MASONRY

Semester 3 Academic Year 2010/2011

Prepared by: Essy Arijoeni DTS FTUI DTS-FTUI

Masonry y
Introduction and History y Masonry Unit Mortar d Oth C M t and Other Component t Structural Design g Non Structural Aspect of Design Masonry wall Construction Defect in Masonry Wall Repairs and Improvement to Masonry Walls W ll

Introduction and History

Masonry has been used since 2700 BC Egyptian constructed the famous stepped pyramid of Sakkara F ll i with th stone construction of Following ith the t t ti f Palace in Babylon (600 BC) Bridges, domes and walls in Germany (300 AD)

Ancient Masonry

Definition of Masonry
Masonry is a Structures constructed by g connected the Unit Bricks together with mortar bonding. The Unit Brick can be made of Stone Stone, Rock, Lime Stone, Hard Clay, Clay, Mud etc.

Clay Brick Wall Bounded With Mortar

Masonry Unit
Masonry Unit is a single brick that can be , y, made of Stone, Clay, Concrete and/or Composite Materials Process of brick making can be standardized-fabricated or traditionally non engineered production in local area.

Type of Unit Brick

Sizes of Bricks

The characteristics of clay brick masonry f y y

Design developer: Sven Sahlin (1971) ( ) Characteristics of clay bricks Compressive strength p g 28 70 MPa Modulus of rupture 2.5 15 MPa Modulus of elasticity 300 fb Compressive strength 42 60 MPa Modulus of rupture 3.36 6.30 MPa Modulus of elasticity 700 fb Compressive strength 60 - 80 MPa Modulus of rupture 4.60 7.20 MPa Modulus of elasticity 700 fb Compressive strength 30 MPa Modulus of rupture 0 Bond h B d shear strength h 0.15 0.35 MPa 0 15 0 35 MP 700 fb Modulus of elasticity: - short term loading 450 fb g - long term loading

Hendry A.W (1990) AW

Hendry A.W., Sinha B.P., Davies S.R. ( (1997) ) Australian Standard AS3700-2001

Structural Design

Non Structural Aspect of Design

Quality of Raw Materials Method of Drying Method of Burning Workmanship Error

Brick Making Machine

Open Aired Drying Process

Half Dry and Dried Brick

Hollow Clay Bricks

Machine Pressed Clay Brick

Traditional Storage of Clay Bricks Products

Clay Bricks - Ready to Use

Clay Brick Wall Arrangement

Arrangement of Construction for Single Masonry Wall

Brick Bi k Masonry Wall Arrangement

Single Wall

Stone Masonry Wall

Batako Bricks
Batako bricks are made of Cement Mortar g , containing the mix of Portland Cement, natural sand (fine aggregates) and water, molded in a rectangular box shape The unit bricks are made and fabricated by following the guidelines standard. (S ) f (SNI)

Machine for Batako Production

Machine for Making Batako

Batako Bricks Drying Process y g

Product of Batako Bricks

Construction of Batako Bricks

Application of Masonry for Rural Houses

Cabangbungin BEKASI, 2010

Clay Brick House y

Combination of Clay Brick and y Bamboo House

Masonry wall Construction

Type of Construction Development in Construction Masonry Construction

Defect in Masonry Wall

Cracking Rain and Damp Penetration p Other visible defects Workmanship factors affecting strength t th

Repairs and Improvement to Masonry

Maintenance and repair I Improvement and alteration d l i

Evaluation E l ti on Compressive Strength of Local C ay Bricks oca Clay c s

Essy Arijoeni Departemen Teknik Sipil FTUI essy@eng.ui.ac.id

Content of Presentation :
1. Introduction 2. General theory 3. Experimental Procedure 3 E i t lP d 4. 4 Data Collecting and Analysis 5. Conclusion and recommendation

Key Words
Cl b i k Clay brick C Compressive strength i t th Compressive load Cement mortar

Introduction
Masonry is a well known well-known composite building material p g constructed by bonding brick l b i k elements and mortar t d t bricks are solid and generally made of clay in home-based factories

INTRODUCTION (continued)

can be found easily the cost is relatively low. clay bricks are locally produced in home factories commonly used as building materials for constructing rural houses and low rise buildings h dl i b ildi

INTRODUCTION (continued)

The quality of bricks are considered to be widely vary Produced under limited technical supervision Burned by using traditional wood-fired oven Need partial improvement in Indonesian Standard

Map f West Java M of W J

Jakarta
Karawang

Majalengka
May 2001

Bandung

Jakarta Cikarang Karawang- Bandung

Cikarang

University of Indonesia

The Production of Local Bricks

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The Production of Local Bricks

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Damage on masonry houses

(a)

(b)

Damage on masonry housings during Bengkulu Earthquake, June 2000 (a) Partial d ( ) P ti l damage, (b) Total collapse and partial damage T t l ll d ti l d

(c)

(d)

Damage on masonry housings during Majalengka Earthquake, May 2001 (a) Severe damage, (b) Partial damage on mortared walls

General theory G l th
compressive pressure (Fig. 1) per unit area is formulated as fb = PV / A The axial strain is formulated as = V / h Modulus of Elasticity Eb is formulated as Eb = fb /

Figure 1 Compressive pressure 1. acting on the specimen g p

Area A

PV V h

Experimental Procedure
( (Standard SNI 15 2094 1991) ) - Evaluation of bricks physical properties (Table 1 and Table 2) - C Clasificasion of bricks ( color) f f (in ) - Preparation of brick specimens p p - Preparation of mortar mix - Specimen coding - Crushing test

Table 1 A T bl 1. Average Size Si and Density of Brick y

Width (mm)

unit brick Thickness (mm)

Length (mm)

Brick Color
Thickness

Size ( mm )
Width Length

Mass
(gram)

Density
(ton/m3)

Yellow Dark Red Red R d Average g

46.63 45.61 46.10 46 10 46.11

90.28 90.08 90.94 90 94 90.44

190.59 188.03 190.45 190 45 189.69

1339.63 1325.23 1342.67 1342 67

1.672 1.719 1.678 1 678

Table 2. Surface Absorption Index ( S.R.) of Bricks

S.R. Brick Color Single Brick Double Bricks 17.92 29.48 15.44 Triple Bricks 18.43 27.51 17.33 ( gram/dm2/sec)

Yellow Dark Red Red

19.74 26.68 17.75

Table 3. The Composition of Mortar Mix.

Type of Mortar Mortar Composition Cement
Chalk
Masonry Classifica tion

Sand

Pozzolan

1 (A) 2 (B) ( )

1 1

3 4

I I

Masonry classification = I f St t l Masonry M l ifi ti I, for Structural M

Tabel 4. 4 Water cement ratio of mortar.

Coding C di Composition C iti of Mortar Mix 1 : 3 1 : 4 Water W t Cement Ratio R ti 0.67 0.85

A B

Table 5 Mortar specimens size of 5. specimens, 50 x 50 x 50 mm3

Type of mortar 1 : 3 1 : 4 Coding A B Number of specimens 20 20

Figure 2. Method of Brick Cutting Coding g Cut line

Coding

Table 6. Brick Specimen Coding

Brick Color B i kC l Yellow Y ll Dark D k Red A11 to A20 B11 to B20 Red R d
Total number of specimens

Mortar Type 1 : 3 Mortar Type 1 : 4

A1 to A10 B1 to B10

A21 to A30 B21 to B30

30

30

Figure 3. Compressive Brick Specimens

Specimen Coding

mortar

A1
Space 10 mm

A1
Half part of brick

Preparation for brick compression test

Brick specimens with sulphur capping

Non-uniform shape and colour of brick cross section area

Compression test on a brick specimen

Figure 4.Compression Test on a Brick Specimen

Figure 5. Brick Specimens Before and After Tested

Data Collecting and Analysis

Maximum compressive stress Modulus of elasticity

Maximum Compressive Stress

Mortar Type
Mortar Coding

fb max
Yellow Bricks [N/mm2]

fb max
Dark Red Bricks [N/mm2]

fb max
Red Bricks [N/mm2]

1:3

15.04397

16.92766

14.55552

1:4

12.98479 12 98479

15.27977 15 27977

14.55502 14 55502

Modulus of Elasticity Eb , [N/mm2] Compressive Stress Range Specimen A01 s/d A10 B01 s/d B10 A11 s/d A20 B11 s/d B20 A21 s/d A30 B21 s/d B30 02 0 2 N/mm2 ND ND ND ND ND ND 2-6 26 N/mm2 7725.05 5234.37 10359.4 5178.76 6768.76 4632.30 6-10 6 10 N/mm2 9541.73 6177.96 11180.1 6298.79 7312.94 5350.57 10 N/mm2 5828.87 5227.94 9199.14 6503.56 7069.76 7399.27 Remark Mortar 1:3 Mortar 1:4 Mortar 1:3 Mortar 1:4 Mortar 1:3 Mortar 1:4

N D = non deterministic fissure closing stage

Constitutive model of Bricks

Generalised St G li d Stress - St i C Strain Curve of Cik f Cikarang B i k Bricks
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 y y = 6299x-2.89 = 546.18x - 2.8899 R2 = 0.9997 2

Stress (MP Pa)

R = 0.9997

Average

Fissure closing
y = 220 72x 220.72x R =1
2

PV

Strain (mm/mm)

Modulus of rupture

One point load

Two point loads 1 point 3.366 1.560 0.463 20

Bending failure pattern

Bending Test Modulus of rupture ( (MPa) ) S-Dev COV Number of specimens

2 point 2.639 1.188 0.45 20

Average 3.003 1.384 0.461 20

Conclusion
The average water absorption index of yellow brick and red brick is 10 20 gr/dm2/second The average water absorption index of dark red brick which is > 10 20 gr/dm2/second The over burned dark red bricks have more surface cracks compare to red and yellow bricks.

CONCLUSION (continued ..) The compressive strength of mortar type A is about 1.6 higher than the compressive strength of f mortar type B Brick compressive strength is influenced by type, quality and the amount of mortar i each t f t in h specimens. Higher Hi h mortar strength will t t th ill produce higher brick compressive strength t th Water cement ratio of mortar type Ai l is lower th than water cement ratio t t ti fo mortar type B.

CONCLUSION (continued ..)

The value of Modulus of Elasticity for brick f b i k using mortar t i t type A > mortar type B. Crack pattern generally occurred across along the brick and mortar with vertical crack pattern in the direction of compressive pressure pressure. Brittle failure happened in most specimens and no ductility response seen during these tests. g

Recommendation
Developing different type of p g yp specimen model, either for brick g p g assemblage compressive strength or column compressive strength. C Concerning about different brick i b t diff tb i k product from different region. Consideration of surface roughness of individual brick that may affect the bonding between mortar and brick

Recommendation (cont)

Laboratory tests may be iterated as y p many tests as possible. To avoid a wide bias in test results results, the construction of specimens should b arranged more precisely. h ld be d i l

Essy AB