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Heat Is Energy
Heat, like other forms of energy, cannot be created nor destroyed. However, we have the ability to move it from one place to another. Moving heat is more efficient than using energy to produce heat.

Heat Measurements, Temperature

We are all familiar with temperature. This is a measurement of heat intensity. It is measured using a thermometer. Two different scales are commonly used: Celsuis (C) which is used in most of the World and Fahrenheit (F) which is commonly used in the United States.

Heat Measurements, Quantity

Heat quantity is also measured using two scales: Calories (c) by most of the World and British Thermal Units (BTU) in the United States. 1 calorie is the heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. 1 BTU will increase the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree F.

Burning a large wooden match produces about 1 BTU of heat.

Unit Conversion
Temperature
o

F = 1,8 oC + 32

K = oC + 273 Energy 1 ft lb = 0,1383 m kg = 1,356 J = 1/778 BTU 1 m kg = 7,233 ft lb = 9,807 J = 1/427 kcal 1 kcal = 427 m kg 1 BTU = 778 ft lb 1 cal/g = 1,8 BTU/lb = 4187 J = 3,969 BTU = 1055 J = 0,252 kcal

Introduction to Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer (or Heat) is energy in transit due to temperature difference Heat will not flow between two objects of the same temperature. Heat is really energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of the temperature difference between them. The transfer of heat is normally from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. Heat transfer changes the internal energy of both systems involved according to the First Law of Thermodynamics.

How Heat can be Transfered?

Conduction Convection Advection Radiation

Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat within a substance, molecule by molecule.

If one end of a metal rod is put over a fire, that end will absorb the energy from the flame (this is radiation transferring energy). The molecules at this end of the rod will gain energy and begin to vibrate faster. As they do their temperature increases and they begin to bump into the molecules next to them. The heat is being transfered from the warm end to the cold end.

q = heat flux (W/m2) k = thermal conductivity (W/m.K) The measurement of how well a material can conduct heat depends on how it's molecules are structurally bonded together. This is a listing of the heat conductivity of various substances: Substance Still air at 20 C Dry Soil Water at 20 C Snow Wet Soil Ice Heat Conductivity 0.023 0.25 0.60 0.63 2.1 2.1

Granite Iron Silver

2.7 80 427

Convection
Convection is heat transfer by the mass movement of a fluid in the vertical (up/down) direction. This type of heat transfer takes place in liquids and gases.

Warm air is less dense than cold air, making cold air heavier than warm air. This warm air mass is buoyant and wants to rise upward because it is less dense, the heavy cold air takes the place of the warm bubble.

Advection
Advection is the transfer of heat in the horizontal (north/east/south/west) direction.

In meteorology, the wind transports heat by advection. This happens all the time on Earth, heat is transported in many ways. For example, wind blowing over a body of water will pick up evaporated water molecules and carry them elsewhere, when the air with these water molecules cools, the water will condense and release latent heat. The heat is being transfered by the wind. Advection is very similar to Convection, however, it is in the horizontal and not vertical.

Radiation
Radiation allows heat to be transfered through wave energy. These waves are called Electromagnetic Waves, because the energy travels in a combination of electric and magnetic waves.

The energy a wave carries is related to its wavelength (measured from crest to crest). Shorter wavelengths carry more energy than longer wavelengths. Wavelengths are measured in terms of meters:

1 (millimeter) mm = .001 m = 10-3 m 1 (micrometer) m = .000001 m = 10-6 m 1 m is 1 millionth of a meter. One-hundredth the diameter of a human hair. 1 (nanometer) nm = .000000001 m = 10-9 m

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