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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand 10520 Computer Service Center, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand 10520
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan E-mail: sss_me05@yahoo.com, kpniwat@kmitl.ac.th, kcjarruw@kmitl.ac.th, sokawa@mech.titech.ac.jp Tel. +66-890-128-470
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to validate the mathematical model and to explore the effects of geometric parameters on heat transfer and friction loss of plate-fin radiator in terms of Stanton Number and friction factor. The numerical technique known as finite volume method is used. A three-dimensional model is constructed with the smallest fluid cell size next to the wall being smaller than or equal to the fins thickness as suggested by the previous worker. Conjugate heat transfer by Patankar, 1960, RNG kepsilon, with enhanced wall treatment are used for the modeling of heat transfer between solid and fluid and the fluid domain, respectively. The model is used to perform three cases of simulations with different values of fin pitch for validation purpose. Investigation on interactions between geometrical shape and flow aerodynamics is carried out, whereby the characteristics of heat transfer and friction loss is explored. Keywords: Heat exchanger, Louver fin, Stanton number, Friction factor
INTRODUCTION
Louver fin geometry (Figure 1) is used widely for industrial heat exchangers, air conditioning as well as automotive radiator, heater, oil coolers, and condenser. The outstanding characteristic of complex flow associated with this configuration has a high heat transfer effect thus inevitably creates high pressure drop. Both performance aspects are higher than the conventional louver plate fin. It is essential to find the reliable method in identifying the heat transfer and pressure performance of louver fin. Computational Fluid Dynamic has been widely used recently and has been a successful tool for understanding the flow and heat phenomena in many heat transfer devices. The underlying behavior of air flow through louvered fin array as well as its associated pressure distribution reflects the amount of heat transfer and the overall pressure drop. These parameters can be obtained from the experiment in relation to the geometric parameters of louver and fin. A study on air flow through louver fin is essential for understanding heat transfer mechanism. In the past, emphasize was made on experimental method with wind tunnel involving expensive instrument and tools with great difficulties on accuracy, because of the complexity in shape of the flow. During the past two decades, a lot of researchers had taken extensive studies on this problem. R.L. Webb [2] had conducted experimental results in order to correlate the geometry of louvered fin to the heat transfer and friction coefficients, j and f
13th Annual Symposium on Computational Science and Engineering (ANSCSE 13)
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factors. Chang and Wang et al. [3] generalized heat transfer correlation for louver fin geometry at 91 types of radiator configurations. With their correlation factors, 90% of samples can be explained. T.A. Cowell et al. [4] obtained heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of flat tube and louvered plate fin surfaces. From his work, friction factor and Stanton number were evaluated at certain range of Reynolds number. Later T.A.Cowell et al. [5] proposed an empirical formula for heat transfer on various kinds of louver fins. Tafti and Zhang [6] studied geometry effects on flow transition in multileveled fin, its propagation, and characteristic of vortex shedding using numerical technique called finite volume method and compared with experimental results. A. Bhattacharya et al. [7] presented a numerical investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer over louver fins in compact heat exchanger. The converted results were satisfactorily compared with Stanton number and Friction factor given as a function of Reynolds number of T.A. Cowell et al. [4].
Figure 1. Flat-side tube and louver fin heat exchanger [3]. The objective of this project is to introduce a method associated with simulation technique as an alternative for cost reduction of new product design and development cycle. The numerical technique called finite volume method is used in this study to investigate the effects of geometric parameters on heat transfer and fiction factor of louvered fin radiator. Table 1. Dimension details of louver plate-fin geometry. Fin Louver Louver Tube Number pitch pitch angle Pitch Fp (mm) Lp (mm) (deg) Tp(mm) 1 2.02 1.4 25.5 11 2 3.25 1.4 25.5 11 3 1.65 1.4 25.5 11
Number of tube n 2 2 2
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assigned to be equal to the fin heig with symm o ght metrical geo ometry at upp and lowe surface per er of the fin s surface. The numerical s simulations are performe for differe Reynolds number a ed ent s within the range of 100 to 4000. Fr 0 rom experim ment of T.A. Cowell and A. Achaichia [4] the temperature variation o the tube s of surface is sm mall, thus can be assume constant at 358 K. n ed a The inlet a temperatu of the lou air ure uver fin is se at 288 K. A thermo-p et All physical prop perties of the tube an fin surface are also as nd es ssumed const tant.
Figure 2 Geometric parameter of the 2. cal r louver plate- fin geometry (m red n mm).
nsional comp putational Figure 3. Three-dimen dom and bou main undary cond dition.
The SIMPL algorithm is used to c LE m couple fluid pressure and velocities. T discretiz p d The zations of the momen ntum, turbule ence kinetic energy, turb bulence dissip pation rate, a energy equations and e are set to second-orde upwind. T under-r er The relaxation fa actors for ea iteration are, for ach n pressure = 0.3, moment tum = 0.7, tu urbulence kin netic energy = 0.8, turbu ulence dissipa ation rate = 0.8 and e energy = 1. T residuals for converg solution of the conti The s ged inuity, compo onents of velocities, turbulent kin netic energy and turbule dissipatio rate are b y ent on below 105, while for w energy it is below 107 similarly to A Bhattacha s A. arya [7].
ULp 4A L Ud h d ; Re Lp = ; d h= c s A
(1)
Where Ls is the length of the fins in the airflow direction, A is the total heat transfer area, Ac n w r is the mini imum flow a area, and U is the veloc through the minimum flow area Stanton city m a. number and Friction fac can be d d ctor defined by
St =
f =
hc Uc p
p U 2 A 2 Ac
(2) (3)
and hc is th heat trans coefficie he sfer ent, P this is the total pressure dr s l rop. The hea transfer at coefficient can be defin terms of the log-mean ned n-temperatur difference re e
th 13t Annual Sympo osium on Computational Science and Engineering (ANSCSE 13) g
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hc = Q A LMTD
(4)
LMTD =
To Ti ln(To / Ti )
(5)
Ti is the temperature difference between the coolant and the air at the inlet plane, Ti = Tw Ta,i . To is the temperature difference between the coolant and the air at the outlet plane, To = Tw Ta,o . It is assumed that there is small difference in coolant and tube temperature thus Tw is equal to the temperature of tube wall. Q is the heat transfer rate. LMTD is the log mean temperature difference. The heat transfer rate is given by
Q = UAc (Ta , o Ta, i )
(6)
Therefore the heat transfer coefficient and the Stanton number can be re-written as
hc = Uc p Ac (Ta ,o Ta ,i ) A LMTD (Ta ,o Ta ,i ) A St = c A LMTD
(7) (8)
5 Velocity Temperature
Velocity Temperature
(d) Temperature contours (K) Red = 1000. Figure 4. Velocity contour and Temperature contour, (a) and (b) at low Reynolds number Red=100, and; b) and d) at high Reynolds number Red=1000.
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St-expt St-comp St-std f-expt f-comp f-std
Stanton Number
Friction factor
0.1
0.1
Friction factor
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500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0
Lp=1.4mm Fp=1.65mm Lp=1.4mm Fp=2.02mm Lp=1.4mm Fp=3.25mm
Pressure drop(Pa)
The heat transfer coefficients and the values of pressure drop are given for different values of Reynolds numbers in Figure 10 and 11. The effects of fin pitch (Fp = 1.65mm, 2.02mm, 3.25mm) can be observed. Heat transfer coefficients proportionally relate with Reynolds number. Moreover, the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop increase with decreasing in fin pitch. This is congruent with the previous result carried out by Junnqi Dong et al. [11] in Heat transfer and pressure drop correlation for the multi-louvered fin compact heat exchangers.
CONCLUSION
The effects of geometric parameters have been investigated by considering heat transfer and friction loss of louver plate fins in terms of Stanton number and friction factor, similar to A. Bhattacharya et al. [7]. The study is performed within the range of Reynolds number from 100 to 4000. Comparison study with empirical equation of A. Achaichia and T.A. Cowell [4] is made to evaluate the predictive quality of the technique within the specified range of operating conditions and geometries. Good agreement is observed as far as Stanton number is concerned but large deviation is found friction factors. The predictive quality of the selected model is good in general with the deviation in heat transfer of 0.3% up to 12%. As far as friction factor is concerned, the deviation is 0.2% up to 35%. The heat transfer characteristic of louvered plate fin is discussed in relation with flow aerodynamic and the distribution of pressure and temperature. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increase with decreasing in fin pitch. Work is on progress to investigate the underlying mechanism of flow aerodynamic on heat transfer and pressure drop as it is very important for design of radiators and heat exchangers.
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LITERATURE CITED
[1] S.V. Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere/McGraw-Hill, Washington, DC.1998, p41-77. [2] R. L. Webb, Principle of Enhanced Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Son, 1993. [3] Yu-Juei Chang and Chi-Chuan Wang, A Generalized Heat Transfer Correlation for Louver Fin Geometry, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.40, No.3, 1997, p533- 544. [4] T.A. Cowell and A. Achaichia, Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Flat Tube and Louver Plate FinSurfaces, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, No.1, 1988, p147-157. [5] T.A. Cowell, M.R.Heikal and A.A chaichia, Flow And Heat transfer in Compact Louvered Fin Surfaces, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, No.10, 1995, p192199. [6] D.K.Tafti and X.Zhang, Geometry Effects on Flow Transition in Multilouvered Fins Onset, propagation, and Characteristic Frequencies, International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 44, No.22, 2001, p4195-4210. [7] V.P. Malapure, Sushanta K. Mitra , A.Bhattacharya, Numerical Investigation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Over Louvered Fins in Compact Heat Exchanger, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, No. 46, 2007, p 199211. [8] W.M. Kays, A.L. London, Compact Heat Exchangers, third ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984. [9] A.A. Antoniou, M.R. Heikal, T.A. Cowell, Measurements of local velocity and turbulence levels in arrays of louvered plate fins, Proceedings of the Ninth International Heat Transfer Conference, Jerusalem, 1990, pp.105-110. [10] H.K. Versteeg, W. Malalsekara, An Introduction To Computational Fluid Dynamics The Finite Volume Method, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1995. [11] j. Dong, J. Chen, Z. Chen,W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Heat transfer and pressure drop correlateion for the mulit-louvered fin compact heat exchangers, Energy Conversion and Management, No.48, 2007, p 1506-1515. [12] FLUENT, Users Guide, Release 6.3, Fluent Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge the financial support of CH. Watanayont Co., Ltd