The standards work of ISO/TC 69/SC 5 Acceptance sampling

David Baillie Chairman, ISO/TC 69/SC 5

ISO/TC 69/SC 5 has published 3 Technical Reports and 18 standards. 4 of these standards are presently under revision and 2 new standards are presently under development. 4 further standards are planned for the future. One of the purposes of this presentation is to gather ideas, if any, for potential new acceptance sampling standards.

ISO 2859 Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes

The ISO 2959 series presently consists of 6 parts, namely Parts 1 to 5 and Part 10.

ISO 2859 series (continued)

ISO 2859-10 Introduction to the ISO 2859 series of attribute sampling standards

ISO 2859 series (continued)

ISO 2859-1:1999 Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection Contains single sampling, double sampling and multiple sampling plans, both for percent nonconforming items and for nonconformities per 100 items
Applicable to a continuing series of lots.

ISO 2859 series (continued)

ISO 2859-2:1985 Sampling plans indexed by limiting quality (LQ) for isolated lot inspection This standard is presently under revision at DIS ballot stage.

ISO 2859 series (continued)

ISO 2859-3:2005 Skip-lot sampling procedures

ISO 2859 series (continued)

ISO 2859-4:2002 Procedures for assessment of declared quality levels

ISO 2859 series (continued)

ISO 2859-5:2005 System of sequential sampling plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection

ISO 3951 series: Sampling procedures for inspection by variables

The ISO 3951 series presently consists of 5 parts, namely Parts 1 to 5.

ISO 3951 series (continued)

ISO 3951-1:2005 Specification for single sampling plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection for a single quality characteristic and a single AQL

ISO 3951 series (continued)

ISO 3951-2:2006 General specification for single sampling plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection of independent quality characteristics

ISO 3951 series (continued)

ISO 3951-3:2007 Double sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection

ISO 3951 series (continued)

ISO 3951-4 (under DIS ballot) Procedures for assessment of declared quality levels

ISO 3951 series (continued)

ISO 3951-5:2006 Sequential sampling plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for inspection by variables (known standard deviation)

Sequential sampling plans indexed by producers and consumers risk points

In order to satisfy a need for sequential sampling plans having fixed maximum risks at two quality levels, two standards have been developed, one for attributes and one for variables. The plans can be used for acceptance sampling or hypothesis testing.

Sequential sampling plans indexed by producers and consumers risk points (continued)
ISO 8422:2006 Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes

Sequential sampling plans indexed by producers and consumers risk points (continued)
ISO 8423:2008 Sequential sampling plans for inspection by variables for percent nonconforming (known standard deviation)

Accept zero standards

Because of the preference of many industries to rely on sampling plans with acceptance number zero (despite the poor ability of such plans to discriminate between good and bad quality levels when used in stand-alone mode), ISO/TC 69/SC 5 has developed and published three standards that depend strongly on such plans.

Accept zero standards (continued)

ISO 18414:2006 Acceptance sampling procedures by attributes Accept-zero sampling system based on credit principle for controlling outgoing quality Uses accept-zero plans on a continuing series in a structured way so that the average outgoing quality limit can be guaranteed. Method has the advantage that large lots need never be 100% inspected.
n (K N , N )a 1

Accept zero standards (continued)

ISO 21247:2005 Combined accept-zero sampling systems and process control procedures for product. Based on MIL-STD-1916, provides a set of accept-zero sampling systems and procedures for planning and conducting inspections to assess quality and conformance to specified requirements.

Accept zero standards (continued)

ISO 28801:2002 (presently under 2nd DIS ballot) Double sampling plans by attributes with minimal sample sizes, indexed by producers risk quality (PRQ) and consumers risk quality (CRQ)
Accept and reject numbers 0 and 2 at the first sample, but 1 and 2 for the combined first and second samples.

Parts per million standard

ISO 14560:2004 Acceptance sampling procedures by attributes Specified quality levels in nonconforming items per million Specifies, for quality levels expressed as

nonconforming items per million items, procedures for estimating the quality level of a single entity (e.g. a lot) and, when the production process is in statistical control, for estimating the process quality level based on evidence from several samples.

ISO 14560:2004 (continued)

Procedures are also specified for using this information when selecting a suitable sampling plan so as to verify that the quality level of a given lot does not exceed a stated limiting quality level (LQL). For the case where no prior sample data is available, guidance is given for presuming a process quality level in selecting a plan.

Allocation of priorities principle standards

ISO 13448 Acceptance sampling procedures based on the allocation of priorities principle (APP) Part 1 (2005): Guidelines for the APP approach Part 2 (2004): Coordinated single sampling plans for acceptance sampling by attributes
Uses knowledge of the history of the process and the level of accreditation in a semi-Bayesian way to reduce the required sample sizes.

Random sampling
ISO 24153:2009 Random sampling and randomization procedures Defines procedures for random sampling and randomization. Several methods are provided, including approaches based on mechanical devices, tables of random numbers, and portable computer algorithms.

Technical reports (TRs)

ISO/TR 8550: Guidance on the selection and usage of acceptance sampling systems for inspection of discrete items in lots consists of three Parts, all published in 2007: Part 1: Guide to acceptance sampling Part 2: Sampling by attributes Part 3: Sampling by variables

Current work
Revision of ISO 3951-1 and ISO 3951-2 to provide a better match between the OC curves for single sampling by variables and the OC curves for the corresponding single sampling attributes plans of ISO 2859-1. (New work item proposals to be made in September and October 2010)

Current work (continued)

ISO 28801 revision
This revision is primarily to introduce plans with a producers risk of 5% and a consumers risk of 10%. (The current edition only has plans for the cases where both risks are equal to either 5% or 10%.)

Current work (continued)

ISO 3951-4 Procedures for assessment of declared quality levels This standard will be a variables counterpart to the attributes standard ISO 2859-4. It is presently under DIS ballot.

Future work
Sampling by attriables This standard will accommodate the situation in acceptance sampling where a class of quality characteristics includes at least one attribute and at least one variable. (This is one reason why ISO 3951-1 and ISO 3951-2 are being revised, to harmonise the attributes and variables OC curves for use in attriables sampling.)

Future work (continued)

Audit sampling
Now that the accountancy profession acknowledges that it is better if sampling inspection were not discretionary, it is a good opportunity for ISO to fill the need for an appropriate international standard.

Future work (continued)

ISO 3951-10 Introduction to the ISO 3951 series of attribute sampling standards
A guidance document will help the user to navigate the ISO 3951 series (mirroring ISO 2859-10 for sampling by attributes).

Future work (continued)

Continuous sampling plans The problem of existing continuous sampling plans is that the varying inspection load is uneconomic. Methodology has been developed by Wadsworth and Wasserman for basing the sampling plans on cumulative sums, as a result of which the inspection load remains constant. Wadsworth, H.M., and Wasserman, G., 1987. A Modified CUSUM Procedure as A Continuous Sampling Scheme. In Frontiers in Statistical Quality Control 3, pp. 179-196. GmbH, Co., Heidelberg, Germany, Physica-Verlag

Future work (continued)

Sequential sampling plans by variables for unknown process standard deviation
The problem here is to devise a methodology that is capable of being standardized.

Future work (continued)

Any suggestions for future work will be seriously considered. However, the decision whether to proceed will be made as a result of an international ballot on a new work item proposal. Success of the ballot depends on a scoring system and whether at least 5 experts offer to take part in the development of the new standard.