Apostila CETAM

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CEP 69.053-000 MANAUS-AM, FONE (092) 622-5970
Esta apostila foi elaborada com o objetivo de ajudar os alunos, que j possuem certo domnio da lngua inglesa, a enriquecer seus conhecimentos. Por se tratar de Advanced English aborda especificamente alguns pontos gramaticais que vo desde o Simple Present at os chamados Idioms. Contm alguns exerccios prticos que vo ajudar no processo de aprendizagem. Trata-se, portanto, de uma ferramenta de melhoria, cabendo ao aluno a dedicao necessria para alcanar o objetivo.
Prof. Ozeas Julio Sales de Souza Licenciado em Letras Lngua Inglesa pela Universidade federal do Amazonas.
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CONTENTS 1. SIMPLE PRESENT......................................................................................................03 2. SIMPLE PAST..05 3. SIMPLE FUTURE07 4. PRESENT PERFECT...07 5. PAST PERFECT...09 6. ADVERBS10 7. REVERSE WORD ORDER.15 8. UNREAL CONDITIONALS17 9. WISH AND REGRETS19 10. USING MODAL VERBS TO TALK ABOUT THE PAST.23 11. W EVER WORDS..24 12. ENGLISH IDIOMS..28 13. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES50
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1. SIMPLE PRESENT Present actions that are habitual and express routine: e.g. She often goes shopping at the mall. David plays tennis twice a week. Note A: To give extra information on someone's routine, you can use frequency words (adverbs), such as always, almost always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, hardy ever, never, twice a month, once a day, etc: e.g. He goes to the club twice a week. How often do you have English classes? Note B: Spelling Add s to most verbs: work/works, drive/drives, play/plays, run/runs. Add es to verbs ending in o: do/does; -s: miss/misses; -x: mix/mixes; -ch/-sh: catches/pushes 1.1 GENERAL TRUTH OR FACTS: e.g. The earth revolves around the sun. Brazil is in South America. 1.2 TRANSPORTATION AND EVENT SCHEDULES: e.g. The bus leaves at 5.30. What time does she finish work? What track does the train leave from? 1.3 VERBS OF PREFERENCES, such as like, dislike, hate, can't stand, don't mind, love, adore: e.g. He likes to play hockey on the weekends. She doesn't mind helping me with the housework. 1.4 VERBS OF THINKING, OPINION, KNOWLEDGE, AND BELIEF, such as think, know, understand, suppose, believe and guess: e.g. I think she's a good professional. He doesn't know that. Do you understand what I'm saying?
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1.5 VERBS OF SENSES (see, hear, taste, smell and feel): e.g. This lasagna smells delicious! Note: You can also use verb can + verbs of senses in the present, as in She can hear voices down the hall. 1.6 NARRATION OF SPORTS EVENTS: e.g. Ronaldinho Gacho dribbles Beckham, passes the ball to Ronaldo, who shoots the ball and.... he scores! 1.7 NARRATION OF STORY TO GIVE IT a dramatic tone Neo, played by Keanu Reeves in "Matrix", is a hacker that is found by Morpheus and Trinity...At a certain point in the movie, the Oracle tells Neo that he is the One...Neo, Morpheus and Trinity are betrayed, and the sentinels capture Morpheus....Trinity falls in love with Neo...Neo kisses Trinity...
SIMPLE PRESENT VERB TO GO Affirmative form. I go you go he goes she goes it goes we go you go they go Negative form. I don't go you don't go he doesn't go she doesn't go it doesn't go we don't go you don't go they don't go Interrogative form. do I go? do you go? does he go? does she go? does it go? do we go? do you go? do they go?
1.8 PRACTICE 1.8.1 Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the present simple: a) She ____________swimming on the weekends (like)
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b) He often ______________to parties (go) c) ________you___________the name of that book? (know) Yes, I __________.
d) _________it _________ a lot in Southern California? (rain) No, it _________. e) He __________ (wake up) at 7, _________a shower (take), ____________ dressed (get) , but he_______________breakfast (neg / have). f)_________Mary single? (be) Yes, she ___________.
g)__________Bryan and Tom__________(play) soccer on the weekends? Bryan __________, but Tom _____________(negative form). h) What time _______John ___________on Mondays? (get up) He __________(get up) at 8. i) When _________the plane ____________? (leave) j) How often ________he____________TV? (watch) 2. SIMPLE PAST Past actions that happened at a definite time (ago, last week, in 1970, last March, yesterday, etc.): e.g. I went to the disco last Saturday. What did you do yesterday afternoon? 2.1 PAST ACTIONS THAT OBVIOUSLY BELONG TO THA PAST (distant past actions): e.g. When I was a kid... (If you're an adult, it's obvious you're not a kid anymore...) I met a beautiful girl in high school... (you're talking about a distant past in your own mind) e.g. I was born in 1971.
2.2 NARRATION OF STORIES: Once I had a car accident on Ventura highway, broke my left leg... 2.3 HABITUAL PAST ACTIONS (with used to): e.g. When I was a teenager, I had the habit of skipping classes on Fridays = I used to skip classes on Fridays, but I didn't use to cheat on exams... Note A: Regular verbs We usually add -ed to the base of the regular verb: play/played, open/opened. Note B: Irregular verbs Some irregular verbs have the same form in all parts: hit-hit-hit, cut-cut-cut.
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Some change one party only: keep-kept-kept, make-made-made, sell-sold-sold. Some change two parts: break-broke-broken, know-knew-known, ride-rode-ridden.
SIMPLE PAST TO GO I went you went he went she went it went we went you went they went I didn't go you didn't go he didn't go she didn't go it didn't go we didn't go you didn't go they didn't go did I go? did you go? did he go? did she go? did it go? did we go? did you go? did they go?
2.4 PRACTICE 2.4.1 Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the past simple: a) They ________________(neg / have) breakfast this morning. b) _______you___________(use) to play soccer in the afternoons when you _____(be) a kid? No, I ________. c) Last Saturday she __________(go) the mall, and ___________(buy) her kids lots of gifts. Then she __________(eat) lunch at Glob's and _____________(see) a movie. d) How many girls ____________________(there to be) at the party yesterday? _______________ (there to be) only one. e) She __________(work) on her project last night.
3. SIMPLE FUTURE WILL/SHALL - We often use will and shall to make predctions, events that have been arranged or expectations. When we are not certain of what we are going to do or when we decide something the moment we are speaking: e.g. Brazil team will win on Saturday. The wedding will take place at St. Andrews on September 27th.
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I shall see you tomorrow. 3.1 GOING TO IMMEDIATE FUTURE - We often use going to when we have plans to do something that is about to happen or describe something which we know will take place in the future: e.g. Look out! Shes going to faint. Paul and Margaret are going to be married in December 3.2 PRACTICE 3.2.1 Complete the sentences using will or going to and the main verb: a) It______________dark. (to get) b) They ____________all the questions. (to answer) c) We dont understand why they_____________________Korean (to study) d) The girls ___________________breakfast. (to have) e) Fred ________________English. (to learn) 4. PRESENT PERFECT - Indefinite past actions: they happened at an indefinite time or in the recent past (in both cases, you don't say when the action happened because you can't remember, you don't know or it's not important): e.g. I've bought the latest Pearl Jam CD. She has crashed her car. 4.1 NOTE A: You can use the adverbs already, just and yet for recent past actions to emphasize the completion or incompletion of the action: e.g. John has already had dinner. She hasn't finished it yet. I have just arrived. 4.2 NOTE B: Questions about someone's life experiences with the adverbs ever and never (when you make the questions, the person thinks about his/her whole life): e.g. Have you ever traveled to Europe? ( in your life...) I've never been to Japan (in my life...) 4.3 NOTE C: Repeated past actions when you mention how many times you've done something, but you don't mention the time:
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e.g. I've seen Titanic four times.
But
I saw Titanic four times last year.
4.4 NOTE C: Past-present actions: They started in the past and continue up to the present; these actions happened in the past, and are still true in the present. Use for and since to say how long: e.g. I've known John since college. John and I have been friends for 10 years. How long have you been married? Observe: In this sense, use the present perfect only with stative verbs (have, think, understand, see, imagine, hear, like, love, etc). Otherwise use the present perfect continuous. 4.5 PRACTICE 4.5.1 Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the present perfect: a) He ________________________(never / be) to France. b) ___________you ___________________(go surfing)? No, I _______________. c) She ______________________(neg / sell) her car. d) He _________________(already / take ) the English test, but he _______________(turn in) his homework yet. e) What ___________you just ________________? (do) f) She's moved to London, ____________________she?
I have seen you have seen he has seen she has seen it has seen we have seen
I haven't seen you haven't seen he hasn't seen she hasn't seen it hasn't seen we haven't seen
have I seen? have you seen? has he seen? has she seen? has it seen? have we seen?
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you have seen they have seen
you haven't seen PRESENT PERFECT - TO SEE they haven't seen
have you seen? have they seen?
5. PAST PERFECT - Past actions that happened before other past actions: e.g. When I got to the airport, the plane had already left (the plane left before I got there). 5.1. NOTE A: Time clauses with after and before, but only when it's absolutely necessary for the clear understanding of the sequence of the actions: e.g. After I had woken up, I took a bath = After I woke up, I took a bath (better sentence, because the sequence of events is obvious by using after). Before I took a bath, I had brushed my teeth.= Before I took a bath, I brushed my teeth (better sentence, the sequence of events is made obvious by using before) Observe: In time clauses with after or before, it doesn't sound natural to use the past perfect, because after and before are sequencers on their own and don't need another sequence word. 5.2 PRACTICE 5.2.1 Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the past simple, past perfect or past continuous: a) When I ________________(get back) home, my wife _________________(already/ leave). b) I ______________(call) her after she __________________(call) me first. c) While he________________(do) his homework, I _____________(use) the computer, because I _______________________(do) my homework the day before. d) When I _______________(be) a kid, I ___________________(can) play with friends after I ________________________(eat) lunch. e) Before the Rolling Stones ____________________(record) Like a Rolling Stone, Bob Dylan ___________________________(sing) it a thousand times.
PAST PERFECT TO LEAVE I had left you had left he had left she had left it had left we had left I hadn't left you hadn't left he hadn't left she hadn't left it hadn't left we hadn't left had I left? had you left? had he left? had she left? had it left? had we left?
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you had left they had left
you hadn't left they hadn't left
had you left? had they left?
6. ADVERBS A word used before or after a verb, before an adjective or preposition, or with another adverb to show manner, time, place, frequency, degree, etc. 6.1 ADVERBS OF MANNER Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. We form them by adding ly to an adjective: e.g. It was a slow train. / The train went slowly (slow/slowly). 6.2 NOTE A: After consonant, -y changes to i: heavy/heavily. e.g. It was a heavy rain. / It rained heavily. Observe: We can use some words as adjectives or adverbs without adding ly or ily: e.g. It was a fast train. / The trains went fast. Other examples are: better, best, early, hard, high, last, late, monthly, near, wide, worse. 6.3 NOTE B: Some adverbs have two forms, one without ly and one with ly, but also have different meanings And uses: hard/hardly, last/lastly, late, lately e.g. He played hard. He hardly played at all.
6.4 PRACTICE 6.4.1 Supply the right adverb. Some adverbs end in ly and some do not. a) Hes a bad driver. He drives____________________. b) Im a better player than you. I play_______________. c) Shes a hard worker. She works___________________. d) He made a sudden move. He moved_________________. e) Be careful. Act____________________________. 6.4.2 Chose the right adverb in each sentence.
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a) Farm workers have to work very___________________during the harvest. (hard/hardly) b) Im sure the boss thinks very_______________of you. (high/highly) c) Please dont go too____________________the edge of the platform. (near/nearly) d) The postman brings my mail so___________I rarely see it before I go to work. (late/lately) 6.5 ADVERBS OF TIME Adverbs of time tell us when something happens. points of time tell us exactly when: e.g. today, yesterday, this/next/last week, on Monday, at 5 oclock. 6.5.1 We can refer to days of the week without this, last, next or on: e.g. Im seeing him Monday. (= this/nest/on Monday). (Not *Im seeing him the Monday*) I saw him Monday. (= last/on Monday). (Not *I saw him the Monday*) 6.5.2. This morning, etc. (Not *today Morning* *today afternoon* etc.) can refer to: - now: - earlier: I fell terrible this morning. I spoke to him this morning.
- later on today: Ill speak to him this morning.
Observe: tonight, tomorrow night and last night (Not *yesterday night*). the day before yesterday, the day after tomorrow (in the evening), etc. we do not use the in phrase like next Monday, last Monday: Ill see him next Monday. We normally put time references at the end of a sentence or clause, but we can also put them at the beginning: e.g. this morning I went to the dentist. I went to the dentist this morning. 6.6 PRACTICE
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6.6.1 Today is Tuesday. Write sentences using the right points of time (today, etc.) e.g When can you see him? (Tuesday) I can see him today.
a) When is she arriving? (Tuesday morning)_______________________________________. b) When did he leave? (Monday morning)_________________________________________. c) When will she phone? (Wednesday in the afternoon)______________________________. d) When will you be home? (Tuesday night)_______________________________________. e) When did she arrived? (Monday night)_________________________________________. 6.7 ADVERBS OF PLACE Adverbs of place indicate where something happens. These include; here, abroad, anywhere, outside, near, somewhere, there, far, up, down, underground, upstairs...
Place Upstairs Here In London Outside Example The children were playing upstairs. My passport is here in my bag. The people demonstrated in London. The children were playing outside.
6.8 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY - Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something is done. These include; always, constantly, continually, frequently, infrequently, intermittently, normally, occasionally, often, periodically, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes . . . e.g. I always do my homework on time. - In this sentence always shows us the frequency. She goes out occasionally. - In this sentence occasionally shows us the frequency. Most frequent: always, constantly, nearly always, almost always, usually, generally, normally, regularly, often, frequently, sometimes, periodically, occasionally, now and the, once in a while. Least frequent: rarely, seldom, infrequently, hardly ever, scarcely ever, almost never, never. Observe: When something happens regularly at a fixed time we can use the following as adverbs:
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Every day = Daily Every week = Weekly Every fortnight (two weeks) = Fortnightly Every month = Monthly Every year = Yearly / Annually e.g. I get a newspaper every day. = I get the newspaper daily. I pay my rent every month. = I pay my rent monthly. 6.9 ADVERBS OF DEGREE - Adverbs of degree tell us the strength or intensity of something that happens. Many adverbs are gradable, that is, we can intensify them. Basically they answer the sort of question that asks How much...? or How little...? Adverbs of degree include; adequately, almost, entirely, extremely, greatly, highly, hugely, immensely, moderately, partially, perfectly, practically, profoundly, strongly, totally, tremendously, very, virtually etc. For example: The man drove badly. = The man drove really badly. - In this sentence really shows us just how badly he drove. They enjoyed the film. = They enjoyed the film immensely. - In this sentence immensely shows us how much they enjoyed the film. Note: These intensifiers are not gradable though, you cannot say The man drove extremely very badly. 6.10 PRACTICE 6.10.1 Instructions: Insert an adverb of frequency into each sentence. Choose from always, almost always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, almost never or never. often Example: My father goes on business trips.
a) Our teacher teaches on Tuesday.

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________________________________________________ b) Our teacher goes swimming at the university pool. ________________________________________________ c) Our teacher is absent. ________________________________________________ d) Our teacher gives homework for the weekend. ________________________________________________ e) Our teacher brings food into class. ________________________________________________ f) Our teacher is impatient with students who don't pay attention. ________________________________________________ g) Our teacher loses patience when students don't understand. ________________________________________________ h) Our teacher is energetic in class. ________________________________________________ i) Our teacher tells funny stories. ________________________________________________ j) There are handouts for students. ________________________________________________ 7. REVERSE WORD ORDER Is the same like inverted word order. In sentences with inverted word order and in questions that begin with here or there, you may have difficulty locating the subjects because the verb comes before the subject. Mentally, rearrange the sentence in its normal subject-verb order, and then make the verb agree in number with its subject.
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Example 1: On the table were four basketball trophies. Note: Rearranging to S-V order (Subject-Verb order):
The four basketball trophies were on the table.
(We used were because when we rearranged this sentence in the subject-verb order; we determined that the subject was the four basketball trophies and not the table).
Example 2: Hanging from the ceiling was a colorful lantern. Note: Rearranging to S-V order:
The colorful lantern was hanging from the ceiling.
(We used was because when we rearranged this sentence in the subject-verb order, we determined that the subject was the colorful lantern and not the ceiling). 7.1 QUESTION Example 1: Why have the dates for the bidding been changed?
Note: Rearranging to S-V order:
The dates for the bidding have been changed.
(We used have because when we rearranged this sentence in the subject-verb order, we determined that the subject was the dates and not the bidding ).
Example 2: Was Justin loved by his girlfriends?
Justin was loved by his girlfriends.
(We used was because when we rearranged this sentence in the subject-verb order, we determined that the subject was Justin and not his girlfriends.) 7.2 SENTENCES BEGINNING WITH HERE AND THERE: Example 1: There are many secrets in Justin's past.
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Many secrets are in Justin's past.
(We used are because when we rearranged this sentence in the subject-verb order, we determined that the subject was the many secrets and not Justin's past).
Example 2: Here are the necessary items.
The necessary items are here.
(We used are because when we rearranged this sentence in the subject-verb order, we determined that the subject was the necessary items). 7.3 PRACTICE 7.3.1 Choose the appropriate verb on the following sentences: a) There (is, are) a typing error on every page. b) Why (has, have) the office closed early? c) (Do, does) your mother or your father usually cook breakfast? d) There (was, were) enough biscuits for the whole class. e) (Is, Are) those fruits fresh?
8. UNREAL CONDITIONALS (The IF clause) - The unreal in English is used to talk about things in your imagination, but which are not true. The unreal is often used with if and wish. 8.1 PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONAL - The present unreal talks about the present time, life today, right now, but imagining (or wishing) something that is untrue.
Note: In a wish sentence, or in an if-clause, you use the past tense to show that the verb is
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unreal about the present. For example: The main clause (often called the result clause) uses would: a) If I had a lot of money, I would buy a house. (The truth is that you dont have a lot of money.)
b) If I knew Japanese, I would work in Tokyo. (The truth is that you dont know Japanese.) c) I wish I had a better job. If I had a good job, I would be much happier. (The truth is that you dont have a good job.) d) I wish I knew how to type. If I knew how to type, I would be able to get a better job. (The truth is that you dont know how to type.) Note: The verb to be is always were in the unreal, no matter who the subject is: For example: a) He wishes he were the mayor. If he were mayor, he would solve the homeless problem. (The truth is that he is not the mayor.) b) If I were taller, I would play basketball. I wish I were six feet tall. (The truth is that you are not tall.) 8.2 PRACTICE 8.2.1 Complete the sentences. a) She doesnt speak English, so she doesnt understand you. If she ____________________ English, she _________________________ you. b) He cant drive, so he wont buy a car. If he _________________________, he ____________________________ a car. c) He isnt rich, so he wont buy a beach house. If he _______________________ rich, he ___________________ a beach house. d) He eats too much, so hes fat. If he __________________________ too much, he ____________________ fat. [Note: You need to use didnt in this sentence.]
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8.3 PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL - A wished or imagined idea about a past event is called the past unreal. Note: The verb in the wish clause or if-clause is put in the past perfect (had + past participle) to show the past unreal. For example: The main clause (the result clause) will use would have + past participle. a) When I was a child, I hated school. (This is the truth, what really happened. You hated school.) b) If I had liked school better, I would have studied and [I would have] learned more. I wish I had been a better student as a boy. I wish I had had better teachers, too. I wish my parents had forced me to do my homework. (The truth is that you didnt like school, you didnt study, you didnt learn, you were not a good student, you didnt have good teachers, and your parents didnt force you to do your homework.) c) If she had reminded me that yesterday was her birthday, I would have bought her a present. At least, I would have sent her a card. (The truth is that she didnt remind you, so you didnt buy her a present.) d) I wish the Mets had won the game last night! If they had won, I would have made a lot of money. If the Mets had beaten the Yankees, I would have won $200. (The truth is that the Mets didnt win, and you didnt win any money. You lost!) 8.4 PRACTICE 8.4.1 Complete the sentences. a) She didnt give me her phone number, so I wasnt able to call her. If she________________________________________________ her phone number, I ____________________________________________able to call her.
b) He didnt have his wallet with him last night, so he didnt buy the book. If he_______________________________________________ his wallet with him, he ____________________________________________ the book.
c) They didnt get to the airport in time, so they missed their flight. If they __________________________________________ to the airport in time, they
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____________________________________________ their flight. [Note: You need to use wouldnt in this sentence!] d) He wasnt able to open the wine bottle, so they didnt drink wine. If he ______________________________________ able to open the wine bottle, they _________________________________________ wine. 9. WISH AND REGRETS - You can use this structure when you would like things to be different from the way they actually are. Use the verb wish to refer to how you would like things to be in the present or to talk about how you would like things to be in the future. It can also be used to talk about the way things were in the past, but obviously the past can't be changed. Note: The general concept is sometimes known as 'wishful thinking. 9.1 WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT (AND THE FUTURE) If you want to talk about your present situation, you can use the structure wish + past simple or continuous.
For example: a) I haven't got any money. I wish I had some money. b) I don't earn much money. I wish I earned a lot of money. c) We're all living in a small flat. I wish we weren't living in a small flat. I wish we were living in a big flat. The same form can be used to talk about someone else's situation. However, there is another structure that you use to talk about actions that take place in the present, but you want them to change in the future. This structure is used to talk about another person, and generally about things you don't like. The structure is wish + would/could + infinitive. For example: a) Your friend is always borrowing money from you because he never seems to have his bank card with him. You could say to him: I wish you wouldn't keep borrowing money from me. I wish you would remember to go to the bank from time to time.
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b) Perhaps the same friend does lots of things that irritate you. Maybe he phones you early in the morning when you're still in bed. He might arrange to meet you and then turn up late. You could say to him: I wish you wouldn't phone me so early in the morning. I wish you would wait until later. I wish you would tell me when you're going to be late. 9.2 WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE (AND THE PRESENT) When you talk about the future, you use the same structure as you use to talk about present states. Some examples: a) I have to go to the dentist tomorrow. I wish I didn't have to go to the dentist tomorrow. b) I'll have to do some extra work over the weekend. I wish I didn't have to do any extra work over the weekend. c) My brother is coming to stay with me next week. I wish my brother wasn't coming next week. Note: The future in these cases can't be changed (in theory), and so the situation is seen as unreal and has to be referred to using past tenses. 9.3 WISHES ABOUT THE PAST: REGRETS When you think about a situation in the past, naturally you can't do anything to change it. Therefore this is a way of expressing regret. The structure you use is wish + past perfect. For example: a) You were too slow getting ready to go out. I wish you hadn't been so slow getting ready. b) Now we've missed the train. I wish we hadn't missed the train. c) I promised our friends we'd arrive on time. I wish I hadn't promised we'd arrive on time, because now they'll be waiting for us. Notes: -As mentioned above, the structure wish + would can't be used to talk about yourself. It is used to refer to actions, and you should be able to stop any action you're doing. -Therefore when you talk about yourself, you're talking about states you have no control over (I'm poor, I wish I was rich) or other people's actions that you have no control over either (I haven't got any money. I wish you'd give me some).
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-If your wish might come true, you should use a different type of verb. For examples: a) I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow. b) I'd like to go to the Caribbean for my holiday next year. c) I hope you get well soon. - You don't need to repeat all the verbs all the time: a) My flat is cold. I wish it wasn't. b) You smoke. I wish you wouldn't. c) She told him! I wish she hadn't.
9.4 PRACTICE I - Choose the correct answer for each question. 1. I live in a small house. I wish I ______ in a big one. a) lived b) would live c) had lived
2. I drive a Renault. It's nice but I wish I ______ a Rolls Royce a) had b) would have c) had had
3. you're the best teacher I've ever had. I wish you ______ my teacher last year as well. a) were b) would be c) had been
4. I don't like these shoes very much. I wish I ______ them a) didn't buy b) wouldn't buy c) hadn't bought
5. You're not listening to me. I wish you ______ to me. a) listened b) would listen c) had listened
6. I can't come. I wish I ______ come.

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a) could
b) would be able to
c) had been able to
7. When we visited London, we went to the Tower. We saw the spot where so many famous people had lost their heads! We felt as if we ________back in time to another world! a) travelled b) had travelled c) were travelled
8. John didn't take your advice. If only __________. a) he took it b) he had taken it! c) he would take it
9. Imagine you___________in New York. How would you feel? a) had lived b) live c) lived
10. I wish my job were secure. I'd sooner____________ worry about it. a) didn't have to b) not have to c) had not to
10. USING MODAL VERBS TO TALK ABOUT THE PAST Must / might / could / may / can't + have + past participle must have + past participle might / might not have + past participle could / couldnt have + past participle may / may not have + past participle cant have + past participle For example: You: Where was Julie last night?
David: She must have forgotten about our date. She might have worked late. She could have taken the wrong bus.
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She may have felt ill. She cant have stayed at home. 10.1 WILL / WONT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Will and won't / will not + have + past participle are used for past e.g. The parcel will have arrived before now.
10.2 SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE - can be used to make an assumption about something that has probably happened, if everything is as we expect (compare with present sue of 'should' above): e.g The train should have left by now
10.3 COULD - We can use could to talk about a general possibility in the past (compare with the use of 'can' above): e.g. Prices could be high in the sixteenth century.
Note: This is not used to talk about specific possibilities in the past: e.g. He could have been working late (not: 'could be', which is present)
11. W EVER WORDS - We can think about the 'W' -ever words semantically as the 'W' word + the quantifier 'any'. The trick to understanding these terms is to realize that they apply to any single one of the referents, and at the same time refer to all of the referents.

Whatever - Any thing (This could also be every thing) Whenever - Any time (This could also be 'every time') Wherever - Any 'where' (Anywhere or everywhere). Whoever - Anyone (Any person or every person, or sometimes used to refer to a person unknown to the speaker) Whichever - Any 'which' (Choice between a group or set). However - Any 'way' (In any manner or way, regardless of how).
Basically each one means: "It does not matter what/when/where etc." OR "An unknown thing/time/place etc."
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11.1 EXAMPLES OF WHATEVER a) Whatever you do, pay attention to the road when you are driving. (You can do anything as long as you pay attention to the road) b) They say you can buy whatever you desire in Harrods, as long as you have the money. (You can buy anything in Harrods, if you have enough money) c) The student was so intelligent that whatever we taught, she understood. (She understood everything that she was taught) d) The criminal said he would do whatever he could in order to get out of jail. (He would do everything or anything he could to get out of jail)
11.2 EXAMPLES OF WHENEVER a) Whenever the neighbors flush the toilet, water comes through our ceiling. (Every time they flush the toilet it happens) b) Whenever she calls, the landlord is busy. (Every time she calls the landlord, he/she is busy) c) Call me whenever you need something. (Call me any time you need something) d) Whenever he comes home, he acts like a hungry dog. (Ever time he comes home, she is like that) e) Whenever I go to sleep early, I have extraordinary dreams. (Every time I go to sleep early, I have these dreams) 11.3 EXAMPLES OF WHEREVER
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a) Wherever you go in the world, remember where you came from and where you are going. (Anywhere you go in the world, remember those things) b) With a good education in English, wherever you go, you will have a good time. (If you are taught well, you will have a good time anywhere) c) Wherever we put the TV in the room, the reception is bad. (Anywhere we put the TV the reception is bad) d) You can stick the present that she gave you wherever you want, just don't let her know if you put it in the rubbish bin. (You can stick that present anywhere)
11.4 EXAMPLES OF WHOEVER a) Whoever broke the vase, can you please replace it? (Any specific person who broke the vase, please replace it) b) Whoever goes to the shop, please don't steal anything. (Any one or more of the people who will go to the shop, don't steal anything) c) Whoever it was that knocked on the door last night must have been drunk, because they dropped twenty dollars as they ran away. (The unknown person who knocked on the door dropped twenty dollars) d) Whoever you just spoke to, she must have some special powers, because you look like you fell in love. (The unknown person who you spoke with must have some special powers) 11.5 EXAMPLE OF WHICHEVER a) You can drive whichever of the cars you want.
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(You can choose to drive any of the cars) b) Whichever dress I wear tonight, I'm worried that my butt will look fat. What do you think? (Person is worried that the person's butt looks fat in any of the selected dresses) c) Whichever road you take to Rome, you will need to drive carefully. (There are a number of roads to take, and it is necessary to drive carefully on any one that you take) d) Whichever pizza you ordered for her, it must have had some very delicious ingredients. (The pizza that was ordered from those available had some special ingredients)
11. 6 EXAMPLES OF HOWEVER a) You can dress however you like for the party, it's not formal. (You can dress the way that you want for the party) b) However much she eats, she never puts on weight. (It doesn't matter how much she eats, she never gets fat) c) You can do it however you like, I don't really care as long as it gets done. (You can do it any way that you want) d) However rich they may be, it still isn't enough for them. (It doesn't matter how rich they may be) 11.7 PRACTICE 11.7.1 Complete the sentences below with an appropriate word: whatever - whenever wherever - whichever whoever. a) You are welcome to come and stay with us ______________________ you like. b) Id like to speak to _________________ is in charge of sales.
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c) _______________ you do, don't forget to call me as soon as you arrive. d) It comes in three colours; choose ________________ you prefer. e) What do you want to do on Saturday? I don't mind - _________________ you like! f) He always makes friends quickly, ________________ he goes. g) _______________ borrowed the dictionary should return it as quickly as possible. h) The teacher says I don't participate enough, but ___________ I try to speak, someone interrupts me! i) There is no entrance fee; you give _______________ you can afford. j) He says he's from Brookstown, __________________ that is. 12. ENGLISH IDIOMS - Idioms are fun and useful expressions that usually cannot be understood by defining the separate words. For example, if your host mother says, "I think it's time to hit the hay", she means, "I think it's bed-time"! You would not be able to understand her by looking up the words hit and hay. Like phrasal verbs, these expressions need to be memorized as a whole. Try visualizing them or drawing pictures when you study them. For example, draw a picture of a cow sleeping in some hay. The idiom out of the blue means "unexpectedly". Your teacher or homestay family will call you one smart cookie if you come up with an idiomatic expression like that when they least expect it! Most idioms don't seem to make any sense because their origins are so old. Some of them come from ancient literature or even classic films. Learning the background of idioms can help you to remember them. Try checking your dictionary or asking a teacher or native speaker if they know the origin. Remember, not all idioms are considered Standard English. Some English-speaking regions use specific idioms that other native English speakers have never heard before. You can find information about most expressions by looking them up online. Try studying these idioms by learning one list at a time. Or, use these lists to help you when you come across an idiom you don't understand. One important thing to remember is that the subject of the idiom doesn't usually relate to the meaning.

Animal Idioms Body Idioms Colour Idioms Clothing Idioms Food Idioms Geography and Weather Idioms Sports Idioms
12.1 ANIMAL IDIOMS
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Idiom ants in one's pants (the) birds and the bees cat nap
Meaning unable to sit still or remain calm out of nervousness or excitement sex education
Example Sentence Lisa had ants in her pants the day before her interview. I learned about the birds and the bees when my baby brother was born. I'm going to have a cat nap while you're cooking dinner. It looks like the cat's got your tongue, Lucy. Are you always this quiet? I was going to take a ride on Geoff's motorcyle, but I chickened out when he gave me a helmet to wear. Arthur clammed up when I asked him about his family. My sister is such a copy cat. First she bought the same car as me, and now she's applying to my school. I sleep in the basement during the dog days of August. My roses are dropping like flies in this early frost. Ever since he got his new drill set my husband has been an eager beaver around the house. I knew something fishy was going on when I saw all of my friends' cars in my mom's driveway. My teacher had a cow when she realized
a short sleep
cat's got one's tongue chicken out
said about someone who doesn't speak (usually due to shyness) to decide not to do something out of fear (usually just before)
clam up
become quiet suddenly
copy cat
a person who does the same thing as someone else
dog days
very hot days
dropping like flies eager beaver
dying/giving up quickly
a person who is excited about doing certain work odd, suspicious
fishy
have a cow
get extremely upset (often over
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something minor) hold your horses holy cow! wait and be patient
nobody had done the homework. Hold your horses! I'll be done in the washroom in a minute. Holy cow! I can't believe you ate everything on your plate. If you're going to horse around, please go outside. My aunt got the lion's share of the inheritance.
Wow, I'm surprised!
horse around
play roughly
get the lion's share in the dog house
get the greatest percentage
in trouble with another person
I don't think Marsha is coming out tonight. She's still in the dog house for forgetting Aaron's birthday. If you pick the groceries up when you drop George off for his shift, you will kill two birds with one stone. The gas station is kitty corner to the library. Who let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party? A little bird told me that you are thinking of quitting your job.
kill two birds with one stone
get two things done at once
kitty corner let the cat out of the bag (a) little bird told me
diagonal direction reveal a secret
I heard something (usually secretive or unknown) from someone (not named) go straight for something
make a beeline
My grandma made a beeline for the smoking room as soon as she got off the airplane. Our one-year-old is saying bad words now. I told my husband, "Monkey see, monkey do!" We have a nest egg that we might have to use if Jim goes on sick leave.
monkey see, monkey do nest egg
silly/unintelligent people tend to copy each other's actions money saved for the future
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pig out
eat a lot of something
I pigged out on pancakes so I don't have room for lunch. I forgot my umbrella, and it was raining cats and dogs. I'm ready to leave this rat race and retire in Mexico. I asked my brothers not to tell my parents that I went out, but I could smell a rat as soon as I opened the door. I know Jenny is pregnant, because I heard it straight from the horse's mouth.
raining cats and dogs rat race
raining heavily
fierce, competitive struggle for power, position etc begin to suspect trickery etc
smell a rat
straight from the horse's mouth take the bull by the horns until the cows come home
directly from the original source
face a challenge or danger boldly
If you really think you deserve a promotion, you'll have to take the bull by the horns. I could eat pizza and ice-cream until the cows come home.
for a very long time
12.2 BODY IDIOMS

Idiom all ears Meaning fully listening Example Sentence Give me a minute to finish my work and then I'll be all ears to hear about your project. Today's the big game, eh? Break a leg! My sister didn't get cold feet until she put her wedding gown on. These cakes are delicious, but they cost an arm and a leg.
break a leg cold feet
good-luck nervous just before a big event
cost an arm and a leg
be very expensive
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cry your heart out face the music
cry very hard
I cried my heart out when my best friend moved away. I stayed out all night. When I eventually got home I had to face the music from my wife.
meet, stand up to unpleasant conseqences, for example criticism or punishment
(my) flesh and blood get something off one's chest give a hand, lend a hand have one's head in the clouds
relative
I have to hire Mia. She's my own flesh and blood. Thanks for listening to me complain about my boss. I just needed to get this off my chest. I can give you a hand when you move if you like. Amy has her head in the clouds if she thinks she's going to pass her exams without studying. My brother is head over heels for his new girlfriend. The kids gave Anthony a head start in the bicycle race because he was the youngest. I was in over my head when I agreed to babysit the triplets and the dogs. I'll keep an eye on the dinner while you're on the phone. Keep your chin up. I'm sure you'll make some friends soon. I learned my multiplication tables by heart in the fourth grade.
tell someone your problems
help (someone) do something
be unaware or unrealistic about something
head over heels
deeply in love
head start
an earlier start
in over one's head keep an eye on
taking on a task that you can't handle take care of, watch in order to protect try to be cheerful
keep one's chin up learn by heart, know by heart
memorize
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let one's hair down (my) lips are sealed makes my blood boil neck of the woods
relax, have fun
Go to the cottage and let your hair down this weekend. Don't worry, I won't tell your mother how much you spent. My lips are sealed. It makes my blood boil when people don't tie up their dogs. I heard that they might be opening a post office in our neck of the woods soon. My uncle's an old hand at car repair. He'll know what the problem is. My daughter wants a tatoo. I told her she'd get one over my dead body. The party organizers deserve a pat on the back for a job well done. We don't know if the weather will be good enough for camping. We'll have to play it by ear.
promise to keep a secret
makes me very angry
nearby location or region
(an) old hand
an experienced person
over my dead body
not unless I'm dead and can't stop you recognition or a thank-you
pat on the back
play something by ear
do something without a plan
pull one's leg
joke or tease someone
I was just pulling your leg. I'm not really a police officer. The rule of thumb is that the students wear black pants and white shirts. The couple don't see eye to eye on how to train their pets. I passed my exam by the skin of my teeth.
rule of thumb
basic rule (not always followed)
see eye to eye
agree
(by the) skin of one's teeth
just barely
stick your neck out
help someone a lot, with possible bad consequences for oneself
I stuck my neck out for Bessie when she was thrown out of her house. 32
sweet tooth
a love of sugar or sweet things
I need three spoonfuls of sugar in my tea. I have a sweet tooth.
thick in the head
not very intelligent
I'm a bit thick in the head when it comes to reading a map. I'm washing my hands of Mary's addiction. She is going to have to get some professional help.
wash one's hands of something
stop dealing with an issue or problem
12.3 COLOR IDIOMS

Idiom beet red Meaning dark red (usually to describe face) bruised and beaten Example Sentence My sister's face turned beet red when I caught her singing in front of a mirror. We found the poor guy black and blue near the train tracks. The rules we gave the kids were black and white. No answering the phone or the door. I always black out at the sight of blood. My oldest brother was the black sheep in our family. He dropped out of school at fifteen. Keiko hasn't worked a day in her life. She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.
black and blue
black and white
straight forward, very clear
black out black sheep
faint the odd or bad member of the group born into a rich family
born with a silver spoon in one's mouth catch red handed
catch someone in the act of doing something wrong or illegal the perfect chance
The kids were caught red handed stealing chocolate bars.
golden opportunity
The models' conference was a golden opportunity for me to sell my beauty products.
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grass is always greener on the other side grey area, gray area
you always want what you don't have
I always wanted to go to university, but now I wish I had time to get a job. Grass is always greener on the other side. Writing personal email in the office is a grey area that needs to be discussed at the next meeting. The builders were given the green light to begin the tower. I am green with envy over Julio's new wardrobe. You can tell by her flower garden that Sheila has a green thumb. I always have the blues during the winter time. Antoine left his wife in the dark about their honeymoon destination until they got to the airport. When we were in the red we almost had to sell the house. We only go out for dinner once in a blue moon. I got a phone call from a long lost cousin out of the blue last week. There is still some red tape to deal with in terms of the inheritance. I caught the red eye so that I would see the sunrise over the mountains. When relatives come to town my grandmother rolls out the red carpet. Paula imagines Hollywood with rose coloured
something without a clear rule or answer permission
the green light
green with envy (have a) green thumb have the blues in the dark
very jealous be skillful in the garden
be sad or depressed unaware
in the red
in debt
once in a blue moon out of the blue
very rarely unexpectedly
red tape
official or bureaucratic tasks
red eye
an airplane flight that takes off after midnight treat someone like royalty
roll out the red carpet rose coloured glasses
unrealistic view
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glasses. see red tickled pink be very angry very pleased and appreciative real self I saw red when that guy grabbed my sister's purse. My mom was tickled pink when my father brought roses home for her. Suzanne doesn't show her true colours when we have guests over.
true colours
white lie
an innocent lie to protect another person's feelings with distinction
We told Grandma that her cake was delicious, which was actually a white lie. I passed my road test with flying colours.
with flying colours
12.4 CLOTHING IDIOMS

Idiom at the drop of a hat Meaning without needing any advance notice something that is annoying someone beyond what is fair or socially acceptable not fitting anymore Example Sentence My Grandma will babysit for anyone at the drop of a hat. Milan has had a bee in his bonnet all day, but he won't tell me what's wrong. His comment about Manfred's handicap was below the belt. I ate too much. I'm bursting at the seams in these jeans. My students caught me with my pants down on Monday. I forgot about the field trip. I think Josh has a card up his sleeve cause he wants me to wear a dress to the fast-food restaurant. 35
(have a) bee in one's bonnet below the belt
bursting at the seams caught with one's pants down (have a) card up one's sleeve
unprepared
have a secret or reserve plan
buckle down
work extra hard
It's almost exam time, so I need to buckle down this weekend.
burn a hole in one's pocket
money that one is tempted to spend
Let's go to the mall after school. There's a hundred dollar bill burning a hole in my pocket. My cousin was dressed to kill on her birthday.
dress to kill, dress to the nines fit like a glove
dress in nice or sexy clothes
fit perfectly (tight to one's body) in great detail, extremely carefully do by instinct, not by plan
Anita's prom dress fits me like a glove.
fine-tooth comb
The police looked for fingerprints with a finetooth comb. I had never taught art to kids before. I had to fly by the seat of my pants. Please handle my grandmother's tea set with kid gloves. We buy hand-me-down skates because the kids' feet grow so quickly. The fans cheered when the hockey player got a hat trick. The swimmers in the lake were in their birthday suits. I know you're in a hurry, but please keep your shirt on. We know we're having a boy, but we're keeping it zipped from the grandparents. I didn't have a speech prepared. Everything I 36
fly by the seat of one's pants handle with kid gloves hand-me-down
treat delicately
used clothing
hat trick
three goals scored by one person in the nude
in one's birthday suit keep one's shirt on
try to stay calm
keep something zipped off the cuff
keep something a secret
said without planning
said was off the cuff. pull up one's socks try harder Marco will have to pull up his socks if he wants to make the football team. Put a sock in it! I'm trying to tell a story.
put a sock in it
stop talking
put one's thinking cap on
think hard in order to solve a problem
I can't remember where the Christmas decorations are. I'll have to put my thinking cap on. Put yourself in Amber's shoes. She doesn't even have a car to drive.
put oneself in someone else's shoes ride one's coattails
imagine what it would be like to be in someone else's situation let someone else do all of the work get down to hard work
It was a group project, but everyone rode Andrew's coattails. The celebrities rolled up their sleeves and washed cars for charity. I take my hat off to Jim. The doctors said he'd never walk, and he just ran a marathon. My Dad's not afraid to cry. He always wears his heart on his sleeve. By the looks of things, the kids wear the trousers in this household.
roll up one's sleeves take one's hat off to someone wear one's heart on one's sleeve wear the trousers
recognize or honour someone for something display emotions openly
be in charge, make the rules
12.5 FOOD IDIOMS Idiom apple of one's eye Meaning a person that is adored by Example Sentence Baby Jessica is the apple of her
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someone (have a) bun in the oven bad egg big cheese be pregnant a person who is often in trouble very important person (VIP) necessities, the main thing
father's eye. I don't think Jan will come to the bar because she has a bun in the oven. I don't want my little brother hanging around with the bad eggs on the street. I thought I was just going to interview the secretary, but they let me talk to the big cheese himself. Just explain the bread and butter of your report. You don't have to go into details. My husband has had to bring home the bacon ever since I broke my leg. I scored brownie points with my teacher by bringing her a cup of coffee. We'll have to butter Angie up before we tell her the news about the broken vase. Rick wants to have his cake and eat it too. He wants to be single but he doesn't want me to date anyone else. Simon is the first carrot top I've ever gone out with. I love reading cheesy romance novels because I don't have to think. I thought I was afraid of flying, but I was cool as a cucumber all the way to England. We hired the cream of the crop to entertain us at the Christmas party. The mirror is broken and we can't fix it. There's no need to cry over spilled milk. Let's stop for a cup of joe before we head to work.
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bread and butter
bring home the bacon (score) brownie points butter someone up
earn the income things done or said that make someone else like you better be extra nice to someone (usually for selfish reasons) want more than your fair share or need person with red or orange hair silly very relaxed
(have one's) cake and eat it too carrot top cheesy cool as a cucumber
cream of the crop (don't) cry over spilled milk cup of joe
the best get upset over something that has happened and cannot be changed cup of coffee
(not my) cup of tea egg someone on freeze one's buns off full of beans gravy train
something you enjoy (usually used negatively) urge someone to do something be very cold have a lot of (silly) energy extremely good pay for minimal work receive without working for something
Opera isn't exactly my cup of tea. The gang tried to egg us on but we didn't want to fight. I froze my buns off at the ice rink. The kids were full of beans after the circus. The unionized grocers have been enjoying the gravy train for twenty years. The professor's daughter had her college diploma handed to her on a silver platter. Angelo is a hard nut to crack when something is bothering him like this. Choosing a location for our new store is a hot potato right now. In a nutshell, I'm having a bad day. I'm nuts about classical music these days. Harry has been out to lunch ever since he lost his job. Your daughter is one smart cookie. She reads much higher than her grade level. Except for a bit of peach fuzz, the baby came out bald. The exam was a piece of cake. Even though I'm majoring in Art, I'm taking a maths course because my Dad says I shouldn't put all of my eggs in one basket. The car was souped up with shiny rims and a loud stereo.
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(have something) handed to someone on a silver platter hard nut to crack hot potato in a nutshell nuts about something, someone out to lunch one smart cookie
difficult to understand (often a person) a controversial or difficult subject simply like a lot crazy or mad a very intelligent person
peach fuzz piece of cake put all of ones eggs in one basket
small amount of hair growth very easy rely on one single thing
souped up
made more powerful or stylish
sell like hot cakes spice things up
bought by many people make something more exciting reveal the truth don't consider something 100% accurate use your brain
The new Harry Potter books sold like hot cakes. I wanted to spice things up in the office, so I bought some red and gold paint. On Monday, I'm going to spill the beans about my travel plans. Take Mandy's advice with a pinch of salt. She doesn't always do her research. You're going to have to really use your noodle on this crossword puzzle. It's an extra difficult one.
spill the beans take something with a pinch (grain) of salt use your noodle
12.6 GEOGRAPHY AND WEATHER IDIOMS

Idiom (on) cloud nine Meaning extremely happy Example Sentence Andrea was on cloud nine when she bought her new car. I had to dig deep to find my old report cards. The clothes at the thrift shop are dirt cheap. Lucile is really down to earth for a woman with so much money. I can't talk to Nancy about my boyfriend problems. She's only a fair-weather friend. The kids had a field day at the water slide park. My grades started going downhill when I got a part-time job. Nobody trained me at work. I just went
dig deep
look hard for information
dirt cheap down to earth
very inexpensive natural or real (personality)
fair-weather friend
a person who is only a friend in good times a very enjoyable time
a field day
go downhill
get progressively worse
go with the flow
continue in the same way as
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others hit the hay go to sleep
with the flow. I'm exhausted. I think I'll hit the hay early tonight. It's getting late. We had better hit the road. It's hard to keep my head above water with all of these medical bills. Who knows which way the wind will blow? I just hope Jesse gets one of the jobs he's applied for.
hit the road keep one's head above water know which way the wind blows
leave have just enough money to live
know how things will turn out
make a mountain out of a molehill out of the woods
make a small problem seem big
The car only got a tiny dent. You're making a mountain out of a molehill. The doctor said my heart is doing better, but I'm not out of the woods yet. I knew I was over the hill when I started needing glasses to read. Whenever I had a dance recital, my older brother always rained on my parade. They didn't bother inviting Charles to the party because he's alway a stick-in-themud. Wow! Your shower was as quick as lightning. The lost tickets were just the tip of the iceberg. I'd love to go out for dinner, but can I take a raincheck? 41
clear of danger
over the hill
past middle age
rain on someone else's parade stick-in-the-mud
ruin somebody else's happiness
a loner or person who won't join in
(as) quick as lightning the tip of the iceberg take a raincheck
very fast
a small part of a large problem
accept at a later date
under the weather
ill
I was feeling under the weather so I went back to bed. If my Dad finds out I had a party I'll be up the creek. The skiier in the green coat won by a landslide. My Dad has a new girlfriend. I got wind of it over dinner tonight.
up the creek
in trouble
win by a landslide
win by a lot of points
(get) wind of something
overhear something about someone or something (often gossip)
12.7 SPORTS IDIOMS - Sports idioms generally originate from a specific sport such as baseball or sailing. Over time these phrases have come to mean something that can be used in everyday life. While most sports idioms can still be used when discussing sports, they are even more common in other areas of life, especially the business world. You can study these idioms just as you would any other vocabulary. Look at the model sentences and practice writing your own. More importantly, try using them at work, school, and social events. You will sound like a pro!
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Idiom sport of origin across the board cards at this stage in the game any sport the ball is in your court tennis bark up the wrong tree hunting blind-sided any sport blow the competition away any sport call the shots billiards chip in gambling down to the wire horse racing front runner track get a head start horse racing
Meaning
Example Sentence
equal for everyone
Ten percent raises were given across the board. Nobody knows who is going to win the election at this stage in the game.
at this time
it's your decision or responsibility to do something now you've got the wrong person or idea
"Do you think I should accept the job offer?" "Don't ask me. The ball is in your court now". I think you're barking up the wrong tree by blaming Matt for the missing money.
to not see something coming
George blind-sided Eric with his fist at the bar. If you wear that dress to the beauty pageant you are going to blow the competition away. While our boss is on vacation, Bob will call the shots. The staff members chipped in 5 dollars each to buy Jody a birthday gift. It's coming down to the wire to get these done on time. Angela is a front runner for the new supervisor position. They gave the walkers a head start in the run for cancer.
win easily
make the decisions
help by donating money or time right at the end
one of the people who is expected to win start before all others
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get into the full swing tennis get off the hook fishing give something or someone a fair shake gambling get a second wind sailing
be comfortable doing something after some time
It will probably take a month of working at my new job before I get into the full swing of things. The child got off the hook for stealing because the security camera was broken. You should give Nadine a fair shake before you decide she isn't good enough for the job.
escape, have responsibility removed try for a while before giving up
have a burst of energy after tiring
I was exhausted after 3 kilometres of running, but I got a second wind after I passed the beach. Give it your best shot and you may just make it to the finals.
give it your best shot hunting give one a run for one's money horseracing go overboard sailing
try your hardest
try one's hardest to defeat another person
I know the other team is expected to win, but let's give them a run for their money tonight. You can't believe everything Janice says about Rick. She tends to go overboard when she's complaining about him. Andy is asking for a salary increase, and I'm going to go to bat for him if the boss says no. The Blues have the upper hand in the tournament, because none of their players is injured. Amanda was hitting below the belt when she called Adrian an unfit father. The renovations were going along great until
do or say more than you need to
go to bat for someone baseball have the upper hand cards hit below the belt martial arts hit a snag
defend someone
have a better chance of winning or succeeding
do or say something that is very unfair or cruel come up against a problem
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boating hold all the aces cards the home stretch baseball hot shot (big shot) hunting jump the gun track expected to win or succeed
we hit a snag with the carpet installation. The children hold all the aces when it comes to the father-son baseball tournament. I think Alice's pregnancy is in the home stretch. Even though Luke only placed 20th in the ski race, he thinks he's a hot shot. I guess I jumped the gun by buying Pam and Steve a wedding gift. They called off the engagement. We are so busy during the tourist season I can barely keep my head above water.
almost the end
a person who thinks they are the best start too early
keep one's head above water swimming learn the ropes sailing let her rip boating level playing field any field sport long shot hunting
try not to fall behind in work or other duties
understand new things
The first week on the job you will just be learning the ropes. Okay, here are the keys to your new car. Let her rip! The spelling bee is a level playing field because all of the kids are in grade nine. Jim thinks we can afford the house, but I think it's a long shot.
go ahead now
everyone has an equal chance
a very difficult thing to accomplish
make the cut any sport neck and neck horse racing
be chosen to be part of a team or group to be in a close tie with someone
I didn't get a second interview, so I'm pretty sure I won't make the cut. George and Stan are neck and neck in the hockey pool. Either of them could win the money.
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no sweat any sport not playing with a full deck of cards cards not up to par golf to be off base baseball on target darts on the ball baseball out in left field baseball
no problem
I told Lily it was no sweat for us to babysit next weekend. I think Jerry was still drunk at work on Sunday because he wasn't playing with a full deck of cards. I'm afraid your resume isn't up to par for the engineering position. You were way off base when you said Bill needed to lose weight. We are on target to meet our budget this month. The new receptionist is really on the ball when it comes to answering the phone. All of the students laughed when Joe gave an answer that was out in left field.
not having full brain capacity
not good enough for a job or position not making a fair or true remark doing the right thing to succeed ready and able
nowhere near being true, nowhere near doing something correctly not as good as someone
out of someone's league team sport par for the course golf plenty of other fish in the sea fishing race against time track settle a score with someone any sport
I'd like to date Maria, but I'm afraid I'm out of her league.
an expected circumstance
Waiting in line is par for the course at Christmas time. I know you still love Jack, but remember there are plenty of other fish in the sea.
there are many other men and women to date
there is almost no time left to accomplish something get even with a person after a previous battle
It's a race against time to find a kidney donor for my cousin. My brother wants to settle the score with that guy who stole my wallet.
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shot in the dark hunting skate on thin ice skating start the ball rolling ball sports step up to the plate baseball take a rain check baseball take sides any sport take the bull by the horns bull fighting take the wind out of one's sails sailing throw in the towel boxing
a guess
I was lucky to win the quiz. All my answers were shots in the dark. You're skating on thin ice by not sending in your college application before now. Please can everyone be seated so we can start the ball rolling. It's time you stepped up to the plate and apologized for your mistake. Sorry, I can't go to the movies today, but I'd love to take a rain check. I hate to take sides, but I think Jerry is right about the paint colour. Even though this new job will mean relocating, I think you should take the bull by the horns for once. I think I took the wind out of Angela's sails when I told her she was a terrible singer.
do something risky, take a chance begin something
do the honourable thing, take responsibility accept at a later time
choose a person or group to support accept the challenge and try your hardest
make someone feel deflated
give up
If they don't accept our offer this time we are going to throw in the towel and look at houses elsewhere. Let's take some time out and grab a coffee.
time out any sport three strikes and you're out baseball two strikes against baseball
break
you only get three chances
The school's no smoking policy is three strikes and you're out.
you only have one chance remaining
Nancy is going to be fired in no time. She already has two strikes against her for coming in late.
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under the table gambling win hands down gambling
illegally
I don't have a work visa, so they have to pay me under the table. The other team was missing half of its players. We won hands down.
easy victory
13. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
ALEXANDER, L.G., Longman English Grammar. Longman Group, 1990, UK. KLASSEN, Suzana, Discovery 8, FTD, 2000, So Paulo. LIBERATO, Wilson, Compact English Book, FTD, 1998, So Paulo. MARQUES, Amadeu, New Password English, Vol. 2, Editora tica, 2007, So Paulo.
JONES, Leo, Cambridge Advanced English, University of Cambridge, 1991, UK.
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e.g. I've seen Titanic four times.

I saw Titanic four times last year.

you have seen they have seen

you haven't seen PRESENT PERFECT - TO SEE they haven't seen

have you seen? have they seen?

you had left they had left

you hadn't left they hadn't left

had you left? had they left?

- later on today: Ill speak to him this morning.

a) Our teacher teaches on Tuesday.

The four basketball trophies were on the table.

The colorful lantern was hanging from the ceiling.

Note: Rearranging to S-V order:

The dates for the bidding have been changed.

Example 2: Was Justin loved by his girlfriends?

Note: Rearranging to S-V order:

Justin was loved by his girlfriends.

Note: Rearranging to S-V order:

Many secrets are in Justin's past.

Example 2: Here are the necessary items.

Note: Rearranging to S-V order:

The necessary items are here.

6. I can't come. I wish I ______ come.

c) had been able to

12.1 ANIMAL IDIOMS

cat's got one's tongue chicken out

become quiet suddenly

a person who does the same thing as someone else

very hot days

dropping like flies eager beaver

a person who is excited about doing certain work odd, suspicious

get extremely upset (often over

Wow, I'm surprised!

get the lion's share in the dog house

get the greatest percentage

in trouble with another person

kill two birds with one stone

get two things done at once

diagonal direction reveal a secret

monkey see, monkey do nest egg

eat a lot of something

raining cats and dogs rat race

directly from the original source

face a challenge or danger boldly

for a very long time

12.2 BODY IDIOMS

break a leg cold feet

good-luck nervous just before a big event

cost an arm and a leg

cry your heart out face the music

cry very hard

meet, stand up to unpleasant conseqences, for example criticism or punishment

tell someone your problems

help (someone) do something

be unaware or unrealistic about something

head over heels

in over one's head keep an eye on

keep one's chin up learn by heart, know by heart

relax, have fun

promise to keep a secret

makes me very angry