Flow Assurance Presentation - Rune Time 2

Scandpower Petroleum Technology
Flow Assurance and Multiphase flow p part II

Prof. Rune W. Time Department of Petroleum Engineering University of Stavanger
Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger May 31st, 2011
Outline and time schedule O li d i h d l
8.30 9.15
Flow regimes and impact on phase slippage, fluid concentrations and pressure drop in pipelines
9.25 10.15 Hydrates, wax and asphaltenes 10.25 -11.00 Multiphase flow influence from interfaces, compression effects and waves
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Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011
PART II
Hydrates, wax and asphaltenes
+ Scale, Emulsions and Erosion
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Flow assurance projects
Norway
1993-1997: Statoils Multiphase T chn l 1993 1997: St t ils Multiph s Technology Development D l pm nt Programme 1993-97. Summary Cost savings through Multiphase Solutions. Products:
Subsea multiphase meters and pumps Long-lasting multiphase chokes Mobile multi-test unit and total fluid management procedures New industry standard multiph s fl N indust st nd d multiphase flow simul t simulator Increased c-steel pipeline applicability (NORSOK) Leading edge hydrate mitigation procedures Heated pipeline concepts for hydrate and wax control
1995: A dedicated joint R&D programme between Statoil, Saga and Hydro (SSH) launched in 1995 with objective to improve the methodology for characterisation of dispersed multiphase systems and technical ability to transport and effectively separate them.
Flow assurance and precipitation of solids

Hydrates: Ice substance W : P ffi wax crystallic t lli Wax: Paraffine Asphaltenes: Aromatic solids Scale: Wall deposited heavy soluble mineral deposits
In production oil systems very complex, heterogeneous and some times even difficult to discrimate at first sight sight.
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Wax, asphaltenes and more .
Mercaptans are the most odoriferous substances known to mankind and are the substances f b t found i Skunk spray and th d in Sk k d the chemicals used to odorize natural gas, but in extremely low parts-per-billion concentrations. http://www.spentcaustic.com/tragedy.htm
http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/HOD_html
also called thiols or organic sulfides
Phase transitions
Relevant phase transitions for flow assurance
8
The long and transforming travel of oil from reservoir to tank
Hydrates
Asphaltenes
Wax
9
HYDRATES (Hammerschmidt,
1934)
Gas hydrates are crystalline materials where water molecules form a framework containing cavities which are occupied by individual gases or gas mixtures (e.g. methane, ethane, propane, isobutane and inorganic molecules such as CO2 and H2S) H2S).
Ref: SSH Multiphase program: 235
Appearance
Hydrate gas l di H d loading
Burning ice
"Ice that burns" could provide enormous amounts of energy, but can it be made environmentally friendly? (Image: USGS)
10
versus ice:
Hydrate (clathrate) structures
http://www.pet.hw.ac.uk/research /hydrate/hydrates_what.cfm
Cages fit different molecules. How to know?

- Chemical modelling (molecular dynamics) - Experiments (inhibitors)
11
Hydrate flow assurance issues

Hydrates?
Gulf of Mexico Horizon 2010
(Exam problem - Multiphase course)
Environmental issues
The drilling i H i Th d illi rig Horizon experienced a gas-kick while d illi i d ki k hil drilling for BP in the Gulf of Mexico on April 21st 2010. The rig sank and oil leaked out from the well at a flow rate QL = 10 L/s. Several methods have been proposed to prevent the oil from spreading on the sea surface. In one concept a large hood (funnel) as shown in the figure above will be positioned over the well head g p with a vertical pipeline system leading the oil up to the sea surface for collection.
12
Hydrates and inhibitors

Hydrates form when light hydrocarbons meet with water, typically at T < 15 - 25C at elevated pressures.
Conventional methods of hydrate control typically costs NOK 300 million for a field. Use of conventional inhibitors requires large storage tanks on the platforms and costly systems for injection and possible regeneration.
Thermodynamic inhibitors (methanol or glycols) require concentrations around 30-70 % wt of water. New low concentration inhibitors (LCI), conc. < 0.5 %wt , T< 5C.
13
Low Concentration Inhibitors
(hydrate control)
LCIs work in two different manners: manners

1. The kinetic inhibitors impact on the kinetics, preventing or delaying hydrate formation. y g y 2. Hydrate modifiers allow hydrates to form, but as transportable particles.
14
Other hydrate mitigation techniques

Direct electrical heating: D l l h sgard field
15
Cold flow principle - Sintef
Stable dry hydrate slurry forms
Hydrate recycle loop Flow from wells
Hydrate recycle crash cools the incoming warm well stream
16
Definition? Asphaltenes are:
ASPHALTENES
(J.B. Boussingault , 1837)
- High molecular weight polycyclic organic compounds with nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur in their structure, in addition to carbon and hydrogen - Presence in petroleum fluids is defined as the fraction of petroleum fluid (or other carbonaceous sources such as coal), which is soluble in benzene and deposits, by addition of a low-boiling paraffin solvent. - Not crystallised upon deposition from petroleum fluids and as a result, its phase-transition from liquid to solid does not follow the same route as paraffin wax wax. - Not easily separated into individual purified components or fractions. Ultimate analysis not very significant, since resins are strongly adsorbed by asphaltenes - and not easily quantitatively separated from them.
Ref: 09.IJOGCT.020203.MANSOORI
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Asphaltenes h l
Benzene rings Cyclohexane rings
Four different asphaltene structures separated from different natural petroleum fluids.
Ref: 09.IJOGCT.020203.MANSOORI
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Asphaltenes - appearance
Asphaltenes in North Sea crude oils North Sea crude oils generally contain 0.1-1.5 wt% asphaltenes (n-pentane insolubles). There are crude oils which contain more than 10 wt% asphaltenes.
Asphaltenes may precipitate in pores near the well bore
Asphaltenes in Ula separator
19
Asphaltene risk in reservoirs h l k
Ref: SSH
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Dried asphaltenes
http://baervan.nmt.edu/Petrophysics/group/intro-2-asphaltenes.pdf
Figure 1. Examples of the appearance (magnified about 15 times) of asphaltenes separated from Mars-P crude oil with an excess of (a) n pentane (n-C5) and (b) n-heptane (n-C7).
Some would argue that the n-C7 asphaltenes are the real asphaltenes, whereas the n-C5 material is a mixture of asphaltenes and resins. The high end materials in molecular weight, polarity and aromaticity may separate into an asphaltene-rich phase in response to changes in pressure, composition, and/or temperature. Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011
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When can asphaltenes cause problems?

Asphaltenes can cause problems in oil production transportation and processing production, transportation, processing. Amount of asphaltene in oil less important than asphaltene stability. Stability depends on asphaltene properties, and solvent properties of the oil. Light oils with small amounts of asphaltenes more likely to cause problems than heavy oil with larger amounts of material in the asphaltene fraction. Heavier oil also contains intermediate components that are good asphaltene solvents whereas the light oil consist largely of paraffinic materials in which by definition, asphaltenes have very which, definition limited solubility. Asphaltenes in heavier oils can also cause problems if they are destabilized by mixing with another crude oil during transportation or by other steps in oil processing. processing Unstable asphaltenes can form separate phase that might plug the oil-bearing rock formation near a well. Can also aggregate at oil/water interfaces, stabilizing water-in-oil emulsions or at oil/solid interfaces Can alter surface wetting properties or accumulate and plug well bores and flow lines. The first step toward predicting and avoiding any of these problems is knowing how to evaluate asphaltene stability stability. 22
WAX
Definitions
What is wax?
Mainly long-chain alkanes with 20-50 carbon atoms, but also contain minor quantities of branched and cyclic hydrocarbons. Typical content in North Sea oils is 1-15 weight%. b h d d li h d b T i l t t i N th S il i 1 15 i ht%
What is cloud point?

Cloud point is the first temperature where wax starts to precipitate when an oil is cooled. It is often referred to as the wax appearance (or precipitation) temperature. Cloud point is typically 30-40C, but may be as high as 50-55C.
What is wax melting point?

The melting point of wax deposits is normally about 20C higher than the cloud point.
What is pour point and yield stress?

Pour point is the temperature where sufficient amount of wax (about 4 weight %) is p p ( g ) precipitated to make the oil take on a solid-like (gel) structure. The pour point of North Sea oils may be as high as 35C and lower than -50C. Below the pour point, the oil has a yield shear stress, i.e. the oil cannot flow unless it is subjected to a certain minimum shearing force (shaking or pumping). Figure 3 shows a typical relationship between yield g ( g p p g) g yp p y stress and restart pressure. 23
Wax plugs
Figure 1 Part of a wax plug retrieved from the pig trap at Statfjord B after pigging the pipeline from Snorre B to Statfjord B (Sept 2001) (Sept.
2006-Aberdeen-1-Tordal
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WATER-OIL EMULSIONS control

Mixture versus emulsion
Pipeline oil-water flow

Ref: L. Amundsen: PhD Thesis 2011, Helseth 2001
What are emulsions? When water and oil are mixed, one of the phases is dispersed as droplets into the other. In oil p production, water is most often the dispersed phase. Depending on the p p p g supply of mixing energy, the dispersion may separate readily into pure water and pure oil, or it may stay as a stable emulsion. Emulsions are stabilised by components naturally present in the oil, such as y y asphaltenes, resins and organic acids. Solid particles like wax, scale and fines may also act as stabilising agents. 25
Water-oil emulsions W t il l i
A dedicated joint R&D programme b t d di t d j i t between St t il S Statoil, Saga and H d (SSH) was d Hydro launched in 1995 with the clear objective to improve the methodology for characterisation of dispersed multiphase systems and the technical ability to transport and effectively separate them .
26
SCALE PRECIPITATION
Figure 6.6 SrSO4 crystals precipitated from brine of SrSO4 supersaturatiori=5
Figure 7.4 Crystals precipitated from static brine BSS3 at 70C, (Ba+Sr)/SO4=1, Sr/Ba=1000
What is oilfield scale? Oilfield scale is mainly deposits of inorganic salts such as carbonates and sulphates of barium, strontium or calcium. Scale may also be salts of iron like sulphides, carbonates and hydrous oxides
Ref: (Statoil,Saga,Hydro Multiphase Technology Program)
Figure 7.58 Crystals grown from 50:50 mixed North sea water and South Brae under static condition, 'tree leaves' crystals
Ref: M. Yuan: PhD thesis, Heriot Watt, 1989
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Scale formation mechanisms

Oilfield scale can form in one of two ways: Brine (e.g. formation water) may undergo change in conditions such as temperature or pressure. This generally gives rise to carbonate scales. Two i T incompatible waters ( ibl (e.g. formation water rich in calcium, strontium and barium and sea water rich i s lph t ) mix This t i h in sulphate) mix.This generally gives rise to sulphate scales.
The curves illustrate that calcite precipitation occurs by a positive feedback mechanism; pressure drop gives precipitation DP1 , deposition gives a new pressure drop, DP2 , which in turn gives increasing deposition,DP3 .
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Scale mitigation
What is a scale inhibitor? Scale inhibitors are chemicals which stop or interfere with the nucleation, precipitation and adherence of mineral deposits. What is a scale dissolver? Scale dissolvers are chemicals which dissolve scale by complexing w th ons l ke bar um, strontium, calc um with ions like barium, stront um, calcium and iron. ron. What is chelation or sequestration? Chelation or sequestration is the formation of soluble metal ion q complexes in the presence of substances which normally would give a precipitate.
Other techniques ?
Electromagnetic Inhibition
http://www.ed2000.net/york/ yk_theo_disc.htm
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EROSION
Erosion mechanisms and materials
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Erosion test of IPC downhole instrumentation system

Project with Aker Maritime Well Services 1998 Services,
Inflow, choke
Multiphase M lti h metering device
Erosion test
Flow regime dependence!
Flow direction
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Scandpower Petroleum Technology

Flow Assurance and Multiphase flow p part II

Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger May 31st, 2011

Outline and time schedule O li d i h d l

Flow assurance projects

Flow assurance and precipitation of solids

Wax, asphaltenes and more .

also called thiols or organic sulfides

Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Relevant phase transitions for flow assurance

The long and transforming travel of oil from reservoir to tank

Hydrate gas l di H d loading

Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Hydrate (clathrate) structures

Cages fit different molecules. How to know?

Hydrate flow assurance issues

Hydrates and inhibitors

Low Concentration Inhibitors

LCIs work in two different manners: manners

Other hydrate mitigation techniques

Cold flow principle - Sintef

Stable dry hydrate slurry forms

Hydrate recycle loop Flow from wells

Hydrate recycle crash cools the incoming warm well stream

Definition? Asphaltenes are:

Asphaltenes may precipitate in pores near the well bore

Asphaltenes in Ula separator

Asphaltene risk in reservoirs h l k

When can asphaltenes cause problems?

What is cloud point?

What is wax melting point?

What is pour point and yield stress?

Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

WATER-OIL EMULSIONS control

Pipeline oil-water flow

Ref: M. Yuan: PhD thesis, Heriot Watt, 1989

Scale formation mechanisms

Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011

Erosion test of IPC downhole instrumentation system

Multiphase M lti h metering device

Flow regime dependence!

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