ECONOMIC DISPATCH

UNIT-UNIT PEMBANGKIT
TERMAL
INTRODUCTION
Introduce techniques of power system
optimization
Introduce Lagrange Multiplier method of
solution
The system consists of N thermal generating
units connected to a single bus-bar serving
a received electrical load Pload
P
N
P
2
P
1
F
N
P
load
F
2
F
1
The input to each unit, shown as F
i
, represents
the cost rate of the unit.
The output of each unit, P
i
, is the electrical
power generated by that particular unit.
The total cost rate of this system is, the sum of
the costs of each of the individual unit.
The essential constraint on the operation of this
system is that the sum of the output powers must
equal the load demand.
Problem Formulation :

=
=
+ + + + =
N
i
i i
N T
P F
F F F F F
1
3 2 1
) (
. ..........
The objective function, F
T ,
, is equally to the total cost
for supplying the indicated load.
The problem is to minimize F
T
subject to the constraint
that the sum of the powers generated must equal the
received load.
Transmission losses are neglected

=
= =
N
i
i load
P P
1
0 |
LAGRANGE function :
L
| + =
T
F
The necessary conditions for an extreme value of the
objective function :
0
d
) ( d
= =
c
c

i
i i
i
P
P F
P
L
=
i
i
P
F
d
d
0
, atau
The necessary conditions and inequalities for the existence
of a minimum cost-operating condition :
=
i
i
P
F
d
d
max , min , i i i
P P P s s
load
N
i
i
P P =

=1
N equations
2N inequalities
1 constraint
=
i
i
P
F
d
d
=
i
i
P
F
d
d
=
i
i
P
F
d
d
max , i i
P P =
max , min , i i i
P P P < <
min , i i
P P =
for
for
for
Economic Dispatch by
Lambda Iteration method
END
PRINT SCHEDULE
TOLERANCE?
FIRST ITERATION?
CALCULATE
CALCULATE P
i
FOR i = 1 .. N
SET
START

=
=
N
i
i load
P P
1
c
< c
PROJECT
YES
NO
NO
YES
Graphical solution to economic dispatch :
P
2
(MW)
2
2
dP
dF
(R/MWh)
P
1
(MW)
1
1
dP
dF
(R/MWh)
P
3
(MW)
3
3
dP
dF
(R/MWh)
+
+
+
E
P
R
= P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3

(3)
Error :
( P
i
)-P
R

(3)
(2)
(1)

(2)

(1)
Lambda Projections
EXAMPLE 3A :
2
1 1 1
00142 . 0 2 . 7 0 . 510 P P
h
MBtu
H + + = |
.
|

\
|
2
2 2 2
00194 . 0 85 . 7 0 . 310 P P
h
MBtu
H + + = |
.
|

\
| 2
3 3 3
00482 . 0 97 . 7 0 . 78 P P
h
MBtu
H + + = |
.
|

\
|
No.
Unit
System
Input
Input-Output Curve
Output-
Max
(MW)
Output-
Min
(MW)
Fuel Cost
(R/Mbtu)
Unit 1 Coal-Fired
Steam
600 150 1.1
Unit 2 Oil-Fired
Steam
400 100 1.0
Unit 3 Oil-Fired
Steam
200 50 1.0
2
1 1 1
00142 . 0 2 . 7 0 . 510 P P
h
MBtu
H + + = |
.
|

\
|
2
2 2 2
00194 . 0 85 . 7 0 . 310 P P
h
MBtu
H + + = |
.
|

\
|
2
3 3 3
00482 . 0 97 . 7 0 . 78 P P
h
MBtu
H + + = |
.
|

\
|
F
1
(P
1
) = H
1
(P
1
) x 1.1 = 561 + 7.92 P
1
+ 0.001562P
1
2
R/h
F
2
(P
2
) = H
2
(P
2
) x 1.0 = 310 + 7.85 P
2
+ 0.00194P
2
2
R/h
F
3
(P
3
) = H
3
(P
3
) x 1.0 = 78 + 7.97 P
3
+ 0.00482P
3
2
R/h
Karakteristik Input-Output dalam R/h :
= + =
1
1
1
003124 . 0 92 . 7 P
dP
dF
= + =
2
2
2
00388 . 0 85 . 7 P
dP
dF
= + =
3
3
3
00964 . 0 97 . 7 P
dP
dF
P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
= 850 MW
= 9.148 R/MWh
P
1
= 393.2 MW
P
2
= 334.6 MW
P
3
= 122.2 MW
Optimal Economic
Solution
EXAMPLE 3B :
No.
Unit
System
Input
Input-Output Curve
Output-
Max
(MW)
Input-
Min
(MW)
Fuel Cost
(R/Mbtu)
Unit 1 Coal-Fired
Steam
600 150 0.9
Unit 2 Oil-Fired
Steam
400 100 1.0
Unit 3 Oil-Fired
Steam
200 50 1.0
2
1 1 1
00142 . 0 2 . 7 0 . 510 P P
h
MBtu
H + + = |
.
|

\
|
2
2 2 2
00194 . 0 85 . 7 0 . 310 P P
h
MBtu
H + + = |
.
|

\
|
2
3 3 3
00482 . 0 97 . 7 0 . 78 P P
h
MBtu
H + + = |
.
|

\
|
Karakteristik Input-Output dalam R/h :
F
1
(P
1
) = H
1
(P
1
) x 0.9 = 459 + 6.48 P
1
+ 0.00128P
1
2
R/h
F
2
(P
2
) = H
2
(P
2
) x 1.0 = 310 + 7.85 P
2
+ 0.00194P
2
2
R/h
F
3
(P
3
) = H
3
(P
3
) x 1.0 = 78 + 7.97 P
3
+ 0.00482P
3
2
R/h
= + =
1
1
1
00256 . 0 48 . 6 P
dP
dF
= + =
2
2
2
00388 . 0 85 . 7 P
dP
dF
= + =
3
3
3
00964 . 0 97 . 7 P
dP
dF
P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
= 850 MW
= 8.284 R/MWh
P
1
= 704.6 MW
P
2
= 111.8 MW
P
3
= 32.6 MW
P
1
> 600 MW (max)
P
3
< 50 MW (min)
Unit 1 diset output maximum dan unit 3 output minimum
P
1
= 600 MW
P
2
= 200 MW
P
3
= 50 MW
MWh R
dP
dF
P
/ 626 . 8
200
2
2
2
= =
=

MWh R
dP
dF
P
/ 016 . 8
600
1
1
2
= =
=

MWh R
dP
dF
P
/ 452 . 8
50
3
3
3
= =
=

Peningkatan biaya pada unit 2 :

Peningkatan biaya pada unit 1
dan 3 :
Peningkatan biaya pada unit 1 paling kecil di MAX -kan
P
1
= 600 MW
= + =
2
2
2
00388 . 0 85 . 7 P
dP
dF
= + =
3
3
3
00964 . 0 97 . 7 P
dP
dF
P
2
+ P
3
= 850 P
3
= 250 MW
= 8.576 R/MWh
P
2
= 187.1 MW
P
3
= 62.9 MW
MWh R
dP
dF
MW P
/ 016 . 8
600
1
1
1
=
=
3
3
2
2
dP
dF
dan
dP
dF
<
N THERMAL UNITS
SERVING LOAD
THROUGH
TRANSMISSION NETWORK
NETWORK LOSSES CONSIDERED