ACTIVE CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES

PETROLEUM CONSERVATION RESEARCH ASSOCIATION April-June 2008

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Conservation Technology Centre at PCRA hosts Chinese delegation Energy Conservation Programme Awareness Programme gains impetus at Gandhigram Conservation lessons included in NCERT text books NCERT text Energy efficient driving habits

PCRAs Energy Audit/Driver Training Programme Go for PCRAs Energy Audit/Driver Training Programme (DTP)
PCRA is committed to increase energy efficiency in the country. Its Energy Audit and Driver Training Programme (DTP) are two of the many initiatives taken in this direction. Choose what suits you and see your profits soar.

A Great Success Story! DTP at Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC)
No. of participants 1201 KMPL before 4.81 KMPL after 5.57 Percentage Improvement 15.80

Benefits from Energy Audit

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Benefits from Driver Training Programme

G G G G G

G G

Improves profitability Saves energy cost Recommends efficient operating and maintenance practices Helps in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Follow-up measures for realization of energy saving

KMPL (Kms. per litre) improvement Improves fuel economy Reduces break down and maintenance cost Improves driving skills Reduces emissions

PETROLEUM CONSERVATION RESEARCH ASSOCIATION E-mail: pcra@pcra.org Website: www.pcra.org

Quarterly Journal April June 2008

CONTENTS
45 Editorial Energy efficient practices is the need of the hour 617 6 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 17 In focus Chinese delegation visits Conservation Technology Centre at PCRA PCRA sponsors Energy Conservation Awareness Programme at Gandhigram Classroom training programs on Energy Conservation organized PCRA initiates inclusion of conservation lesson in NCERT text books World Environment Day Pollution Reduction PCRAs good driving habits Energy Security Cooperation: Demand and Supply Management R&D Projects Logan drivathon at Ahmedabad
Produced by Winrock International India (WII) 788, Udyog Vihar, Phase V Gurgaon 122001, INDIA Tel: 91-124-4303868 Website: www.winrockindia.org

Shri S.P. Goel, Director (I/C), PCRA in conversation with a high profile Chinese delegation led by Director, Southwest China Investment Promotion Agency (SCIPA), along with Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and UNIDO Centre for South-South Industrial Cooperation (UCSSIC) officials during their visit to the Conservation Technology Centre (CTC) at PCRA in New Delhi, on May 13, 2008.

Editorial Team
Editor Associate Editors : D.N. Narasimha Raju : S.P. Goel A.K. Goel Ajit Kumar Content Coordinator : Kanika Pal, WII Design and Layout : Jaison Jose, WII

Fax: 91-124-4303862 E-mail: wii@winrockindia.org

1819 In the news 18 19 20 21 22 23 Various chartered activities organized at Group Centre CRPF Bantalab, Jammu , BHEL benefits from energy audit recommendations made by PCRA Call for Papers Form Feedback Form PCRA Publications PCRA Offices

On behalf of Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) Sanrakshan Bhawan, 10 Bhikaiji Cama Place New Delhi 110066 Tel: 91-11-26198856 Fax: 91-11-26109668 Website: www.pcra.org

All communication should be addressed to: The Associate Editor Active Conservation Techniques Journal Petroleum Conservation Research Association Sanrakshan Bhawan, 10 Bhikaiji Cama Place New Delhi 110066 Tel: 91-11-26198856 Fax: 91-11-26109668
The views expressed in the journal are those of the individual contributors and not necessarily of PCRA. The main aim of the journal is to disseminate information of the latest trends, developments, and R&D efforts initiated, identify opportunities, and explore national and international advancements in the field of energy conservation and environment protection.

active conservation techniques

Energy Efficient Practices is the Need of the Hour

We need to take serious action now or else continued dependence on fossil fuels will unrelentingly be a major hindrance in our progress. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from combustion of these fossil fuels adding to global warming has also been a major source of concern. Currently, India ranks sixth in terms of GHG emissions in the world. To avert this, India too needs to develop strategies to develop alternate fuels and look into energy conservation techniques.
Climate change has been a much debated issue in this decade. The major reason attributed to climate change and on-going global warming is human action leading to unregulated discharge of carbon emissions into the Earths atmosphere. In this context, there have been enormous discussions to plan the future road map for both the developing and the developed world, in order to secure the planets environment and natural habitat. India faces a huge challenge in this regard. While we strive The World Environment Day was observed on June 05. The United Nations Environment Programme highlighting the importance of energy efficiency and the need to reduce carbon emissions this year, announced the World Environment Day slogan as Kick the Habit! Towards a Towar owards Economy. Low Carbon Economy. This signifies the need to promote low carbon economies and life-styles, involving improvement in energy efficiency, utilization of alternative sources of energy and practicing of eco-friendly consumption in all parts of the world. In this scenario, it is vital for any nation to balance economic progress with conservation of natural resources and We need to take serious action now or else continued dependence on fossil fuels will unrelentingly be a major hindrance in our progress. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from combustion of these fossil fuels adding to global warming has also been a major source of concern. Currently, India ranks sixth in terms of GHG emissions in the world. To to maintain our economic growth at 9%, there is an immediate need to make energy conservation everyones business. Energy efficiency once achieved will not only ensure adequacy in energy supplies, leading to low costs, but will also minimize the countrys vulnerability to fluctuating prices of imported fuel. maintaining the environment. In recent days, depreciation of U.S. dollar has been attributed as one of the reasons for oil prices becoming nearly double from last years levels. Such volatility in oil prices poses a serious threat to financial sector stability and growth in todays global economy. Going green with energy efficiency programs has thus become a grave matter of survival for economies, like never before.

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It is not easy to change mind sets over night and inculcate variations in lifestyles for conserving the environment. Such mitigation practices require cooperative efforts from everyone. Petroleum Conservation Research Associations work with National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) to include petroleum and energy conservation lessons has been another proactive stance towards ensuring energy efficient practices.

unconverted minds- educating the young children. It is not easy to change mind sets over night and inculcate variations in lifestyles for conserving the environment. Such mitigation practices require cooperative efforts from everyone. Petroleum Conservation Research Associations work with National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) to include petroleum and energy conservation lessons has been another proactive stance towards ensuring energy efficient practices. It is imperative for the young minds to relate to the issues at hand, and behave responsibly today for a better future. These students, through active understanding in the class room, can engage in discussions with their parents and others in the community inculcating self-questioning and consciousness. It is as necessary for every individual to be aware and adopt best energy efficient practices, as it is important for government and policy makers to constantly research and develop alternate sources of energy and revisit modern forms

avert this, India too needs to develop strategies to develop alternate fuels and look into energy conservation techniques. PCRA has been constantly innovating outreach and mass awareness activities for energy efficient practices. As a part of its energy conservation program, PCRA has also been conducting energy audits for various industries, ensuring that less energy is consumed for the same level of activity. These energy audits optimize energy cost, control pollution, and suggest methods to improve the operating and maintenance practices of the system. Another key issue related to communicating energy efficient and conser vation measures has been tapping the

of fuel, making them compatible with GHG norms. We need to remember that the pace of change today is faster and larger than any time in human history. We have a huge responsibility to shoulder in securing our future now. Efficient utilization of energy in all sectors would undoubtedly reduce the amount of CO2 emitted, but along with that all of us have to adopt simple and good living habits that can make a significant impact on our environment.

D.N. Narasimha Raju Joint Secretary (M) & Executive Director, PCRA

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high profile Chinese delegation led by Director, Southwest China Investment Promotion Agency (SCIPA), along with Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and UNIDO Centre for South-South Industrial Cooperation (UCSSIC) officials visited the Conservation Technology Centre (CTC) at PCRA head quarters on May 13, 2008. The visit was an opportunity to propagate energy efficient products, and a lot of significant deliberations and interactions with the officials took place. In addition, the officials from the following participating companies of CTC were also present:
G G G G G G G G G G G G G

Chinese delegation visiting CTC

Asian Electronics Ltd. Industrial Boilers Ltd. Fenesta Building Systems Bureau of Energy Efficiency Blue Star Ltd. IOC (R&D) Standard Capacitors Johnson Controls Alien Energy Pvt. Ltd. Osram India Pvt. Ltd. Fenesta Building Systems Savir Energy Ltd. Thermax Ltd.

On the occasion, PCRA showed a film on Energy Efficient Durable Improved Cook-stoves for Rural Areas. PCRA, in association with Maharana Pratap

Delegates at the Bureau of Energy Efficiency stall at CTC

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University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), conducted research and development work, and designed and developed energy efficient durable improved cook-stoves for rural masses. This energy efficient cooking stove is named Udairaj. PCRA in association with Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology had installed a total of 1752 of these stoves in 38 different villages in Udaipur. It is estimated that around 4500 tonnes of fuel wood was saved upto March 2008. In addition to this several other benefits were noted, such as improvement in the health of the users, an approximate 22 per cent improvement in energy efficiency, reduction in the burden of collecting fuel wood, and savings in the energy bill.

The improved cook stoves produce minimum amount of smoke on account of complete combustion. G The improved stove removes smoke safely.

Smoke Content in Cook-stove

The presence of CO in the air in traditional cook stoves is 31.73 ppm, which is much more than the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm. The highly significant difference in t- value of CO during imperfect burning emphatically suggests that the CO emission in the smoke has tremendously reduced. Further, in the improved cook-stove the percentage reduction in the value of Ammonia is 61.35 per cent, Nitrogen Oxide is 45.7 per cent and Methane is 51.8 per cent.

Specifications of Energy Efficient Cook-stove

A mixture of cement and sand is used to fix the bricks. After this, plaster is put on the outer surface of the cook-stove. A metallic mould set has been developed for quick and accurate installation of this improved cook-stove in the field. The specification of the Udairaj cook-stove is as follows: G Body material: Brick masonry with cement plaster G Major Dimensions: a. Body- 85cm x 40cm x 25cm b. Fire box- First pot dia 24cm and second pot dia 20cm c. Fire box opening- 24cm x 16cm d. Tunnel- Diameter 6.35cm First pot to second pot- 10cm length Second pot to chimney- 8cm length

Other Benefits
G

Features of Energy Efficient Cook-stove

Works with an average thermal efficiency of 30 per cent and consumes around 1 kg of fuel wood per hour, whereas the thermal efficiency of traditional cook-stove is less than 10 per cent and it consumes around 2.5-3 kg of fuel wood per hour. G It is specially designed to meet the cooking requirements of a family of 6-12 persons. G It is of permanent nature. G It has a bigger firebox, which is suitable for big size firewood and light agro-waster type of fuel. G The diameter of the 1st pot is 24 cm, which is suitable for households, for cooking chapattis. G The diameter of the second pot is 20 cm and is suitable for cooking vegetables and boiling milk etc. G The burning of wood is efficient without backfire. G CO/CO 2 ratio is within permissible limits.
G

The improved cook-stove not only reduces the fuel consumption at village level but also helps in minimizing indoor air pollution. G Introduction of improved cook-stove also reduces the burden of collecting fuel wood and results in savings in the over all energy bill of the family. G Environmental protection. G Improved health of rural women and children. G Indirect saving of kerosene.

Domestic improved cook-stove (Udairaj Double pot) in operation

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nergy is essential to life and its conservation has become an absolute necessity. Indias overall consumption of energy is very low, but compared to its gross domestic production, its relative consumption is very high. The cost of commercial energy is also high compared to that in most other countries. Energy conservation, thus, has been recognized as a national priority.

seriousness and do their best to conserve and preserve this energy.

Energy Conservation Awareness Programme Sponsored by PCRA

Rural Energy Centre of Gandhigram Rural University regularly organizes awareness programmes on Renewable Energy devices for the university students, village youth, SHG members, farmers etc. It also does extensive activities in the villages on energy awareness. With sponsorship support from PCRA, the Rural Energy Centre has been organizing several energy conservation awareness programmes for university students, village youth, SHG members, farmers, since December 2006. In addition to the above, the university, having national significance, is regularly visited by village leaders, farmers, other institute students, SHG members, special training groups and foreign visitors. All these visitors are exposed to the energy conser vation methods and activities of PCRA. programme Highlights of the previous programme are given below: G Awareness programme on energy conservation & fuel saving was given to Gandhigram Rural University students. G A special training programme on energy conservation in textile/ dying industry for weavers was conducted. G Energy conservation awareness through a door-to-door campaign was organized in GRUs service villages during the NSS special camp programme. The villagers

Gandhigram Rural Institute (GRI)

In 1947, few dedicated disciples and contemporaries of Gandhiji, such as Dr. T.S. Soundaram and Dr. G. Ramachandran, developed Gandhigram, the home of many rural development The growth and demand for energy is programmes. The Gandhigram Rural increasing at a very fast rate, specially in Institute (GRI) was founded in 1956 with the industrial sector, the transport sector, undying faith and deep devotion to and the house hold sector, thereby putting Mahatma Gandhis revolutionary concept a great deal of pressure on the available of Nai Talim system of education. The resources. Conservation and preservation work of the Institute invited national are, therefore, of utmost importance now. attention; the Government of India (Ministry Conservation and efficient use of energy in of Education), on the recommendation of the industry has for a long time been a priority University Grants Commission, conferred the of the Government of India. People on their status of a Deemed University on the part should become aware of the Institute. Started in a small way, the University has now developed into a big educational complex, comprising of seven different faculties, offering about 50 different programmes in all. It awards Doctoral, Masters and Bachelors Degrees, Diplomas and Certificates through its seven academic faculties. The University was accredited Energy Conservation Awareness Programme to School with Five Star Status by Students at Dindigul by Dr. A. David Ravindran, Director I/C, Rural Energy Centre, GRU NAAC, in February 2002.

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Left to right: Dr. R. Udhayakumar, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, GRU; Dr. M.R. Kubendran, Chairman, Interim Administrative Committee, GRU; Mr. V. Sivakumar, Director, PCRA, Chennai; and Dr. A. David Ravindran, Director I/C, Rural Energy Centre, GRU

Living organized at Dindigul in connection with OGCF-2007, which was flagged off by Mrs. R. Vasuki, Collector, Dindigul. Dt. G Rally on Save Oil, Save Gas, Save our Children organized at Dindigul in connection with OGCF-2008 which was flagged off by Mr. A. Pari, I.P.S, Superintendent of Police Dindigul. Dt. The total number of beneficiaries of these programs have been listed below: Total School students & Staff College students & Staff GRU students & Staff Weavers Masons Youth Leaders Farmers International Students International Visitors 2586 371 185 1106 56 54 60 721 28 5

were trained to save LPG and ensure its safe usage. It was the right time to give the training since the Government of Tamilnadu gave free LPG connection to villagers. G A special training programme on energy conser vation in domestic sector/ agricultural sector was conducted for farmers from Ramanathapuram & Dharmapuri districts. G A training programme for school children and staff accompanying them was arranged where they were introduced to conservation concepts for fossil fuels.

Training was given to the nearby institutions (RVS College of Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering & Technology, GTN Arts College, etc.) in energy conservation concepts. G Three village awareness camps on energy conservation were carried out (through door-to-door campaigns, rally and poster placement in common places). G An awareness programme was carried out for 26 students with two staffs from Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore. G Rally on Save Oil and Gas for Better

Classroom training programs on Energy Conservation organized

CRA organized a six day classroom training program, from May 5-10, 2008, on Energy conser vation for employees of BIRLA Copper (an Aditya Birla Company) at their Dahej Plant in Gujarat. 81 participants comprising mainly Managers, Deputy Managers, Senior Engineers, Engineers and OGS (technicians) attended the program in three batches. The training program covered topics such as energy conservation in furnaces, steam generation and utilization, DG sets, compressor, pumps, illumination, motors, transformers, PF and MD control and air conditioning.

The Faculty for the program comprised of engineers from among PCRA staff in India. These were, Mr. Manish Kumar from New Delhi; Mr. Suman Kumar from Jaipur; Mr. Vishal Y. Gorakh from Ahmedabad; Mr. Muktikam Phukan from New Delhi. The training session involved pre and post written tests on energy conservation for the participants, along with other group tasks that were also organized. The program was highly appreciated by the participants and top management of Birla Copper. PCRA has been regularly organizing similar classroom training programs on energy conservation for various organizations, using its in-house faculty.

Shri V.Y. Gorakh, Joint Director SRO Ahmedabad, addressing the participants

Class room training program in progress

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uring the academic year 2007-08, PCRA initiated efforts to include relevant text on petroleum & energy conservation in National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) textbooks for class V & VIII, which were undergoing complete revision as per national curriculum framework. PCRAs effort has resulted in the inclusion of one full chapter with illustrative texts on oil conservation in the EVS text book for Class V. Also, for Class VIII, in the chapter on Coal and Petroleum

in the Science text book, a mention of general tips on saving petrol & diesel, along with PCRAs role in conservation has been mentioned. Excerpts from these lessons have been given below and on the next page. PCRA is now working on including write-ups on energy conservation in textbooks of the State Council Educational Research and Training (SCERT) and State Boards, with the help of an external three member expert committee.

Excerpts from text Excerpts from Class V EVS text book

A bus journey
Today, we were going on a school trip to the Adalaj stepwell (baoli), about eighteen kilometres from Ahmedabad. We began counting the vehicles on the road. Some of us counted the bicycles, others counted the buses, cars, and motorcycles. Abraham, who was counting bicycles, soon got bored. There were hardly any bicycles on this highway. Screeeech! The driver suddenly braked at the red light. It was a big crossing, and we could see the traffic lined up on all sides. Honk, honk, the sound of loud horns, and smoke coming out of the vehicles! May be that is why a little boy in a rickshaw was coughing so much. I smelt something familiar. I remembered this smell it came from Babas tractor in the village. eachers Teacher s Note: Examples of familiar highways can help children see the difference between various kinds of roads. Discussion with children could involve listening to their own experiences about the noise made by vehicles and the ill effects of smoke.

Petrol and diesel will not last forever. Save it for your children. G Make every drop go a long way. G Switch off the engine when you stop the car. Date: 06-06-2007 Rate: Petrol Rs 47.74 per litre Diesel Rs 35.21 per litre

Treasure from the earth

It is not easy to find out where oil is, deep down below the earth. Scientists use special techniques and machines to find this out. Then through pipes and machines petroleum is pumped up. This oil is a smelly, thick, dark coloured liquid. It contains many things mixed in it. To clean and separate these, it is sent to a refinery. Have you heard of a refinery? It is from this petroleum or oil that we get kerosene, diesel, petrol, engine oil and fuel for aircrafts. Do you know that L.P (cooking gas), wax, coaltar and grease .G. are also obtained from this? It is also used in making several other things like plastics and paints.

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Excerpts from text Excerpts from Class VIII Science text book

5.2 Petroleum
You know that petrol is used as a fuel in light automobiles such as motor cycles/scooters and cars. Heavy motor vehicles like trucks and tractors run on diesel. Petrol and diesel are obtained from a natural resource called petroleum. Do you know how petroleum is formed?

factories where it can be supplied through pipes. Such a network of pipelines exists in Vadodara (Gujarat), some parts of Delhi and other places. Natural gas is also used as a starting material for the manufacture of a number of chemicals and fertilisers. India has vast reserves of natural gas. In our country, natural gas has been found in Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and in the Krishna Godavari delta.

5.4 Some Natural Resources are limited

Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea. As these organisms died, their bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over millions of years, absence of air, high temperature and high pressure transformed the dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas. The worlds first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1859. Eight years later, in 1867, oil was struck at Makum in Assam. In India, oil is found in Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai High and in the river basins of Godavari and Krishna.
Wells

You have studied in the beginning of the chapter that some natural resources are exhaustible like fossil fuels, forests, minerals etc. You know that coal and petroleum are fossil fuels. It required the dead organisms millions of years to get converted into these fuels. On the other hand, the known reserves of these will last at most a few hundred years. Moreover, burning of these fuels is a major cause of air pollution. Their use is also linked to global warming. It is therefore necessary that we use these fuels only when absolutely necessary. This will result in better environment, smaller risk of global warming and their availability for a longer period of time. In India, the Petroleum Conser vation Research Association etroleum Conservation Research (PCRA) advises people how to save petrol/diesel while driving. Their tips are: G Drive at a constant and moderate speed as far as possible. G Switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place where you have to wait. G Ensure correct tyre pressure. G Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle.

Impervious rock

Gas Oil Reservoir rock

Water

The figure here shows petroleum and natural gas deposits

5.3 Natural Gas

Natural gas is a very important fossil fuel because it is easy to transport through pipes. Natural gas is stored under high pressure as compressed natural gas (CNG). CNG is used for power generation. It is now being used as a fuel for transport vehicles because it is less polluting. It is a cleaner fuel. The great advantage of CNG is that it can be used directly for burning in homes and

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On World Environment Day (June 05, 2008), the following advertisement was brought out in various newspapers, by PCRA, to give impetus to the oil conservation awareness drive.

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ehicle population in India rose from two crore in 1991 to about ten crore in 2007, and by 2016 the number is expected to rise by a whopping four times. Presently, the contribution of the automotive sector to the countrys GDP growth is 5%, while by 2016 it is envisaged to be 10%. It has also been predicted that by 2016, India will emerge as 7th largest car manufacturer, 2nd largest two-wheeler manufacturer, and the largest three-wheeler and tractor manufacturer in the world.

The increase in number of vehicles, therefore, undoubtedly, will lead to increase in consumption of oil and gas, since almost all motorized vehicles in India run on oil and gas. India consumes almost 40-50% of its petroleum products in the transport sector. Burning of fossil fuel leads to another significant implication on the environment. Every kg of gas/oil burnt emits three kg of CO2 in to the environment. India stands 5th in the world in CO2 emission after US, China, Russia and Japan. Out of Indias total contribution of 1100 MMT of CO2 into the environment every year, a large chunk of 430 MMT is shared by fossil fuel alone. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 Report, that assesses scientific, technical and socioeconomic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change, reveals that the world is facing the danger of Living Hell in the coming years, if today the world doesnt take aggressive and dynamic steps towards cutting Greenhouse Gas emission into the environment.

In a scenario where India has to largely depend on imported oil and where CO2 emission due to burning of these fossil fuels is creating dangerous global warming, efficient utilization of these petroleum products becomes significantly critical for sustainable economic development of the country. India would therefore need to, and must, succeed in achieving much lower energy intensity compared to its current level. Researches on energy efficiency in various sectors of economy have shown that it is possible to save upto 15-20% of petroleum products with the help of simple technical interventions in the process/ system, that would immensely help in protecting our environment.

most importantly protect our environment by reducing CO2 emissions. PCRA, in association with Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), conducted a significant study titled Studies on Passenger Cars for Fuel Efficiency at Different Speeds and Noneffective period for Idle-Stop to find out the best fuel-economy speed range and the noneffective period for idle-stop based on fuel consumption for popular passenger cars of the new generation. The test results revealed that the most fuel-economic speed for all these cars ranged between 45-50 Kmph. The test results of the study on noneffective period for idling-stop based on fuel consumption showed that the average non-effective period for idling-stop is 15 seconds, which means a considerable amount of fuel can be saved by switching off the car engine at traffic red lights if the waiting time is more than 15 seconds. India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Its energy consumption is sure to soar in the years to come, but our efforts need to be directed towards the most-efficient utilization of energy in all sectors. This undoubtedly would reduce the amount of CO2 emitted and thereby leading to a safer and greener environment for our future generation. Therefore, adoption of good driving habits can have a significant impact on our environment. Drive between 45-50 Kmph and switch-off the car engine at traffic red lights, if the stop is beyond 15 seconds. Act now for a better and greener tomorrow.

Petroleum Conser vation Research Association (PCRA), under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, has been making constant endeavours in educating the masses on how critical the aspect of Fuel Efficiency is for the Indian economy. PCRA has identified several user-friendly measures for the efficient utilization of fuel in the transport sector, that offers the potential of considerable saving in fuel consumption. These simple measures, if strictly adhered to, not only result in comprehensive savings in the individuals monthly fuel bill, but also significantly contribute towards reduction in the national crude oil import bill, and

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rices of imported crude oil have put tremendous pressure on the Government exchequer; our total crude import bill stood at 6119 crores in 1990-91, which has risen to 219991 crores in 2006-07 showing an approximate 36 times increase in our crude import bills in fifteen years. Our dependability on imported oil as a source of energy has major impediment in our national security, since we have to import more than 75% of crude from abroad. Such high dependability on imported crude may force our nation to make severe compromises on other issues in order to ensure supply from oil exporting nations, for economic suitability.

Constraints of domestic availability of energy to meet the optimum requirements of the exponentially increasing domestic industrial growth, has promulgated energy sourcing companies and the Government of India to consolidate their strategic concerns for Demand and Supply management. Corporate and Government strategy for energy security has received a strong impetus, amidst constraining circumstances, proving to be a catalyst for initiating dynamic relationships with neighbouring energy importing and energy exporting countries with equitable supply and sourcing interests to forge reciprocal energy security cooperation in supply and demand management.

Demand Management by Cooperation

The competition for sourcing crude, in economically developing countries, has put pressure on the price of crude. This is apart from the pressure put by future trading and hedging in crude oil that has sent the prices of crude oil in an orbit as never before. In such a scenario, where the price of crude is beyond our control and the reversibility of an energy seeking robust economy may have serious socio-economic repercussions, one of the measures we can take is to adopt austerity measures on spending oil. This can be done by efficient demand management which would help not only in reducing our energy consumption, but also in releasing some pressure from Year 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 000 MT 20699 23994 29247 30822 27349 27342 33906 34493 39808 57805 74097 78706 81989 90434 95861 99410 110860 Import Cr. Cr. Rs. 6118 7820 10686 10683 10316 11517 18538 15872 14917 40028 65932 60397 76195 83528 117003 171702 219991

Figure: Crude imports MT/Import Bill

Source: www.indiastat.com

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the demand curve for crude imports, which consequently will help in reducing the price of oil. Inculcating habits of austerity, amongst our citizens, on spending of oil, could be done by taking a leaf out of the Japanese approach of enhancing public and corporate consciousness on energy security. Japan, like India, is heavily dependent on imported oil for its economic sustainability. Japan has approached its energy security by mapping and managing its demand management. It has started conservation of oil in both upstream and down stream processes in all assets acquired by it. This has helped in a trickle down effect and has reoriented the corporate modus operandi into an energy saving-cumconservation approach, which is being replicated in all modules of its value chain, by its employees, vendors and stakeholders. This approach of energy security management is reflection of the dynamism of Japans strategy and the urgency it envisages in protecting its fragile energy security. The saturated hydrocarbon market, alongside a booming economy, has provided a precarious scenario for India, with the nation being caught between the tweezers grip of economic development vis-a-vis cutting of consumption. The line is thin but the inevitability of demand management for the control and elimination of wastage, on account of excess consumption, is unquestionable. This has promulgated an organization like PCRA to become a bellwether in making efforts to deeply entrench the utility and value in the operational habits of the end-users, by incorporating energy saving methodologies across industry, transport & domestic sectors. Impregnating the minds of the wasteful users (without their conscious knowledge of such wastage) is the most dreadful dilemma of demand management

value chain. End users unwilling to accept such wastage, until scientifically proved otherwise, continue to trend the path of unnecessary wastage of precious oil. This is notwithstanding the fact that even after being educated, knowledge gradually dissipates down the time lane, therefore legislation, if enacted, for repeated statutory scrutiny by bodies like PCRA will help to bring into notice of the management of any deviation from the best method of conservation of oil. India should cooperate with highly efficient nations like Japan and try to replicate its model at various stages of its energy value chain. The ball should keep rolling and hit the wall repeatedly to make an imprint of the knowledge of conservation, and above all awaken the conscious responsibility of preventing wastage of oil amongst industry and individuals. If we (PCRA and end-users) stand up to this moment and take onus on ourselves to make utmost endeavor in order to conserve oil, we will do ourselves a great service because our small cumulative efforts will change the way we live in this world and our children who inherit it from us.

of corporate strategy-making and implementation towards more dynamism. This has made energy cooperation for supply management an inseparable proponent for energy investment decisions abroad, in order to over-ride competition for energy sourcing and ensuring supply of energy in all future scenarios. Sanguinity of supply of energy at all points of time in future scenarios, entails corporate strategists to come up with a plan where the sourcing and importing countries are dependent on each other, providing an equitable platform for a rational partnership. The interface of the corporate risk reduction strategies and national security concerns has percolated into an ambience for energy security cooperation. This has promulgated corporate strategists to make appropriate discounts and tradeoffs for the sake of forging energy cooperation with an ideal partner with long term energy security and national security imperatives. The focus is on inter-dependability of India and the other country as a strategic ally for energy cooperation under all scenarios, by identifying a factor or coefficient of their dependence on each other, which will act as leverage against our dependability on consumption and supply of energy in future from the exporting country. This will help to initiate like-minded nations to induce a paradigm shift in energy security scenario by including each other in the energy security interdependence equation, through cooperation. Energy security is no longer a strategy of corporate importance but also has been in the forefront of national relevance, because of the realization that complacency now in energy security, will have severe repercussions not only for us but also for generations to come.
Contributed by: Neeladri Chatterjee, Phd Scholar, FMS-DU

Supply Management by Cooperation

National Energy Companies, who, for some reason or the other, were late entrants in the market of transnational exploration and production, consequently found themselves placed precariously amidst a competitive and saturated energy market with only a few selective places for fruitful investment and acquisitions. This has compelled India to look and seek investment in energy rich nations, which are less penetrated by the Corporate Energy Behemoths of the developed countries. The new horizons of world energy scenario are now marked with intricacies and complications like never before, which has extended the parameters

Note: This paper is a part of research being done by the author on energy security issues.

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imed at petroleum conservation and environment protection, PCRA supports and facilitates efforts for adoption and dissemination of fuel efficient technologies and substitution of petroleum products with alternate fuels. Constant research, development and deployment efforts are carried out, also to establish synergistic institutional linkages at the national and international levels in the areas of petroleum conservation and environment protection. Some of the R&D projects undertaken by PCRA in the year 2007-08 are: 1. Retrofitting technologies for improving energy efficiency and reducing GHG emissions of existing reheating furnaces in small and medium sector re-rolling mills Energy Conservation is the major thrust area for reducing production cost and Green House Gas (GHG) emission in all sectors of industry. Steel industry is highly energy intensive and it accounts for almost one-third of the production cost. PCRA sponsored the above project to M/s RDCIS, SAIL, Ranchi with an objective of reduction of fuel oil consumption and GHG emissions in the reheating furnaces of small and medium sector re-rolling mills in India. The project was implemented in two industries, using coal and oil as fuels, at Raipur in the state of Chhattisgarh. Retrofitting schemes were designed and implemented in the following manner to optimize fuel consumption and to enhance

production: G By increasing the length of preheating zone of furnace by 5 meters, from 15 meters to 20 meters. G Modification in the design of burners and recuperator. G Improvement of furnace hearth, roof and sidewall insulation. G Introduction of manual and semi auto control system. G Design and modification of flue gas duct system. Replication of this project in one unit costs about Rs. 20 lakh with a payback period of less than six months. Benefits of the project include: G Increase in productivity by 17%, i.e., from 54 MT/day to 63 MT/day. G Increase in furnace efficiency from 41% to 58%. G Reduction in specific fuel consumption by 32% in case of oil as fuel, i.e., from 51.2 l/MT to 34.9 l/MT, and 20% in case of coal as fuel, i.e., from 286 kg/MT to 229 kg/MT. G Reduction in oxygen content in flue gas from 6-7% to 2-3%. G Elimination of sticking of billet due to overheating. G Quality improvement and wastage reduction.

2. Energy Cost Reduction through Convective Air Drying in Textile Sector PCRA sponsored the above project to ATIRA, Ahmedabad with an objective to develop a Convective Air Pre-Dryer (CAPD) System to reduce the energy cost incurred in conventional steam/thermic fluid heated drying system of both process house, as well as organized textile sector. In textile wet processing, at various stages, drying requirements are frequent, which form a major constituent of thermal energy cost. Convective Air Pre-Dryer (CAPD) System was developed utilizing atmospheric convective air stream with relatively low energy cost to reduce the initial moisture retention (MR) of the wet fabric at the inlet of the conventional steam/ thermic fluid heated drying system. The system reduces the drying load of the main dryer and thus results in reduction of the thermal energy in the conventional drying system. Estimated cost of the system is about Rs. 50,000/- if manufactured commercially, and the payback period is about three months. The savings incurred in the process include: G Fuel saving of about 90 to 120 ton of lignite (36 to 48 TOE) per dryer per annum. G Fuel Saving comes to be Rs. 2 lakh per dryer/ year. G There are more than 4000 dryers in the country and the potential of fuel saving is in the range of Rs. 80 crore annually.

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CRA associated with M/s Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. in conducting a fuel conservation rally in Ahmedabad on May 25, 2008. Shri Kapil Mathur, Addl. Director (FA), Shri Rajeev Khandelwal, Jt. Director (EC) and Shri V.Y. Gorakh, Jt. Director from PCRA attended the event.

The message of energy efficiency and conser vation was conveyed through public address during the event. Other than this various flex banners with conservation messages were put at the flag off and prize distribution venues. PCRA officials also interacted with the participants at the rally.

The award winners of the Drivathon acknowledged the tips provided by the PCRA team. PCRA officers distributed the literature to the participants, on the occasion. The event was covered by the local FM station and Gujarati T.V. channel.

Present at the flag-off ceremony from PCRA are (L to R) Shri Rajeev Khandelwal, Joint Director (EC), Shri V.Y. Gorakh, Joint Director SRO Ahmedabad and Shri Kapil Mathur, Additional Director (FA)

Logan Drivathon in progress

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Various Chartered Activities organized at Group Centre CRPF, Bantalab, Jammu

Transport Workshops
Transport Workshops were conducted in which about 360 CRPF personnel, from all battalions posted in Jammu region, took part. During the Workshop various methods of conservation of petroleum products were discussed with the gathering. Literature containing conservation tips was distributed, along with various films on the transport sector that were also shown to the participants. The program and its contents were highly appreciated by the participants and CRPF officials.

Driver Training Program

A 3 day training program for drivers of Heavy Motor Vechiles and Light Motor Vechiles was organised. The drivers came from various units posted under Jammu Group Center. During the training, kmpl of fuel consumed was measured on the first day of the program and the flaws in driving habits of each driver noted. These were subsequently corrected and the kmpl of fuel measured once again. Substantial improvements were observed.

Various Youth Programs in progress at Kendriya Vidyalya, Bantalab, CRPF Camp, Jammu

conservation of energy. Later in the day, the following programs were conducted: Painting Competition Painting competition was conducted for the students of Class V, in which more than 120 students took part. The topic for this was Methods of Energy Conservation. Quiz & Slogan Competition

students took part. The topic of the debate was The efforts being done by the Government and the people of India are sufficient towards Energy Conservation. The best three speakers were awarded.

Domestic Workshop
A total of three Domestic Workshops were conducted, in which about 225 housewives and mess staff took part. The participants were briefed about various tips for saving LPG; literature on conservation tips was distributed to them. Mr. A.K. Singh, Sales Executive of M/s HPCL was also invited to the program; he gave a presentation on safe use of LPG. All the participants and CRPF officials appreciated the program. The entire program was widely covered by the local print media.

Model Depot Project

The Workshop of the CRPF Camp was checked for maintenance practices, fuel and mobil oil consumption pattern. Vehicle utilization pattern was also checked. A Quiz & Slogan competition was organized, in which about 100 students of Class VI-VIII took part. The best entries for the slogan competition were given prizes. Debate Competition A debate competition was organized for the students of Class XI, in which 14

Youth Program
Various Youth Programs were held at Kendriya Vidyalya, Bantalab, CRPF Camp, Jammu. In the morning assembly the students were explained the importance of

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BHEL benefits from energy audit recommendations made by PCRA

PCRA conducted energy audit at BHELs Central Foundry Forge Plant (CFFP) in Hardwar. The implementation of the recommendations made by PCRA resulted in total savings worth Rs. 115.11 lakhs. The following letter was received from BHEL, confirming the savings thus accrued.

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Call for Papers ACT Bulletin

The Scope The basic aim of the journal is to raise awareness on the latest conservation techniques, R&D efforts and energy efficient techniques prevalent at both international and national level. The journal largely covers issues pertaining to industrial (including energy conservation in up-stream and down-stream petroleum and power generation industries in government and private/JV sectors), transport, commercial and domestic sectors. The Paper Since the main aim of the journal is information dissemination, the papers printed in the journal may be original papers on energy efficiency improvement, environment protection, R&D efforts, technological improvement, energy audits, special studies for petroleum conservation, alternative fuels, renewable sources of energy, inter-fuel substitution, policy aspects, implementation efforts of new technologies, and case studies. We also accept original papers presented in other journals, magazines, etc, on the above-mentioned issues. The Readers The mailing list mainly covers various ministries, research organizations, public sector undertakings, consultants, energy auditors, nongovernment agencies, educational institutions, industries, transport sector organizations, etc. The Invitation PCRA invites you to contribute articles for its journal Active Conservation Techniques, ACT. The paper should be about 2,0002,500 words (maximum of 3-4 pages, which would include relevant graphs, charts, figures, and tables). Further, we also request you to pass on this information to authors, writers, agencies, who may be interested in contributing content to the ACT journal. Please send in your papers/articles/case studies/ success stories [hard copy + CD] with a photograph, at the following address: The Associate Editor Active Conservation Techniques Journal, PCRA Sanrakshan Bhawan, 10, Bhikaji Cama Place New Delhi 110066 Tel: 91-011-26198856; Fax: 91-011-26109668

FEEDBACK
I have had the occasion to look at this issue of ACT. It contains several items of interest. I feel that on the lines of SHELL MILEAGE

MARATHON, an activity can be organized by PCRA, which in turn will nurture technical talent in the country as well as raise awareness on conservation issues. I wish both PCRA and ACT success. Sudhir Singhal Former Director Indian Institute of Petroleum

Ver y impressive presentation. PCRAs present and future R&Ds may also be included. Dr. P.K. Dr. P.K. Chatterjee Scientist - F & Head Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute

Issue is quite informative and is a practical refreshive tool for energy managers. Verma M.K. V Verma Manager Shri Ram Pistons and Rings Ltd.

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Feedback Form
ACTIVE CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES

PETROLEUM CONSERVATION RESEARCH ASSOCIATION

Apr-June 2008 Dear Reader, We hope you liked this issue of the ACT Bulletin. We look forward to your feedback and suggestions. Therefore, please fill this form and return it to us soon. Senders Information: Ms/Mrs/Mr, Academic Title, Name, Surname ........................................................................................................................................................................... Organization ....................................................................................................................................................... Designation ......................................................................................................................................................... Address ............................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................. Tel: .................................. Fax: .................................. Email: .................................. Web: .................................. Please indicate the type of organization you are affiliated with: Sugar Factory/Distillery Research Institution Equipment Manufacturer/Supplier Engineering/Consulting Firm Private Power Developer/Producer Government Agency Oil Industry Financial Institution Others

If other, please describe ........................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................. Your comments on this issue ............................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................. Please suggest other topics for inclusion in the next issue(s) and whether you would like to contribute articles. ............................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................. Thank you, Kanika Pal, Program Associate, Winrock International India (WII), 788 Udyog Vihar, Phase V, Gurgaon-122001; Tel: 0124 430 3868; Fax: 0124 430 3862; Email: wii@winrockindia.org

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Pamphlet
Corporate Quarterly technical journal titled Active

L anguage

Pamphlet
Domestic Single page for Domestic Sector

L anguage

English English/Hindi English/Hindi English English

Conservation Techniques (ACT) Corporate profile Energy booklet for school children (Urban) Energy booklet for school children (Rural) Poster on Energy Conservation (Hello Friend) All about oil Tel ke sambandh main (Poster)
Bio-diesel Bio-diesel Leaflet on bio-diesel (8 pages) Leaflet on bio-diesel (1 page) Leaflet on bio-diesel (4 pages) Transport Booklet on Driver Training Programme Booklet for four wheeler vehicles Single page leaflet for Transport Sector Save diesel Simple tips on better driving of buses/trucks 6 points (Poster) Save petrol Get more kilometers per litre 14 points (Poster) Save diesel Tips on better maintenance of buses/trucks 15 points (Poster) Agriculture Single page leaflet for Agriculture Sector Save diesel Saving diesel used in lift irrigation pump set 7 points (Poster) Save diesel Tips on operation and maintenance of tractors 10 points (Poster)

English English English English English/Hindi English/Hindi Hindi Hindi English English English English English/Hindi English/Hindi English/Hindi English/Hindi English/Hindi English/Hindi

Cooking gas How to make it last longer: Good cooking habits (Poster) Industrial Tips for conservation of energy in the industrial sector Stickers Stickers Use of Car pool (Transport) Stop leakages (Industry) R&D R&D booklet (Design/development of innovative technologies, equipments, appliances and evaluation/certification of additives) R&D leaflet Design and development of kerosene vapour recovery plant for textile industry R&D leaflet Design and development of lubricating oil and grease dispensing equipments used in textile industry R&D leaflet Design and development of PCRAs low excess air industrial film burner suitable for dual fuel operations and preheated air for combustion Energy efficiency in pulp and paper industry Leaflet on Sona ESV Save fuel in whiteware industry Improving the rural life through... (Energy efficient durable cook stoves for rural areas) English English English Hindi English English English English

Pamphlet
Technical literature***

Price

Pamphlet
Electrical literature

Price
Rs 30 Rs 30 Rs 30 Rs 30 Rs 30

1. Storage, handling and preparation of fuel oils 2. Combustion of fuel oils and burners Operation and Maintenance 3. Efficient generation of steam 4. Efficient utilisation of steam 5. Fuel economy in furnaces and waste heat recovery 6. Refractories 7. Thermal insulation

Rs 15 Rs 15 Rs 15 Rs 15 Rs 15 Rs 15 Rs 15

1. 2. 3. 4.

Energy savings in electric motors Energy savings in electric furnaces Energy savings in compressed air system Energy savings in pumps, fans and variable speed drivers 5. Energy savings in refrigeration and air conditioning systems

The above pamphlets are available in English ***The combined cost of the seven publications under Technical literature is Rs 75 per set If you wish to order some of the above literature and/or old issues of ACT, please write to us at the following address: Additional Director (EC), PCRA, Sanrakshan Bhawan, 10, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi - 110066

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active conservation techniques

CONSERVA ASSOCIATION PETROLEUM CONSERVATION RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Sanrakshan Bhawan, 10, Bhikaji Cama Place New Delhi - 110 066; Tel: 26198856; Fax: 26109668 Email: pcra@pcra.org; Website: www.pcra.org

HEADQUARTERS

Northern Region
PCRA, Sanrakshan Bhawan 10, Bhikaji Cama Place New Delhi-110 066 Tel: 011-26198856 Fax: 011-26109668 Email: agarwalsr@pcra.org Chandigarh Amit Sharma Jt. Director 1081, First Floor Sector 27B, Chandigarh - 160 019 Tel: 0172-2638901 Mob: 9417430637 Email: sharmaa@pcra.org

Eastern Region
PCRA, Indian Oil Bhawan 6th Floor, 2, Gariahat Road South, Dhakuria, Kolkata - 700068 Tel: 033-24145092 Fax: 033-24145091 Email: chattorajp@pcra.org Bhubaneshwar A.K. Mohini Dy. Director Plot No. N4/182, IRC Village, Nayapalli, Bhubaneshwar Tel: 0674-2554420 Mob: 9937555999 Email: mohiniak@pcra.org

Western Region
C-5, Kesava Building, Ground Floor, Bandra Kurla Complex Bandra East, Mumbai-400 051 Tel: 022-26592587 Fax: 022-26590034 Email: prabhakarants@pcra.org Ahmedabad V.Y. Gorakh Jt. Director C/o HPCL Office, Karaka Building, Opp. Shree Talkies, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad - 380 009 Tel: 079-26588511 Mob: 9879475805 Email: gorakhv@pcra.org Bhopal Abhijeet Das Assistant Manager Flat No. 69, Block 5, Green City, Gulmohar, E-8, Arera Colony, Bhopal - 42 016 Tel: 0755-2560029 Mob: 9425013657 Email: dasa@pcra.org Nagpur Anupam Srivastava Jt. Director 201, Shri Ranjani Apartment, 3, Dharampeth Extn. Shivaji Nagar, Nagpur Tel: 0712-2549507 Mob: 9422807686 Email: srivastavaa@pcra.org Raipur Narendra Tiwari Asst. Manager H. No. C- 310, Rohinipuram, Raipur (C.G.) - 492 010 Tel: 0771-2263587 Mob: 9826498087 Email: tiwarin@pcra.org

Southern Region
TMB Mansion, 1st Floor 739, Anna Salai Chennai-600 002 Tel: 044-28524772 Fax: 044-28521662 Email: shivkumarv@pcra.org Bangalore B.V.S. Prasad Jt. Director Flat 1C, Palmtree Place, Palmgrove Road, Victory Layout, Bangalore - 560 047 Tel: 080-5553130 Mob: 9449767159 Email: prasadbvs@pcra.org

REGIONAL OFFICES S U B

Jaipur Suman Kumar Jt. Director G-2, Shanti Niketan Apartment, Plot No. 291, Adarsh Nagar, Jaipur Tel: 0141-2603851 Mob: 9413600452 Email: kumars@pcra.org Lucknow Venkatesh Dwivedi Jt. Director Flat No. 302, Maple Apartments, Dr. Baijnath Road (Near Post Office) New Hyderabad Lucknow - 226 007 Tel: 0522-3925172 Mob: 9415349232 Email: dwivediv@pcra.org

Guwahati K.L. Bhutia Asst. Manager Flat No. 201, Jeba Apartments, Hatigarh, Chariali, Guwahati - 781 021 Tel: 0361-2413165 Mob: 9864508500 Email: bhutiakl@pcra.org Ranchi S.K. Sinha Jt. Director Flat No. 404, Meghdoot Apartments, South Office Para, Doranda, Ranchi - 834 002 Tel: 0651-2412342 Mob: 9431106004 Email: sinhask@pcra.org

Coimbatore Antu Joseph Asst. Manager Flat No. B-20, Halmark, PARSN Apartments, Nanjundapuram Road, Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore - 641 036 Tel: 0422-2313944 Mob: 9789485222 Email: josepha@pcra.org Hyderabad K. Ananth Kumar Jt. Director H.No. 1-1-241/221, Bhavani Nagar, Street 7N, ECIL POST, Hyderabad - 500 062 Tel: 040-27136235 Mob: 9885268074 Email: anantk@pcra.org Kochi Gopal Kumar Dy. Director Flat No. 108, Skyline Mansion, Gandhi Nagar, Cochin - 682 017 Tel: 0484-2207108 Mob: 9995893186 Email: kumarg@pcra.org

active conservation techniques

R E G I O N A L O F F I C E S

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Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers for India under R.N.I No. 45817/86

PETROLEUM CONSERVATION RESEARCH ASSOCIATION

Sanrakshan Bhawan, 10, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi - 110 066 Tel: 26198856 Fax: 26109668 Email: pcra@pcra.org; Website: www.pcra.org
Published by Petroleum Conservation Research Association, Sanrakshan Bhawan, 10 Bhikaiji Cama Place, New Delhi - 110 066 Produced by Winrock International India, 788 Udyog Vihar, Phase V, Gurgaon - 122001, INDIA; Tel: 91-124-4303868; Email: wii@winrockindia.org; Website: www.winrockindia.org Printed by Rakmo Press Pvt. Ltd., C-59, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-1, New Delhi - 110 020; Tel: 26814886, 26816282, 26810675; Telefax: 26810424; Email: rakmopress@indiainformation.com