopol.gov.mz

www.commercialcodemoz.co.za

http://www.developmentgateway.org/node/130670/browser/?&page_no=35 www.knowledgefordevelopment.com/Digitaldivide.html www.editosia.org/links.shtml - 33k www.infodev.org/ereadiness/methodology.htm www.readinessguide.org www.gtz.de/ict-privatesector/library/ library2.asp?comments=ICT&NAV=1

www.itu.org

http://www.sn.apc.org/

http://www.kpmg.co.mz/

http://www.usaid.gov/leland/ www.itu.int/ITU-D/ldc/pdf/mozambique.pdf

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Mbendi - Mozambique Country Profile. Basic information, economic overview, investment information, the mining industry, the oil and gas industry. Mozambique NICI plan and strategy Official Government of Mozambique Website. Mozambique Portal by Syslog Sida - Country ICT Surveys Status of ICT in Mozambique: A Quick Glance Subject Listing for Telecommunications Time Out (Maputo) (In English and Portuguese). Lists hotels, entertainment, public holidays, has information for the major cities. TRASA Mozambique profile. Tropical Portal, United National Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). NICI Country Profiles. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). The NICI initiatives. UNPAN E Government in African Region USAID (1999). The Rural Telecommunications Restructuring Project (RTR). [terminated in late 1999] World Bank World Higher Education Database 2000. Source: International Association of Universities/UNESCO / International Centre on Higher Education. WSIS Opinion Survey Yellow Pages/Pginas Amarelas de Mocambique (In Portuguese and

http://www.mol.co.mz/

www.uneca.org/aisi/docs/mozNICIplan.PDF

www.mozambique.mz www.imensis.co.mz www.sida.se/Sida/articles/9400-9499/9481/rwanrep.pdf www.cid.harvard.edu/ciditg/research/ Mozambique%20-%20eReadiness %20Assessment.doc celi.lub.lu.se/htdocs/subject-listing/ telecommunications.html

www.mozambique.mz/

http://trasa.worldweb.net/ www.maputohoje.co.mz

http://www.un.org/

http://www.bellanet.org/

www.unpan.org/africa-e-goernment.asp

http://www.tiaonlnie.org/

www.worldbank.org/worldlinks/english/ assets/WorldLinks-Mozambique.pdf

http://www.usc.edu/

www.itu.int/osg/spu/wsis-themes/survey/ - 77k http://www.paginasamarelas.co.mz/

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English). Mozambique Yellow pages.

Source: SCAN ICT Mozambique, 2002

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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES

BMI Tech (2002). SADC e-Readiness Review and Strategy. Report prepared for the SADC e-Readiness Task Force. BMI Tech (2002). Mozambique Telecoms Market Forecast. Estudo da Situao Actual de Computarizao e Necessidades de Computarizao na Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Centro de Informtica da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (1991-1992). Estratgia de Implementao da Poltica de Informtica, Comisso para a Poltica de Informtica (2002). Maputo. Fernandes, Rui Jorge Loureno (2001). A Infra-Estrutura Das Telecomunicaes Como Espinha Dorsal Do Desenvolvimento Das Icts Em Moambique. Maputo. Gaster, Polly (2001). Pontos De Acesso Comunitrio. Maputo. Gilhooly, Denis (2001). Creating A Development Dynamic Digital Opportunities For Development. Maputo. INE (1998). II Recenseamento Geral da Populao 1997 Resultados definitivos. INE (2000). Questionrio de Indicadores Bsicos de Bem estar. Maputo. INE (2001). Questionrio de Indicadores Bsicos de Bem estar. Maputo. INE. Projeces Anuais por Provncia e rea de Residncia (1997-2010). INE Anurio Estatstico (Vrios). Maputo. INE (2000). Mulheres e Homens em Moambique. Maputo. INE (2001). Mulheres e Homens em Moambique. Maputo. INE Anurios Estatsticos Provinciais de 1996-1999. Maputo. INE (1997). Mapa de Equi;brios 1996-1999. Ficheiros Electrnicos. Maputo. INE (n.d.). Atlas Demogrfico e de Sade de Moambique. Maputo. INE (2000). Situao Lingustica de Moambique. Maputo. KPMG (2000). Moambique Relatrio das 100 Maiores Empresas de Moambique. Maputo. KPMG (2001). Moambique Relatrio das 100 Maiores Empresas de Moambique. Maputo. KPMG (2001). Moambique Mozambique ICT Report. Maputo.

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Mabila, Francisco and Gaster, Polly (2002). Projecto Telecentros. Prepared for the ICT Policy Commission. Massingue, Venncio (2001). A Long-Term Vision for Building ICT Skills and Capacity in Mozambique. Maputo. Miller, Jonathan and James, Tina. Preliminary Report: A Country ICT Survey for Mozambique (September 2001). Prepared for SIDA. PNUD (1998). Relatrio Nacional de Desenvolvimento Humano. SARDC. Maputo. PNUD (1999). Relatrio Nacional de Desenvolvimento Humano. SARDC. Maputo. PNUD (2000). Relatrio Nacional de Desenvolvimento Humano. SARDC. Maputo. PNUD (2001). Relatrio Nacional de Desenvolvimento Humano. SARDC. Maputo. PNUD (2002). Relatrio Nacional de Desenvolvimento Humano. SARDC. Maputo. Preliminary National Connectivity Assessment and Funding Proposal (1997). World Bank, Maputo. Salomo, Tomaz (2001). Reforma Do Sector Das Telecomunicaes Em Moambique. Maputo. TDM (2000). Relatrio e Contas do Conselho de Administrao. Maputo. TDM (2001). Relatrio e Contas do Conselho de Administrao. Maputo.

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ANNEXES
This section contains the following annexes: -Annex A SCAN Questionnaires -Annex B List of Institutions -Annex C List of Interviewees

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