MIMO Preamble Design with a Subset of
Subcarriers in OFDM-based WLAN
Ting-Jung Liang and Gerhard Fettweis
Vodafone Chair Mobile Communications Systems, Dresden University of Technology,
D-01062 Dresden, Germany
{liang,fettweis}@ifn.et.tu-dresden.de, http://www.ifn.et.tu-dresden.de/MNS
Abstract— This paper deals with how to design a MIMO
preamble for OFDM-based WLAN with a subset of subcarriers,
which decreases the performance of channel estimation in MIMO.
A practical MIMO preamble design should consider mean square
error (MSE) of channel estimate, peak-to-average-power-ratio
(PAPR) and autocorrelation functions (ACF) together. Our results
show that the phase-shift (PS) codes modified by the ”jumping
design”, ”seed sequence” and the ”known scrambler” together
perform good regarding MSE, PAPR and ACF respectively. The
combined design is proposed as new long training symbols at the
second part of a preamble.
I. I NTRODUCTION
In present packet-based wireless SISO-OFDM systems,
such as IEEE802.11a/g, the synchronization and channel es-
timation functions are accomplished by a preamble, which is
composed of two parts: short training symbols (responsible for
synchronization) followed by long training symbols (mainly
designed for channel estimation). If we extend a preamble
technique to MIMO systems, the same short training symbols
can be sent from only one antenna. At the receiver, the known
SISO synchronization algorithms can accomplish the packet
detection and time/frequency synchronization. But, the long
training symbols must be modified, because the channel im-
pulse response (CIR) pairs between all the transmit and receive
antennas have to be identified, i.e. the training sequences of
different transmit antennas have to be orthogonal to avoid
inter-antenna interference.
In this paper, we discuss how to design long training
symbols with multiple transmit antennas. In practical systems,
such as IEEE802.11a/g, some subcarriers are set to zero, i.e.
only a subset of subcarriers is used. We assume that the
length of the MIMO preamble is the same as that of an
IEEE802.11a preamble, i.e. no extra transmission delay is
introduced. Under this assumption, the required orthogonality
of the training sequences in a MIMO long training symbol
can be established by special codes, such as Phase-Shift (PS)
codes proposed by Barhumi [1] and Ye Li [2]. But, how to
adapt the ideal PS codes into a specific subset of subcarriers,
i.e. subcarrier index [-26:-1 1:26] with minimum decrease
of channel estimation performance, is not discussed in the
literature. We analyze the reasons of impairment caused by
the subset of subcarriers and propose ”jumping design” to
PS codes. In addition, we discuss the Peak-to-Average-Power-
Ratio (PAPR) and the Autocorrelation Function (ACF) of
training sequences, which are important with respect to power
amplifier issues and fine timing synchronization.
Notation: Upper (lower) letters will be generally used for
frequency-domain (time-domain) signals; boldface letters rep-
resent matrices and column vectors; letters with both boldface
and underline represent block matrices or vectors in MIMO.
II. SISO- AND MIMO-OFDM S IGNAL M ODEL
Our channel estimator estimates channel impulse response
(CIR) taps, which we characterize by the mean square error
M SEsub of the used subset of subcarriers.
The reference model of a SISO-OFDM WLAN with 64
subcarriers is shown in Fig. 1(a). The sent preamble signals,
CIR, noise and received preamble signals on subcarrier n are
P (n), H(n), V (n) and Y (n) respectively. The H in the
frequency domain is the DFT (H = F h) of the CIR h in
time domain. The matrix F is the DFT matrix. The reference
model of MIMO systems is shown in Fig. 1(b). The CIR
in frequency or time domain is H nt nr , hnt nr respectively.
The received signal in frequency domain is Y nt nr . The
diagonal preamble matrix is P nt , whose diagonal vector is
[P nt (−32), · · · , P nt (31)]. Nt Tx antennas are used and Nr
Rx antennas, with the respective indices nt and nr . In general,
H(-32) V(-32)
P(-32)
x + Y(-32)
P1 H 1Nr
= Fh 1Nr
Y1
H(31) V(31)
P(31)
x + Y(31) PNt H Nt Nr = FhNt Nr YNr
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. (a) Different subcarriers are treated as independent and parallel
channels, (b) Subcarrier signals from different Tx antennas are superimposed
at an Rx antenna
the total Tx power is limited to one. The number of channel
taps L is assumed to be known at the receiver. The MIMO
channel estimation problem can be decomposed into several
MISO channel estimation in parallel. An IEEE802.11a/g-like
system with four transmit and receive antennas is assumed in
numerical examples.
 III. C HANNEL E STIMATION IN SISO-OFDM MISO systems in parallel) is:
 
A. Least Square(LS) Channel Estimator h1nr

 .. 
In SISO-OFDM with 64 subcarriers, a received OFDM Y nr = X1 · · · X Nt  .
n
 +V r
long training symbol, regardless of the total number of used [N,1] 
 
X hNt nr
subcarriers N (N =64 or N =52) is: 
 
h nr
Y = P ( F h )+V = X h+V (1) = X h nr
+V nr
(5)
[N,1] [N,N ] [N,L][L,1] [N,L]
[N,Nt L][Nt L,1]
The dimensions of vectors or matrices are written below nr
the mathematical symbols. The Fourier matrix F has entries The MISO LS estimator is h  = (X H X)−1 X H Y nr and
[F ]n,k = e−j2πnk/N , k=[0:(L-1)], and n=[-32:31] (N =64)
nr
the estimation error in time domain is
T  nr − hnr .
D =h
or n=[-26:-1 1:26] (N =52). The LS channel estimator is
ĥ = (X H X)−1 X H Y [3] and the estimation error in time B. State of Art - MIMO Long Training Symbol Design
domain is
T D = ĥ − h. In order not to introduce extra transmission delay, the length
If all subcarriers are available and the power of the training of the MIMO long training symbol is kept the same as that
sequences on all subcarriers is the same, then F H F = N I , of an IEEE802.11a long training symbol. The orthogonality
[L,L]
FFH = L I and P H P = I. The mean square error of of training sequences between different transmit antennas can
[N,N ] be established by special codes.
channel estimation in frequency domain is:
1) All Subcarriers Available: The phase shift (PS) code
1
 H
 L proposed by Barhumi [1] and Ye Li [2] can be applied in
M SEall = tr E (F
T D ) (F
T D ) = σV2 (2)
N N long training symbols. The original papers assume that all
subcarriers are available and training sequences are equi-
B. Impact of a Subset of Subcarriers
powered and equi-spaced. The PS code is derived from
Using the Fourier matrix F corresponding to the CIR length X H X = En I for ∀ L. An example of PS code with
[Nt L,Nt L]
L, the impact of a subset of subcarriers can be characterized
four transmit antennas is shown in Fig. 2. The sequences in the
by the mean square error on subcarrier n, as derived by Morelli
(nt )th row of Fig. 2 are the diagonal vector of preamble matrix
[3]
P nt . The training sequence has period of four subcarriers
 L L 
  j2πn(k1 −k2 )
M SEsub (n)= [C
T D
T D ]k1 ,k2 e 64 Tx\Sub -32 -31 -30 -29 -28 -27 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
k1 =0 k2 =0 2 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j
(3) 3 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1

the covariance matrix of the estimation error is: 4 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j

  
Tx\Sub -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

−1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

H H 2 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j
C
T D
T D = E
T D (
T D ) = X X σV2 (4) 3 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
[L,L] [L,1] [L,L] 4 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j
Tx\Sub 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

The matrix product X H X with dimension [L,L] characterizes

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j

the mean square error on different subcarriers. For P H P = I, 3 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1

the properties of X H X = F H F should be analyzed. For

4 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j
Tx\Sub 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

all subcarriers used, F H and F are inverse operations. This 1

2
1
1
1
-j -1
1 1
j
1
1
1
-j -1
1 1
j
1
1
1
-j
1
-1
1
j
1
1
1
-j
1
-1
1
j
property of the the Fourier transform is destroyed by using 3 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j
only a subset of all subcarriers. 4

More clearly, if X H X = En I (En : energy of training
sequence in one OFDM symbol), M SEsub (n) is constant for
∀ n. Conversely, if frequency selective channel (L > 1) exists
and only a subset of subcarriers are available, X H X is no
more identity matrix and the mean square error varies with
subcarrier index.
IV. MIMO-OFDM C HANNEL E STIMATION AND L ONG
T RAINING S YMBOL D ESIGN
A. Least Square(LS) Channel Estimator
In MIMO-OFDM, we define X nt = P nt F and a received
[N,L]
OFDM long training symbol at receive antenna nr (several
Fig. 2. Design example of phase shift (PS) codes with period 4 subcarriers
(Larsson’s proposal [4] sets the non-shaded subcarriers to zero)
and repeats through all subcarriers. The mean square error of
channel estimation is minimized as:
LNt 2
M SEall = σ (6)
N V
The mean square error is Nt times that of the mean square
error for the SISO case.
2) Impact of a Subset of Subcarriers: Based on the model
of several MISO channel in parallel, Morellis’work [3] can be
extended to the mean square error on different subcarriers for
antenna pair (nt ,nr ). θn = −2π(n/64), n = [−32 : 31],  = [1 : L − 1]
 L L  respectively.
  
nt nr
M SEsub (n)= C
TntDnr
TntDnr e
j2πn(k1 −k2 )
64 D-CBM  −27   −1   
k 1 ,k2
 
jθn jθn jθ0
k1 =0 k2 =0 or = e + e + e
(7) O-CBM n=−32 n=−26
The covariance matrix of the estimation error is:  26   31 
   −1  
jθn jθn
+ e + e (9)
nr H
C
nT rD
nT rD = E
n
T D (
T D )
r
= X H
X σV2 n=1 n=27
[Nt L,Nt L] [Nt L,1] [Nt L,Nt L]
  The amplitude of these elements is constant due to equi-
C
1nr
1nr ··· C
1nr
Nt nr powered training sequence.
 TD TD TD TD
 The element in diagonal of OBM (D-OBM) and the element
=

..
.
..
.
..
.
 (8)
 in th off-diagonal of OBM (O-OBM) listed in equation
C
Nt nr
1nr ··· C
Nt nr
Nt nr (10) have parameters: ant1 nt2 (n) = P nt1 (n) (P nt2 (n)) ,
∗
TD TD TD TD

Using the known training sequence, the block matrices on the θn = 0, n = [−32 : 31] and parameters: ant1 nt2 (n) =
∗
diagonal above can be used to calculate the channel estimation P nt1 (n) (P nt2 (n)) , θn = −2π(n/64), n = [−32 : 31],
error on different subcarriers in the frequency domain.  = [1 : L − 1] respectively.
 −27 
According to similar arguments as for the SISO case, if D-OBM 
X H X = En I (En : total energy of training sequence from or = a nt1 nt2
(n)ejθn
nt nr
all transmit antennas in one OFDM symbol), M SEsub (n) is O-OBM n=−32
constant for ∀ n. If not, the loss of effective power decreases  −1   

nt1 nt2 jθn nt1 nt2 jθ0
the channel estimation performance. + a (n)e + a (0)e
When all subcarriers are available, the condition of min- n=−26
 26
  31

imized mean square error of channel estimation proposed  
nt nr nt1 nt2 jθn nt1 nt2 jθn
by Barhumi [1] coincides with that of constant M SEsub . + a (n)e + a (n)e
If only a subset of subcarriers is available, since matrix n=1 n=27
product X H X characterizes the mean square error of channel (10)
estimation on different subcarriers, we look for an adaptation The phasors of D-OBM and O-OBM vary as in CBM, but all
of the design of proposed training sequences, which minimizes phasors are modulated by the product of training sequence and
the energy in the off-diagonal of the matrix product X H X. conjugate of its corresponding training sequences of different
transmit antenna on the same subcarrier.
C. Analysis of the Matrix Product X H X 2) Impairment caused by A Subset of Subcarriers: If all
We assume Nt = 4 in the following discussion. subcarriers are available and an ideal PS code is used as
1) Structure of the Matrix Product X H X: The structure the training sequence, the matrix product X H X is precisely
of matrix product X H X is shown in Fig. 3. The matrix an identity matrix. If only a subset of subcarriers available,
Larsson [4] has proposed a ”truncate design” shown in Fig.
O-CBM D-OBM
2, which generates ideal PS codes through all subcarriers and
D-CBM O-OBM
sets directly the unused subcarriers to zero. In the case that
subcarrier indices [-26:-1 1:26] are used, the orthogonality
X X=
H in equation (9) and (10) is destroyed by ”truncate design”.
According to equation (9) and (10), the ”truncate design” can
Nt L
be further improved. Consecutive subsequences, which enforce
NtL
the diagonal of OBM (D-OBM) to be zero, are proposed to
reduce crosscorrelation values between different PS codes.
Fig. 3. The matrix product is composed of nonshaded Central Block Fig. 4 shows one example of our proposal ”jumping design”
Matrix(CBM)and shaded Off-diagonal Block Matrix(OBM) to PS codes with four transmit antennas. The principle of our
proposal is to keep the continuity of training sequence in used
product is composed of two parts: nonshaded Central Block subset of subcarriers. More clearly, the periodic block starts
Matrix(CBM) and shaded Off-diagonal Block Matrix(OBM). from sub-carrier indices [-26,-25,-24,-23], repeats to [-6,-5,-4,-
The element in diagonal and off-diagonal of CBM and that of 3], jumps over DC, i.e. in subcarrier indices [-2,-1,1,2], and
OBM are defined as D-CBM, O-CBM, D-OBM and O-OBM. repeats again up to [23,24,25,26].
The elements of four CBMs in MIMO (equivalent four The matrix product X H X for the ”jumping design” and
MISO channel in parallel) is the same as that of SISO. The the ”truncate design” formed by PS codes is characterized by
element in diagonal of CBM (D-CBM) and the element in the normalized energy in the elements of the matrix product
th off-diagonal of CBM (O-CBM) listed in equation (9) relative to the main diagonal. Fig. 5 shows that the average of
have parameters: θn = 0, n = [−32 : 31] and parameters: normalized energy outside of the main diagonal by ”truncate
 Tx\Sub -32 -31 -30 -29 -28 -27 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13(=52/4) will destroy the orthogonality of training sequences.

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j
Tx\Sub -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
2 -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j
All Sub
Subset (Truncate)
3 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 Subset (Jumping)
4 -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j
Tx\Sub 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1

MSEsub
-1
3 0 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 10
4 0 -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1
Tx\Sub 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 1 -j -1 j 0 0 0 0 0
3 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0
4 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 1 j -1 -j 0 0 0 0 0 Nt = 4 SNR=10dB L=8
-2
10
-35 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 35
Fig. 4. Example of ”jumping design” based on PS code (Nt = 4) Subcarrier Index [n]

Fig. 6. Average mean square error vs. Subcarrier Index [n]

design” is generally larger than that by ”jumping design” in
different off-diagonals. It is also verified by integral that the
0
10
0.035
All Sub
Subset (Truncate)
0.03 Subset (Jumping)
Truncate Design Main Diagonal (m=0)
Average of Normalized Energy

-1
Jumping Design 0

m=31 10
0.025 5

avg
Nt = 4 L=8 10

MSE
0.02 15 m=8
20 m=8 -2
0.015 25
10
Diagonal of OBM (m=8, 16
30

and 24) enforced to „0“ in m=31

0.01 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

„Jumping Design“
32 x 32 m atrix

0.005
0 L [tap]
0 5
Fig. 5. The average of normalized energy in different off-diagonals of matrix
product XH X by the ”truncate design” and the ”jumping design”
total energy outside of the main diagonal in the matrix product
X H X of ”jumping design” is smaller than that of ”truncate
design” by 5.8 percent.
D. Channel Estimation Performance in MIMO OFDM
In all our numerical examples, we assume that only one
OFDM symbol of the long training symbol is available.
In Fig. 6 and 7, the channel model is assumed to have length
L, which is known at the receiver, and to appear always on
the system sampling points. The channel power in all taps
is statistically limited to ”1”, but the distribution of channel
power in taps is not specified in our model. The mean square
error on different subcarriers (M SEsub ) is the expectation
value of random realizations averaging through all antenna
pairs. In Fig. 6, the mean square error at the subcarrier edge
is worse due to a subset of subcarriers. The ”jumping design”
outperforms the ”truncate design” on subcarriers near DC and
the two edge in this case. M SEavg is defined as the average
of the mean square error M SEsub on 52 used subcarriers,
i.e. subcarrier index [-26:-1 1:26]. Fig. 7 shows, the ”jumping
design” outperforms the ”truncate design” from L=1 (flat
fading) up to L=13 by M SEavg . The channel taps larger than
H
Nt = 4 SNR=10dB
X X -3
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
10 15 20 25 30
mth off-diagonal
Fig. 7. Average mean square error vs. L [tap]
If the estimated length of CIR (Lest ) is not the same as
the true L, the channel estimation performance is investigated
by simulation using a channel model with exponential power
delay profile (τ = 2, the length of CIR=L and the channel
power in all taps normalized to ”1”). Two cases are consid-
ered: low SNR case (SNR=10dB; noise dominates all) and
high SNR case (SNR=30dB; noise dominates, only when L
overestimated) shown in Fig. 8 and 9 respectively. In Fig.
8, the performance depends only on the estimated length at
the receiver, which includes Lest taps of noises. The channel
estimator with fewer knowledge of received taps (L > Lest )
performs better than that with perfect knowledge, because the
end taps in exponential power delay profile occupy only a
very few portion of the total power, the loss of which has
relatively smaller effects compared to the decrease of noise
power. Fig. 9 shows that, if L < Lest (L overestimate), the
estimated length at the receiver dominates the performance,
too. But, if L > Lest , the channel estimation performance
is worse than the MSE with the true L < Lest , because of
the loss of useful channel information in taps. The scale of
performance loss depends on the channel model. But, in all
investigated cases, the ”jumping design” always outperforms
the ”truncate design”.
 0
10 significantly. But, the ratio of central lobe energy to total
Lest = 11 , All Sub energy called F in [5] in SISO (F=1.73) is still better than that
Lest = 11 , Subset (Truncate)
Lest = 11 , Subset (Jumping) in MIMO (F=0.61) between [-63:63]. In practice, because of
-1
*
10
Correlation with the last Correlation with the next
avg

short training symbol repeated long training symbol

MSE

0.8 SISO Without

-2

Energy of ACF
L known, All Sub PS codes (4x4) Scrambler
10
L known, Subset (Truncate) 0.6

* L known, Subset (Jumping)

0.4

0.2

-3
Nt = 4 SNR=10dB 0
10 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Shift Index
L [tap]
1

0.8 SISO With

Energy of ACF
PS codes (4x4) Scrambler
Fig. 8. Average mean square error vs L [tap] of low SNR case 0.6

0.4

0.2
-2
10 0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Lest = 11 , All Sub Shift Index
Lest = 11 , Subset (Truncate)
Lest = 11 , Subset (Jumping)
-3
* Fig. 10. Comparison of normalized energy of autocorrelation functions with
10
and without scrambler
avg
MSE

-4 L known, All Sub
10 L known, Subset (Truncate)
* L known, Subset (Jumping)
-5
Nt = 4 SNR=30dB
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
L [tap]
Fig. 9. Average mean square error vs L [tap] of high SNR case
V. P EAK - TO -AVERAGE -P OWER -R ATIO (PAPR)
Based on Li [2], the PAPR can be significantly improved
without loss of channel estimation performance by multiplying
the PS codes in different transmit antennas with the same ”seed
sequence” with good PAPR characteristics. We investigate the
case of the IEEE802.11a long training symbol (PAPR=4.1dB)
as the ”seed sequence”. The PAPR of original PS codes
in MIMO 4x4 systems are 17.2, 16.8, 15.6 and 16.8dB at
transmit antenna 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. The improved PAPRs
of PS code using ”jumping design” in MIMO 4x4 systems
are 4.1, 4.5, 3.9 and 4.5 dB at transmit antenna 1, 2, 3 and 4
respectively.
VI. AUTOCORRELATION F UNCTION (ACF)
In addition to PAPR, the PS codes severely reduce the
resolution range of the autocorrelation function. A new scram-
bling architecture is proposed to combat this effect. After
IFFT, the PS codes is, sample by sample, multiplied by a
known scrambling sequence, such as the first 64 samples of
IEEE802.11a scrambler. At the receiver, the received signals
before descrambling are used in fine timing and the channel
estimation is performed after descrambling and FFT. In Fig.
10, we correlate the known long training symbols, which
are designed by PS codes using ”jumping design” and ”seed
sequence”, with the received signals, i.e. short training sym-
bols followed by long training symbols. The result shows
that our scrambling architecture improves the resolution range
the typical 0-4 samples offset after fine timing [6], we suggest
that descrambling is operated in frequency domain and the
residual time offset can be corrected by channel estimation.
VII. S UMMARY OF P ROPOSED MIMO P REAMBLE
A preamble, composed of two parts: short training symbols
followed by long training symbols, can be extended from SISO
to MIMO. The same short training symbols as in IEEE802.11a
can be sent from only one antenna. The phase-shift (PS) codes
modified by the ”jumping design”, ”seed sequence” and the
”known scrambler” together are proposed as new MIMO long
training symbols, which perform good in practice regarding
MSE, PAPR and ACF respectively. Furthermore, the expense
of performance improvement is a small extra-complexity of
descrambling in frequency domain at the receiver.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was partly supported by the German ministry
of research and education within the project Wireless Gigabit
with advanced multimedia support (WIGWAM) under grant
01 BU 370.
The authors will also thank Wolfgang Rave and Ralf Irmer
for their valuable comments.
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