LkLkIMLN1AL MANUAL

Mass 1ransfer Lab

"Lvaporator 1each|ng Un|t"

LAk1MLN1 CI CnLMICAL LNGINLLkING

UNIVLkSI1 CI GUIkA1 GUIkA1

LSCkI1ICN

IN1kCUC1ICN
Lvaporat|on ls a Lype of vaporlzaLlon of a liquid, that occur only on Lhe surface of a llquld
1he oLher Lype of vaporlzaLlon ls bolllng LhaL lnsLead occurs on Lhe enLlre mass of Lhe llquld
LvaporaLlon ls a Lype of phase LranslLlon lL ls Lhe process by whlch molecules ln a llquld
sLaLe (eg waLer) sponLaneously become gaseous (eg waLer vapor) Cenerally evaporaLlon
can be seen by Lhe gradual dlsappearance of a llquld from a subsLance when exposed Lo a
slgnlflcanL volume of gas vaporlzaLlon and evaporaLlon however are noL enLlrely Lhe same
processes

Cn average Lhe molecules ln a glass of waLer do noL have enough heaL energy Lo escape
from Lhe llquld or else Lhe llquld would Lurn lnLo vapor qulckly (see boll) When Lhe
molecules colllde Lhey Lransfer energy Lo each oLher ln varylng degrees based on how Lhey
colllde SomeLlmes Lhe Lransfer ls so oneslded for a molecule near Lhe surface LhaL lL ends
up wlLh enough energy Lo escape
Llqulds LhaL do noL evaporaLe vlslbly aL a glven LemperaLure ln a glven gas (eg cooklng oll aL
room LemperaLure) have molecules LhaL do noL Lend Lo Lransfer energy Lo each oLher ln a
paLLern sufflclenL Lo frequenLly glve a molecule Lhe heaL energy necessary Lo Lurn lnLo
vapor Powever Lhese llqulds f evaporaLlng lLs [usL LhaL Lhe process ls much slower and
Lhus slgnlflcanLly less vlslble
LvaporaLlon ls an essenLlal parL of Lhe waLer cycle Solar energy drlves evaporaLlon of waLer
from oceans lakes molsLure ln Lhe soll and oLher sources of waLer ln hydrology
evaporaLlon and LransplraLlon (whlch lnvolves evaporaLlon wlLhln planL sLomaLa) are
collecLlvely Lermed evaporaLlon separaLlon LvaporaLlon ls caused when waLer ls exposed Lo
alr and Lhe llquld molecules Lurn lnLo waLer vapor whlch rlses up and forms clouds

SAIL1 ]kLCAU1ICNS

uo noL Louch Lhe heaLlng surface durlng operaLlon and experlmenL
2 8e careful when connecLlng Lhe heaL sockeL Lo Lhe power supply
3 uo noL aLLempL Lo change Lhe seLLlngs of dlglLal meLer on conLrol panal
4 lmmedlaLely swlLch off Lhe equlpmenL when someLhlng unusual happens Lo Lhe
equlpmenL by Lunlng off Lhe maln swlLch
3 SafeLy goggles heaL reslsLanL gloves and lab coaL are compulsory for Lhe experlmenL

LkLkIMLN1 NC 1

kL LkLkIMLN1S S1LS

repare 3 L of feed soluLlon conLalnlng 38 mol percenL of eLhanol ln waLer (le 2
parLs of eLhanol ln parL of waLer LhaL glves 67 volume percenL equlvalenLs Lo 38
mol percenL) ulsLllled waLer ls preferred for feed mlxLure A mlnlmum of L feed
soluLlon ls requlred for a compleLe experlmenL
2 Add 4 g sodlum chlorlde ln powder form Lo Lhe feed soluLlon Lo obLalned salL
mlxLure wlLh a slgnlflcanL conducLlvlLy value
3 llll ln 2 L of malns supply waLer ln hoL waLer Lank Lnsure boLh Lhe Lanks are closed
wlLh Lhe covers back ln place
4 llL Lhe coollng waLer supply ln Lhe lab hose and open valve v for condensaLe coollng
3 8ead and undersLand experlmenL sLeps and procedure clearly before aLLempLlng Lo
sLarL Lhe experlmenL Make sure you consulL Lhe laboraLory asslsLanL for any
uncerLalnLy

kISING IILM LVACkA1Ck

lor Lhe rlslng fllm conflguraLlon check Lhe followlng valves prlor Lo Lhe operaLlon
NC1L uo noL Louch any parL of Lhe sysLem ln operaLlon wlLhouL prlor precauLlons
1ubes Lanks and glassware may be PC1!
2 v3 open for hoL waLer lnpuL Lo rlslng column whlle v4 ls fully closed
3 v fully opened for feed lnpuL Lo Lhe column whlle v2 ls fully closed
4 v3 v6 v7 v8 v9 v v3 and v3 are fully closed valve v2 ls fully opened
3 SwlLch on Lhe hoL waLer Lank heaLer and seL Lhe LemperaLure Lo 92
C
C WalL for lL Lo
rlse Lo Lhe seL LemperaLure ln approxlmaLely 3 mlnuLes 8egulaLe Lhe flow Lo 3 LM
on Lhe flow meLer
6 8ecord Lhe lnlLlal feed conducLlvlLy aL room LemperaLure Lhen swlLch on Lhe feed
Lank heaLer and seL Lhe LemperaLure Lo 3
C
C
7 Also check Lhe concenLraLe and producL Lanks Lo be empLy and noLe down Lhe
conducLlvlLy readlngs
8 Cpen valve v and Lurn Cn Lhe vacuum pump wlLh Lhe maln swlLch on Lhe conLrol
panel Cbserved Lhe vacuum gauge's value Lo be lncreaslng SeL Lhe vacuum pressure
aL 4 mmPg and shuL Cll Lhe valve v and vacuum pump
9 1he evaporaLor column should be lncreaslng ln feed level as Lhe vacuum draws feed
lnLo Lhe Lube
SeL Lhe doslng pump Lo 3 L/hr raLe and Lurn Cn Lhe pump wlLh maln swlLch as well
as S1A81 buLLon locaLed on pump
ShuL off valve v when evaporaLor Lube feed level has reached abouL 2/3 helghL of
column Also Lurn off Lhe doslng pump Lo sLop feedlng Lhe soluLlon
2 WalL for Lhe column feed Lo reach Lhe sLeady seL LemperaLure for 3 mlnuLes and
observe Lhe evaporaLlon effecL Lo occur as sufflclenL heaL ls aLLalned

3Cnce Lhe feed reaches lLs seL polnL LemperaLure Lhere wlll be vapors rlslng Lo Lop of
Lhe column 1he vapors and llquld mlxLure wlll be drawn lnLo Lhe cyclone where parL
of lL wlll be separaLed lnLo Lhe Lop and boLLom parL of Lhe cyclone
4Cbserve Lhe condenser coll collecLlng Lhe vapor condensaLe lnLo Lhe condensaLe
Lank whlle Lhe llquld concenLraLe fllls ln concenLraLe Lank noLe down LemperaLure
polnL 12 as vapors condenses lnLo Lhe condenser
3Check Lhe vacuum gauge Llme by Llme lf Lhe vacuum pressure has dropped
slgnlflcanLly sLarL Lhe vacuum pump and open valve v slmllarly Lo malnLaln
sufflclenL vacuum ln Lhe llne
68epeaL sLep Lo Lhe feed ln more raw mlxLure once Lhe column level has
dropped below Z polnL ConLlnue Lhe process unLll Lhe concenLraLe Lank reaches aL
leasL half full wlLh Lhe condensaLe Lank fllled wlLh sufflclenL level above Lhe
conducLlvlLy probe
7Cbserve Lhe conducLlvlLy values of Lhe feed concenLraLe and condensaLe Lanks
noLe LhaL Lhe conducLlvlLy probes have Lo be fully lmmersed ln Lhe llquld soluLlon for
an acLual readlng
8?ou should carry ouL Lhe experlmenL Llll aL leasL half of Lhe feed soluLlon ls separaLed
lnLo Lhe lndlvldual producL Lanks
9Cnce lL ls done prepare beakers and measurlng cyllnders Lo collecL Lhe concenLraLe
producL and condensaLe producL SafeLy gloves musL be worn durlng Lhe manual
collecLlon process Cradually open Lhe valve v7 from concenLraLe and v8 for
condensaLe collecLlon
2As Lhe sysLem ls ln vacuum pressure valve v3 has Lo be opened Lo relleve lLs
pressure so LhaL Lhe producL can be collecLed from Lanks
2Measure Lhe producL from each Lank ln Lhe volumeLrlc capaclLy and record Lhe
values( le 8L of concenLraLe and 4L of condensaLe)
22A draln hose ls provlded aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe rlslng fllm evaporaLor Lube slde CollecL
Lhe balance of Lhe feed from Lhe evaporaLor wlLh Lhe beaker by openlng valve v4
?ou may pour Lhls feed back lnLo Lhe feed Lank 8e careful whlle openlng Lhe covers
of any of Lhe Lanks as pressurlzed vapors may be ln large amounLs
23All measured producL may be poured back lnLo Lhe feed Lank for recycllng ln Lhe nexL
experlmenL Lnsure LhaL you have Laken down Lhe necessary daLa and proceed on
Lhe nexL experlmenL
24roceed on Lhe nexL conflguraLlon of Lhe rlslng fllm evaporaLlon wlLh varylng sysLem
parameLers
231he rlslng fllm experlmenL may be repeaLed and conducLed wlLh Lhe varylng values
of Lhe sysLem parameLers such as vacuum pressure below 43 mmPg (le
2mmP3MMhg) heaLlng [ackeL LemperaLure below 92

C and feed preheaLed

LemperaLure below 7

C Lo compare Lhe evaporaLlon raLes and efflclencles

261he feed lnlLlal composlLlon may also be varled Lo compare Lhe evaporaLlon effecL
and efflclency such as a mlxLure of 3 volume percenL eLhanol ln waLer equlvalenL Lo
24 mol percenL

C8SLkVA1ICNS AN CALCULA1ICNS
CCNUC1IVI1 Vs 1IML


S8nC 1lML
(mln)

CCnuuC1lvl1?
lLLu (mS) CCnuLnSA1L
(mS)
CCnCLn18A1L(mS)


2

3

4

3

6

7

8

9




2

CCNUC1IVI1 Vs 1LMLkA1UkL


S8nC 1emperaLure

CCnuuC1lvl1?
lLLu (mS) CCnuLnSA1L
(mS)
CCnCLn18A1L(mS)


2

3

4

3

6

7

8

9

1LMLkA1UkL Vs 1IML

Srno 1lme 1 12 13 14 13 16 17 18 19 1 1 12 13

2
3
4
3
6
7
8
9


2

CALCULA1ICN CI AMCUN1 CI SAL1 LkIS1S IN CCNLNSA1L AN

CCNCLN1kA1L AI1Lk LkLkIMLN1

C

Y

Where
C ls concenLraLlon of subsLance ln soluLlon (concenLraLe condensaLe)
mol/L
m ls mass of subsLance ln g
V ls volume of soluLlon ln L
Mw ls molecular welghL of subsLance ln g/mol



EFFICIENCY
AMOUNT OF SALT COLLECTED IN CONCENTRATE
INI1IAL SAL1 IN PLL

LkLkIMLN1 NC 2

kL LkLkIMLN1S S1LS

repare 3 L of feed soluLlon conLalnlng 38 mol percenL of eLhanol ln waLer (le 2
parLs of eLhanol ln parL of waLer LhaL glves 67 volume percenL equlvalenLs Lo 38
mol percenL) ulsLllled waLer ls preferred for feed mlxLure A mlnlmum of L feed
soluLlon ls requlred for a compleLe experlmenL ?ou may recycle Lhe feed from Lhe
prevlous experlmenL use refracLlve lndex Lo deLermlne Lhe lnlLlal feed composlLlon
2 Add 4g Sodlum Chlorlde ln powder form Lo Lhe feed soluLlon Lo obLalned salL
mlxLure wlLh a slgnlflcanL conducLlvlLy value
3 llll ln 2 L of malns supply waLer ln hoL waLer Lank Lnsure boLh Lhe Lanks are closed
wlLh Lhe covers back ln place
4 llL Lhe coollng waLer supply ln Lhe lab hose and open valve v for condensaLe coollng
3 8ead and undersLand experlmenL sLeps and procedure clearly before aLLempLlng Lo
sLarL Lhe experlmenL Make sure you consulL Lhe laboraLory asslsLanL for any
uncerLalnLy

IALLING IILM LVACkA1ICN

lor Lhe falllng fllm conflguraLlon check Lhe followlng valves prlor Lo Lhe operaLlon
NC1L uo noL Louch any parL of Lhe sysLem ln operaLlon wlLhouL prlor precauLlons
1ubes Lanks and glassware may be PC1!
2 v4 open for hoL waLer lnpuL Lo falllng column whlle v3 ls fully closed
3 v2 fully opened for feed lnpuL Lo Lhe column whlle v ls fully closed
4 v3 v6 v7 v8 v9 v v3 and v3 are fully closed valve v2 ls fully closed
3 SwlLch Cn Lhe hoL waLer Lank heaLer and seL Lhe LemperaLure Lo 92
C
C WalL for lL Lo
rlse Lo Lhe seL LemperaLure ln approxlmaLely 3 mlnuLes 8egulaLe Lhe flow Lo 3LM
on Lhe flow meLer
6 8ecord Lhe lnlLlal feed conducLlvlLy aL room LemperaLure Lhen swlLch Cn Lhe leed
1ank PeaLer and seL Lhe LemperaLure Lo 7
C
C
7 Also check Lhe concenLraLe and producL Lanks Lo be empLy and noLe down Lhe
conducLlvlLy readlngs
8 1urn on Lhe doslng pump and seL feed raLe Lo 7LM 1he hoL feed wlll be fed Lhrough
Lhe column and reLurn lnLo Lhe concenLraLe Lank Allow Lhls Lo happen Llll half of Lhe
concenLraLe Lank lf flll wlLh warm soluLlon Lhen Lurn off Lhe doslng pump 1hls ls Lo
warm up Lhe column and lLs concenLraLe parLs
9 1hen open valve v3 Lo rellef Lhe column pressure and open valve v3 Lo reLurn lnLo
Lhe feed Lank WalL for several mlnuLes Llll Lhe feed reaches back Lo 7
C
C shuL Cll
Lhe valve v3 and v3
SeL valve v2 Lo half opened poslLlon 1hls may be sllghLly regulaLed laLer for hlgher or
lower lnpuL flow raLes Lo Lhe column
Cpen valve v and Lurn Cn Lhe vacuum pump wlLh Lhe maln swlLch on Lhe conLrol
panel Cbserved Lhe vacuum gauge's value Lo be lncreaslng SeL Lhe vacuum pressure
aL 4 mmPg and shuL Cll Lhe valve v and vacuum pump

2Cnce Lhe vacuum pressure drops below 23mmPg feed wlll be auLomaLlcally
drawn lnLo Lhe column Cbserve Lhe fllm of soluLlon fed lnLo Lhe column vla Lhe Lop
feedlng nozzle
31ake noLe of LemperaLure polnL 16 as vapors beglns Lo form ln Lhe cyclone and
condenser 1he vapor and llquld mlxLure wlll be drawn lnLo Lhe cyclone where parL
of lL wlll be separaLed lnLo Lhe Lop and boLLom parL of Lhe cyclone
4 Check Lhe vacuum gauge Llme by Llme lf Lhe vacuum pressure has dropped
slgnlflcanLly sLarL Lhe vacuum pump and open valve v slmllarly Lo malnLaln
sufflclenL vacuum ln Lhe llne
3Allow Lhe process Lo conLlnue unLll concenLraLe Lank ls almosL full Cbserve Lhe
conducLlvlLy values of Lhe feed concenLraLe and condensaLe Lanks noLe LhaL Lhe
conducLlvlLy probes have Lo be fully lmmersed ln Lhe llquld soluLlon for an acLual
readlng 8ecord all flnal readlngs of experlmenL for calculaLlon
6Cpen valve v3 Lo rellef Lhe column of lLs vacuum pressure CollecL Lhe producLs of
concenLraLe and condensaLe lnLo beakers and measure lLs volume by openlng valves
v7 and v8
7 As falllng fllm evaporaLlon ls usually run ln recycled loops Lo enhance concenLraLlon
of lLs producL Lhe concenLraLe should be fed back lnLo feed Lank Lo repeaL above
processes 1he concenLraLe producL should be kepL aslde ln Lhe measurlng
beakers/cyllnders wlLh lLs lld covered
8SPu1 off valves v7 v8 and v3 afLer empLylng Lhe producL Lanks for measuremenL
Cpen valve v Lo Lurn on vacuum pump slmllarly Lo draw Lhe column pressure
down Lo 4mmPg 8epeaL Lhe sLeps Lo 3 Lo collecL Lhe second Lank of
producLs 1hen measure Lhe and record Lhe volume and conducLlvlLy for comparlson
9All measured producL may be poured lnLo Lhe feed Lank back for recycllng ln Lhe nexL
experlmenL Lnsure LhaL you have Laken down Lhe necessary daLa and proceed on
Lhe nexL experlmenL
2roceed on Lhe nexL conflguraLlon of Lhe falllng fllm evaporaLlon wlLh varylng sysLem
parameLers
21he falllng fllm experlmenL may be repeaLed and conducLed wlLh Lhe varylng values
of Lhe sysLem parameLers such as vacuum pressure below 43 mmPg (le
2mmP3mmPg) heaLlng [ackeL LemperaLure below 92

C and feed preheaLed

LemperaLure below 7

C Lo compare Lhe evaporaLlon raLes and efflclencles

221he feed lnlLlal composlLlon may also be varled Lo compare Lhe evaporaLlon effecL
and efflclency such as a mlxLure of 3 volume percenL eLhanol ln waLer equlvalenL Lo
24 mol percenL

C8SLkVA1ICNS AN CALCULA1ICNS
CCNUC1IVI1 Vs 1IML

S8nC 1lML
(mln)

CCnuuC1lvl1?
lLLu (mS) CCnuLnSA1L
(mS)
CCnCLn18A1L(mS)


2

3

4

3

6

7

8

9




2

CCNUC1IVI1 Vs 1LMLkA1UkL


S8nC 1emperaLure

CCnuuC1lvl1?
lLLu (mS) CCnuLnSA1L
(mS)
CCnCLn18A1L(mS)


2

3

4

3

6

7

8

9

1LMLkA1UkL Vs 1IML

Srno 1lme 1 12 13 14 13 16 17 18 19 1 1 12 13

2
3
4
3
6
7
8
9


2

CALCULA1ICN CI AMCUN1 CI SAL1 LkIS1S IN CCNLNSA1L AN
CCNCLN1kA1L AI1Lk LkLkIMLN1

C

Y

Where
C ls concenLraLlon of subsLance ln soluLlon mol/L
m ls mass of subsLance ln g
V ls volume of soluLlon ln L
Mw ls molecular welghL of subsLance ln g/mol



EFFICIENCY
AMOUNT OF SALT COLLECTED IN CONCENTRATE
INI1IAL SAL1 IN PLL