A.P.

Biology: Chapter 34 Test "Vertebrates"

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Vertebrates and tunicates share a. jaws adapted for feeding. b. a high degree of cephalization. c. the formation of structures from the neural crest. d. an endoskeleton that includes a skull. e. a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord. 2. How are primates different from all other mammals? a. placental embryonic development d. ability to produce milk b. hairy bodies e. opposable thumbs in many species c. arboreal lifestyles 3. What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant animals? a. a hinged jaw d. flight b. feathers e. a gizzard c. an amniotic egg 4. What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans? a. an amniotic egg b. unpaired fins c. an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors d. a cartilaginous endoskeleton e. lack of jaws 5. What permits reptiles to thrive in arid environments? a. Their bright coloration reflects the intense UV radiation. b. A large number of prey and a limited number of predators are available in the desert. c. A cartilaginous endoskeleton provides needed flexibility for locomotion on sand. d. Their scales contain the protein keratin, which helps prevent dehydration. e. They have an acute sense of sight, especially in bright sunlight. 6. With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree? a. Humans and apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor. b. Humans evolved from New World monkeys. c. Humans have stopped evolving and now represent the pinnacle of evolution. d. Apes evolved from humans. e. Humans and apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of gorilla. 7. What do hagfishes and lampreys have in common with the extinct conodonts? a. lungs d. their mode of feeding b. the jawless condition e. swim bladders c. bony vertebrae 8. Which of the following structures are possessed only by birds? a. enlarged pectoral muscles and heavy bones b. a four-chambered heart c. feathers and keeled sternum d. a short tail and mammary glands e. a large brain and endothermy 9. The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

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a. reproduction d. defense b. feeding e. respiration c. locomotion Differentiation of teeth is greatest in a. sharks. b. bony fishes. c. amphibians. d. reptiles. e. mammals. Humans and apes are presently classified in the same category as all of the following levels except a. class. b. genus. c. kingdom. d. order. e. phylum. Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"? a. Cenozoic b. Mesozoic c. Paleozoic d. Precambrian e. Cambrian A sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in extant a. birds. d. both A and B b. mammals. e. A, B, and C c. non-avian reptiles. A trend in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was a. the appearance of jaws. b. the appearance of bony vertebrae. c. feet with digits. d. the mineralization of the endoskeleton. e. the ability to move in a fish-like manner. Pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as a. the digestive system's opening. d. gill slits for respiration. b. suspension-feeding devices. e. portions of the inner ear. c. components of the jaw. For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below with the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. B. C. D. E. amphibians non-avian reptiles chondrichthyans mammals avian reptiles

16. may have lungs, or gills, and may use skin as a respiratory surface a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 17. internal fertilization, amniotic egg, skin that resists drying, heavy bones a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 18. honeycombed bones, females with one ovary, no teeth a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 19. three major groups: egg-laying, pouched, and placental a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 20. their scales closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 21. What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods? a. They should show evidence of internal fertilization. b. They should show evidence of having produced shelled eggs. c. They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land. d. They should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the

same time. e. They should feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws. 22. The vertebrate class with the most acute vision is the a. Osteichthyes b. Amphibia c. Mammalia d. Aves e. Reptilia 23. During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. amniotic egg paired fins jaws swim bladder four-chambered heart

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a. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 b. 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 c. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 d. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 e. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? It a. has a shell that increases gas exchange. b. allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment. c. prolongs embryonic development. d. provides insulation to conserve heat. e. permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization. All of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans, except a. a swim bladder b. scales. c. lungs. d. gills. In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? a. chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals b. amphibians, mammals, and reptiles c. chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles d. reptiles and mammals e. reptiles and amphibians Which extant chordate group is postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? a. Cephalochordata d. Reptilia b. adult Urochordata e. Chondrichthyes c. Amphibia Which of these is not considered an amniote? a. amphibians d. egg-laying mammals b. non-avian reptiles e. placental mammals c. avian reptiles Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials a. lack nipples. b. have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus. c. lay eggs. d. are found in Australia and Africa. e. include only insectivores and herbivores. A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

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a. legs d. metamorphosis b. no jaws e. endothermy c. an amniotic egg What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals? a. true coelom b. dorsal, hollow nerve cord c. blastopore, which becomes the anus d. bilateral symmetry e. segmentation Which of these hominid traits seems to have occurred before the others? a. tool use d. language b. increased brain size e. bipedalism c. symbolic thought Which are extinct organisms that may represent a transition between cephalochordates and vertebrates? a. Haikouella d. conodonts b. Archaeopteryx e. acanthodians c. Acanthostega In which extant class did jaws occur earliest? a. Cephalaspidomorphi d. Dipnoi b. Chondrichthyes e. Placodermi c. Actinopterygii Which of these is not a trend in primate evolution? a. enhanced depth perception b. well-developed claws for clinging to trees c. a shoulder joint adapted to brachiation d. increased brain to body ratio e. a long period of parental care of offspring The bony fishes are characterized by a. a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder. b. a cartilaginous endoskeleton. c. an amniotic egg. d. teeth that are replaced regularly. e. a lateral line system and ears with three semicircular canals. Structures that are made of keratin include which of the following? a. avian feathers d. A and C only b. reptilian scales e. A, B, and C c. mammalian hair Which of the following is not a shared characteristic of all chordates? a. pharyngeal clefts d. dorsal, hollow nerve cord b. post-anal tail e. four-chambered heart c. notochord All of the following groups are tetrapods EXCEPT a. Amphibia b. Reptilia c. Agnatha d. Aves e. Mammalia The common ancestor of all these chordate groups except the ____ probably had paired appendages. a. mammals d. ray-finned fishes b. amphibians e. reptiles c. lampreys Vertebrates have this collection of cells which forms near the dorsal margins of the neural tube in the embryo and helps form skeletal elements such as teeth and bones.

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a. Notochord d. Neural crest b. Pharyngeal slits e. Hollow nerve cord c. Cephalization Which of the following classifications do not apply to both dogs and humans? a. class Mammalia d. kingdom Animalia b. order Primates e. subphylum Vertebrata c. phylum Chordata Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? a. bony fishes d. non-avian reptiles b. avian reptiles e. mammals c. amphibians A common chamber that expels the digestive wasts and contains the end of the reproductive tract is called a. spiral valve d. amniote b. cloaca e. gastrovascular cavity c. anus Mammals and living birds share all of the following characteristics except a. endothermy. b. descent from a common amniotic ancestor. c. a dorsal, hollow nerve cord. d. a hole behind the eye socket on each side of the skull. e. an amniotic egg. Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? a. a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates b. an armored, jawed placoderm that had two sets of paired appendages c. an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins d. a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes e. an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and fishes? a. The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales. b. They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. c. They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility. d. They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. e. A swim bladder helps control buoyancy. Chondrichthyans can be distinguished from osteichthyans by the a. presence in osteichthyans of a skull. b. presence in osteichthyans of a lateral line system. c. presence in condrichthyans of unpaired fins. d. absence in chondrichthyans of a swim bladder and lungs. e. absence in chondrichthyans of paired sensory organs. Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? a. lizards b. crocodiles c. snakes d. birds e. mammals According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of a. scales of the lower lip. b. skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits. c. one or more gill slits. d. one or more of the bones of the cranium. e. one or more of the vertebrae.

51. Species where the young develop within the uterus and are nourished prior to the birth through the placenta are called a. Oviparous d. Viviovoviparous b. Ovoviviparous e. Ilovetestsparous c. Viviparous 52. Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? a. the amniotic egg b. the ability to maintain a constant body temperature c. two pairs of appendages d. claws e. a four-chambered heart 53. Which is not characteristic of all mammals? a. a four-chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood b. giving birth to live young (viviparous) c. having hair during at least some period of life d. having glands to produce nourishing milk for offspring e. having a diaphragm to assist in ventilating the lungs 54. All of the following are characteristics of most extant non-avian reptiles, except a. ectothermy. b. gills. c. the amniotic egg. d. keratinized skin. e. conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size. 55. ____ are the oldest known primate group. a. Apes b. Prosimians c. Anthropoids d. Hominids e. Monkeys

A.P. Biology: Chapter 34 Test "Vertebrates" Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: E E B D D A B C B E B B B C B A B E D C C D A B A D A A B B B E A B B A E E C C D

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B A B D A D D D B C A B B B