Appendix B

Symmetrical components
B.1 Denitions
Symmetrical components of voltages or currents are dened through a linear transformation of phase quantities.1,2 Let Xp be the phase quantities and Xs be their symmetrical components, where X may be voltages or currents. Thus 1 1 1 Xa X0 1 (B.1) Xs = X1 = SXp = 1 2 Xb 3 2 X2 Xc 1 The elements of Xs identied by the subscripts 0, 1 and 2 are known as the zero, positive, and negative sequence components respectively. The inverse of the matrix S is given by S1 = 3 1 2 1
( 1 + j 23 ) 2

1 1

= 1 2 1 2

1 1

(B.2)

is a cube root of 1. S is a similarity transformation on impedance matrices where = of certain classes of three-phase power apparatus.

B.2 Identities
3 = 1 1 + + 2 = 0 1 = 3j/6 1 2 = 3j/6 2 = j 3 (B.3) (B.4) (B.5) (B.6) (B.7)

Power System Relaying, Third Edition. Stanley H. Horowitz and Arun G. Phadke 2008 Research Studies Press Limited. ISBN: 978-0-470-05712-4

314

Symmetrical components

B.3 Sequence impedances

The impedance matrix (or admittance matrix) of a three-phase element Zp transforms into a sequence impedance matrix Zs in the symmetrical component frame of reference. The general transformation is Zs = SZp S1 (B.8)

The elements of Zs are known as the sequence impedances of the three-phase element. The three diagonal elements are the zero sequence, positive sequence and negative sequence impedances respectively. The off-diagonal elements are zero for all balanced elements. Even in the presence of unbalances, the off-diagonal elements of Zs are often neglected. The sequence impedances of some of the more common types of power system elements are given below. For admittances, replace Zs by Y s. (a) Balanced impedances without mutual coupling between phases Zs 0 0 Zp = 0 Zs 0 0 0 Zs 0 (B.10)

(B.9)

Zs = 0 Zs 0 0 0 Zs

Zs 0

(b) Balanced impedances with mutual coupling between phases Zs Zm Zm Zp = Zm Zs Zm Zm Zm Zs Zs = Zs + 2Zm 0 0 (c) Balanced rotating machinery Zs Zm1 Zm2 Zp = Zm2 Zs Zm1 Zm1 Zm2 Zs Zs = Zs + Zm1 + Zm2 0 0 0 Zs + 2 Zm1 + Zm2 0 0 0 Zs + Zm1 + 2 Z
m2

(B.11)

0 Zs Zm 0

0 0 Zs Zm

(B.12)

(B.13)

(B.14)

Sequence impedances

315

a b c g 0 n g 1 n 2 n 3-phase

Zx Zy Zn Zy+3Zn (ZxZy)/3

a b c g 0 n g 1 n 2 n

Zx

Zx a b c g 3Zx 0 n g

a b c g Zy+3Zn 0 n g Zy 1 n Zy 2 n

Zy

Zn

Zx

1 n 2 n Phase-to-ground

phase-phase

Double-phase-to-ground

a b c g 0 n g 1 n 2 n 1:

Zx

a b c g 0 n g Zx 1 n 2 n

Zx

a b c g

Zx

3Zx 0 n g 1:2 Zx 1 n 2 n a b c g 0 n g 1 n 2 n open conductor a b c g 0 n g 1 n 2 n 1:2

1:2

1: a-to-c

1: b-to-ground a b c g 0 n g 1 n 2 n

a-to-b a b c g 0 n g 1 n 2 n 1: 3Zx Zx a b c g 0 n g 1 n 2 n

1:2

c-to-ground

two open conductors

Figure B.1

Symmetrical component connections for various faults

316

Symmetrical components

a b c g 0 n g 1 n 2 n 0 n g 1 n 2 n

a b c g

a b c g 0 n g 1 n 2 n 0 n g 1 n 2 n

a b c g

1:1

1:1

1:1

1:

1:1

1:2

fault and one end open

faults on a and b phases

Figure B.1

(continued)

(d) Flat conguration untransposed transmission line Zs1 Zm1 Zm2 Zp = Zm1 Zs2 Zm1 Zm2 Zm1 Zs1 2Zs1 + Zs2 + 4Zm1 + 2Zm2 2 (Zs1 Zs2 Zm1 + Zm2 ) 1 2Zs1 + Zs2 2Zm1 Zm2 (Zs1 Zs2 Zm1 + Zm2 ) Zs = 3 2 (Z Z Z + Z ) (Z Z Z + Z )
s1 s2 m1 m2

(B.15)

(Zs1 Zs2 Zm1 + Zm2 ) 2 (Zs1 Zs2 + 2Zm1 2Zm2 ) 2Zs1 + Zs2 2Zm1 Zm2

s1

s2

m1

m2

(B.16)

Equations (B.15) and (B.16) become equations (B.11) and (B.12) when Zs1 = Zs2 and Zm1 = Zm2 . Other types of phase impedance matrices can be transformed into their sequence impedances by using the general formula (B.8).

B.4 Representations of faults

Balanced and unbalanced faults at system buses are represented by appropriate connections of the symmetrical component networks at the fault buses. Figure B.1 shows schematics of various types of faults, followed by the corresponding symmetrical component network connections.3 All faults are shown to occur through some impedances. If solid short circuits are to be represented, the corresponding impedances must be set equal to 0. In some cases, phase shifting transformers are shown. These transformers change the phase angles of the currents and voltages in going from the primary to the secondary side.

References
1. Fortescue, C.L. (1918) Method of symmetrical coordinates applied to the solution of polyphase networks. Trans. AIEE , 37, 1027140. 2. Stevenson Jr, W.D. (1982) Elements of Power System Analysis, 4th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York. 3. Westinghouse (1976) Applied Protective Relaying, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Newark, NJ.