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ABSTRACT
Earth is the only planet, which has water in abundant and in ready
to use forms. So we have to consider only his water in our discussion. About
97% of water available on earth from the area under sea, remaining 3 % is
found in continent and in atmosphere. But more than 70% of this later portion
Many other reasons are also there. Most of the water available is being
polluted. So though there is water, we cannot use it as in the same form. For
using the water we have to do some chemical and physical operation on this
water. Bio-filtration is one of the operations for the purification of water. But
salination value is 35000 ppm. But according to WHO for human consumption
500.
INTRODUCTION
material in the solvent may be separated from that solvent with the assistance
natural osmotic pressure to the feed water the membrane will preferentially
allow the solvent (i.e. water) molecules to pass through and high percent of
permeable membrane. Only the pure water (known as permeate) can pass
through the membrane, while the impurities are rejected and ruin to waste
membrane that blocks the transport of salt or other solutes through it. Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis :
permeable membrane, water will flow from the side of low solute concentration
to side of high solute concentration. The flow may be stopped or even reversed,
If there are solute molecules only in one side of the system, then
the pressures that stop the flow is called osmotic pressure. By the application
of pressure in excess of the natural osmotic pressure to the feed water the
membrane will preferentially allow the solvent molecules to pass through and
The raw water is pressure fed into a chamber containing semi permeable
membrane. Only the pure water can pass through the semi permeable
membrane, while the impurities are rejected and run to waste. Reverse osmosis
organic matter, more than 98% of biological and colloidal matter can be
removed from water having concentration from 50 ppm to 60,000 ppm. Reverse
pressure reverses only the flow of solvent but not the direction of flow of
solute.
separating pure water and a salt solution is pure water passes in opposite
direction in process called natural osmosis. The driving force for the two flows
is the difference in chemical potential between the two solutions. The water
now continues until the pressure aerated by osmotic head equals-the osmotic
pressure of salt solution in fig. (b). The two liquids are in equilibrium, by
applying an external pressure; a salt solution in fig. (c) the flow of solvent may
be revised. The reversal of flow has given the process the name REVERSE
OSMOSIS.
OPERATION
Fill the overhead tank with saline tract water up to full capacity.
Open the outlet valves of overhead tank, multiple media filter and activated
carbon filter. Multiple media filter will remove the particles in the range 0.01 to
0.1mm. The activated carbon filter will remove the colour pigments, oderous
compounds and suspended particles in the range 0.001 to 0.01 mm from water.
Let the storage tank be filled up to its full capacity. Before starting
the pump make sure that. The valves are in V1 opened, V2 closed, V1 opened, V4
closed position. NEVER run the jump with V1 valve closed it may damage the
membrane. Valve V1 is by pass valve you can adjust the pressure required for
Start the pump. Slowly start closing valve V1. Never close the
valve V1 fully. While closing V1 a situation will come when the water will start
coming from the outlet of module. At this point adjust this outflow rate of
8lit/hr. At this point stop closing V 1. After some time ( 1-1 ½ hr) you will get
MEMBRANE
Definition :
manner.
for solute.
used.
1. Cellulose acetate.
2. Aromatic polyamide
3. Polyamide
4. Polyphyenylene oxides
packaged in devices to contain the steam pressure and to separate the feed and
reject stream from the permeate streams. The device; usually called a module,
concentration polarization.
a) Spiral wound
b) Tubular
15-30 Gal. Of product /sq. fit of membrane area. It is least prone to fouling
through leading edge of the first element is the most pronelocation for fouling,
membrane back to back in each leaf. These areas are non productive. Flow
appears to be well distributed through out the membrane area. Product recovery
arrangement similar to heat exchanger. The membranes are tubular shaped with
module. In this module, each tubular membrane is held in stainless steel tube.
There are two types of arrangements available, in first case brine is kept inside
the tube and permeate flow outside and in second case brine is outside the tube
the separation problem at hand, which can range from desalination of ultra
filtration.
FOULING
C.O.E. & T., Akola 12
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse system. This affects directly on the performance of the reverse osmosis
fouling are:
1. Membrane scaling
3. Device plugging
5. Colloidal fouling.
Membranes scaling :
water. The salts in feed water are usually concentrated by a factor of two to ten
in RO process, their solubility limits can be exceeded thus ppt can occur. The
carbonate and calcium sulfate. But ether compounds such as silicate, strontium
sulfate, beryllium sill late and calcium fluoride also can scaling.
insoluble species, which can deposit into permiator. Both manganese and iron
can cause fouling by this mechanism, but iron fouling is most prevalent.
Device plugging :
large to pass through the feed brine passage are trapped in device. Device
plugging problem.
Biological fouling :
Colloidal fouling :
TECHNIQUE
d. Paper and pulp industry also use this technique for the treatment of
waste water.
4. Easy in operation
5. Compact size
6. Low maintenance.
Disadvantages ;
High Cost
CONCLUSION
Today's day water is basic need and the availability of pure water
of water purification.
purification method.
controlled by RO.
REFERENCES
3. www.dairyconsultant.co.uk/filtration.htm
4. www.desaline.com