Study Guide for spermatogenesis, female reproduction, embryology and heredity.

Reminder: The following study guide is exactly that, a guide. Use it to direct your studies for the final exam. The text should be used to clarify any questions you have. You are still responsible for all class notes covered or not covered in my lectures. Good luck to you all. 1. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis to oogenesis. 2. spermatogonium (meiosis I) spermatocytes (meiosis II) spermatids to spermatozoa 3. Gametes in the female reproductive system are called ____________. 4. Two ovaries flank uterus and held in place by ligaments:

Ovarian - anchors ovary medially to uterus Suspensory - anchors ovary laterally to pelvis wall Mesovarium - anchors ovary between uterus and pelvis wall Mesosalpinx - anchors uterine and ovary (together) Mesometrium - distributes vascular supply Broad = mesovarium + mesosalpinx + mesometrium

5. Follicle development:

Primordial follicle (one layer of squamal, thecal, cells around oocyte) Primary follicle (outer layer of thecal cells & 1 or more inner layers of cuboidal, granulosa, cells) Secondary follicle (fluid-filled space appears between granulosa cells --> forms antrum) Vesicular (graafian) follicle (oocyte sits on a stalk of granulosa cells at one side of antrum) Ovulation (of ova) Corpus luteum ( thecal and granulosal cells)

6. Identify the three layers of the uterus. 7. Identify the three phases of the ovarian cycle. Describe the major events that occur in each. 8. List the three phases of the menstrual cycle. Which phase produces the most estrogen? Most progesterone? 9. Define: pregnancy, conceptus, embryo, fetus, fertilization, gamete, zygote, capacitation, monospermy, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, trophoblast, chorion, gastrula, amnion, placenta, allantois.

10. Trace blood through fetal circulation. Utilize structures such as umbilical artery and vein, ductos venosus, ductus arteriosis, foramen ovale. 11. A. 9-12 weeks ; 1. Skin epidermis and dermis are obvious; facial features in crude form. 2. Blood cells formation begins in bone marrow. 3. Sex readily detected from the genitals. B. 13-16 weeks 1. Cerebellum becoming prominent; sucking motions of lips occurs. 2. Face looks human and body beginning to outgrow head. 3. Kidneys attain typical structure. 4. Most bones are now distinct and joint cavities are apparent. C. 17-20 weeks 1. Fetal position assumed because of space restrictions. 2. Limbs near-final proportions. 3. Muscular activity of fetus increases. D. 21-30 weeks 1. Myelination of cords begins; eyes are open. 2. Distal limb bones are beginning to ossify. 3. Skin is wrinkled and red; fingernails and toenails are present. 4. Bone marrow becomes sole site of blood cell formation. 5. Testes reach scrotum in seventh month.

E. 30-40 weeks

1. Skin whitish pink; fat laid down in subcutaneous tissue.

12. Parturition (Birth) A. Initiation of labor 1. When estrogen levels are sufficiently high, they induce oxytocin receptors to increase on the myometrial cells and inhibit progesterone secretion by the placenta. Weak irregular contractions begin. 2. Fetal cells produce oxytocin, which stimulates prostaglandin production by the placenta. Both hormones stimulate contraction. 3. Increasing stress causes the hypothalamus of the mother to cause oxytocin release by the pituitary gland (posterior). B. Stages of labor 1. Dilation stage=rhythmic contractions occur until the cervix dilates 10 cm. The head of the fetus rotates and descends through the pelvic outlet. 2. Expulsion stage=extends from full cervical dilation until birth of the infant. 3. Placental stage=delivery of the afterbirth.

13. Define: chromosome, autosome, allele (recessive and dominant), homologous chromosome, gene, phenotype, genotype, karyotype, amniocentesis, Punnett square 14. Be able to interpret data from a sample Punnett square.