Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
GOAL/OBJECTIVE
Environmental Data/Information
• Bio-physical data
• Socio-economic data
• Infrastructure;
• Soil Class;
• Vegetation Cover;
• Air quality Measurement;
• Demography;
• Climate Zonation;
• Administrative Boundaries;
• Topography;
• Land Use;
• Geology;
• Major Harvesting Activities;
• Water Quality Measurements;
• Soil Analysis Samples.
Meta-Database Preparation
Metadata refers to "data which describes data," including, data catalogues, data
dictionaries, indexes and the like.
Each map should contain the reference year for the data types used, and the
source of the data. There are two forms of data representation: i) State of Data
that shows the state of a resource at one point in time, ii) Change in State that
shows the change in state between two different times.
As data sets for different time periods are acquired, Change of State mapping
should be used to enable the user to more readily assess environmental
changes.
• Seven major issues in the coastal and marine areas of Cambodia were
identified:
• An almost complete lack of basic infrastructure for coastal and marine
environmental management;
• The absence of reliable data and base information from which to prepare
and implement plans and projects;
• Severely degraded physical infrastructure: roads; irrigation systems;
coastal protection dikes, etc.
• Continuing lack of security in some of the coastal areas;
• A severely inadequate legal and policy framework for coastal and marine
environmental management in particular, and for government and public
administration in general;
• Pervasive poverty; and
• Degradation of productive natural resources, primarily fisheries and
forestry resources (including those contained in protected areas) that
results primarily from poverty, a lack of physical infrastructure; and lack of
security.
The principal indicators of the status of the coastal environment are suggested
for the initial periods for information reporting.
Environmental Effects
Birds
Marine fish and organisms
Marine mammals
Marine reptiles and amphibians
Coral reefs
Mangroves
Sea-grass beds
Nutrients
Heavy metals
Sediment loads entering the sea
Pesticides and fertilizers
Organic compounds
Changes in coastal land use, with particular reference to land use change and loss
of vegetation cover
Resource Management
Socio-economic
Where specific boundaries or locations for data are not known the data or the
data concerns input to the coastal zone from inland (e.g. Sediment loads of
rivers) the data should be referenced to the smallest coastal administrative unit
(e.g. district, county, province).
The preferred "Map Reporting Unit" or MRU is for the district level. However,
recognizing the practicality of scale and the logistical implications to establish a
uniform level of data for reporting, it is recommended that the initial mapping
system focus at the provincial level.
This map unit structure will allow a convenient way to provide a local, provincial
and national level of reporting with defined geographic referencing.
Reference Data
Employment structure
• mammals
• birds
• fish
• shellfish
• amphibians/reptiles
• Note endangered or rare species found in map unit (if none state none)
Every data set must have a metadata code, which identifies the source of the
data, when the data was collected or measured or monitored or surveyed by the
source organization. This is very important for all data and especially important
for ecosystem and habitat data. Every map legend should have a list of metadata
for the base map and reference codes to an appendix for the attribute and map
data sources and data of collection.
Map Data This data refers to monitoring stations within the coastal waters. The data to
be shown is intended to reflect the total pollution load to the sea at the
location of a monitoring station(s). The first priority would be to show the
location of each monitoring site in each MRU with the parameters shown for
each map below.
Map Type As this data is point data point displays will be used.
MAP 1: Total nutrients (sum of nitrates, nitrites and phosphates in ppm)
MAP 2: Total organic compounds
MAP 3: BOD
COD
MAP 4: Concentration of the five highest heavy metal concentrations. Select
the highest of the above values for each of the following periods:
CONCLUSION
Due to the fact that geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing
(RS) technology is very important tool for planning, management and monitoring
of natural resources, the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia in
pursuing its objectives of rehabilitating the country’s economy and alleviating the
people’s poverty is keen to develop an integrated information system.
Abstract
The regional invesgation and evaluation quality becomes global focus with the conception of
continued development accepted universally .In 1998,Remote Sensing Application Institute of
ARSC completed the investigation of ShenFu - Dongsheng coal fields which was implemented by
means of remote sensing and GIS technique .The project provided the scientific evidence as a
successful attempt regarding the policy of both reasonable coal exploitation and environment
protection.
The investigation of environment quality was owed to TM image interpretation combining with
field investigation and ground reflective wave test. The analysis of environment quality was based
upon multi-period remote sensing interpretation and routine inspection data. Remote sensing
information and routine information were conducted by quality synthetic evaluation system
attributing to GIS Application which enabled coal field environment quality synthetic evaluation to
come true and the proposals to put forward concerning coal exploitation environment protection
and management.
TM5,4,3 wave synthetic image obtained in 1987 and 1996 with the enlargement at the scale of
1:1000 by means of mosaic proof -reading benefits the field investigation assuring indoor
mapping with accuracy. Not only does the image provide the vision of landforms, vegetation,
earth's surface ingredients, coal mining, transport and other large-scale engineering projects but
also it makes a good response to air pollution aroused by some polluting sources as small coal
pit, coke pit without exception of building, power, and iron-smelting enterprises.
The investigation of environment quality begins with primary interpretation. It conducts the
investigation in typical area as the first procedure and establishes the interpretation sign as an
environment factor on TM image. Then the investigation perfect the interpretation sign expanding
to the whole area.6 maps of environment quality covering 33,000 km2 respectively at the scale of
1:100,000 are implemented by environmental interpretations and investigation with the
application of MICROSTATION geologic mapping software pack. The spatial distributing features
were accurately represented by the forms of vegetation desertization,soil erosion,surface water
pollution,air pollution,solid waste and other elements.
Through the interpretation of multi-period remote sensing image and the comparative analysis of
routine data,the environment factor develops as a trend of less soil desertization after 1987.
Severe and average desertization reduced 28.5%. Soil erosion remarkably lessened. In 80's,river
silt discharge decreased 56.18% compared with 50's and 60's.
Environment quality synthetic evaluation system is based upon layer analysis theory raised by
American operational researcher T.L.santy and GIS technology.
The evaluation cannot be conducted by manual work because of its large range and huge data.
However,it is the compute with ARC/INFO3.4 software that devotes to the establishment of
managing system ranging from digital mapping of environment factor,the calculation of weight in
different layers,imitation and environment factor data synthetic processing to the display of
synthetic evaluation achievements.
The total 24 maps were completed in the investigation. The coal field environment quality is
classified as the degree of 3 class 9 in the first ration accordingly. They represent the
characteristics of environment quality spatial distribution. These characteristics indicate that the
environment quality in whole area is poor,the good quality part merely takes 16.61% of whole
area; the framework of environment quality manifests south superior to morth and west superior
to east. As coal mining construction is developing rapidly ,environment quality has worsened
severely in middle are.
GHG emission of soil surface is influenced by several factors such as land cover types, climatic
factors, biological factors and physical environment factors. Emission measurements usually are
conducted at a point location, therefore problem arise when emission estimation will be used for
scaling up into a broader areas. The research aimed at the development of Spatial database to
assist the regional estimation of aboveground carbon stock loss and soil surface GHG emission
changes caused by land cover changes using GIS and Remote Sensing. As a case study land
cover change between 1992 and 1995 of Pasir mayang area and 1986 to 1992 of Jambi
Province, Indonesia will be evaluated.
Research method
The research is initiated by the development land cover maps, and followed field measurement.
Spatial database (land cover) construction was conducted in Forest Ecology and Remote
Sensing Lab. of Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP), and Remote Sensing Research
Unit of National Institute of Agro-environmental Sciences, Japan. Field measurements (above
ground biomass, and GHG flux) were conducted by BIOTROP, Impact Center of South East Asia
and National Institute of Agro-environmental Sciences, Japan.
Fig. 2 Land cover maps of Pasir mayang area and changes in 1993 and 1995
Table 1 Land cover and above ground carbon stock changes in Pasir Mayang between 1993 – 1995
Total above ground Total above ground
Carbon stock Area in Area in
Land cover Carbon stock in 1993 Carbon stock in 1995
per ha (ton/ha) 1993 (ha) 1995 (ha)
(ton) (ton)
Note: Above ground biomass was estimate using allometric equation, conducted by Biotrop
Table 2 Soil green house gas emission changes of Pasir Mayang between 1993 and 1995
Carbon dioxide (ton/hour) Nitrous oxide (kg/hour) Methane (kg/hour)
Land-cover
1993 1995 1993 1995 1993 1995
Rubber and sec. vegetation 31.0 54.0 1.328 2.317 -1.3 -2.2
Between 1993-1995, logged forest area decreased of about 5,300 ha, while rubber jungle and
fallow land increased 4,872 ha and 225 ha, respectively. Due to this, above ground carbon stock
of the area decreased from 11.1 million ton to 10.4 million ton, or have loss of about 0.7 million
ton.
Table 2 summarized the GHG emission of soil in 1993 and 1995. Comparison of the total GHG
flux of the two period time studies based on land-cover have showed that there was an increase
flux of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide and absorption reduction of methane.
Table 3 Land cover and above ground bio-mass changes between 1986 and 1992
1986 1992
LAND COVER Area (sq. % of total Total carbon Area (sq. % of total Total carbon
km) area (106 ton) km) area (106 ton)
* : assumed flux of CH4 and CO2 of cash crops plantation are equal upland, while flux of N2O is equal
to three times of upland field flux due to intensive fertilizer application.
Spectral Model of Water Quality parameters
Yin Qui, Shu Xiaozhou, Kuang Dingbo
Shanghai Institue of Technology Physics, Chinese Academy of sciences
Lake Taihu, in Changjiang Delta Area, is the third largest plain fresh lake of China. In recent
years, the water quality of Taibu descends year by year. Especially, the north area of Taihu is in
obvious nutritive state. In this paper, according to the field measurement and the Landsat TM
Data, the relations between water surface reflected spectra and water pollutant concentration and
the change of water quality from 1986 to 1998 about Taihu are studied.
Two field experiments are made. The first is in Nov. 1997 with 21 measurement points distributed
in whole Taihu, and the second is in Aug. 1998 with 13 measurement points distributed in the
north areea of Taihu. Two water quality parameters, chlorophyll-a (Chl) and suspended substance
(SS), are analyzed. According, to the ratio of reflected spectra from water surface and that from a
standard white plate measured by GER-1500, an ultra-spectra instrument with 346 channels from
350nm wavelength to 900nm wavelength, the reflectivity (diffusion reflectivity) spectra of water
surface are determined. BY statistical regression, the ultra and multi-spectral models about water
quality parameters are established for different pollutant concentration ranges. The relation model
between reflectivity and Chl and SS is established for every GER -1500 channel. The relation
models between the reflectivity of one channel or the reflectivity differences/ratio of two channels
and the water quality parameters are established for remote sensing channels of several existing
satellite and a set of hypothetical water quality remote sensing channels.
The ultra-Spectral Model of Water Quality Parameters for GER-1500 Channels. The scattering
effect of chlorophyll can be expressed by the linear item Chl. The absorption effect of chlorophyll
can be expressed by the linear item In(Chl+1). The linear item SS(for SS < 100mg/L) or the log-
linear item In(SS+1) can express the effect of suspended substance. The scattering effect of
chlorophyll is mainly reflected at wavelengths larger than 740nm. The absorption effect of
chlorophyll is mainly reflected at 400~520nm and 575~690nm wavelengths. The scattering effect
of suspended substance is reflected at 680 820nm wavelengths most obviously. If S<100mg/L,
the scattering of S will affect of Chlorophyll will also reflected at wavelengths in the vicinity of
350nm and 550nm.
The Multi-Spectral Model of Water Quality Parameters for TM Channels. For samples of
Chl=24~500ug/L and S=0~100mh/L, Scan not be retrieved by the reflectivity, reflectivity
difference or reflectivity ratio of any TM channels. If the single channel model is applied, TM4 is
the most suitable channel for Chl retrieving and the corresponding model, TM4 =C0+C1*Chl with
a related coefficient 0.86. if the double channel model is applied, every combination of TM
channels except the combination of TM1 and TM3 (which are the absorption channels of Ch1)
can reflect the effect of Ch1, in which the combinations of TM4 and TM3, TM2 or TM1 have
relatively good correlation with Ch1. The related coefficients of TM4 - (TM1, TM2 or TM3)=
C0+C1*Ch1 are not smaller than 0.85 and the related coefficients of TM4/ (TM1, TM2 or TM3)=
C0+C1*Chl are not smaller than 0.80. For samples of Ch1=0~24ug/L and SS=0~200nm/L, Ch1
can not be retrieved by any TM channels. TM4 and TM3 have log-linear correlations with S to a
certain extent, a and the related coefficients are 0.57 and 0.49 respectively. Some double channel
combinations can reflect the effect Ch1. the combination of the absorption channels of Ch1, TM1
and TM3, can retrieve SS fairly good. The related coefficients of TM3-TM1=Co+C1*In(SS+1) is
0.85 and the related coefficient of TM3/TM1=Co+C1*in(Ch1+1)+C2*In(SS+1) is 0.90 with
FCh1=10.45 and FSS=47.20. For samples of Ch1=0~500ug/L and SS=0~200mg/L, the reflectivity
of every TM channels are related with Ch1 and SS, in which the relation of reflectivity with S has
a long -linear form. The combination of the near infrared channel TM4 and the visible channel,
TM1 TM2 or TM3, can filter the effect of SS and retrieve Ch1 fairly good with a related coefficients
not smaller than 0.84. The combination of the green channel TM2 and the absorption channel of
Ch1, TM1 or TM3 is related with Ch1. In addition, the combination of TM2 and TM3 is related with
SS. the difference of the absorption channels of Ch1, TM3 and TM1, can filter the effect of Ch1
and reflect the effect of SS.
The data retrieving steps from Landsat TM data to water quality parameters are (1). The change
of grey frequency (f) with grey (N) is analyzed for every TM channels. If d2f/d2N attains maximum
and when the grey of the reflectivity of atmosphere layer to the direct sunlight at the top of
atmosphere (Rsun) is set to 1;(2). The relations between the direct transmittance, the diffusion
transmittance and the diffuse reflectivity of atmosphere layer at different directions (up and down)
and Rsun are established by an atmospheric Radiative transfer theory, which is used to
determine the reflectivity of different TM channels at water surface from TM data; (3). The
concentration of Ch1 and that of S are retrieved by the reflectivity about channel TM1 TM3 and
TM4 at water surface and the multi-spectral model of water quality with TM4/TM3=C0+C1*Ch1
and TM3/TM1=C0+C1*S; (4). The change of concentration frequency (f) with concentration (N)
for Vh1 and that for S are analyzed respectively. If d2f/d2N attains maximum and åNO "1% when
N=J<0, the concentration is adjusted from N to N+J. As an example the change of water quality
about Taihu is determined by the Landsat TM data on 1986.07.25, 1997.06.29, 1997.05.04 and
1998.08.11.