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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling, British Tradition Care has been taken to verify the accuracy of information presented in this book. However, the authors, editors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for Web, e-mail, newsgroup, or chat room subject matter or content, or for consequences from application of the information in this book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to its content. Trademarks: Some of the product names and company names included in this book have been used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trade names of their respective manufacturers and sellers. The authors, editors, and publisher disclaim any affiliation, association, or connection with, or sponsorship or endorsement by, such owners. Cover Image Credits: Scene, John Kelly/Getty Images; plaque art, Rolin Graphics, Inc. ISBN 978-0-82194-373-1 2009 by EMC Publishing, LLC 875 Montreal Way St. Paul, MN 55102 E-mail: educate@emcp.com Web site: www.emcp.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be adapted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Teachers using Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature, British Tradition may photocopy complete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale. Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Lesson 2: Word Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lesson 3: PAVEPredict Associate, Verify, Evaluate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Lesson 4: Anglo-Saxon Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Lesson 5: Old English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Time Out for Test Practice: Words of Anglo-Saxon Origin. . . . . . . . . . .11 Lesson 6: Middle English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Lesson 7: Greek and Latin Root Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Lesson 8: British English vs. American English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Time Out for Test Practice: Words of French, Latin, and Greek Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Lesson 9: Word Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Lesson 10: High-Frequency Spelling Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Lesson 11: Pronunciation and Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Time Out for Test Practice: Recognizing Word Parts and Spelling Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Lesson 12: Inferential Context Clues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Lesson 13: Using Context Clues in Your Own Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Lesson 14: Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Time Out for Test Practice: Context Clues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Lesson 15: Current Events Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Lesson 16: Compound Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Lesson 17: Allusions and Eponyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Time Out for Test Practice: Compound Words and Eponyms . . . . . . . .42
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Lesson 18: Common Acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Lesson 19: Clichs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Lesson 20: Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Time Out for Test Practice: Vocabulary Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Lesson 21: Homophones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Lesson 22: Synonyms and Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Lesson 23: Connotation and Denotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Lesson 24: Literal versus Figurative Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Time Out for Test Practice: Idioms, Colloquialisms, and Hyperbolic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Lesson 25: Classifying Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Lesson 26: Civics ConnectionEconomic Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Lesson 27: Political and Historical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Lesson 28: Civics ConnectionLegal Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Time Out for Test Practice: Economic, Political, and Legal Words . . . .66 Lesson 29: Math and Science Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Lesson 30: Technology Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Lesson 31: Weird Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Lesson 32: Expanding Word Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Time Out for Test Practice: Math, Science, and Technology Words and Using Context Clues to Unlock Weird Words . . . . . . . . .75
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Introduction
The Exceeding the Standards resource books provide in-depth language arts instruction to enrich students skills development beyond the level of meeting the standards. Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling offers meaningful ways to incorporate word study into the language arts classroom. Vocabulary & Spelling presents thirty-two lessons, designed to be used weekly, that cover a broad range of topics from etymology to context clues to spelling patterns. These lessons are aligned with the units of the Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature program and may be used alone or as supplements to the Vocabulary & Spelling workshops in the Student Edition. Each lesson incorporates words from selections in the corresponding unit of the textbook. By using these lessons in conjunction with the literature program, you will help your students become better readers, writers, speakers, and spellers. Each lesson in Vocabulary & Spelling includes the following components: A Word of the Week, selected from the corresponding textbook unit, highlights a word that students may find particularly meaningful or interesting. Grammar instruction on one or more topics is followed by a Try It Yourself section that allows students to practice what they are learning. Just For Fun activities encourage students to play with words, reminding them that language can be fun and interesting. Tip boxes in the margin throughout the lesson clarify definitions, offer additional information, and give helpful suggestions. A Time Out for Test Practice at the end of each unit provides students with the opportunity to assess what they have learned and to practice test-taking skills by answering sample standardized test questions in a multiple-choice format. It is essential that vocabulary instructions include a variety of strategies to develop students word-study skills. Lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide many different ways of exploring and studying words, word parts, semantic families, and spelling patterns and rules. Activating students prior knowledge of words and of essential concepts related to words helps students make associations between new terms and words they already know. The activities in Vocabulary & Spelling will help you actively engage students in working with words. As their curiosity about word exploration grows, your students will become increasingly confident in their ability to attack, learn, and experiment with new words.
For more vocabulary and spelling instruction, including charts of common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots, refer to the Mirrors & Windows Student Edition Language Arts Handbook, Section 2: Vocabulary & Spelling. Additional vocabulary development activities integrated with the literature selections are included in the Meeting the Standards unit resource books and in Differentiated Instruction for English Language Learners.
Teaching Tips
Word study encompasses not only vocabulary and spelling, but also the strategies language users employ to unlock meanings and internalize spellings. Effective instruction in word study gives students tools for learning new vocabulary and spelling independently in the long term. The following teaching tips can help you ensure that your students get the most from the lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling.
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Teach Word Attack Strategies There are a number of strategies good readers employ when they are confronted with an unfamiliar word. These strategies include: using the context as a clue gleaning hints from pictures, charts, graphs, and other text support examining word parts: prefixes, suffixes, and roots combing through memories for associations with the word consulting dictionaries and other reference materials asking an authority, such as a teacher or other expert in the field For many of us, these strategies have become second nature, and we are hardly conscious of using them. To students, however, they are not so obvious; strategic word decoding takes place mostly internally and silently, word attack strategies are largely invisible, and uninitiated students may never witness them in action. Research suggests that students need explicit instruction in these strategies to become proficient readers and effective writers. The lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide such explicit instruction. Create a Word-Rich Environment The essential backdrop to an effective word study program is a classroom where words are clearly valued. The following are some ideas for creating such a classroom. Word Wall Post a variety of vocabulary words and/or words of the week in your classroom to provide students with repetition and recycling of the terms you want them to internalize. Use it as the basis of word games such as bingo, Jeopardy, and twenty questions, as well as collaborative storytelling. Class Dictionary Have students keep a class dictionary by taking turns entering words studied in class, providing definitions, illustrating terms, writing contextual sentences, and searching for realworld uses of the words. Classroom Library Provide a broad range of reading materials, giving students time for sustained silent reading, and modeling avid reading yourself, to build students vocabularies. Word Processing Language Tools Encourage students to make use of language features built into word processing programs, such as dictionaries and thesauruses. Online Word Games Schedule time for your students to learn new vocabulary with online word games and other technology tools. Language Mentor Share your own interest in words by drawing students attention to interesting words in the news or in pop culture and by modeling how you approach words that are new to you. Foster Curiosity The key to incorporating meaningful word study into your language arts classroom is to encourage dialogue with your students about how words create meaning. Your own curiosity about language is infectious and will encourage your students to become inquisitive word detectives motivated to solve the mystery of word meanings. About Spelling Rules Some students benefit from memorizing what are sometimes called spelling rules; others are frustrated by the number of exceptions to each rule. To reflect the prevalence of exceptions, the term spelling pattern has been used instead of spelling rule in this resource. In addition to introducing students to spelling patterns, you can help them become stronger spellers by following the same teaching tips mentioned above: modeling the use of strategies, creating a word-rich classroom, and fostering curiosity.
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Name: Date:
LEssON 1
A word study notebook helps you actively increase the words you use in your daily writing and speech, making your communication more precise and effective. Why say something smelled bad when you could say it was rank, stinking, rancid, foul, fetid, reeking, or rotten? Why call a shoe a shoe when you could call it a sneaker, loafer, pump, running shoe, mule, sandal, ballet slipper, or hightop?
Tip
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Draw a picture or make up a catchy saying to help you remember the meaning of a word.
Tip
Try It Yourself
Fill in this sample page of a word study notebook. word: vacuous Pronunciation: Origins: Definition: Sentence using the word:
Tip The origins of a word are known as its etymology. Many words in English come from Latin and Greek. In a good dictionary, you will find the etymology of each word along with its meaning and pronunciation.
To write the pronunciation of a word, you need to use special phonetic symbols such as the following:
Tip
Drawing:
\5\ (as in star) \7\ (as in me) \8\ (as in my) \0\ (as in paw) \1\ (as in foot) and \@\ (as in extra and civil) You can find these and many other symbols in a dictionary or glossary.
Skim the newspaper until you find a word you dont know. On your own paper, create a word study notebook entry like the one shown above. Use a dictionary to find the correct pronunciation and definition. If there is more than one definition, use context clues to decide which definition makes the most sense in the article where it is used. You might also include another definition if there is one and write a contextual sentence using the second meaning.
Books, newspapers, and magazines are an obvious starting point to find new words, but dont stop there! Look for new words on signs, in directions, and on packaging materials. You may hear unfamiliar words in songs, on the radio, in speeches, or on television. Wherever you find them, add them to your word study notebook.
Tip
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Name: Date:
LEssON 2
You may not know the word adumbrated, but, by looking at some of the clues in the passage, you can figure out what the word means. The word adumbrated is a verb that describes what the criminal did with his plans. Later in the passage, you learn that the criminal wanted the police to figure out what he was going to do, so you know he did not state his plans outright. The next sentence refers to the mans hints. From these clues, you can guess that adumbrated means hinted or partially described.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Tip
Look at the following passage. Use context clues to figure out the meaning of the word chimerical.
Mayor Loretti denounced her opponents chimerical plans, saying, The programs Mr. Lassiter mentions are lovely daydreams, but my office must deal with the realities of the budget. Well never see these programs functioning.
Context clues Text support Word parts Dictionary Teacher, adult, or friend
1. What word other than chimerical describes the plans? What else do you learn about the plans?
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Record unfamiliar words from these lessons in your word study notebook.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Many words appear in the dictionary as main entries more than once. Often these entries represent different parts of speech, such as break, the noun, and break, the verb. Other times, entries have completely unrelated meanings. Use context clues to determine which meaning makes the most sense.
Tip
Use your knowledge of word parts to define each of the following words. Record your reasoning on the lines provided. 1. indefatigable
2. postlude
3. malodorous
4. presage
5. concordant
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Name: Date:
LEssON 3
Evaluate
Try It Yourself
Use PAVE to learn the underlined words in the sentences below. 1. Michela took umbrage with Trevors suggestion that her ideas were unoriginal. Predict Associate Verify Evaluate 2. The sun had a soporific effect on Raoul, and he soon found himself dozing. Predict Associate Verify Evaluate
Tip
Predict
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Use context clues or your knowledge of word parts to predict the meaning of the word. Context clues are words and phrases in the surrounding text that hint at the meaning of a word. Comparison clues help show the meaning of the word through restatement, apposition (the use of a noun or noun phrase to rename the noun that comes just before it), and examples. Contrast clues help show the meaning of a word through giving its opposite, or antonym. (Hint: Question 4 contains a contrast clue.)
Tip
3. Grow up! Olu shouted, sick of Rens puerile behavior. Predict Associate Verify Evaluate 4. Many of Lukes statements are fallacious, although they sound true. Predict Associate Verify Evaluate 5. Youve got me. Im flummoxed, Carl said, looking puzzled. Predict
Use your knowledge of word parts to predict the meaning of the word. (Hint: fallac is a word root from the Latin fallere, meaning deceitful.)
Tip
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Name: Date:
LEssON 4
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
1. How many syllables are in most of the Anglo-Saxon words listed above? 2. How would you describe Anglo-Saxon words? Are they sophisticated or simple? Concrete or abstract? Explain what you notice.
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The word diction, when applied to writing, refers to word choice. Choosing words of either Latinate or Anglo-Saxon origin still contributes to high or low diction today. Latinate words connote a more refined, intellectual world, indicating status and education, while Anglo-Saxon words reflect the physical, basic, common world.
Tip
After William the Conqueror, a French duke, invaded England in 1066 in what became known as the Norman Conquest, Norman French became the official language of government, business, and the aristocracy. Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, remained as the everyday language of the common people. In time, the languages melded into Middle English and became further influenced by Latin and Latininfluenced languages, such as Italian, which were prized during the Renaissance. Look at the following comparison of words from Anglo-Saxon, French, and Latin. These word groups are similar in meaning, although you may notice some slight variations. In many cases, the Anglo-Saxon word is simpler or less formal than the French or Latin word. Old English ask guts happiness holy kingly rise French question courage sacred royal mount Latin interrogate valor felicity consecrated regal ascend
Use Anglo-Saxon words when you want your writing to be plain, direct, and effective. Using many Latinate words together may sound sophisticated, but it will make your writing more complex and less powerful.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Write a contextual sentence using two of the word sets from the chart. Keep in mind the connotations, or emotional associations, of each word. 1. A. B. C. 2. A. B. C.
Use Latinate words to convey subtle shades of meaning. For example, the Latinates confer, discuss, and converse have more specific meanings than the AngloSaxon talk.
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Name: Date:
LEssON 5
Old English
Understand the Concept
The Old English that the Anglo-Saxons used over a thousand years ago barely resembles todays English. In fact, Old English used a different alphabet from ours. If you look closely at Old English, you can see some words that look familiar because they have been borrowed and adapted in Modern English, but they now have a different meaning. Looking for familiar words is one way, however, to see how the English language has evolved. The chart below shows some examples of Old English words and the Modern English words derived from them. Old English earm cuman daed eare folc halig cyning lufu monn mynd seon sittan weorc hwaet Modern English arm come deed ear folk holy king love man mind see sit work what
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Look at each of the following Old English words. For each word, write what you think the modern English equivalent is. Look up the word you guessed in a dictionary and see if the Old English word is part of its etymology. 1. weall 2. fyr 3. scield
Notice the similarities and differences between Old English and Modern English words. The influence of Latin and Norman French brought about huge changes in the language. In fact, at one time, the Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic) and English were mutually understandable. Scandinavians can still understand each others languages, but English has become largely unrecognizable to them.
Tip
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4. ondswardrede 5. eower
A kenning is a figurative compound word, such as swan-road for ocean or battleflame for sword. In the epic poem Beowulf, the heros name itself is a kenning: bee-wolf is a kenning for bear.
Tip
Many words in Old English use prefixes and suffixes. For example, the word ingang adds the prefix in to the base word gang, which means go to create a word meaning go in. Compound words are also common. A compound word is created by combining two words to make a new word. The word aeftergengness is a compound word meaning succession. You can see the word after and the word geng, which you know means go. The word domdg or domesdg is a compound word meaning judgment day. The word dom means judgment and the word dg means day. It is also interesting to note that domesdg sounds like the modern English word doomsday. Figurative compounds called kennings are common in Old English literature. The word banhus means bone-house. This kenning refers figuratively to the human body. A large number of kennings found in Old English literature deal with the sea. Some examples are seolbaep meaning seal bath, hronrad meaning whale road, and waeterflod meaning water flood.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
2. Write a Modern English kenning that could be used figuratively to mean sea.
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Name: Date:
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LEssON 6
Middle English
Understand the Concept
From 1066, the time of the Norman Conquest, to the mid-1200s, French was the main language of the ruling class of England, while Anglo-Saxon remained the everyday language of the common people. This was followed by a period when many aristocrats were bilingual, speaking both French and English, until the late 1300s. During this later period, English speakers borrowed heavily from French vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. Because of this, many English words have French origins. Words Borrowed from French account accuse allegiance apparel arrest assault assembly assets attire attorney authority balcony banquet bargain budget cathedral conquer conscience convict costume council courteous crime crown customer dangerous defendant dignity estate evangelist evidence fashion feat felony frank garment government gracious harmony heir innocent judgment jury justice legal leisure lieutenant noble obey oppress ornament palace pastry peace perjury plaintiff pleasure property ransom receipt reign siege sovereign summons tax tournament turret tyrant valor value vanquish verdict vice village virtue
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Circle any words in the list above that you do not know, or choose five you would like to know better. Write a definition and a contextual sentence for each word. Use a dictionary if needed to determine the meaning. 1.
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2. 3. 4. 5.
Words used to describe farm animals (calf, ox) have Anglo-Saxon origins, since native English people, not the aristocrats in that society, tended them. Words describing prepared meats (veal, beef) are French, since the French-speaking Normans were wealthy enough to eat prepared meat.
Tip
Comparing Origins
For many words that were incorporated into English from French, there is a synonymous term with Old English origins. The following chart shows some of these pairs. In many cases, the connotations of the French words are more formal or sophisticated than those of the Old English words. Old English Origins begin calf freedom happiness help hide meal ox stench theft French Origins commence veal liberty felicity aid conceal repast beef aroma burglary
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Write a dialogue between a Norman aristocrat and a commoner. In the dialogue, include the words each speaker would have been most likely to use.
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LEssON 7
Many English words were derived from ancient Greek or Roman words.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Think of five other words that contain the Greek word roots in the chart above. If necessary, you may use a dictionary. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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While many English words are derived from Latin, some Latin phrases are also used in everyday English. One example is status quo, which means the existing state of affairs.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Think of five other words that contain the Latin word roots in the chart above. If necessary, you may use a dictionary. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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LEssON 8
Pronunciation
If you are listening to British English, you may notice some variations in pronunciation. These differences may include a difference in vowel pronunciation or a difference in stressed syllables. Generally these differences will not hinder your ability to understand. If you learn words from listening to a British source, you may wish to check the American pronunciation. Examples advertisement aluminum fillet garage herb leisure privacy schedule semi American Pronunciation
ad v@r t8z> m@nt a l99> mi n@m fi l6> g5 r5j> erb l7> zh@r pr8> v5 s7 ske> j@l se> m8
British Pronunciation
ad v@r> tiz m@nt a lu mi> n7 @m fil> it g6r> 5j herb le> zh@r pri> v5 s7 she> j@l se> m7
Words that occur in both British and American English can differ in pronunciation, spelling, and even meaning.
Tip
spelling
From spelling alone, you may be able to tell if a document is written in British or American English. Look at the following chart for some examples of differences in British and American spelling. American Spelling airplane appall check connection defense draft jail gray
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British Spelling aeroplane appal cheque connexion defence draught gaol grey
EMC Publishing, LLC
American Spelling jeweler maneuver mold offense paralyze plow program traveler tire
British Spelling jeweller maneouvre mould offence paralyse plough programme traveller tyre
Some common differences include British spelling that uses ough instead of ow, doubling the l in words ending in ler, using a c instead of an s in words ending ence, and using an s instead of a z in words ending with an /z/ sound.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Change the spelling in the following sentences to standard American English spellings. 1. The traveller was happy to finally be home after the paralysing trip on the aeroplane. 2. What kind of defence do you plan to mount in connexion with the other teams soccer maneouvres? 3. It will appal you to know that you cant write a cheque for your purchase. 4. The room was cold and draughty, and she found grey mould in the shower. 5. Morgan made a pretence of getting ready to speak to the gaoller.
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French-derived words
1. nuisance A. excitement B. negativity C. discrepancy D. annoyance 2. porous A. purple B. permeable C. skinny D. underprivileged 3. jargon A. large jar B. field of grass C. thick branch D. slang 4. liaison A. massage table B. intermediary C. bank loan D. hockey player 5. lozenge A. tablet B. pork dinner C. goose feather D. mink stole 6. monologue A. type of viral disease B. type of surgery C. type of speech D. single piece of firewood 7. plumage A. plumbers tool B. spillway C. teeth D. feathers 8. tenant A. sailor B. group of ten C. renter D. camping tent 11. habituate A. to become accustomed B. to eat healthily C. a bears den D. part of a fort 12. hospice A. candy B. handgun C. place to rest D. prisoner
Latin-derived words
9. vehement A. car or truck B. stomach muscle C. passionate D. part of a cathedral 10. virile A. disease caused by a virus B. green vegetable C. modern communication strategy D. masculine
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13. garrulous A. talkative B. ugly C. fancy D. strong 14. gradient A. high test score B. inclined surface C. spherical object D. airplane motor
15. machination A. engine B. marching band formation C. chewing motion D. evil scheme or plot 16. commodious A. outhouse B. loud C. spacious D. pretty
Greek-derived words
17. antagonize A. feed B. sing C. dance D. provoke 18. eon A. subatomic particle B. digestive juice C. long period of time D. newspaper edition 19. autonomy A. study of the body B. independence C. political speech D. type of walk 20. kinetic A. energetic B. bilingual C. kind D. immature 21. theism A. theater design B. religious belief C. accounting practice D. business strategy 22. dilemma A. two performers B. pair of rodents C. predicament D. solution 23. monolithic A. massive B. unmarried C. boring D. ill 24. homogenous A. very intelligent B. extinct; irrelevant C. uniform; well-mixed D. very large; significant
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LEssON 9
Word Parts
Understand the Concept
Many words consist of a central part, called either a word root or a base word, and a prefix or a suffix (or both a prefix and a suffix). If you are familiar with common roots, prefixes, and suffixes, it will be much easier to figure out the meaning of words that are new to you. The word root or base word is a group of letters to which a prefix or suffix is attached. A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word root or base word, whereas a suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end. Adding a prefix or suffix almost always changes the meaning of a word.
Try It Yourself
Use a dictionary to identify the prefixes, roots, and suffixes in each of the following words. Note that all words do not have both a prefix and a suffix, and some words have more than one prefix or suffix. 1. contemplation 2. covetousness 3. excommunication
Most English words consist of a word root or base word and a prefix, suffix, or both a prefix and a suffix.
Tip
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LEssON 10
Adding Affixes
Adding affixes, or prefixes and suffixes, often causes spelling errors. When adding a prefix, do not change the spelling of the word itself. examples un- + natural = unnatural re- + act = react
The spelling of most words is not changed when the suffix -ment, -ness, or -ly is added. examples abate + -ment = abatement sudden + -ness = suddenness sullen + -ly = sullenly
If you are adding a suffix to a word that ends with y, and that y follows a vowel, you should usually leave the y in place. If the y follows a consonant, you should change the y to i. examples coy + -ly = coyly giddy + -ness = giddiness
Do not change the spelling of the word itself when you add a prefix.
Tip
If you are adding a suffix that begins with a vowel to a word that ends with a silent e, you should usually drop the e. If you are adding a suffix that begins with a consonant to a word that ends with a silent e, you should usually leave the e in place. examples emote + -ive = emotive trite + -ly = tritely
The spelling of most words is not changed when the suffix -ment, -ness, or -ly is added.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Rewrite each sentence, correcting any spelling errors. 1. Igor sighed morosly. 2. Tayas remarks went unoticed by the rest of the class.
Every rule has exceptions, but knowing the rules will help you spell most words correctly.
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3. I sincerly hope youll ask for help if you need it. 4. Malesha was heavyly favored to win. 5. Our ideas were summaryly dismissed.
The following rhyme may help you remember when to spell words ei and when to spell them ie.
Tip
Write I before E Except after C Or when it sounds like an A as in neighbor and weigh.
Unfortunately, there are many exceptions to this rule. A few of them are the words seize, either, neither, weird, and height. However, the rule does hold true for most words that have the long e sound, as in shriek and ceiling.
seed Words Supersede is the only word in the English language that ends in -sede. Three words end in -ceed: exceed, proceed, and succeed. Every other word that ends with the seed sound is spelled -cede.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Correct any spelling errors in the sentences below. 1. The tide comes in and receeds. 2. You exceded my expectations. 3. Put down your sheild and admit defeat. 4. A short ceremony will presede the party. 5. What a releif!
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Common Errors
Below is a list of some words that high school students often misspell. Studying these words can help you avoid common errors. Commonly Misspelled Words absence environment academically fascinating accessible finally accidentally hypocrite acknowledgment independent anonymous influential answer irrelevant beautiful irresistible beginning judgment business leisure calendar license catastrophe manageable changeable mediocre committee millennium conscientious mischievous disastrous misspell discipline naive (also nave) efficiency necessity embarrass noticeable nuisance occasionally occurrence parallel pastime persistent privilege receipt referred relieve schedule separate succeed tomorrow undoubtedly vengeance withhold
There are probably some words that you commonly misspell. Keep a list of these words in your word study notebook. Practice these words until you know how to spell them correctly. You may also wish to make up devices to help you remember correct spellings. For example, say Page the antits time for the pageant to help you remember how to spell pageant.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE C
Choose ten words from the list above or from your own list of difficult spelling words. Make up a saying or image to help you remember the correct spelling. Write or draw your ideas in the space below. Continue on your own paper if necessary.
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First, use rules of pronunciation to come up with a reasonable guess about how to pronounce the word. Sound out the word using what you know about letter sounds. Remember there are exceptions to every rule, so some words may not be pronounced the way they look. Keep in mind the following trouble spots.
gh
The letters gh are often silent, as in sigh and fraught. Sometimes this combination has an f sound, as in cough.
ough
For effective communication, the words of a language need to be pronounced consistently. Early in the Medieval Period, Middle English was spoken with many different dialects, making it hard for people in different regions to understand each other. Toward the end of the Medieval Period, a London dialect became widely used while other regional dialects were seen as inferior, reflecting a lack of education and social status.
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Words that contain the Anglo-Saxon combination ough are tricky. In each of the following examples, the ough combination is pronounced differently. through bought drought dough tough cough rhymes with threw rhymes with taught rhymes with out rhymes with show rhymes with stuff rhymes with off
You can see that in some of the words the gh is silent, while in others it has the f sound. The ou can have several different sounds.
ate/ite
These suffixes can be pronounced with a long vowel or short vowel sound. In some cases, the pronunciation indicates a difference in part of speech. For example, the word duplicate is pronounced with a long a when it is used as a verb. It is pronounced with a schwa sound (short u denoted by the @ symbol) when it is used as an adjective. Other words may vary in pronunciation, including which syllable is stressed, based on how the word is being used.
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Use a Dictionary
After you have estimated the pronunciation, use a dictionary to verify it. Use the pronunciation key in the dictionary and pay attention to which syllables are stressed. Here is a sample pronunciation key. Vowel Sounds
a 6 5 a1 e b ch d f g h j k
pan, sap may, sail lot, star out, cow bet, sell but, cub child, patch doll, cod fall, cuff girl, hug hole, ham jam, fudge kid, pick
7 i 8 9 0 l m n 4 p r s sh
bee, deep kit, lip my, ice grow, boat paw, raw lip, pull man, lamb not, can sing, wrong pull, up ram, core sip, miss ship, push
0i u 2 1 @ t th th v w y z
boy, coil up, scrub crew, blue soot, foot extra, summer tip, cut thank, forth there, that very, cove wet, twin your, yard zip, puzzle
Some words will have more than one pronunciation. Check to see if the pronunciation varies based on usage. If not, use the preferred pronunciation. Recognize that some pronunciations vary by region.
Try it Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Write a phonetic spelling to show how each of the following words is pronounced. Check your answer using a dictionary. Then practice pronouncing the words with a partner. 1. furlough 2. cathedral 3. melancholy 4. hyperbole 5. puerile
If you know another language, you might have noticed that vowels in other European languages are pronounced differently from vowels in English. Vowels in Middle English were much more like the vowels in other languages. As Middle English evolved into Modern English between 1400 and 1600, however, it underwent what linguists call the Great Vowel Shift. With this phenomenon, many of the long vowel sounds were pronounced higher in the mouth than they had been before. Thus the word name, which was pronounced in Chaucers day as /n5 m@/ became, in Modern English, /n6m/. The word bete, pronounced /b7 t@/, became / b7t/. The sound that used to be pronounced like the long e in beet became a long i like in sign. The long i sound combines two sounds: /5/ and /7/. Thus, blind, which once rhymed with cleaned, is now /bl8nd/. The word mus, once pronounced /m99s/, became mouse, pronounced / mous/. The vowel sound in mouse combines /5 /with /99/. Notice that in both name and bete, as in many other words, the final e was pronounced in Middle English but became silent or was dropped altogether in Modern English.
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7. The school has recently been evaluated, and it met the standards for . A. discrediting B. accreditation C. excredition D. undercreditation 8. Unfortunately, the tumor is . A. inoperable B. benign C. cooperative D. unnoticeable 9. Before laying the parquet, we put down a . A. superfloor B. transfloor C. subfloor D. overfloor 10. The once busy area is now . A. depopulated B. repopulated C. popular D. populous 11. The results were ; they didnt fall into the usual range. A. atypical B. semitypical C. supertypical D. polytypical 12. The problem was so difficult it seemed . A. underwhelming B. insurmountable C. semisufferable D. transient 13. A dog is a . A. biped B. triped C. quadruped D. bivalve
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spelling Patterns
Write the letter of the correctly spelled word on the line. 1. Do not information; tell us everything you know. A. withold B. withhold C. whithold D. with hold 2. Our meal at the four-star restaurant was only . A. mediocer B. medeocre C. medieocer D. mediocre 3. Is the mark on my face ? A. noticeable B. noticible C. noticeible D. notisable 4. We watched the tide . A. reseed B. recede C. resede D. receed 5. Claude fell behind at the of the race. A. begining B. begginning C. beggining D. beginning 6. The will vote on the new rules tomorrow. A. comittey B. comittee C. committee D. commitee 7. Dont be a . A. hippocrite B. hypocrite C. hipocrite D. hypocryte 8. Lime green hair is . A. unatural B. unnaturel C. unnatural D. unaturel 9. If you break the rules, your will be revoked. A. priveldges B. privileges C. priveleges D. priviledges 10. Missy was by her error. A. embarassed B. embarrased C. embarrassed D. imbarressed 11. Drea didnt her invitation yet. A. reseive B. recieve C. receive D. reseve 12. When you edit your writing, cut out any information. A. irrelevant B. irelevant C. irrellevant D. irreleveant 13. I try to eat right, but I splurge . A. occasionally B. occasionnally C. ocasionally D. ocaisonally 14. Did you any words on the test? A. mispel B. mispell C. misspell D. misspel
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Context clues often compare or contrast the word you do not know to other words you do know.
Tip
What kind of behavior is pouting or throwing a tantrum? Its childish behavior. From the examples, you can infer that puerile means childish. Sometimes you will have to look beyond the sentence in which a word is found to estimate its meaning. Read the following passage:
My neighbor and I had been involved in a bitter feud for several months. My husband Lawrence counseled me to forgive her. He said that my hatred hurt me more than it did her. He warned that my rancor would eventually poison my own happiness. He was right; I spent most of my waking hours fuming or plotting.
First look for context clues in the sentence in which the word appears. Then consider clues in the surrounding text.
Tip
If you did not know the word rancor, what would you learn about it from this paragraph? You can tell it is a negative feeling. It is related to a bitter feud and to hatred, and it has the power to poison happiness. From these clues, you could infer that rancor means something like bitterness or ill will.
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When you are reading, you dont always need to know the exact dictionary definition of a word. It is often enough to get a general sense of the meaning. Of course, if the word seems crucial to the passage, you might want to check your inferences by looking the word up in a dictionary.
Try It Yourself
The following passage contains a number of words that you probably dont know. Read the passage, and see if you can answer the questions that follow.
Jorgen used to have some self-respect, but since the movie company came to town, hes turned into a spineless sycophant. At first, his interest seemed innocuous. I mean, a lot of people are starstruck, right? Then he met the director and became her lackey. He agrees with and praises everything she says. If she asks for something, he runs to get it. His only interest is in the movie. Everything he has to do off the set is done perfunctorily. When I complain that hes not paying attention to our life, he says Im just jealous, but really I just want him to go back to being himself instead of the obsequious toady hes become.
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Restatement, apposition, examples, contrast, and cause and effect are five common types of context clues.
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contrast
Another type of context clues involve cause and effect. example Because Denises behavior was so incorrigible, the teacher could not deal with her in class and sent her to the principals office.
When speaking, use elements of verbal communication, such as volume, pitch, pace, and tone, and elements of nonverbal communication, such as gestures and facial expressions, to help convey your meaning.
Tip
Why should you use context clues in your writing? Context clues help your audience understand your meaning. When you use a recently coined word, a piece of jargon, or another term you think may be unclear, context clues are especially important.
Try It Yourself
Write a sentence using context clues for each of the following words. Use a dictionary if necessary to understand the meaning of the word. 1. factitious
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2. shirk
3. blandish
4. complicit
5. ignominious
Choose five words from your word study notebook. Use these words in context as well. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
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syntax
Understand the Concept
Syntax refers to the order of words in sentences. The English language has rules regarding the correct or preferred syntax. When words are not presented in the right order, the resulting sentences can be awkward or ambiguous. It is important to understand the rules of syntax so that your writing will be as clear and concise as possible. In general, English sentences use the pattern subject-verb-object. In other words, the sentences first explain who the subject is and then tell what that subject is doing.
The lion (subject) is chasing (verb) the young zebra (object). George Washington (subject) crossed (verb) the Delaware River (object).
Changing the order of these words can produce very different meanings.
The young zebra is chasing the lion.
Sometimes writers use strange, awkward, or unclear syntax on purpose. This is common in poetry, where it may be used to maintain rhythm or create a rhyme.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Rewrite the following sentences, altering the syntax of each to create a different meaning. 1. The climber walked up the mountain.
2. When the pot was placed over the fire, the water began to boil.
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4. The three dogs barked loudly as the jogger ran past them.
Avoiding Ambiguities
Sometimes, rearranging the syntax of a sentence can make its meaning clearer. Compare the following sentences:
Leave a note if you want to play volleyball in my mailbox. If you want to play volleyball, leave a note in my mailbox.
You can probably figure out that the speaker in both of the sentences above is attempting to tell those interested in playing volleyball to leave a note in his or her mailbox. However, because of the syntax of the first sentence, it seems to suggest the possibility of playing volleyball within the confines of a mailbox! The syntax of the second sentence makes its meaning much clearer.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
In each of the following pairs of sentences, one sentence has a clear meaning and the other is ambiguous. Choose the clear sentence and write the corresponding letter on the line provided. 1. A. He gave her cat food. B. He gave food to her cat. 2. A. She hit the man carrying the umbrella. B. She hit the man with the umbrella. 3. A. I think that kids make nutritious snacks. B. I think that kids prepare nutritious snacks. 4. A. After the accident, I was found in a ditch by some stray cows. B. After the accident, I was found in a ditch near some stray cows. 5. A. I said I would have dinner with you on Tuesday. B. I said on Tuesday that I would have dinner with you.
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7. Ever timorous, Yves barely raised his voice above a whisper when he had to speak in public. A. loud B. hardy C. polite D. timid 8. The voluble speaker had no trouble engaging the audience and filling in gaps in the program with witty anecdotes. A. loud B. annoying C. expressive D. glib 9. Climbing Mt. Everest is an arduous and impressive feat. A. worthless B. enjoyable C. difficult D. amazing 10. Jorge had a reputation for parsimony; nobody knew he gave thousands of dollars to charity each year. A. generosity B. heartlessness C. stinginess D. kindness 11. I dont think Ben is capable of pulling off a scheme of this degree; Ive always found him to be rather ingenuous. A. clever B. deceptive C. nave D. malicious
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12. Despite the childs remonstrances, her mother insisted she go to bed on time. A. scolding B. protests C. repetitions D. demonstrations 13. Oh, stamp-collecting is just a dalliance for Mildred; Mabel is a much more committed collector. A. hobby; avocation B. flirtation; trifle C. career D. dance 14. Josh is such a staunch advocate of gun control that nothing could change his mind on the topic. A. strong B. steady C. stiff D. ambivalent 15. Mrs. Hunter is known for her strict classroom policies; in contrast, Mrs. Jackson is known for lenity. A. demands B. honesty C. mildness D. stringency 16. The student of Buddhism, a religion that reveres masters, venerates his or her teacher and the ancestors from which the teacher descended. A. questions B. respects C. rebels against D. challenges
17. This substitute is only transitory; soon, another permanent teacher will take over the class. A. minor B. temporary C. timely D. transporting 18. One letter to the editor has already appeared on this topic, but additional letters will just amplify the point; it doesnt hurt to reinforce our position on the issue. A. contradict B. turn up C. increase D. distort 19. The last thing Serena wants to do is sit at a computer at home after being fettered to a desk all day at work. A. flung B. shackled C. stroked D. reduced 20. Do you think having a pink flamingo in the yard adds to or detracts from the visual appeal of our house? A. takes away B. increases C. changes D. slanders
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Neologisms are newly created words. Some of these will be popular briefly; others will last.
Tip
Faddish or trendy words or phrases that are popular for a time are sometimes called buzz words. Additional examples include downsize, synergy, and outsource. If these words are overused for a long time, they become clichs, words or phrases that have lost their power.
Buzz words are faddish or trendy words or phrases that are popular for a time.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
What words have been dominating the media lately? With a partner or small group, brainstorm a list of words you have heard or read frequently in the past few months.
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Skim newspapers and Internet pages or listen to news reports and speeches. In the left column below, make a list of doublespeak terms you find. In the right column, translate the doublespeak into more direct language.
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Compound Words
Understand the Concept
As the English language evolves, new combinations of words are formed and become common in everyday speech. Sometimes these combinations are formally joined together as new terms, or compound words. For example, in the early days of the Internet, one could go on line. As this term was used more frequently, it was hyphenated as on-line. Now it is acceptable to omit the hyphen and simply write online. Knowing the correct way to write a compound word (as two words, with a hyphen, or combined into one word) can be a confusing part of writing. A recent edition of a dictionary should be used to check the correct forms of compound words. A style guide such as The Chicago Manual of Style can also provide helpful guidelines for words you cannot find in the dictionary. For many compound words, the meaning of the combined word is similar to the meaning of the separate words. For example, something essentially means the same as the words some and thing. Another example is the word toothpaste, which is a paste for teeth. With other compound words, however, the definition has changed over time to mean something distinct from the words that comprise it. For example, the word cupboard has a different meaning than the combination of the words cup and board. A more complicated example is bootstrap, which literally means a strap or lace for a boot, but also has another more figurative meaning: unaided or independent efforts. This meaning is usually used in the phrase by ones own bootstraps.
Compound nouns and adjectives that are written as one word, such as baseball and waterproof, are called closed compounds.
Tip
Try It Yourself
For each of the following compound words, indicate if the meaning is similar to or different from that of the two separate words. Briefly explain each of your responses. 1. goldfish 2. homework 3. supermarket 4. without 5. backbone 6. popcorn 7. stonewall 8. brainwash 9. shoemaker 10. tenderfoot similar similar similar similar similar similar similar similar similar similar different different different different different different different different different different
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The allusion is to the medieval drama Everyman, in which a character named Everyman is forced to face the end of his life. The allusion shows that the speaker is thinking about his fathers mortality. If you have read Everyman or are familiar with the subject of the play, you will recognize and understand the allusion. If you were not familiar with Everyman, what would you do? You might simply notice the word Death and understand that the clocks are reminding the speaker of mortality. You might consult a footnote, if one is available. Dictionaries and literary guides might also be helpful. By looking up Everyman in one of these resources, you would gain a better understanding of the significance of the allusion.
An allusion is a figure of speech in which a reference is made to a person, event, object, or work from history or literature.
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Read each of the following sentences, and try to determine the meaning of the underlined allusion. Also note the source of the allusion, if you know it. You might want to work with a partner to pool your knowledge. 1. Dereks proposal seems to be an expression of generosity and friendship, but Im afraid it might be a Trojan horse. 2. Josh has never paid that much attention to girls, but meeting Bridget has turned him into a real Romeo!
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Tip
3. Skeptics compare our attempt to find a workable solution to high health-care costs to knights out searching for a nonexistent grail. 4. All of these catastrophes at once make me feel like Job.
In your study of literature, you might have encountered the term alexandrine, which refers to a line containing six metrical feet or twelve syllables. This poetical term is an eponym based on the French poet Alexandre de Bernai who wrote a popular verse about Alexander the Great. The poem was written in lines of six feet.
Tip
5. When his little brother sided with his parents, Chris cried, Et tu, Brute?
Eponyms
Words that are formed from proper names are called eponyms. Whether or not you realize it, you are probably familiar with many eponyms. Here are some examples of eponyms, their meanings, and their sources.
Eponym Meaning Cinderella one lifted from obscurity to honor scrooge stingy person sherlock nemesis odyssey spartan detective formidable opponent long voyage marked by many changes in fortune marked by simplicity or self-denial independent individual Source fairy tale character character from Dickenss A Christmas Carol Sherlock Holmes, detective created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Greek goddess of revenge Homers epic the Odyssey Sparta, ancient Greek city-state known for its rejection of comforts Samuel Maverick, a pioneer who broke with convention by not branding his cattle Louis Pasteur, inventor of the pasteurization process
A proprietary eponym is a brand name that has evolved into a more widely used term. For example, the word Kleenex is often used to refer to any tissue, and a moving staircase is called an escalator whether or not it is manufactured by the Escalator company.
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Tip
maverick
There are many sources of eponyms. From the list above, you can see that eponyms come from the names of characters in literature and mythology, ancient places or peoples, and people from history. Inventors often give their names to inventions, and botanists often give their names to plants, flowers, or fruits. If you know something about the source of an eponym, it will help you determine the meaning of the eponym. Otherwise, rely on word study skills you have already learned, such as using context clues or a dictionary.
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the following eponyms. Then use each word in a contextual sentence. 1. draconian 2. tantalize 3. Rubicon 4. Waterloo 5. quisling 6. bowdlerize 7. stentorian 8. Ugly American 9. hector 10. Pandoras box 11. boycott 12. Pyrrhic victory 13. martial 14. narcissistic 15. platonic
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Common Acronyms
Understand the Concept
An acronym is a word made from the initial letters of the main parts of a compound term. For example, the acronym PIN stands for personal identification number. Initialisms are like acronyms, but each letter is pronounced as a letter. TV is an example of an initialism. Some initialisms and acronyms, such as RSVP and radar, are well known and can stand on their own. Others, such as NHTSA are not so clear. When using an acronym or initialism that may not be recognized by your audience, spell out the word and write the acronym or initialism in parenthesis the first time you use it. Look at the following example:
Information about child safety seats is available from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
The next time you want to reference the agency in your document, you can just use the acronym.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
You may be familiar with the meanings of many of the following acronyms. Try to guess what each stands for. Then explain what that is. example VIP Stands for: very important person Meaning: someone who is considered by many to be important
1. TBA Stands for: Meaning: 2. TLC Stands for: Meaning: 3. DOB Stands for: Meaning:
An acronym is a word made from the initial letters of the main parts of a compound term.
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4. FEMA Stands for: Meaning: 5. NASCAR Stands for: Meaning: 6. FAQ Stands for: Meaning: 7. DPI Stands for: Meaning: 8. UFO Stands for: Meaning:
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Use a dictionary or the Internet to find the meaning of each of the following acronyms. 1. START (a United States/USSR treaty) 2. NATO 3. EPCOT 4. radar 5. scuba
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Clichs
Understand the Concept
If your friend is complaining about something you consider unimportant, do you tell him hes making a mountain out of a molehill? If your little brother cannot sit still, do you ask if he has ants in his pants? Or are you more original in your language? The familiar phrases above are known as clichs. Originally, these statements were metaphors that likened some situation to a familiar action or experience. However, they have been used so frequently that they have become tiresome and trite, so they are called clichs.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
In each of the following sentences, determine the meaning of the italicized clich. Then rewrite the sentence so that it retains the same meaning but does not use a clich. 1. When Joe saw the companys newly designed logo, he said it was a horse of a different color. Meaning: Rewrite: 2. Accomplishing everything necessary to complete medical school is a long row to hoe. Meaning: Rewrite: 3. The wrestling coach gave the first-year starter a real tongue-lashing for surrendering the losing takedown with five seconds remaining in the match. Meaning: Rewrite: 4. When all is said and done, Chief Justice Roberts surely hopes that no one will remember his bumbling of the presidential oath of office. Meaning: Rewrite:
Watch for clichs when you are reading for school or for pleasure. Notice how these phrases make the writing sound, and try to think of ways to revise them to make the writing more original and interesting. In good writing, one should avoid clichs and try to be more originalafter all, variety is the spice of life!
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In formal writing, such as school papers or work reports, one should take extra care to avoid using clichs. In general, the more direct and specific your writing, the greater the chance your audience will understand what you are saying and remain interested in your topic.
Tip
5. The investigator found that the warnings had been swept under the rug by the firms management team. Meaning: Rewrite: 6. The art instructor had such a bad temper that all her students had to walk on eggshells around her. Meaning: Rewrite: 7. Now that she was famous, the actress complained that her life was under a microscope. Meaning: Rewrite: 8. After watching Morgan do several foolish things, the boys all decided that he was not playing with a full deck. Meaning: Rewrite:
Sports metaphors are often overused by politicians. The next time you are reading a newspaper or magazine article about politics, look for examples of this. Why do you think politicians might choose to use this type of clich?
Tip
sports Metaphors
Sports metaphors are perhaps the most overused type of clich. How many times have you heard an occurrence or accomplishment described as a slam dunk, home run, or grand slam? While these events are exciting and interesting when they occur in a baseball or basketball game, using them to describe outside events usually ends up sounding tiresome and lackluster.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
In each of the following sentences, determine the meaning of the italicized sports metaphor. Then rewrite the sentence so that it retains the same meaning but does not use a sports metaphor. 1. The judges ruling is a real knockout blow to environmental groups, who are trying to halt construction of the dam across the Columbia River. Meaning: Rewrite: 2. Now that Ms. Hastings has caught Congressman Jones in the polls, this campaign has become a real ballgame. Meaning: Rewrite: 3. When asked about the likelihood that Iraq was hiding weapons of mass destruction, the head of the CIA answered that it was a slam dunk. Meaning: Rewrite:
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Contractions
Understand the Concept
In English, as well as other languages, words or groups of words are commonly shortened, either in speech, in writing, or both. Contractions are words formed by the combination of two words, the elimination of one or more letters, and the insertion of an apostrophe. For example, did not is often spoken and written as didnt. Contractions are common in spoken English as well as in informal written English. In general, contractions should be avoided in formal written English, such as in school papers or business reports.
Common Contractions
Many commonly used contractions are formed from the pronouns I, you, we, he, she, and they with the verbs have, will, and are. These include: Im (I am) Ive (I have) Ill (I will) Id (I would) youre (you are) youve (you have) youll (you will) were (we are) weve (we have) well (we will) hell (he will) shell (she will) theyre (they are) theyve (they have) theyll (they will)
Other common contractions that are formed from verb phrases and not include: isnt (is not) wasnt (was not) wont (will not) dont (do not) didnt (did not) doesnt (does not) cant (can not or cannot) shouldnt (should not)
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Rewrite the following sentences so that they do not include contractions. 1. I wont have time to visit her and I hope that shell not be too disappointed. 2. Youll have all of the tools weve had.
Contractions are words formed by the combination of two words, the elimination of one or more letters, and the insertion of an apostrophe.
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3. Im sure that theyre a fine group of accountants. 4. We cant fix the rocket ship unless were given the right tools. 5. This result doesnt mean that youre going to have to take summer school.
Contractions are sometimes mistakenly used as possessives to show ownership. Look at the following two sentences and consider which one uses possessives correctly. example The horse romped in its favorite field of clover. The horse romped in its favorite field of clover.
When in doubt, break the contraction into its separate words. If you do this for the example sentence above, you will discover that the first line does not make sense. The second sentence is correct. Other commonly confused contractions and possessives include: Possessive Form its their your whose
Many different kinds of contractions that were once considered acceptable are now considered archaic or obsolete. For example, Shakespeare often formed the past tense of verbs by adding d, as in the phrase For Banquos issues have I fild my mind.
Contraction its (it is) theyre (they are) youre (you are) whos (who is)
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
In each of the following sentences, circle the correct form of the word. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Please hand me your/youre book. Everyone agrees that your/youre the best dancer in the class. I told him its/its going to be cold when we get to Minnesota. The dog drank from its/its water dish. Despite the long climb, there/their/theyre walking up to the top of the Empire State Building. Are there/their/theyre many recreational opportunities for boaters in the summer? The frightened children ran to there/their/theyre parents. If you are uncertain, ask whose/whos turn it is. I want to know whose/whos the wise guy that put gum on my chair! Its/Its rude not to call your mother back.
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Homophones
Understand the Concept
Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings. The name comes from homo-, meaning same, and phon, meaning sound. Here are some examples: fair and fare ball and bawl course and coarse The misuse of homophones accounts for many errors in writing. Study the meanings and usage of some commonly confused homophones. airs: affected manner heirs: people who inherit property cent: unit of money scent: smell sent: past tense of send cereal: food made of grain serial: appearing in parts
Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings.
Tip
complement: something that completes, counterpart compliment: praise council: assembly or group counsel: advice; lawyer feet: plural of foot feat: accomplishment pare: trim excess or outer part of pair: two things that go together pear: type of fruit
Tip Learn when to use commonly confused homophones. If you are unsure which word to use, look up both words in a dictionary.
peace: state of tranquillity or concord piece: part weather: state of atmospheric conditions whether: indicates alternatives weak: lacking strenth week: a period of seven consecutive days
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Circle the homophone that correctly completes each of the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Roger (complemented complimented) Johnna on her dress. Use this knife to (pare pair pear) the apples. Mara gave Franz a (peace piece) of her mind. I know you are upset and hope you will soon find some (peace piece) of mind. I dont know (weather whether) to go to the party. Did you have (cereal serial) for breakfast? Roland used to be modest, but he has been putting on (airs heirs) lately. I need a new (pare pair pear) of shoes. Gordon (cent scent sent) the letter yesterday. The cat jumped from the window and landed on its (feat feet).
A spell-check program will not find most errors in homophone usage. Always proofread your work in addition to running a spell check.
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Proofread the following passage for errors in homophone usage. Correct any errors you find.
I complemented Amy on her dessert. She baked a pie. It was quite a feet, considering she had never maid one before. First she had to pear the apples. Then she had to role out the dough. She sprinkled flower on the table to keep it from sticking. When the pie was in the oven, the cent of cinnamon filled the heir. It was hard to weight until the pie was cool enough to eat. We didnt waist any. We eight the hole thing.
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
If you need to find synonyms or antonyms and do not have a thesaurus on hand, many computer wordprocessing programs have one built in.
Tip
Use your knowledge, and a thesaurus if necessary, to identify three synonyms for each of the words below. 1. hot 2. tiny 3. intelligent 4. sorrow 5. tune
ExErCIsE B
Use your knowledge, and a thesaurus if necessary, to identify two antonyms for each of the following words. 1. smooth 2. careful 3. slowness
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4. talkative 5. weak
Knowing synonyms and antonyms is also important when you are conducting research for school or workit can help you to paraphrase, or rewrite in your own words, what you have read and learned.
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE C
Use an appropriate prefix to create an antonym for each word. 1. forgettable 2. permeable 3. healthy 4. exact 5. regular 6. connect 7. climactic 8. literate 9. equal 10. agree
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While connotations are often positive or negative, they can also convey degrees of intensity. Consider the words sluggish, sleepy, tired, weary, and exhausteddo some of these words seem more intense or extreme than others?
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Try It Yourself
The words in each word pair below are synonyms or near synonyms. That is, they have the same denotation but different connotations. In your notebook, use each word in a sentence that demonstrates its connotation. example lean scrawny
The runners on the Bellville track team were lean, strong, and ready to win. The scrawny old woman slowly stood to shake her fist at Sam as he pedaled his bike across the corner of her lawn. 1. enthusiastic zealous 2. celebrated notorious 3. save hoard 4. cut gash 5. confident arrogant 6. cage enclosure 7. juvenile youthful 8. smile smirk 9. fib lie 10. plump fat
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Identify each of the following sentences as literal (L) or figurative (F). 1. L F I thought the coach was going to bite off Joes head after he fumbled. 2. L F After a period of declining health, Franklin Roosevelt died in 1945. 3. L F When she got nervous, her heart beat very rapidly. 4. L F When the young boy jumped into the pool, the water proved too deep and he was in over his head. 5. L F The couple got their wires crossed and ended up at two different restaurants. 6. L F When the seat of his trousers split open, Josh thought he would die of embarrassment.
A simile is a comparison using like or as, such as the rain was as light as a feather. A metaphor is a comparison in which one thing is spoken of or written about as if it were another, such as the rain was a feather. Similes and metaphors are two common types of figurative language.
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An understatement is an ironic statement in which something important is spoken of or written about as though it were unimportant. This type of figurative language is the opposite of hyperbole.
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ExErCIsE B
Identify the language in each of the following sentences as hyperbolic (H) or idiomatic (I). 1. H I Brittany was on cloud nine after hearing the good news. 2. H I The algebra test was easy as pie. 3. H I It looked like Jeremiah was running a hundred miles per hour! 4. H I We won the basketball game by the skin of our teeth. 5. H I Benjamin said he would walk a million miles to get autographs from his favorite band. 6. H I Bill said that the information about cancellation of the field trip came straight from the horses mouth. 7. H I When he got frustrated at school, Anthonys father reminded him to keep his eye on the ball. 8. H I When the car horn startled him, Jim jumped a mile into the air.
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11. Lets not jump the gunwe dont have all the facts. A. take drastic measures B. ignore important evidence C. think too much D. act hastily 12. You may think you are the only one who feels cheated, but we are all in the same boat. A. cheering for someone B. suffering C. in the same predicament D. cheated 13. Jenna seems out to lunch today; her quietness and distant stare are beginning to make me wonder whats wrong. A. removed from reality B. intensely focused C. deeply mournful D. exhausted 14. Jay has gotten away with having Garrett do his homework for weeks, but someday he will pay the piper. A. be grateful B. face the consequences C. change the situation D. return the favor
15. I look forward to graduating, but I want to make sure I have a career I enjoy instead of simply joining the rat race. A. unemployed people B. struggle to make ends meet C. fierce struggle for success D. traffic jam 16. Carl is usually a very careful and thoughtful person, but lately, hes been skating on thin ice. A. ignoring important signs B. trying new things C. showing extreme caution D. living dangerously 17. Georgia is shy, but her sister Ginger is a social butterfly. A. busy, popular person B. great dancer C. good leader D. flighty, silly person 18. Henry was eager to accept Jacks gifts, though his friends kept warning him theres no such thing as a free lunch. A. everyone has to pay at least some of the time B. too many gifts can cause a rift in a friendship C. be wary of things that seem too good to be true D. dont expect too much
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LEssON 25
Classifying Words
Understand the Concept
As you read novels, news reports, sports stories, or other specific types of written communication, you will probably come across new words. These words may seem very different from one another, but their meanings may have something in common, such as the topic of the written material. When you learn the meanings of new words, it can help to list them in categories based on their similarities. That way, if you encounter one of the words in the future and cannot remember its exact definition, you can infer what it means, based on its category. For example, books in the Master and Commander series by modern British novelist Patrick OBrian, which are about the adventures of the British navy during the Napoleonic wars, use words such as abeam, dunnage, lanyard, keelhauling, and yardarm, which are nautical terms. Grouping these words together in a list can help you remember what they refer to when you encounter them in the future.
Try It Yourself
Categorize each of the words below by writing it in the proper space in the chart. If you do not know a word, look it up in a dictionary. anticline birdie bogey bumptious bunker dogleg extensor
Adjectives Describing People or Behaviors
To classify new words you encounter in a piece of writing, first make a list of all the words and their definitions, then review it to make notes about the relationships between them.
Tip
Golf
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A dictionary provides general definitions of economic terms, but for more specific information, consult an economics textbook.
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Word Pairs
The following terms are easiest to learn in related pairs. In some cases, the words are opposites; in others, they are just closely related. bull market / bear market A bull market is a prolonged period of rising stock market prices, while a bear market is a prolonged period of falling stock prices. deficit / surplus A deficit is a shortage while a surplus is an excess. gross / net Gross refers to the overall amount, while net refers to what remains after deductions or loss. Your gross income is the total amount you make. Your net income is what you make after taxes. appreciation / depreciation An appreciation is an increase in value; a depreciation is the oppositea decrease in value. For example, the value of most cars depreciates over time because they become more prone to breakdowns and costly repairs. in the black / in the red Operating in the black means you have enough resources to cover all expenses; in the red means you have a debt you cant pay off immediately. These terms originate from the accounting process of recording negative balances in red ink.
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
EMC Publishing, LLC
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Economic Policies
Laissez-faire is a French phrase meaning let it be. In economics, it refers to a policy in which the government tries not to get involved in the business affairs of the country. Trickle-down theory is the economic belief that providing benefits to big business will eventually trickle down to middle- and lowerincome people, causing them to prosper as well. This theory remains very controversial. The suffix -nomics has been attached to the names of people and groups, as in Reaganomics, to suggest a certain economic plan promoted by that person or group.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Answer the following questions, making sure that your answer demonstrates your understanding of the italicized terms. 1. What would it mean to budget your time?
The more you read about economics, the easier it will be for you to make sense of economic terms. You will absorb context clues that will help you understand the terms the next time you encounter them.
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For more information on money and financial matters, type the terms Federal Reserve into an Internet search engine.
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5. Describe the economic system you would devise if you were inventing one that would be named [your name] + -nomics.
The following are some additional common economic terms: accounting assets audit bankruptcy capital commodity corporation cost-benefit analysis debt diversification embezzlement expenditure income inflation investment monopoly national debt revenue subsidy supply and demand unemployment
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Circle any words in the list above that you do not recognize or do not know in an economic sense. Use a dictionary to find the economic meaning of each word you circled. Write contextual sentences for five of the words you circled. If you recognize all of the words, choose any five words and write contextual sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Use a dictionary to look up the origin and definition of each of the following political and historical terms; then use each word in a sentence. Write your work in your notebook. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. monarchy republic liberty senate democratic whip filibuster empire vote mayor
Political and historical words are common in everyday speech. You may encounter them in the news, in historical texts or novels, and in movies or television shows.
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ExErCIsE B
Listen to the news on the radio or watch it on television. In your notebook, list five political and/or historical terms that are used on the broadcast and define or briefly explain what each one means.
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Word Parts
There are several word roots related to law. Learning these word parts will help you identify and understand some legal terms. The word legal uses the Latin root leg, which means law. The following chart shows some other words with the root leg. Word alleged legality legislate legitimate illegal Meaning accused but not yet convicted or proven quality of being legal enact a law legal; accepted by law not legal
The root jus or jur also means law or right. The following chart shows some other words with this root. Word jurisdiction jurisprudence juror justice perjury Meaning power or right to interpret and apply the law system or body of law person who serves on a jury administration of the law violation of an oath
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The Latin root culp means guilt. The following chart shows some other words with the root culp. Word culpable culprit exculpate Meaning deserving to be condemned or blamed someone who is guilty of a crime clear from accusations
Tip
leg means law jus or jur means law or right culp means guilt crim means fault or crime
The word crime uses the Latin root crim, which means fault or crime. The following chart shows some other words with the root crim. Word criminal criminology decriminalize incriminate Meaning person who commits a crime study of crime, criminals, or law enforcement remove the criminal status of something show evidence of involvement in a crime
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Identify another word using each of the following roots related to law. 1. leg 2. jur or jus 3. culp
Note that the word legitimate is pronounced two different ways depending on how it is used. Pronounced /l@ ji> t@ met/, it is an adjective meaning accepted by law, and pronounced /l@g ji> t@ m6t/, it is a verb meaning to give legal status or to show to be justified.
Tip
Write a contextual sentence using a word that uses the given root. 4. leg
5. jur or jus
6. culp
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13. A high rate is generally a sign of a poor economy. A. capital B. audit C. revenue D. unemployment 14. Susan B. Anthony is famous for fighting for womens . A. disenfranchisement B. electorate C. suffrage D. candidacy Write the letter of the correct answer on the line. 16. What does APR stand for? A. American political review B. annual percentage rate C. alleged perpetrator recalled D. anticipated primary revenue 17. Which name is given to a politician who is finishing a term in an office to which somebody else has been elected? A. lame dog B. sitting duck C. lame duck D. roosting hen 18. Which adjective does not describe a buzz word? A. trendy B. lasting C. faddish D. topical 19. Which word is most closely related in meaning to tyranny? A. oligarchy B. plutocracy C. dictatorship D. monarchy 20. What word is used to describe a jury that cannot reach a verdict by the degree required? A. divided B. grand C. hung D. split
15. A(n) law is one passed after the fact; you cant be tried for having broken it. A. de facto B. de jure C. ex post facto D. prima facie
21. Which is a synonym for law? A. jurisdiction B. statute C. legate D. culprit 22. Who is the counterpart to the defendant in a legal case? A. judge B. jury C. perpetrator D. plaintiff 23. Why is gross income generally larger than net income? A. Gross income includes money you do not report for purposes of taxation. B. Gross income is inflated. C. Net income is what is left after costs or losses are deducted. D. Net income is what you have saved over a given period. 24. Which word root means guilt? A. leg B. jus C. culp D. crim 25. What can you tell about the meaning of the word Promgate based on the suffix? A. It refers to an entryway. B. It refers to something successful. C. It refers to a fundraiser. D. It refers to a scandal.
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Tip
Numbers and Quantities Word Part mono-, unidi-, duo-, bi-, bintriquadr-, tessar-, tetrpent-, quinthex-, sexhept-, septoctnovdeccent-, hectomilli-, kilodemi-, hemi-, semipolyFields of study Word Part astrobiochem-, chemogeoecoheliohydro-logy -metry -nomy
Number or Amount one two three four five six seven eight nine ten hundred, hundredth thousand, thousandth half many
Meaning star, space life chemical earth habitat or environment sun water science process or science of measuring system of laws or sum of knowledge of a specific field
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Use word parts to define each term. 1. geometry 2. chemistry 3. polygon 4. quadrilateral 5. millimeter 6. trigonometry 7. deciliter 8. astronomy 9. kilogram 10. geology
Use all your word study skills to determine the meanings of mathematics and scientific terms.
Tip
word parts context clues text support glossaries and dictionaries ask for help
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Use your word study skills to define each underlined term. Use a dictionary to check your response. 1. To determine the perimeter of the quadrilateral, find the sum of all of the sides. 2. Thirty percent of 270 is 81. 3. What is the diameter of a circle?
diameter = 4 cm
Remember, some words that look familiar may have a specialized meaning in particular fields.
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Technology Terms
Understand the Concept
One of the sources of constant change in the English language is the need to identify or describe devices, actions, and processes related to new technology. From cyberspace to telecommute, new technologies have demanded new language with which to talk about them and the worlds they create. To unlock the meaning of technology terms, use the same word study tools that you would use for any other words: context clues word parts text support the dictionary help from others
Consider the word teleconference. This word adds the prefix tele to the root word conference and means conference from a distance using technology such as telephones or webcast. Similarly, by understanding the meaning of techno and phile, you can determine that a technophile is a person who loves technology. Remember that many new words are coined by combining parts of existing words. This process happens frequently and rapidly in the quickly evolving technological world. For example, the word webcast is a blend of website and broadcast and refers to a means of transmitting video and audio over long distances via the Internet, or World Wide Web.
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Tip
ecyberdigiinettechnotele-
Know technology-related prefixes. electronic cybernetic digital related to the Internet related to the Internet technical, technological distance
Define each of the following words based on your knowledge of word parts. 1. e-zine 2. cybersquat 3. digispeak 4. technostress 5. netco
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Brainstorm a list of words that have gained a new meaning related to technology. Define at least five such words below.
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Weird Words
Understand the Concept
There are many words you should know because they are used frequently and will help you communicate with others. They will make your writing and speech more precise and clear to your audience, and they will help you understand what you read and hear. There are other words you will want to know even though they arent widely used. These words may have unusual spellings, be fun to pronounce, or have unique features. See the list below and use your word study notebook to track weird or wacky words you uncover. Word balderdash blatherskite bruxer defenestrate floccinaucinihilipilification gastrocnemious humdudgeon jactitation jiffle mulligurbs pollincter snollygoster Meaning senseless talk or writing; nonsense nonsense or foolish talk person who frequently grinds teeth fringed or having a border act of judging something to be worthless largest muscle in the calf imaginary illness restless tossing of a body during illness fidget; shuffle depression person who prepares a dead body for cremation or embalming unprincipled person, especially a politician
World Wide Words is an Internet site devoted to the English language. One section of the site is devoted to weird words.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Choose five of the words from the list above and use them in contextual sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Antagonyms
Some words have two meanings that are opposite or nearly opposite each other. These words have been called antagonyms or contranyms. Consider the following: belie to give a false impression to show something to be false bound moving toward tied; unable to move cleave to adhere tightly to cut apart oversight careful supervision omission or error sanction to approve or support to impose a penalty transparent see-through obvious
The slang use of the word bad to mean good makes bad another example of an antagonym or contranym.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Can you think of two contradictory meanings for the following words? 1. apparent Meaning 1: Meaning 2: 2. fast Meaning 1: Meaning 2: 3. clip Meaning 1: Meaning 2:
A certain number of onomatopoeic words fall into a category called reduplicative words. Reduplicative words are compound words in which the second word somehow duplicates the first. Onomatopoeic examples include ding-dong, flip-flop, bow-wow, and ping-pong. Many more reduplicative words are not onomatopoeic, including dillydally, wishy-washy, ship-shape, blue blood, and artsy-fartsy, to name just a few.
Tip
Onomatopoeia is the use of words or phrases that sound like the things to which they refer, such as buzz, pop, and honk.
Name or describe who or what makes each of the following sounds. 1. sizzle 2. shush 3. vroom 4. susurrus
Onomatopoeic words are often fun to pronounce, which may make them worth recording in your word study notebook.
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To determine the meaning of a word, first Use context clues Use what you know about word parts Use text support
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Use one or more of the strategies above to determine the meaning of the underlined word below. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, set up a word study notebook page using PAVE for the word.
Three major networks used to dominate television; now with hundreds of stations available via cable and satellite, the old triumvirate does not have the same sway it once did.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Choose ten words from your word study notebook. Write an article or essay using these words. Use a separate sheet of paper. When you have finished, practice speaking the words by reading your article or essay aloud to a partner.
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Answer Key
Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook, page 1
word: vacuous pronunciation: \vak> y2 @s\ definition: stupid, lacking ideas contextual sentence: Reponses will vary. Students should set up a sample page for another word from the newspaper.
Try It Yourself
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
ExErcISE B
ExErcISE B
Reasoning will vary; definitions are given. 1. untiring 2. closing phase 3. smelling 4. foretell 5. congruent; in accord with
1.5. Responses will vary. Students should write definitions and contextual sentences using five of the words in the list on the worksheet. Encourage students to add additional words they dont know to their word study notebooks.
1. one 2. Students might say Anglo-Saxon words are simple and concrete and that they tend to refer to objects that would have been common in an agricultural society.
ExErcISE B
Responses will vary. Students should write a dialogue using words appropriate to each speaker.
ExErcISE B
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Responses will vary. Possible answers include: bio autobiography, bionic, biosphere geo geography, geode, geometry hemo hemostat, hematite, hemorrhage hydro hydrostatic, hydrothermal, hydroponic hyper hyperbolic, hyperlink, hyperglycemia meter millimeter, symmetry, geometry oct octagon, octave, octane tel telescope, telekinesis, telegram therm thermal, thermostat, thermonuclear tri triangle, triple, tricycle
ExErcISE B
Responses will vary. Possible answers include: aqu aqualung, aqueous, aquarium aud audiotape, audacious, audience bene benefactor, benediction, beneficent brev brief jur/just jurisprudence, justify mult/multi multimedia, multinational scrib/script scribe, scribble, scriptwriter struct destructive, instruct uni/un universe, universal, unity vac vacancy, vacuole, vacuous
5. A. tablet 6. C. type of speech 7. D. feathers 8. C. renter Latin-derived words 9. C. passionate 10. D. masculine 11. A. to become accustomed 12. C. place to rest 13. A. talkative 14. B. inclined surface 15. D. evil scheme or plot 16. C. spacious Greek-derived words 17. D. provoke 18. C. long period of time 19. B. independence 20. A. energetic 21. B. religious belief 22. C. predicament 23. A. massive 24. C. uniform; well-mixed
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
traveler, paralyzing, airplane defense, connection, maneuvers appall, check drafty, gray, mold pretense, jailer
7. tribulation root: tribula, to oppress (from Latin tribulare) suffix: -tion, action or process of 8. undiscerning prefix: un-, not prefix: dis-, apart root: cern, to sift (from Latin cernere) suffix: -ing, having the quality of
B. ambidextrous D. septuplets B. misnomer C. postlude B. accreditation A. inoperable C. subfloor A. depopulated A. atypical B. insurmountable C. quadruped B. withhold D. mediocre A. noticeable B. recede D. beginning C. committee B. hypocrite C. unnatural B. privileges C. embarrassed C. receive A. irrelevant A. occasionally C. misspell
Spelling Patterns
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
morosely unnoticed sincerely heavily summarily recedes exceeded shield precede relief
ExErcISE B
ExErcISE c
Responses will vary. Students should create verbal or visual cues to help them remember the correct spelling of ten words.
Students should write out a phonetic spelling and practice pronouncing each word and five words from their word study notebooks. 1. f@r> l9 2. cath 7> dr@l 3. mel> @n k5 l7 4. h8 p@r> b9 l7 5. py2> r@l
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Responses will vary. 1. B. He gave food to her cat. 2. A. She hit the man carrying the umbrella. 3. B. I think that kids prepare nutritious snacks. 4. B. After the accident, I was found in a ditch near some stray cows. 5. B. I said on Tuesday that I would have dinner with you.
1. trick disguised as a gift 2. lover 3. holy cup that may or may not ever have existed 4. sufferer of calamities designed to test his faith 5. You, too, Brutus? meaning Are you a traitor, too?
ExErcISE B
Responses will vary. Students should identify a list of words currently common in the media.
ExErcISE B
Responses will vary. Students should list doublespeak terms they find in news reports, advertisements, and political speeches and identify what each means.
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Meanings are given; sentences will vary. 1. cruel or severe 2. torment by presenting something desirable but keeping it out of reach 3. line that once crossed commits one irrevocably 4. decisive defeat 5. traitor or collaborator
EMC Publishing, LLC
6. cut objectionable parts 7. extremely loud 8. American in a foreign country whose behavior is offensive to the people of that country 9. badger; intimidate, or harrass 10. source of trouble 11. refusal to deal with person or organization to express disapproval or until certain conditions are met 12. victory achieved at great cost 13. related to or inclined to war or military life 14. self-absorbed 15. of a relationship free of romance or sex
5. NASCAR Stands for: National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing Meaning: auto racing group 6. FAQ Stands for: frequently asked questions Meaning: list of questions and answers 7. DPI Stands for: dots per inch Meaning: indicator for print quality 8. UFO Stands for: unidentified flying object Meaning: alien spacecraft or something believed to be one
ExErcISE B
1. START: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 2. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization 3. EPCOT: Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow 4. radar: radio detection and ranging 5. scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
1. TBA Stands for: to be announced Meaning: information will be released at a later time 2. TLC Stands for: tender loving care Meaning: affectionate treatment 3. DOB Stands for: date of birth Meaning: when you were born 4. FEMA Stands for: Federal Emergency Management Agency Meaning: government agency that provides disaster assistance
Responses will vary. Definitions and sample sentences are given. 1. Meaning: original; unique Rewrite: Joe mentioned that the companys newly designed logo was unlike anything he had seen before. 2. Meaning: a big job; a daunting task Rewrite: Accomplishing everything necessary to complete medical school takes a lot of effort. 3. Meaning: rebuke; scolding Rewrite: The wrestling coach yelled at the first year starter for surrendering the losing takedown with five seconds remaining in the match. 4. Meaning: afterwards; later Rewrite: When people look back on history, Chief Justice Roberts surely hopes they will not remember his bumbling of the presidential oath of office. 5. Meaning: deliberately ignored Rewrite: The investigator found that warnings had been disregarded by the firms management team.
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6. Meaning: take extra care not to aggravate someone Rewrite: The art instructor had such a bad temper that all her students diligently tried not to annoy her. 7. Meaning: being closely watched and evaluated Rewrite: Now that she was famous, the actress complained that she felt a loss of privacy as her every move was discussed in the newspapers. 8. Meaning: strange; crazy Rewrite: After watching Morgan do several foolish things, the boys all decided that he was not right in the head.
ExErcISE B
ExErcISE B
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
your youre its its theyre there their whose whos Its
Responses will vary. Definitions and sample sentences are given. 1. Meaning: terminating event Rewrite: The judges ruling will make it very difficultif not impossiblefor environmental groups to be successful in their effort at halting construction of the dam across the Columbia River. 2. Meaning: an interesting and competitive contest Rewrite: Now that Ms. Hastings has caught Congressman Jones in the polls, this campaign has become very competitive. 3. Meaning: a sure thing Rewrite: When asked about the likelihood that Iraq was hiding weapons of mass destruction, the head of the CIA answered that it was very probable.
1. I will not have time to visit her and I hope that she will not be too disappointed. 2. You will have all of the tools we have had. 3. I am sure that they are a fine group of accountants. 4. We cannot fix the rocket ship unless we are given the right tools. 5. This result does not mean that you are going to have to take summer school.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
complimented pare piece peace whether cereal airs pair sent feet
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ExErcISE B
Students should mark and correct the following errors: complimented feat made pare roll flour scent air wait waste ate whole
1. hot: burning, scorching, sizzling, roasting, sweltering 2. tiny: small, miniscule, minute, miniature, diminutive 3. intelligent: smart, wise, clever, bright, gifted 4. sorrow: grief, mourning, sadness, distress, heartache 5. tune: song, melody, jingle, ditty, number or adjust, alter, change, modify, revise 1. smooth: rough, bumpy, awkward, rocky, coarse 2. careful: careless, sloppy, casual, haphazard, dangerous 3. slowness: quickness, speed, rapidity, swiftness, haste 4. talkative: quiet, reserved, restrained, taciturn, reticent 5. weak: strong, sturdy, brawny, vigorous, forceful 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. forgettable: unforgettable permeable: impermeable healthy: unhealthy exact: inexact regular: irregular connect: disconnect climactic: anticlimactic literate: illiterate
ExErcISE B
ExErcISE c
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
F L L L F F
ExErcISE B
I I H I H
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6. I 7. I 8. H
3. Most people would rather be in the black than in the red because that would mean they are not in debt. 4. Responses will vary depending on the current state of the market. 5. Responses will vary.
ExErcISE B
1.5. Responses will vary. Students should write contextual sentences for five words from the list of economic terms.
1. Budgeting ones time means figuring out how much of the available time to spend on particular activities. 2. Gross income is greater because taxes and/or expenses have not yet been taken out.
Responses will vary. Sample responses are provided. 1. monarchy origin: from monarch plus y; Greek monarchs, from monos, only, and archos, leader meaning: a government with a hereditary head of state with life tenure sentence: In a monarchy, the oldest son usually inherits the throne. 2. republic origin: from Latin rs publica, the public thing meaning: a state (nation) where governmental powers reside in the people sentence: After the French Revolution and before the ascension of Napoleon, France was a republic for several turbulent years. 3. liberty Origin: Old French liberte and Latin liber, freedom meaning: the state or quality of being free sentence: After the dictator was overthrown, the people danced in the streets, enjoying their new freedom. 4. senate origin: Latin sentus, council of elders, from senex, old meaning: an assembly or council that possesses high deliberative and legislative functions sentence: The minority viewpoint is important in the senate because the members like to look at the issues from all possible angles.
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5. democratic origin: from Greek prefix demo, people plus kratia, rule meaning: adjective that describes a form of government ruled by citizens sentence: The governor was selected through the democratic process. 6. whip origin: Middle English hwippen or whippen, Middle Dutch wippen, to move quickly meaning: a rope used to hit a person or animal so as to punish or encourage quick movement; in politics, a whip is a party member responsible for ensuring that others vote in a manner dictated by the party leaders sentence: The position of whip requires the ability to use either friendly encouragement or blustery threats to keep party members in line. 7. filibuster origin: Spanish filibustero, pirate, or French flibustier, freebooter (mercenary soldier) meaning: the use of dilatory tactics to delay the passage of legislation sentence: In the 1960s, southern conservative Democrats used the filibuster to delay passage of civil rights legislation for several years. 8. empire origin: Anglo-French empirie, from Latin imperium, absolute authority, and imperare, to command meaning: an extensive territory ruled by a single sovereign authority sentence: At the height of its power, the British Empire ruled one quarter of the land surface on earth. 9. vote origin: Latin votum meaning: v., to cast a ballot; n., a ballot or a formal expression of opinion or choice sentence: I will vote for the candidate with the best plan for the economy. 10. mayor origin: derived from major, the military governor of a city during martial law; ultimately from Latin maior, more; greater meaning: the leader of a city sentence: Although a mayor is the political
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head of a city, some powerful business leaders consider themselves the ultimate decision-makers.
ExErcISE B
Responses will vary. Possible responses are given. 1. leglegislation, legitimize 2. jur or jusadjure, abjure, just, adjust 3. culpinculpate, culpability 4.6. Sentences will vary.
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1.5. Responses will vary. 1. seeming but not definite obvious 2. quickly unable to move 3. to attach to cut apart 1. sizzle: the sound of frying meat or other foods 2. shush: the sound a person makes to signal others to be quiet 3. vroom: the roar of a motor when it is accelerating 4. susurrus: the sound of whispering or rustling of leaves
Sentences will vary. Definitions are given. 1. branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement, properties, and relationships of points, lines, and angles 2. science that deals with chemicals or the composition, structure, and properties of substances and the transformations they undergo 3. multi-sided closed figure bounded by straight lines 4. polygon of four sides 5. one thousandth of a meter 6. study of triangles and functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent 7. tenth of a liter 8. study of space 9. one thousand grams 10. science that deals with history of the earth and its life
ExErcISE B
ExErcISE c
1. boundary of a closed plane figure; measurement of this boundary 2. of a hundred; one part in a hundred 3. length of a straight line through the center of a circle 4. assumption made in order to test consequences
Responses will vary. Students should write and read aloud an article or essay using ten words from their word study notebooks.
1. electronic magazine 2. obtain and hold an Internet domain name that uses a companys registered trademark name 3. technical talk 4. stress caused by technology 5. Internet company
ExErcISE B
Responses will vary. Students should brainstorm a list of technology terms and define five of them.
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