VOLUME 15

Northeast
BRUCE G. TRIGGER
Volume Edito,

it'

(yJ

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
M\

J\'
;~:;
~
WASHINGTON

1978
F:i:-~~~~~~::f
NORTMBAY. OI-\T.
 ,,','

Algonquin
GORDON M, DAY AND BRUCE G, TRIGGER

Language Ternto!)'

The name Algonquin bas been derived fwm the Maliseet Tbe Algonquins bad the Montagnais as their neighbors
elakOmkwik 'they are our relatives (or allies)' (Day to the eas~ with the Saint Maurice Rive< apparently
1972,228). The English pronunciation is eithe< iJlga>jk- being the boundary between these two groups (JR
win oral'giiQkio (or either one witli n in place of Q). Even 23,303-305). In earlie< times, the Saint Lawrence ho-
tlie early writers extended tbe teno to denote a wide quoians had lived to tbe soutb. Culturally, as well as
variety of Algonquian-speaking peoples in eastern Can- linguistically, the Algonquins cl=ly resembled their
ada. to the oonsequent ooofnsion of bistorians. Today, nearest neighbors to the wes~ the Nipissings and Otta-
the t= Algonquin is used to signify a group of clo"ly was. mo" than the Montagnais to the east It is unclear
related bands that inhabited the Ottawa valley and bow far north the Algonquins extended, or wbetbe<, at
adjacent regions to the east in the first balf of tbe tbe time of contact, tbe various bands living in tbe Lake
seventeenth century. Voegelin and Voegelin (1946, Timiskaming and Abitibi "gion sbould be classified ns
181-182) bave classified the Algonquin language as Algonquin, Cree, or Montagnais.
belonging. along witb Ojibwa, Ottawa, and Saulteaux, to From soutb to nortb, the bands that a" clearly attested
the "Middle Tier" of Algonquian, Tbis Middle Tier is as having inhabited the Ottawa valley a" the following
described as a single language, witbin whicb oontiguous (with the spellings of the early sources), the Weskarioi
dialects we<e mutually intelligible. The linguistic defini. (Wescarini) or Petite Nation, who lived in the vicinity of

. tion of Algonquin

mons 1661: Nioolas

indicate
in tbis group bas not been worked out
The earliest sources testify to an ,-dialect
o1ong the Saint Law"nce River (JR 24.38-42:
1672-1674),
an Ottawa and possibly
of Algooquin

wbile later
an Algonquin l-dialect
Anony-
sources
the Rouge,
Matouweskariru
Keinouche
Petite-Nation,

gebin, or Champlain's
Lake "gion;
in the
and Lievre rivers (fig. I): the
Madawoska
(Pike), who may be the same os the Quenon-
People ofNibachis
the Kichesipirini
in the Muskrat
(Big Rive< People), wh=
Rive< valley; the

fartber west (Andre 1688-1715: Matbevet 1750). Al- main encampment was on Morrison's Island; and the
though the "lationsbip between Algonquin and Ojibwa Otaguottouemins (Kolakoutouemi), who lived in the
is obvions, it may not be so cI= as bas been assumed on upper part of the valley (Champlain 1922-1936.
the basis of data from the Lake of Two Mountains 2,264-277,3,38: JR IU29, 29, 145). Another Algonquin
mission (Bloomfield 1925:130). This mission shelte<ed group was the Onontchatawnon, or People of hoquet,

botb Algonquins and Nipissings, but by tbe middle oftbe who "em to bave lived in the valley of the South Nation
nineteentb century Algonquin bad disappea"d and tbe River in eastern Ontario, and who mayor may not have

well-known published writings ofCuoq, although called been part of the Weskarini- This band. who are known
"Algonquin," are in fact Nipissing(Cuoq 1872,1). Study only by their Iroquoian name, we<e "ported to have
of the abundant manuscriptS in tbe Sulpician arcbives inoo'J'Orated some of the people of Hochelaga when the
would elucidate tbe Algooquin-Nipissing "lationsbip. latter were dispersed from the Saint Lawreoce valley
Althougb Lemoine (19113) thought bisdictionary "p"- (Trigger 19n77-80). The names of other Algooquin

"nted the speecb of 011 nomino1 Algonquin band~ field groups have been reoorded. some of wbom may have
cbecks turn up dilfe<ences. Geary's data from the Abitibi lived in the Ottawa vo1ley and o1ong the Saint Mauri"
River.
"gion bave not beeo publisbed, but be bas Slated tbat
tbis dialect lacks tbe Ojibwa ballmark of nasal-plus-stop The Algonquios had a 'pocial interest in Trois Riv-

sequences (Geary 194),308).' ieres: and as early os the 16205, after peace had been
restored in this area, a mixed group of Algonquins and
Montagnais "ttled there and planted crops (Sagard-
'AI""q"in.,dNipi"iniwo,d",,,i"4in'h""""'p"on"~d Theodat 1866,846). Pierre Charievoix recorded a tradi-
ro<Ojib.. (Bloomfi,"1946,1951),Mod,m",o,"ni' ." i""""

.
~v~I.bl'f..Ih="oI~u.bu"',f~"""""nphon<mi,,""b, tion that the Petite Nation were so called because tbey
tvoGoddatdon", ",,"ofinf_rion rromnth"n""...of", were the remoaot of a larger group, wh= power had
been broken wben many of their wamors were slain in an
Ojib.."""i',

From The Aborigine[Oesk 0'

r:n1(;£1(:E SCHO7"1Xf/D
NOR"", BAY, ONT,

.
Fig] B""'of~,OI~""Il,yi"~"'dyl7'h"","ry"dAlgo"q"i",,~~,,i"1970.
encountor on tbe Becancour River nw Troi, RiviOr".
Tbi, too ,ugg"" tbat tbe Algonquim may bave bad a
more e","rly di"ributtOn in tbe Saint Lawren" valley
prior to European contaCt, "' do" tbe tradition of living
by tidal watm remembered by tbe A]gonquin, of Mani-
waki (Speck ]929i]07-]08).
Hi"ory
The Algonquin, fir" appw in bi"ory at Tadou_"ac in
]603 participating, witb the Montagnai, and Etcbemim,
in a celebration of viCtory over the Iroquoi, (Cbamp]ain
1922-]936, li961f.). !tappea", that tbey bad been at war
with the lroquoi, ,ince about 1570 (ibid., 5i78), bad
begun to trade with the Frencb ,ome time before tbi, at
Tado""ac (Biggar 1965047), and bad en"red into an
alliance with the Montagnai, to opro" tbe [roquoi,
(Champlain 1922-1936, liI07-[09). !t i, po"ible that
even carlier they occupied part, of tbe Saint Lawren"
valley and were living in a peaceful relation,bip with the
Saint Lawren" Iroquoian,. The tradition recorded by
Perrot (1864i9- [2) mgg"" mcb a caexi"en" of Algon-
quim and an [roquoian group at ,orne period in prebi,-
Cite bo,hlih" between tbe Algonquin, and tbe Ir('-
quoi, may bave ari"n from tbe Iroquoi, d"ire to obtain
trade good, directty from the Frencb. In 1603 the Huron'
and Algonquin, were coming to Quebec by tbe nortbern
HGO"O"'"
/ lLL.L.LJ' "'~
f"TT1.""-
ro"to ratber than along tbe Saint Lawren", but wb,,-
q"nt Frencb a"i"ance belped tbem to infliCt major
defeat, on tbe lroquoi' in 1609 and [610 and to reopen
tbe Saint Lawrence trade rou". In 1613 Samuel de
Cbamplain p",bed up tbe Ottawa River and left an
account of bi, vi,it to T"oouat', village on Morri,on',
hland. Th"e Algonquim, Champlain w", given to un-
dmtand, bad witbdrawn up tbe Ottawa to thi, 'trong
point on account of tbe [roquoi, menace. Iroquoi,
raiding parti", traveling north along the Rideau to
attack Indiam living in, or u,ing, the lower part of the
Ottawa River valley, may account for tbe "ndency oftbe
people living in tbi, area to loca" their mmmer camp'
along tributari" flowing into tbe Ottawa River ratber
tban to bave tbem along tbe Ottawa i"elf.
Until [615 tbe Algonquim played a major role in
,upp[ying their Huron alii" witb European trade good,.
Thi, relationwip w", "pecially cIo" with the Arendaro-
non tribe, in wbo" "rritory con,idcrable numbc", of
Algonquin, 'pent tbe win"r, excbanging Frencb trade
good, for Huron corn. So long"' tbe [roquoi, continued
to block tbe Saint Lawrence River, tbe Algonquin, were
living a"ride wbat w", by far tbe mie" trade rou" into
tbe in"rior and tbu, were aoxio", to pro"ct their role",
middlemen between tbe Frencb and the trib" wbo lived
around tbe ,bore, of Lake Huron. The Kicb"ipirini, wbo
were tbe mo" powerful and commercially orien"doftbe
A]gonquin band" were particularly aoxiou, to, prevent "'93
From Tho AboriginatDa.k Of
@11l1:9{:r.SCJ{O!F11:[/lJ
NORTH BAY, ONT.
 Cnamplain fmm traveling to the Huron country and broke the peace and, by treachery, suceeeded in killing

.
oncomag;ng the Huron to trade directly with the Frenoh. Simon Piskaret, the most renowned Algonquin warrior,
Although unable, in the long mn, to prevent the develop- and killing or capturing two unsuspecting hunting parties
ment of this relationship or to restrain the Huron. who from Trois Rivieres(Perrot 1864:106-109). Thusreduced
were more numerous and powerful than they were. the in numbers, the eastern Algonquins sought assistance
~Igonquins bitterly resented what the French had done from the Attikamegues, the Montagnais, tbe Micmacs,
to them. They therefore took advantage of every oppor- and the Nipissings. Nothing came of this combination:
tucity to barass Humn traders and to stir up trouble Perrot blamed the fail... on lack of coordination, since
between them and the Freneb. TlUs, more than anything be regarded the Algonquins as much better warriors than
: I
else, made it necessary for the Freneb tobave their agents the Iroquois (Perrot 1864:109-110).
living with the Huron, to encourage them to trade and to Unfortunately, very little is known about tbe Algon-
travel with them through Algonquin territory. quins between 1650 and 1675, which was the period of
In the 1620s Iroquois attacks against the Algonquins their temporary dispersal from the Ottawa valley. Some
were inhibited by the armed Frenchmen traveling to and Algonquins retired to the Lake Saint John reg;on and
fmm the Hmon country, and the Algonquins even were still therein 1710 (Rochernonteis 1904:98, 108). The
enjoyed a certain amount of peace with the Iroquois until Kichesipirinis were still at Morrison's Island in 1650 and
1627. In order to bolster their own position, the Algon- inspiring respect with their 400 warriors. When the
quins attempted repoatedly to put the French at a French retreated from the Huron country that yeor,
disadvantage by playing them olf against the Dutch Tessouat is reported to have had the superior of the Jesuit
traders at Fort Orange, but on each occasion Mohawk ntission suspended by his armpits because he refused to
jealousy prevented the Algonquins from achieving their olfer him the customary presents for being allowed to
goal. In 1634 the Algonquins concluded another peace travel through Algonquin territory (Perrot 1864:95).
treaty with the Mohawk that Oumasasikweie, one of the Others joined the ntission at Siliery and were mostly
headmen of the Kichesipirini. and Tessouac the principal destroyed by an epidentic by 1676. Still others, encour-
headman of this band, hoped would permit their people aged by the French, remained at Trois Rivieres (Rigaud
to travel through the Mohawk country to trade with the de Vaudreuil and Begon1722: Lahontan 1905:50: JR
Dutch. When Oumasasikweie and some of his compan- 63:71): and their settlement at nearby Point-du-Lac
ions attempted to do this, however, they were promptly remained unti! about 1830, when the last 14 fantilies,
slain by the Mohawk~ who had no desire to penDit the numbering about 50 (Tuckerman 1821:42~ moved to
Dutch to establish trading relations with these fur-rich Oka. The SuJpician Mission of the Mountain was
.northern tribes. This incident led to a new outbreak of founded at Montreal in 1677, and some Algonquins
war between the Algonquins and Mohawks that, because settled there together with Iroquois converts. In 1704 a
of the gmwing Mohawk need for furs, turned into a life- separa" Algonquin ntission was founded at Sainte-
and-death struggle, in which the greater number of Anne-du-bout-de-\'iIe under Francois-Saturrtin Lascaris
firearms available to the Iroquois gradually gave them d'Urfe: and in 1721 a new ntission was formed at Lake of
the upper hand. By the early I640s the Weskarinis were Two Mountai~ where the Algonquins were brought
being compelled to seek refuge among the Kiebesipirini~ together with Iroquois and Nipissings (Cuoq 1894: 170).
whose territory had hitherto escaped attack by the Additional Algonquins joined this mission in 1742 (0.
Iroquois. Soon, the Kichesipirinis themselves were seek- Maurault 1930: 18).
ing refuge, in times of crisis, at the French settlements The Algonquins who were apparently frequenting
along the Saint Lawrence. In spiteofthi~ the Algonquin Trois Rivieres in 1684 aceompanied Joseph-Antoine Le
retained their reputation for being pmud and indepen- Febvre de laBarre to his council with the Iroquois at
dent Fort Frontenac (Lahontan 1905:50-51,733: JR 63:67).
In 1645 the Freneb initiated peace proposals to the In the last quarter of the seventeenth century, whatever
Iroquois and convened a council that included the hunting territory the Algonquins may have had south of
Hurons, Montagnais, Attikamegues, and Algonquins the Saint Lawrence River began to be taken over by
and confirmed a peace that included a private deal Abenakis. Before !670 Sokokis had settled on the Saint
between the French and the Iroquois abandoning the Francois River, and in 1704 Father Sebastien Rile
non-Christian Algonquins (JR 27:247-305, 28:149-51). brought eastern Abenakis from the Androscoggin River
Some Algonquins moved to the Jesuit ntission at Sil\ery to Becancour (Charland 1964: 18, 37-38). These Abena-
after its establishment in 1637, but Tmis Rivieres seems kis asked permission of the Algonquitts to settle (Speek
to have remained the focus of the more easterly Algon- 1928b:!73). Algonquin and Abenaki relations were

.
quin bands. The peace of 1645 allowed the Iroquois to thenceforth good, and at some point they made a treaty
hunt on the edges of Algonquin territory, a concession agreeing to regard the Saint Lawrence River as the
they took full advantage of, killing more than 2,000 deer dividing line and asserting that the land north of the river
had aiways been Algonquin country (Duebesnay
the first winter (JR 28:287). But in 1646 the Mohawks
nAY AND T"CC..
From The Abo"gineLCesk of
@11(:E9{,[;SCilOJ'1'££/D '-
NORni BAY, ONT.
 8:531). Their territories extended to the Sainte-Anne-
de-Ia-Perade River on the east and north to the vicinity of
Coucoucache.
After the great peace between the Iroquois and the
French and their allies in 1701, trade, often clandestine,
was carried on between the northern Indians and Albany.
It had begun for the Algonquins at Montreal at least as
early as 1715 (Faillon 1850-1865, fo1.E: 173). During the
frequent conflicts with the English, the Algonquins were
constant allies of the French. Their warriors were at Fort
Necessity, Lake George, Monongahela, Fort Edward,
Schenectady, Fort Orange, and the Plains of Abraham
among other battles (0. Maurault 1930:27). In 1752 the
Algonquins of Lake of Two Mountains were living with,
yet distinct from, the Nipissings and Iroquois in houses of
squared timbers. Together with the Nipissings they num-
bered 113 warriors. They were not cultivating the land,
but they were making a good living from their furs, which
they obtained in the winter 250 to 300 leagues from the
village. Much of their trade was with Albany at this time
(Franquet 1889:42-49, 121). Sometime in the mid-eigh-
.
teenth century, the Algonquins of Two Mountains be-
came members of the so-called Seven Nations of Canada,
a confederacy of French mission Indians.
n the latter part of the eighteenth century, the Two
untains Indians, continuing their hunting on the
upper Ottawa River, became involved in the activities of
the fur-trading companies. One group, having settled at
Golden Lake in 1807, petitioned for confirmation ofland
title there and a reserve was established in 1870 (Lake
1966:157). Gradual removals of other families of Algon-
quins and Nipissings from Lake of Two Mountains to
t River Desert took place during the first half of the
nineteenth century, and in 1854 a group removed there
and a reserve was established at Maniwaki (Speck
1929:115-117). The remaining Algonquins and Nipis-
sings left Lake of Two Mountains sometime after 1868
(Parent 1887:198,22 1).Other bands existing on the upper
Gatineau and Ottawa rivers in the nineteenth century
were the Temiskaming, Abitibi, Grand Lake Victoria,
Quinze Lake, Mattawa, Kipawa, and Lake Dumoine
, (Speck 1915:3). There are also bands at Lac Simon and
~ Lac Barriere, but the history of all these bands is less well
~ known. Algonquins still regard the region of Mazinaw
Lake, Otter Lake, Baptiste Lake, and the Bonnechere and
Mattawa rivers as their territory south of the Ottawa
River; but this land was sold by Iroquois, Mississaugas,
and Ojibw~s, not by the Algonquins (Morris 1943).
Nonreservation Algonquins continued to live on the
..
Lievre and the Ottawa rivers into the twentieth century.
Culture
Evidence concerning the nature of Algonquin culture is
extremely limited. Considerable information about Al-
gonquin tribes is contained in Perrot (1864), Raudot
AI (',0NOUIN
(1904), and the Jesuit Relations (JR), but it is seldom
possible to assign details to the Algonquins specifically.
Moreover, data obtained by anthropologists in the twen-
tieth century cannot be attributed with certainty to the
Algonquins of the contact period. It is likely that the
various seventeenth-century bands were made up of
patrilineal extended families, although it is less certain
whether each band constituted a single exogamous clan
of the type that Hickerson (1970:42-50) has recon-
structed for the precontact Ojibwa and Ottawa. The
members of these bands appear to have lived in a single
community during the warmer months of the year, when
fishing was good, and to have either dispersed or sent out
hunting parties to obtain food during the winter. Henry
(1969:23) found the classic family hunting system in strict
operation among the Lake of Two Mountains Algon-
quins in 1761, much as it was remembered by Speck's
informants in 1913 at Temiskaming, Kipawa, and Lac
Dumoine (1915:6- 7). Historical references to group
hunting by Algonquins can perhaps be explained as
reactions of temporarily displaced groups exploiting a
new and perhaps controversial territory (Lahontan
1905:46; Marie de !'Incarnation 1967:315).
Although the growing season was too short for corn to
provide a reliable source of food in most parts of the
Ottawa valley, the seventeenth-century Algonquins prac-
ticed a simple type of swidden agriculture wherever
suitable soil was available. Fields were cleared by burn-
ing tracts of pine forest and were then planted with corn,
beans. and squash. Shortly after A.D. 1600, peas, which
had been obtained from European traders, were also
being grown. In general, the subsistence economy of the
Algonquins resembled that of the Nipissings and Otta-
was, and together these three groups represented the
northernmost penetration of a marginally agricultural
economy in eastern North America.
The seventeenth-century Algonquins shared other
traits with the Algonquian and lroquoian peoples of the
less rigorous environment of the Eastern Woodlands to
the south and west of them, and probably more specifical-
ly with the Huron, with whom they traded. Like the ~Q
Hurons, but unlike the Montagnais, the Algonquins (I)~
fished through the ice by means of nets in the winter (JR ~W,..:
8:39). This method may have been possible because the
iOi~~
c:",O
._~
.2>~ >--
Algonquins were able to obtain Indian hemp nets from ~<
the Hurons, who are known to have supplied them to the .8 ~IX)
<wz
Nipissings and their other Algonquian-speaking neigh- Q)"'~
..c: "" It:
bors who lived around the shores of Georgian Bay. Like I-f:-.)o
E ""€<;"~
the Hurons, the Algonquins also ate dogs, which the E""
Montagnais regarded as a shameful practice (JR 9: III).
The Algonquins entertained their guests in the same
manner as the Hurons, with the host tending his guests
but not eating any food himself. Councils were also
u.~
conducted in the Huron manner with tobacco being
smoked in silence before any important issue was dis-'
cussed. Algonquin use of turtle-shell rattles in a curing 795
...,
 "
.'1-,

.
Mrn._M~.N""",,N~"
FI"3. Wlf, oodcl>lldm"ofDooS"on" '" 0 10"'YP'ofbimh""k
~"~ ~ll,d ~'po"okki""'=o 'A"'oold ~"~'. PholOgmph by
Edwl"T.Ad"y. obooJ1927.00 Bo="h", rc"', Gold""u.k,
R=m.

toboggan; rectangular bark buntingcamps; birchbark

containers sewed with spruce roots (fig. 4); porcupino
quillwork in the soutb; moo"hide tumplines; basswood
bags, mats, and temporary tumplines; deer and moose,
hide clothing; mdleboa.ds and blanket hammocks;
~::;,~,~;;;;,M;;:mu:"d
womo" W"","'o<.mid,18,"
"",°0' moccasins of b"mtail and deemo" types (Hat!

.remony also suggests itself as a borrowing from the

Hurons (Sagard-ThWat 1939:65). The Algonquins con-
structed longbou"s, but this was not an exclusively
Iroquoian trait and even tlie Montagnais meted such
structures in some of their summer camps along the Saint
Lawrence. The g,aves of prominent individuals were
covered with painted wooden structures shaped like a
ridged roof. These were about "ven feet long and four
feet wide, and at one end they had a wooden upright
beoring a figure that represented the decea"d. Franquet
(1889:48-49) has left a detailed account of a dance he
witnessed at Two Mountains in ]752. In the nineteenth
century, splint basketry was probably borrowed from the
Iroquois or the Abenaki.
Whatever the character of the contact-period Algon-
quin culture, twentieth-century fieldwork among Algon-
quin bands shows them sharing much of the inventory of
traits characteristic of the other boreal forest peoples as
outlined by Flannery (J 946). Among these are: a supreme
being who is owner of everything; a trickster-transformer
culture hero; the Windigo; the pa-kahk, a di"mbodied
starveling; the pakwabniniwak, a race of powerful little

~
-,
m::;ts~~ma:S:n~n~:eu;~~:cgte;~e:~:'~r~~mv;~Oi~
q ,ry>g
urely that
. p . y .
of a hunttng-fishmg people.
ms mcluded the blrcbbark canoe (fig. 3); snowshoes;
Matenal culture
;:; ~-B~~~;;~~;w;;"~i~;;'~w<d
,og"h"w""spill'pm" .001
:1w"hlhoo,hoodl,.1O,d""",fo=,dby"mpm,ow'y,","'"k
i=" "'.k 10"POM'"' 'oy" of Ii,hl
..11""" "' MoHow,.0"", m 1913.

From Tbe AboriglhatOesk of

b"k "'""'".

DH
Ls"g," 17.8 om;

AND "'GG"
"
@'!F,,'EiJ(.'ESCJfOT1'££'lJ
NORTH BAY, ONT.
 .,171-178,167-169); bows, preferably of hop horn- Michelson 19n 100; Hewitt in Hodge 1907-1910, 1,13)
beam, Knowledge of plants and their properties was whence the Itoquois designation Adirondacks (Colden
extensive. Maple sugar was made by some bands. I 74hv); Western Abenaki w"'Qg"""k(Day 1956-1973);
The Algonquin population about 1965 was in Quebec, Nipissing dialect ama'mi'wininiwak literally 'down-river
197 at Barriere Lake, 225 at Grand Lake Victoria, 273" people' (from Cuoq 1886,298). They called them"lves
Lake Simon, 898 at River Desert, 3 at Argonau~ II at aniHinapd.
Hunters Poin~ 91 at Kipawa. 247 at Long Poin~ 389 at
Tinliskaming, and 57 at Wolfe Lake; and in Ontario, 446 SOU"""
at Golden Lake and an unknown percentage of the
Iroquois-Algonquin band at Gibson. To the total of The history of the Algonquios begins with Champlain
approximately 2,500 should be added an unknown num- (1922-1936) and must be gleaned from the Jesuit Rela.
ber of persons of Algonquin descent scattered throughout tions (JR 1896-1901) and French historical writmofthe
the Ottawa valley but unaffiliated with any reserve. The "venteenth century (Sagard.Theodat 1939; Perrot 1864).
total Algonquin population appears to be rather stable, In the eighteenth century travelers like Franquet (1889)
perhaps showing a slight increase since 1900, although and military men like Bougainvllie (1924) and Mont-
direct comparison with the 1900 census is not possible calm-Gozon (1895) recorded ethnological information.
(Canada. Department of Indian Alfairs and Northern Aner about 1720 the best sources are the writings of
Development 1965,9-10, 12). Sulpician missionaries at Oka. most of which remain in
manuscript in the Sulpician archives in Montreal. Some
Synouymy information may be found in the fur-trade records of the

.
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Heury 1969; Long
The earliest form of the name was Algoumequin, 1603 1791; McLean 1932; Mackenzie 1801). In the late nine-
(Champlain 1922-1936, 1,103). Algonquain appeared as teenth and early twenrieth centuries several ethnologists
early as 1632 (JR 5,70). Names in other languages are (Chamberlain 1891; Davidson 1928, 2; Speck 1914, 1915,
ou Aquannaque, 1632 (Sagard-Theodat 1939, S.v. 1915.. 1927a, 1928b, 1928c, 1929; Johnson 1928, 1930)
'oos) or AkSanake, 1641, used for any tribe of wrote on panicular expre",;oos of Algonquin culture. A'
unintelligible speech (JR 21,192), perhaps an adaptation significant collection of Algonquin material culture is
of Abenaki; Mohawk ati,..taks literally 'tree-eaters' (G. presmed in the National Mu"um of Man, Ottawa.

c
,
797