GLOBAL EVOLUTION/HISTORY OF NURSING I.

INTUITIVE NURSING INTUITIVE- instinctive or untaught; largely based on common sense based on effects of past experience, not based on scientific training or formal education Women as custodian or nurse in nomadic tribes Illness- evil invasion; voodoo or black magic Shaman ( witch doctor/medicine man) white magic ( healing power ) o Hypnosis, charms, dances, incantations, purgatives, massage, fire, water, herbs, and other vegetations and even animals to drive away illness o Trephination hole drilled in the skull via rock or stone without anesthesia A. NURSING IN THE NEAR EAST o Roots of Western civilization o Birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism a. Babylonia Metropolis of the near East King Hammurabi ruler from 1945 B.C. to 1902 B.C. ** Code of Hammurabi Practice of Medicine Fees Discouraged experimentation Specialty for diseases Right of patient to choose (charms, drugs, surgery ) to cure diseases Excavated 1849 No mention of Nursing b. EGYPT Embalming Record of 250 diseases Still no mention of nursing B. NURSING IN THE FAR EAST a. CHINA Belief in spirits and demons Prohibited dissection of human body Materia Medica ( Pharmacology ) Prescribed methods of treating wounds, infections, and muscular afflictions No mention of nursing but presumed female as in-charge of nursing the sick b. INDIA Men of medicine built hospitals Practiced intuitive form of Asepsis Proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery The mention of nurses were in reference to the first lay brothers or the priest nurses, who, by virtue of their vocation, voluntarily took charge of taking care of the sick. SUSHURUTU/SUSRUTA- his writings (written 200 or 300 B.C.) is a list of functions and qualifications of the priest-nurses who were described as combination of pharmacists, masseurs, physical therapists and cooks. BUDDHISM- contributed to the decline of medical practice when the religion itself fell in this era. C. NURSING IN THE ANCIENT GREECE a. GREECE Nursing was the task of untrained slave

 Women were considered inferior to men & were made to stay at the background to do house chores and care for the sick. AESCULAPIUS- Father of Medicine in Greek mythology CADUCEUS - Could be traced in Greek mythology but developed into an official insignia ( sign; symbol of identity of the medical profession today ) - Composed of the staff of travelers intertwined with 2 serpents (symbol of Aesculapius and his healing power); and wings of Hermes or Mercury located at the apex of the staff (symbol of speed; speed of healing ). HIPPOCRATES - Born in Greece in 460 BC - Given the title Father of Medicine due to his notable contributions to medical practice ( in reality, not in mythology ). - Developed a philosophy of medicine and practice medical ethics - Rejected the belief that the origin of disease could be found in the supernatural - Did not entrust care of the sick to untrained lay persons but to medical students; so role of nurses wasnt also mentioned D. TRANSITION FROM PAGAN TO CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY a. ROME Illness was considered a sign of weakness Care of the sick was left to the slaves and Greek physicians, both of them being considered inferior by the Roman society Some were however converted to Christianity and left their pleasure-seeking life; some of them took good care of the sick(i.e., Story of FABIOLA) II. APPRENTICE NURSING Nursing care performed by people who were directed by more experienced nurses; the beginning of organized nursing On-the-job training performed without any formal education: attributed to the religious orders of the Christian church. Built hospitals were staffed by religious orders who dedicated their lives to the care of the patients Organized nursing was found in the military, secular and mendicant or begging orders A. THE CRUSADES Crusades were considered as Holy Wars during which the Christian soldiers fought to re-capture the Holy Land from the Moslems; military religious orders were founded in order to establish hospitals staffed with men who served as nurses for those who were wounded in the war. KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (Rhodes, Malta) & Teutonic Knightsfought in the battlefield and after every fight would retire to nurse the wounded. KNIGHTS OF SAINT LAZARUS- established their hospitals primarily for nursing of the lepers ALEXIAN BROTHERS Founded in 1348 Established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in Chicago which was the largest school of nursing under religious auspices operated exclusively for men in the U.S. Closed in 1969 RELIGIOUS NURSING ORDERS Founded by queens, princesses, and other royal ladies some orders found before the Reformation a. Augustinians b. Poor Clares c. Beguines

d. Benedictines e. Ursulines f. Tertiaries ( lay people who were affiliates of the religious ) of St. Francis and of St. Dominic HOTEL DIEU ( in Paris ) Where the Augustinian nurses nursed the patients Hospitals then were poorly ventilated, mattresses were hard and cleaned only 3x a year, beds were shared by 2 or 3 patients, laundry was done by nurses, linens were sometimes washed in the nearby river NURSING SAINTS Arose in the12th to 16th centuries a. ST. CLARE ( 1194 1253 ) - founder of the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi - took care of the sick particularly the lepers in the convent of San Damiano b. ST. CATHERINE OF SIENNA ( 1347- 1380) - the first to be called the Lady with a Lamp - nursed patients in the hospital of Santa Maria de la Scala and in their homes 1347 BUBONIC PLAGUE struck Sienna - Catherine still took care of the victims B. IMPACT OF SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS a. RISE OF ORGANIZED CHARITY a.1. VINCENT DE PAUL Organized the works of charity so as they could have directions Organized a group of women and then named them LA CHARITE Founder of The Community of the Sisters of Charity who were dedicated to serving God in caring for the sick, the poor, the orphaned, and the widowed a.2. LOUISE DE GRAS ( nee de MARILLAC ) Co-foundress and the first superior C. THE REFORMATION AND THE COUNTER REFORMATION c.1 THE REFORMATION Martin Luther -Head of the Reformation Movement ; initiated some significant changes in the church and society to counteract some abuses. An era that gave rise to some violent conflicts Contributed to the rise of Protestantism; later, all Christians, Protestants and Catholics alike and other Christian denominations served as volunteers for the care of the sick. c.2 THE COUNTER-REFORMATION A movement that encouraged a virtuous Christian life but discouraged violent conflicts; upheld some of the changes initiated by Martin Luther Focused on peaceful means of change through prayers and witnessing to a life of sacrifice Virtuous men and women gave examples of a life of dedicated service to society, including service to the sick; prominent among these were St. Ignatius of Loyola, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Claire of Assisi, St. Catherine of Sienna, etc.

c.3 RENAISSANCE (rebirth) - Rise of progress in arts and culture but NOT in moral and religious values - Society was filled with thieves due to social deprivations - Care of the sick was entrusted to those who were proven guilty of a crime of theft. - Care takers were not given humane facilities like food and quarters, so all the more they got buried into evil deeds like stealing the patients foods, accepting bribes, etc. All the above contributed to why the 17th and 19th centuries were considered to be the DARK AGE of society ( hence, concurrently, the dark period of Nursing) c.3.1 CHARLES DICKENS Writer who depicted the inhuman situation of the care takers in 1 of his novels entitled MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT, in which 2 characters SAIREY (Sarah) GAMP and BETZY PRAEG ( PRIG, PROG) portrayed the roles of such thieves who were given the task of taking care of the sick as a form of punishment

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL REFORMS IN NURSING physical and mental illness BEDLAM- Bethlehem hospital in London - Tickets were sold to the public to show the insane (showed inhuman approach) Doctors became convinced of the need for training nurses Books were prepared, but those sent for training did not know how to read Protestant and Catholic groups established nursing orders DEACONESS SCHOOL OF NURSING (at Kaiserswerth, Germany ) - 1 organized training school for nurses - established by Pastors Theodore Fliedner and his wife Fredericke Munster Fliedner in Germany in 1836 and started with only 6 students. - Noted for 2 firsts: a. rotating a 3 year experience in cooking and housekeeping, laundry and linen and nursing care in the womens and mens wards b. preliminary or probationary 3 month period of trial and error for both school and student
st

It was here that Florence Nightingale received some of her training and the inspiration establishment of her school in nursing C. NURSING IN THE NEW WORLD Jeanne Mance - First laywoman who worked as a nurse on the North American continent - Founder of the Hotel Dieu of Montreal in October 1644

for the

a. PRE-CIVIL WAR NURSING Mrs . ELIZABETH SETON American who founded the Sisters of Charity of Emmetsburg in Maryland in 1809. AMERICAN REFORMS IN NURSING The nurse society of Philadelphia organized a school of nursing under the direction of Dr. Joseph Warrington in 1839. Nurses were trained on the job and attended some courses with the medical students at the Philadelphia Dispensary Upon completion of the course, they were given a Certificate of Approbation Womens Hospital in Philadelphia established a 6- month course in Nursing ( medical surgical nursing, materia medica, dietetics ) Upon completion, they were given a diploma b. NURSING DURING CIVIL WAR DOROTHEA LYNDE DIX - Not a nurse but appointed Superintendent of Female Volunteer nurses to take care of the wounded for US government Among the volunteers who became popular later on were: LOUISA MAY ALCOTT- author WALT WHITMAN poet CLARA BARTON founder of the American Red Cross

MARY ANN BICKERDYKE humanitarian

III. EDUCATED NURSING FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy June 15, 1860 cornerstone of nursing in England was laid - 15 probationers entered St. Thomas Hospital in London to establish the Nightingale system of nursing which enabled young women from upper class English society to enter the profession of Nursing o NIGHTINGALE SYSTEM ( main features) Decent living room quarters for students paid nurse instructors (by both school and hospital) correlation of theory and practice students should be taught of the why not only the how limitations: non acceptance of new scientific discoveries: ignoring bacteriologic research and germ theory: felt that disease could be eliminated by cleanliness. 1910- FN died at the age of 90 writings Notes on Matters Affecting the Health and Efficiency of the British Army Notes on Nursing Notes on Hospitals FLORENCE NIGHTINGALEs BROOCH- believed to be the origin of the nurses pin o Designed by Prince Albert ( husband of Queen Victoria of England ) o Awarded to Florence Nightingale as a medal or mark of esteem and gratitude for her devotion towards the Queens brave soldiers in Crimea. o The design is St. Georges cross in red enamel surmounted by a diamond crown o Bears the words Crimea and Blessed are the Merciful

NURSING IN THE U.S. o LINDA RICHARDS First graduate nurse in the US dated September 1, 1873 At 32, she completed a 1- yr course in Nursing at the New England Hospital for Women and Children at Boston , Massachusetts ( 1872- 1873) o EARLY SCHOOL OF NURSING (1873) Bellevue Training School for Nurses (NY) Connecticut Training School (New Haven) Massachusetts General Hospital ( Boston) History of nurses uniform and its significance 1st thought of by the 1st batch of Bellevue students though already existing at St. Thomas School of Florence Nightingale patterned after a dress worn by Euphemia Van Rensselaer, a New York socialite who was a member of the 1st batch or class. o Blue and white striped seersucker, leg-o-mutton sleeves, trailing skirts and white apron , collar, cuffs and cap A cap symbolized the saying that what people wear on their heads can set them apart dating back to early times when a womans humility and obedience were denoted by the veil she wore on her head; it has a sacred connotation of commitment, purity, dignity, and other virtues.

LATER SCHOOL OF NURSING o John Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing (1889) Isabel Hampton Robb 1st principal Caroline Hampton- appointed OR supervisor, had dermatitis

Dr. William Halstead ordered some rubber gloves from the Good year Rubber Company to solve the problem; believed to be the beginning of operating room gloves seen nowadays.

AWAKENING OF NURSING 1893 groundwork for the establishment of 2 nursing organizations laid at the Chicagos World Fair Associated Alumnae became American Nurses Association ( 1911) The American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses became the National League for Nursing Education ( 1912) o Isabel H. Robb also helped organize and develop both groups SPANISH AMERICAN WAR o Clara Louise Maas ( East Orange New Jersey ) served as a nurse for patients with malaria and yellow fever 20th CENTURY 1900 1912 development of other nursing services aside from hospital service, private duty, public health, school, government, material, etc. A. Age of Specialization College and postgraduate nursing education program B. Set Standards (1913 1937) Standard curriculum and textbooks C. World War I Nurses were assisted by the National Red Cross under the management of Jane Delano (founded in 1917) D. The Great Depression October 29, 1929 (Black Friday) Financial Crisis increased number of unemployed nurses Military nurses IV. CONTEMPORARY NURSING UN, WHO Scientific & Technical Research Atomic Energy Computers Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents Space Medicine HISTORY OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. ANCIENT AND EARLY CARE OF THE SICK IN THE PHILIPPINES The early life of the Filipinos had been mixed with superstitious beliefs. Some of these beliefs continue persisting in some rural areas of the country. These beliefs affect the health and sickness of the people. Sometimes this makes the work of health workers difficult for they do not combat only disease and unsanitary condition but they must also overcome superstitious beliefs which may sometimes be dangerous to clients. Though the traditional approaches have been approved and recognized as healing and scientific, some clients should still be guided against certain hazardous practices and beliefs. Examples: Any person afflicted with the disease with unknown cause was under the spell of witchcraft Presence of herbolarios Presence of manggagaway or mangkukulam Aswang watching a pregnant mother

Superstitious beliefs affecting childbirth and child care; dressing the cord with ashes, tobacco, sand, powder, coconut, tight bond around the waist of a pregnant mother. The first milk of the mother (colostrum) was supposed to be unfit food for the newborn hence, the milk should be pumped out and thrown away.

EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME Some hospitals in 15th century were established by the religious and by the Spanish administrators for their nationals, especially for the soldiers. The Franciscan order is the one responsible for the establishment of these hospitals. The religious men (hospitallers) did the nursing care of the sick. They were assisted by Filipino attendant whom they instructed in the art of caring of the sick. In the early development of nursing, the work of the nurse and the physician were not clearly defined. Fray Juan Clemente, a lay brother of the Franciscan order, performed both functions. He devoted his time in the care of the sick in the Philippines. Nurse the lepers, made ointment and purgatives from coconut oil. They used medical plants in the treatment of disease. They also believe in cleanliness of the body and mind. 1. THE HOSPITAL REAL DE MANILA (1577) This was established in the city of Manila to care for the kings soldiers. This was a general hospital administered by the Spanish government. 2. SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL (1578) Fray Juan Clemente established this clinic for the service of leprous patients, hence, named after San Lazaro, a patron saint of lepers. This was administered by the hospitallers of San Juan De Dios. 3. HOSPITAL DE AGUAS SANTAS (1590) Established in Laguna, near Pansol, by fray J.Bautista of the Franciscan order near a medical spring which was believed to cure several patients. 4. SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL (1596) Founded by the brotherhood of Misericordia and was administered by the hospitallers of San Juan De Dios from alms and rent. 5. HOSPITAL DE CONVALENSENCIA (1656) Established in the little island on the Pasig river where the Hospicio de San Jose stands. 6. HOSPITAL DE ZAMBOANGA(1742) A military hospital established in Zamboanga. 7. HOSPITAL DE CAVITE (1842) A general hospital supported by alms and donations 8. HOSPITAL DE SAN GABRIEL (1866) Established for Chinese patients II. NURSING SERVICE DURING THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION The women during the Philippine revolution took active part in nursing the wounded soldiers. Without any training in nursing, they dressed the wound, alleviated pains, prepared foods and gave comfort to the men engage in war. Among the prominent women who volunteered were: Mrs. Josephine Bracken - attended and dressed the wounded soldiers with care, cheer with soldiers. Escaped to Hongkong and died in 1902. Rosa Sevilla de Alvaro - nurses the wounded soldiers without training Doa Hilaria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo- established a traveling clinic, President of the Filipino Red Cross in Batangas. Tandang Sora - nursed the wounded soldiers III. HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY After the Philippine revolution, there was a great need for hospitals, dispensaries, and laboratories. The great problem after the American occupation of Manila was the need of doctors and nurses to help eradicate frequent epidemics of cholera, smallpox, and others. It was expensive to

employ Americans to work under the government; thus, the idea of training the Filipino girls to become nurses was started. Board of Health was organized on July 1901.

1. THE ILOILO MISSION HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1906) Administered under the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America, started school in April, 1906. and has the distinction of graduating the first trained nurses in 1909. First board exam was given in Iloilo. 2. SAINT LUKES HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1907) The missionary nurses, Ms. Hicks and Deaconess Charlotte Massy, started the school in 1907. 3. PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1907) Mrs. Mary Colemen Masters and Mrs. Sofia Reyes de Veyra were among the pioneer American teachers who saw the need of trained nurses in our country. Both worked for the opening of the school. Ms. Elsie McCloskey, the third American chief nurse of the PGH was interested in the training of Filipino girls to enter the new profession of nursing. Ms. Anastacia Giron Tupas was appointed by Senate President Quezon. She was the first Filipino to occupy the position of chief nurse and superintendent in the Philippines. Ms. Apolona Salvador Ladao - first nurse graduate 4. THE MARY JOHNSTON HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1907) Established by Dr. Rebecca Parish and started its collegiate program beginning from the school year 1953 to 1954. 5. THE SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1913) This school was opened on June 01, 1913 under the auspices of the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul. 6. THE CHINESE GENERAL HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1921) Established by Mrs. Tancheco in 1891. The school of nursing was opened in 1921. 7. BAGUIO HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1923) It was a military hospital but later it was placed under the Bureau of Health to take care of civilians. 8. MANILA SANITARIUM AND HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1930) Ms. Fannie Hiday was the first superintendent of nurses. 9. THE QUEZON MEMORIAL HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING ( 1957 ) Established in Lucena City with 150 beds, organized by Dr. Francisco Vicua 10. SAINT PAUL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1946) ILOILO 11. The first school of midwifery was established by Dr. Jose Fabella in 1922, who was appointed as the first secretary of health. It was opened at the Sampaloc General Hospital with only 10 students accepted. DEVELOPMENT OF MIDWIFERY IN THE PHILIPPINES Midwifery started as a 6- month course. This was later increased to one year. The major functions of the midwives pertain to maternal and child care. In the early years, student midwives were supported by the government. In 1974, Dr. Ricardo B. Gonzales was appointed chairman of the board for midwifery. He is considered as the father of modern midwifery and the first director of Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Medical Center. THE POST LIBERATION SCHOOL OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES

The effect of World War II brought unhappy situation to the Filipino people. Disease was very rampant due to lack of food, clothing, shelter, medicine and other prime necessities. Hundreds of wounded soldiers needed immediate care so that several hospitals were established because of the tremendous work of health rehabilitation of the country. The colleges/schools of nursing also arose because of the following reasons: a. demand of ever changing society b. the desire to receive the best professional training c. recognition by the community of its responsibilities d. to keep abreast with trends of general education 1. The North General Hospital of Nursing was opened in 1946 and offered a rich field for clinical teaching for student nurses. 2. Siliman University School of Nursing was opened on January 1947 3. Negros Occidental Provincial Hospital opened its school of Nursing on May 1948 4. Velez (Cebu) Clinic was established on November 19, 1951 with careful admission screening. CONTEMPORARY NURSING 1. Challenging area in nursing today is the professional preparation for nurses. 2. Nursing as a profession demand a broad general education to meet the goal of producing a liberally educated nurse who can perform in a variety of settings. 3. The Board of Nursing provides the graduates with license to practice nursing upon passing the nurses board examination. HISTORY OF DE LA SALLE HEALTH SCIENCES INSTITUTE COLLEGE OF NURSING

It all started with the vision of the Yaman Lahi Foundation, Inc. having Dr. Paulo Campos as its President. When the General Emilio Aguinaldo College (GEAC) - Cavite was established on July 18, 1977, the College of Nursing and Midwifery was one of the colleges under the Division of Health Sciences. This division then was initially comprised of six faculty members with one dean for the college of nursing and a principal for the midwifery. The year 1979 marked a milestone for the college as the first graduates for the General Nursing (GN) Curriculum comprising of four sections marched their way to success. In 1981, two sections of the BSN Curriculum received their diploma for the BSN Degree. It was 1983 when the leadership of the nursing and midwifery courses was merged into one, having the dean of the college of nursing also functioning as the principal for midwifery. The College of Nursing was running smoothly having good nursing educators and graduates; dramatic changes occurred with the transfer of management and ownership to Frere (Saint) Benilde Romancon Educational Foundation in 1987. The college became a witness to these changes. Since it became a Catholic institution owned by the de La Salle Brothers, it envisioned to mold the students the Catholic way: to develop competent, committed, compassionate and Christian nurses. Students belonging to varied religious sects were also accepted but they have to conform to the policies and requirements of a catholic institution, not necessarily changing their faith affiliations. It seemed that prestige has been attached to the new name De La Salle University-Emilio Aguinaldo College (DLSU-EAC), as the enrolment has boomed, in time with the demands for nurses abroad at the start of the 1990s. It kept increasing yearly. To keep with the tradition of excellence, qualifying exams are given and students are screened. Usually, from the initial eight sections in the first year, four sections remain and make it until graduation. Likewise, the number of faculty members has substantially increased to meet the demands of the increasing number of students. These nursing educators still have to be updated in terms of knowledge and skills that is why they have to pursue graduate studies. The university leadership was transferred from one administrator to another. The name, too, has been amended from DLSU-EAC to DLSU-Aguinaldo until finally, the university assumed the name DLSU-Dasmarias.

In 1997, Bro. Andrew Gonzales, FSC was re-elected to his second term as university President; he had a long- term plan of placing the health sciences courses in one campus. The administrators saw the De La Salle University Medical Center ( DLSUMC ) compound then to be a fitting campus for the health sciences. The College of Medicine then was already housed in this campus. The first to transfer from the original De La Salle Dasmarias campus to the DLSUMC compound was the College of Physical Therapy . The campus was renamed Health Sciences Campus. In 2000, the College of Nursing and Midwifery and the College of Radiologic Technology eventually joined the Health Sciences Campus ( HSC ). Later, through consultation, under the leadership of the university president Bro. Agustin Bocquer, FSC ( Bro. Gus to the community ), the HSC was renamed De La Salle Health Sciences Institute ( DLS-HSI ). The College of Nursing has been a witness to the ups and downs of the nursing profession. The end of the 1990s brought closure to some nursing schools in the Philippines but the De La Salle College of Nursing in Cavite has been able to maintain its good standing though it has not been exempted from the decline in enrolment of this era; in spite of the challenges posed before the nursing profession as a whole, enrolment rate has been revived, has increased, and the De La Salle College of Nursing and Midwifery withstood the test of time . Through the years, the College has maintained its high standard of nursing education as evidenced by the results of the national board exams. In 1998, the college has been recognized as the 6th top performing school by the Professional Regulations Commission (PRC) among nursing schools in the Philippines. In batch 2001, one of the graduates successfully made it to number 3 in the National Nurse Licensure Examination. In the 2008 Nurse Licensure Examination, DLSHSI was again given the honor of being the 3rd top performing nursing school among the others in the Philippines. In the same year, two La Sallian nursing graduates made it to the top 10 among the licensure examinees. With the increasing job opportunities here and abroad, the college is continually preparing to meet the changing demands of the nursing curriculum, nursing practice, and health care as a whole, while maintaining its tradition of excellence. This is addressed by adopting quality education executed by competent administrators and faculty members, aiming to develop competent, compassionate and Christian nurses who are ready to serve their countrymen and the global community as well.