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1. INTRODUCTION
One of the greatest technological challenges of the present time is to utilize
the large amount of building and industrial wastes which are generated as a result of the
development of the modern society. Whether the waste originates from clearing areas
after natural disasters of from human controlled activities, the utilization of the waste by
recycling will provide opportunities for saving energy, time and natural resources.
etc. generated in quite large amount at the construction and demolition sites may be
defined as the multiple use of materials or product for conserve natural resources and
avoid waste. It will also help in improving supplies of construction material and solving
problems of disposal of waste construction material. Within the frame work of sustainable
and use of proper construction techniques so that not only recycling but the aims of
proper utilization of building waste for obtaining strong and durable concrete structures
At present a very limited amount of building wastes are recyled and the
major portion is being deposited or used as fill material. With the increase in construction
activities and shortage of suitable deposit sites, the building wastes are becoming a
serious problem, which has forced the civil engineering professionals and researches to
seriously think and develop methods of reuse of building waste in new construction. From
purely economic point of view, recycling of building waste is only attractive when the
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
recycled product is competitive with the natural resources in relation to cost and quality.
Recycled materials will generally be competitive, where there is a shortage of both raw
materials and suitable deposit sites. With the use of recycled materials economical saving
can also be achieved in the cost of transportation of building waste raw materials without
any compromise in the quality of end product, Environmental factors, i.e. noise and dust
pollution due to quarrying of natural aggregate make the need more important. Also
dumping grounds filled with building waste make the sites unfit for future construction
becoming more and more difficult the recycling of concrete building debris has already
started.
construction are taken up the recycling of large amounts of building waste at the worksite
or nearby becomes and economical. The examples of the possible reuse of brick and
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
necessary to know the quantity and quality of building waste that is expected to be
available at the plant. The quality of the available debris is very important as it affects the
in fig.1.
A weighing bridge to record the weight of the debris received and the aggregate
produced.
Sufficient storage spare to stock and sort out different types of debris and different
Equipment for preprocessing the waste and to reduce big elements in size. (hammers,
Necessary handling equipment to feed the installation and for loading and unloading
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
Equipment for preliminary sieving to eliminant earth, gypsum sand etc. before the
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
Shifting of selected
debris to plant
Remove sand,
Sieve
Earth, gypsum
First crusher
Second crusher
Aggregates >
Sieves
40 mm
Land fill
Recycled Aggregate
0/20 mm 20/40
mm
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
CRUSHING PROCESS
b) Stock pilling :
segregation and continuation by foreign materials, Vehicles for stock piling or moving
c) Aggregate Preparation :
d) Reinforcing Steel :
Any reinforcing steel not removed previously must be separated from the
recycled concrete after being processed through primary crusher. Reinforcing steel pieces
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
3. CHARACTERIZATION OF BUILDING-RELATED
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION DEBRIS
IN THE UNITED STATES
The purpose of this report is to characterize the quantity and composition of
States, and to summarize the waste management practices for this waste stream. C&D
debris is produced when new structures are built and when existing structures are
well as public works projects, such as streets and highways, bridges, piers, and dams.
Many state definitions of C&D debris also include trees, stumps, earth, and rock from the
demolition, and renovation of residential and nonresidential buildings. Road and bridge
debris, land clearing debris, etc. are not covered in detail in this report. They are,
however, discussed briefly. Waste sampling and weighing at a variety of construction and
nationally.
Definitions
include buildings of all types (both residential and nonresidential) as well as roads
wood, metals, gypsum wallboard, and roofing. Land clearing debris, such as
stumps, rocks, and dirt, are also included in some state definitions of C&D debris.
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
II) Generation of C&D debris, as used in this report, refers to the weight of materials
and products as they enter the waste management system from the construction,
combustion takes place. Source reduction activities (e.g., on-site usage of waste
wood mulch or the on-site use of drywall as a soil amendment) take place ahead
products or materials from the waste stream for the purpose of recycling the
IV) Source reduction activities reduce the amount or toxicity of wastes before they
retains its original form and identity. Reuse of products such as light fixtures,
V) Discards include the C&D debris remaining after recovery for recycling
on-site.
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
2) Excavated materials
3) Roadwork materials
Concrete slabs and chunks from concrete road construction Asphalt chunks and
milings from asphalt pavement Bridge/ overpass construction/ renovation materials.
1. California :
wood, drywall, metals, and many miscellaneous and composite materials. C&D debris is
2. New York :
waste resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of utilities,
structures and roads; and uncontaminated solid waste resulting from land clearing. Such
waste includes, but is not limited to bricks, concrete and other masonry materials, soil,
rock, wood (including painted, treated and coated wood and wood products), land
clearing debris, wall coverings, plaster, drywall, plumbing fixtures, non asbestos
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
insulation, roofing shingles and other roof coverings, asphalt pavement, glass, plastics
that are not sealed in a manner that conceals other wastes, empty buckets ten gallons or
less in size and having no more than one inch of residue remaining on the bottom,
electrical wiring and components containing no hazardous liquids, and pipe and metals
that are incidental to any of the above. Solid waste that is not C&D debris (even if
resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of utilities, structures
and roads and land clearing) includes, but is not limited to asbestos waste, garbage,
appliances, tires, drums, containers greater than ten gallons in size, any containers having
more than one inch of residue remaining on the bottom and fuel tanks. . . .
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
relatively short period of time, depending on the demolition technique used. The
structure with explosives, use a crane and wrecking ball technique, or deconstruct the
structure. In actual practice, the vast majority of demolition projects use a combination of
the last two basic techniques depending on the materials used in the original project, the
physical size of the structure, the surrounding buildings that cannot be disturbed or
impacted, and the time allocated for the project. One hundred percent of the weight of a
building, including the concrete foundations, driveways, patios, etc., may be generated as
C&D debris when a building is demolished. On a per building basis, demolition waste
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
with hazardous materials, such as asbestos or lead paint. Renovation projects can produce
Definitions
(For purposes of this report, following is a working set of definitions)
I) Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris is waste material that is produced
in the process of construction, renovation, or demolition of structures. Structures
include buildings of all types (both residential and nonresidential) as well as roads
and bridges. Components of C&D debris typically include concrete, asphalt,
wood, metals, gypsum wallboard, floor tile, and roofing. Land clearing debris,
such as stumps, rocks, and dirt, are also included in some state definitions of C&D
debris.
II) Generation of C&D debris, as used in this report, refers to the weight of materials
and products as they enter the waste management system from the construction,
renovation, or demolition of structures, and before materials recovery or
combustion takes place. Source reduction activities (e.g., on-site usage of waste
wood mulch or the on-site use of drywall as a soil amendment) take place ahead
of generation, i.e., they reduce the amount of waste generated.
III) Recovery of materials, as estimated in this report, includes the removal of
products or materials from the waste stream for the purpose of recycling the
materials in the manufacture of new products.
IV) Source reduction activities reduce the amount or toxicity of wastes before they
enter the waste management system. Reuse is a source reduction activity
involving the recovery or reapplication of a product or material in a manner that
retains its original form and identity. Reuse of products such as light fixtures,
doors, or used brick is considered source reduction, not recycling.
V) Discards include the C&D debris remaining after recovery for recycling
(including composting). These discards would presumably be combusted or
landfilled, although some debris is littered, stored or disposed on-site, or burned
on-site.
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
The six major constituents of C&D debris, if not too severely contaminated, have
all been recovered and processed into recycled-content products that have been marketed
somewhere in the United States. The materials most frequently recovered and recycled
are concrete, asphalt, metals, and wood. To a much lesser degree, gypsum wallboard and
asphalt shingles have been processed and recycled. The technologies to recover and
process these materials for reuse are available. The major barriers to increased recovery
Concrete is made up of cement, water, and aggregate, such as crushed stone, sand,
or grit. Concrete can be recycled by first crushing it to remove any metals. The primary
areas of the country. The practice is most prevalent in areas where landfill tipping fees are
Asphalt pavements are made of asphalt concrete (AC), which consists of asphalt
(the bituminous binder) and aggregate. The aggregate makes up the bulk of the asphalt
concrete, while the asphalt binder comprises about 5 to 7 percent CIWMB 1997).
While no reports have been identified showing the amount of asphalt and concrete
recycled, some datapoints that provide indications of the amounts recycled are discussed
As stated above, it is estimated there are more than 1,000 asphalt and concrete
crushing facilities in the United States. GBB estimates that potentially 50 million tons per
year of milled pavement in the United States is reused. Twenty to 50 percent goes back
into pavement as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), with the remainder finding its way
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
into aggregate base or subbase. GBB research in the Pacific Northwest, for example, has
estimated that for the State of Washington alone, the use of RAP is between 650,000 and
Based on data collected for the State of Washington from waste concrete
processors/recyclers, GBB has estimated that 1.4 to 1.5 million tons of waste concrete in
Baltimore, Maryland, GBB field work in 1995 indicated that the concrete and asphalt
processors in that County alone were receiving, crushing and recycling over 850,000 tons
In California, asphalt pavement and concrete are not reported separately. The state
estimated generation of “inert solid waste,” which consists of concrete, asphalt, dirt, brick
and other rubble, at 8.2 million tons per year. The estimated recycling rate for inert solid
Wood waste produced at construction sites generally has a better potential for
reuse than wood from demolition sites due to the ease of separating the materials.
Demolition wood is often less desirable because of contamination and because of the
Wood processing facilities have sprung up in many areas of the United States in
recent years, particularly in areas with high landfill costs. Many of these facilities accept
wood from C&D debris as well as other wood. Processed (chipped) wood is used as
mulch, composting bulking agent, animal bedding, and fuel. Wood waste from
Depending on the wood waste boiler system design and the state/regional air pollution
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
permit requirements for the facility, a level of quality control may be necessary at the
wood processing plant to reduce and/or avoid the processing of treated and/or painted
The American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) has located 315 wood
processing facilities in the United States that process C&D debris, as shown in Table A-20
of the Appendix. These facilities were included in the estimate of 500 wood processing
plants as discussed above. The leading states for these wood processing plants are North
Carolina (44), Oregon (35), and California (34). Quantities of wood processed are not
C) Metals Recycling
Metals have the highest recycling rates among the materials recovered
from C&D sites. Good markets for ferrous metals, as well as copper and brass, have
existed for many years. The Steel Recycling Institute estimates the recycling rate for
C&D steel is about 85 percent (18.2 million tons out of 21.4 million tons generated).
These numbers include not only scrap steel from buildings but also from streets, bridges,
and highways (Heenan 1996). The percentage of metals coming from roads and bridges is
unknown.
University and C&D Recycling Magazine found that the markets for waste rebar removed
from the concrete rubble appear to have increased from 1994 to 1997 (Deal 1997).
Twenty-one percent of the 1994 recyclers depended on disposal for their rebar compared
to 4 percent in 1997.
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
inner cylinder which rotates eccentrically grinding one lump against another, with only
unnecessary cement and mortar being removed from aggregate surface. The resultant
Energy Requirement :
the crushing and grinding machinery. There is no heating or chemical treatment, which
means it consumes around the same energy consumption as ordinary broken stone
production.
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
Quality of cyclite :
The quality of cyclite satisfies the standards for natural aggregate and
crushed stone concrete prepared using cyclite has same performance of that created using
ordinary concrete.
Example of Application :
Takenaka was the first company to use cyclite concrete in the structure of
building (part of first floor, aprox 100sq.m) in Osaka, Japan in November last year. Some
Cost :
At this point of time, cyclite concrete, is more expensive than concrete that
uses material aggregate, but adding the cost of disposing of scrap concrete into equation
Information :
"Diagate" which has quality equal to that of natural aggregate. Efforts being made to
commercialize it.
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
8. CONCLUSION
appropriate solution to the problems of dumping hundreds of thousand tons of debris and
hauling natural aggregate from great distances. However, more research and field
experimentation is needed to modify our design procedure and specification for adoption
earthquake in Gujart are occurring on 26th Jan. 2001 at least for subgrade preparation and
non structural concrete. Hence, we conclude with a hope to expand the number of
building in which recycled aggregates are used, improve efficiency of recycling and work
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Recycling and Reuse of Waste Material in Construction
8. REFERENCES
2. http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/scripts/sllatest1.jsp?id=349
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