Factors Related to an Action ( kark )

1. ktaR 2. kmR 3. kr[m!

4. sMàdanm! 5. Apadanm! 6. Aixkr[m!

ktaR (Doer of an action) – Every action will necessarily have a doer and Panini defines it as SvtÙ> ktaR,
kmR (Object of an action) = This is a technical term used in grammar. kmR can also mean action. It can also
mean kmR)l , but in grammar it refers to an object of an action.
Question: What is an ‘object of an action’?
Answer: Whenever the meaning of the root is understood, if an expectation is created in terms of ‘what’,
then the thing that fulfils that expectation is the object = kmR e.g. when we say ‘it’ an expectation is raised in
the mind of the listener ‘what?’ If one answers ‘fruit’, then the ‘fruit’ is the object of the verb ‘it’.

Some roots have an object inherent in their meaning and some do not. Roots that have an object inherent in
their meaning are called skmRk xatu – transitive verbs (designating a verb that requires a direct object to
complete the meaning) - e.g. to touch, to look, to take, to pull etc.
And those roots who do not have an object inherent to their meaning are called AkmRk xatu -intransitive verbs
(designating a verb that does not require or cannot take a direct object) - e.g. to stand, to sit, to run, to grow,
to laugh, to cry etc.

Thus, kmR the kark is related to skmRk roots.

kr[m! is the instrument (means) that is most useful in accomplishing an action e.g. ‘I write with a pen’ or ‘I
eat with my hand’. Here ‘pen’ and ‘hand’ are the kr[m!,
sMàdanm! Is the recipient of the act of giving. When the action is giving, the giver is ktaR, The given object is
kmR, The hand which gives is the kr[m!, The receiver is the sMàdanm!,
e.g. n&p> AacayaRy hSten xn< yCDit. The king gives the wealth to the teacher, with his hands.
[ n&p> the king (ktaR), AacayaRy to the teacher (sMàdinm!), hSten with his hands (kr[m! ), xn< the wealth (kmR),
yCDit gives (i³ya)]

Apadanm! Is the point of origin of action. When the action involves movement, the point of origin of this
movement is called Apadanm! e.g. pÇm! v&]at! ptit the leaf falls from the tree. The action is ‘falls’ as it
involves movement, which originated at the tree. Hence the tree is considered to be Apadanm!,
Aixkr[m! is the locus of action i.e. where the actions is located. Locus can be both in time and space e.g. ‘the
children eat in the dining hall, at night’. Here – ‘in the dining hall’ is the Aixkr[m!
of space and ‘at night’ is the Aixkr[m! of time.

There is a third thing which can be Aixkr[m! – which is iv;y (subject or topic).

Samskrit is a declensional language, unlike English, i.e. each noun has a declensional suffix. These
declensional suffixes are known as ivÉi´ or sup!-àTyy. There are seven ivÉi´, each a set of three (singular,
dual & plural). The ivÉi´ are known as ‘cases’ in English. The six will be assigned a particular ‘case’ as
follows –
 the first case denotes the ktaR in ktRir-àyaeg (active voice) and also kmR in kmRi[-àyaeg,
 the second case denotes the kmR in ktRir-àyaeg
 the third case denotes the instrument – kr[m!
 the fourth case denotes the recipient - sMàdanm!
 the fifth case denotes the Apadanm!
 the seventh case denotes the Aixkr[m!
Note: the above cases denote other things apart from the kark
Note: The sixth case does not denote any kark but denotes sMbNx = connection.