1.0 TITLE: Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger 2.

0 OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate the effect of flow rate variation on the performance characteristics of a counter flow concentric tube heat exchanger. 3.0 THEORY: Concentric Tube (or Pipe) Heat Exchangers are used in a variety of industrial purposes such as material processing, food preparation and air-conditioning. They generate a temperature driving force by passing fluid streams of different temperatures parallel to each other, separated by a physical boundary in the form of a pipe. This induces forced convection, transferring heat to or from the product. The simplest form is composed of straight sections of tubing encased within the outer shell, however alternatives such as corrugated or curved tubing conserve space while maximizing heat transfer area per unit volume. They can be arranged in series or in parallel depending on the heating requirements. Typically constructed from stainless steel, spacers are inserted to retain concentricity, while the tubes are sealed with O-rings, packing, or welded depending on the operating pressures.

Figure 1: Parallel Flow

Parallel flow and counter flow refer to the fluid flow directions relative to each other. If both inlets are on the same side and flow in the same direction then this is known as parallel flow. The opposite is known as counter flow. Both flows are used common but the most common configuration is counter flow as it allows the most temperature differential possible as you are presumably heating or cooling a liquid. You would use parallel flow if you want to generate a common temperature between the two fluids.

Figure 2: Counter Flow

These are equations for calculating the power emitted, power absorbed, power lost, efficiency (), logarithmic mean temperature difference (Tm), and overall heat transfer coefficient (U). The efficiency for the cold medium is: c = Tc, out Tc, in x 100 Th, in Tc, in The efficiency for the hot medium is: c = Th, in Th, out x 100 Th, in Tc, in The mean temperature efficiency is: mean = c + h 2 The power emitted is given below (where V is the volumetric flow rate of the hot fluid): Power Emitted =
h

hCph(Th, in Th, out)

The power absorbed is given below (where V is the volumetric flow rate of the cold fluid): Power Absorbed = VccCpc(Tc, out Tc, in) The power lost is therefore: Power lost = Power Emitted Power Absorbed The overall efficiency ():

 = Power Absorbed x 100 Power Emitted The logarithmic mean temperature difference (Tm) is: Tm = T1 T2 = (Th, in Tc, out) - (Th, out Tc, in) ln T1 ln (Th, in Tc, out) T2 (Th, out Tc, in) The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is: U = Power Absorbed As Tm Where the surface area (As) for this heat exchanger is 0.067m2

4.0

APPARATUS: Heat exchanger system

Figure 3

Stopwatch

Figure 4

Thermometer

Figure 5

Boiler

Figure 6

Flow control valve

Figure 7

Temperature control

Figure 8

5.0

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: 1. For the experiment for counter flow heat exchanger operation, all valves need to

be checked whether it is on counter flow position or not. Then if not, the valves are set on the counter flow position. 2. = 3. . Then, the cold water volumetric flow rate ( and hot fluid volumetric flow rate ( 4. ) is set up at a constant 2000 . ), temperature hot With the decade switch, the required hot water inlet temperature is set up to

) is set at 1000

Then, all the readings of temperature hot water inlet , temperature hot water outlet (

water mid

, temperature cold water inlet ( are

, temperature cold water mid recorded on the table for every 4 minute. 5.

, and temperature cold water outlet

Step 1 to step 4 is repeated for hot fluid volumetric flow rates ( .

) at 2000, 3000

and 4000

6. Then for Parallel flow position, the entire steps above are repeated after 4 minute waiting to make sure the system is back in thermal equilibrium.

6.0

RESULTS A) COUNTER FLOW

(cm/min) 1 000 2 000 3 000

(m/s) 1.67 x 10-5 3.33 x 10-5 5.00 x 10-5

(C) 60.0 60.0 60.0

(C) 53.0 56.0 57.0

(C) 48.0 51.0 52.0

(C) 29.0 29.0 29.0

(C) 31.5 34.0 35.0

(C) 31.0 38.5 40.0

4 000

6.67 x 10-5

60.0

58.0

54.0
Table 1

29.0

35.5

41.0

B) PARALLEL FLOW Th, in (oC) 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 Th, mid (oC) 52.0 54.5 56.0 57.0
Table 2

(cm3/min) 1000 2000 3000 4000

(m/s) 1.67 x 10-5 3.33 x 10-5 5.00 x 10-5 6.67 x 10-5

Th, out (oC) 47.0 52.0 53.0 54.0

Tc, in (oC) 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0

Tc, mid (oC) 33.0 34.5 35.0 36.0

Tc, out (oC) 36.5 38.5 39.5 41.0

7.0

SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS

7.1. COUNTER FLOW At = 1 000 cm3/min convert to 1.67x m/s = 983.3 kg/m = 4185 J/kg.K = 0.067 m a) The Power Emitted, m/s and = 2 000 cm/min convert to 3.33x

= 997.9 kg/m = 4181.8 J/kg.K

b) The Power Absorbed,

c) The Power Lost,

d) The overall efficiency,

e) The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference,

For Parallel Flow

f)

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U

Results of the calculation for Parallel Flow are summarized in Table [3] below. Power (cm/min ) 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 Emitted (W) 824.67 1644.40 1337.41 1509.63 Power Absorbed (W) 903.25 1250.65 1320.04 1528.47 Power Lost (W) -78.58 393.75 17.37 -18.84 (%) 109.53 76.06 98.70 101.25
Table 3

Efficiency, (C) 23.0 20.5 19.5 18.0 (C) 17.5 21.0 22.5 23.5 (C) 20.12 20.75 20.96 20.63

U (W/m.C) 670.05 899.63 939.80 1105.82

7.2

PARALLEL FLOW and m/s

= 1 000 cm/min convert to 3.33x

Take value of At

= 1 000 cm3/min convert to 1.67x

m/s

= 983.3 kg/m = 4185 J/kg.K = 0.067 m The power emitted is: )

= 997.9 kg/m = 4181.8 J/kg.K

= (1.67x10-5)x(983.3)x(4185)x(59.5 48.0) = 790.31 W The power absorbed is:

= (3.33x10-5)x(997.9)x(4181.8)x(36.5 30.5) = 833.77 W The Power Lost is:

= 790.31 W 833.77 W = -43.46 W The efficiency, is:

= 105.50%

The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference,

is:

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U is:

W/m2.oC

Results of the calculation for parallel flow are summarized in Table [4] below. Power Power Emitted Absorbed (cm3/min) (W) (W) Power Lost (W) Efficiency () (%) T1 (oC) T2 (oC) Tm (oC) U W/(m2.oC)

1000 2000 3000 4000

790.31 616.65 1337.41 1372.39

833.77 1111.69 1250.65 1459.10

-43.46 -495.04 86.76 -86.71

105.50 180.28 93.51 106.32

Table 4

23.0 21.0 20.0 18.5

17.5 21.0 22.5 24

20.12 0 21.23 21.13

618.51 0 879.25 1030.65