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d 2S π
=6>0 The maximum value of A = 8 sin =8
dx 2 x = 10 2
i.e. The largest possible area of
∴ S has a minimum value when PQRS is 8.
x = 10.
500
∴ h= =5
10 2
∴ The dimensions of the box are
10 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm.
70
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
11.
= 2x 8 − x 2
dA 4(4 − x )
2
12. (a) y = 12 − x2
dy
= –2x
dx
d2y
= −2 < 0
dx 2
dy
= 0 when x = 0.
dx dA
(c) = 6(4 − s2)
∴ (0, 12) is a max. point. ds
When x = 0, y = 12. d 2A
= −12s
When y = 0, x = ± 12 . ds 2
dA
= 0 when s = 2 or −2 (rejected)
ds
d 2A
= −24 < 0
ds 2 s = 2
∴ A is maximum when s = 2.
Maximum value of A = 2(2)(12−22)
= 32
71
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
= x4 – x 2 + 1
dL
= 4x3 – 2x
dx
= 2x(2x2 – 1)
dL 1
= 0 when x = 0 or ± .
dx 2
dL
When x < 0 slightly, > 0.
dx
dL
When x > 0 slightly, < 0.
dx
∴ L has maximum at x = 0.
72
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
1 dL ∴ x = 2(600 − y)
When x < slightly, < 0. Area , A = xy
2 dx
= 2y(600 − y)
1 dL
When x > slightly, > 0. dA
2 dx = 4(300 − y)
dy
1
∴ has minimum at x = . d 2A
2 = −4<0
dy 2
1 dL
When x < − slightly, < 0. ∴ A has a maximum value.
2 dx
dA
1 dL = 0 when y = 300.
When x > − slightly, > 0. dy
2 dx
∴ The dimensions of the pen are
1
∴ has minimum at x = − . 600 m × 300 m.
2
∴ The points nearest to (0, 1) are Section B
1 1 1 1
, , − , . 16. (a) 2πr2 + 2πrh = 192π
2 2 2 2
∴ 96 − r 2
h=
14. Distance from P(4, 3) to centre r
= (4 − 0) 2 + (3 − 0) 2 (b) V = π r 2h
=5 ∴ V = πr(96 − r2)
Longest distance dV
= distance from P to centre + radius (c) = π (96 − 3r2)
dr
=5+3
=8 d 2 V = − 6 πr
dr 2
dV
= 0 when r = 32
dr
d 2V
<0
dr 2 r = 32
∴ V is maximum at r = 32 .
i.e. The required base radius is
4 2 cm.
2
17. h + r2 = 3 2
(a)
2
∴ h = 2 9 − r2
(b) V = π r 2h
15. Let x m, y m be the lengths of the sides as ∴ V = 2πr 2 9 − r 2
shown in the figure.
dV 2 r3
= 2π 2 r 9 − r −
dr 9 − r 2
dV
= 0 when r = 6 or 0
dr
∴ The largest volume
= 2π (6) 9 − 6 cm3
= 12 3 π cm3
Then 2y + x = 1 200
73
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
74
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
x 4 2 + (6 − x ) 2 1 2
T= + = rL− 2r2 − π r
8 2
3
x x − 12 x + 52
2
= +
8 3
dT 1 x−6
(b) = +
dx 8 3 x 2 − 12 x + 52
dT
= 0 when
dx
55x2 − 660 x + 1 836 = 0
Thus, T is min. when x = 4.382.
The min. time = 1.986 hours.
9V 2
= r2 +
π 2r 4
S = πr
9V 2
=πr r2 +
π 2r 4
1
∴ S= π 2 r 6 + 9V 2
r
dS 2 π 2 r 6 − 9V 2
(b) = 2 2 6
dr r π r + 9V 2
dS 9V 2
= 0 when r = 6
dr 2π 2
On testing, S is minimum for such r.
1 1
h = 3V 2 π 3 = 6V 3
2
π 9V 2
π
1 1
2
6
∴ h : r = 6V : 9V
3
π 2π 2
= 2 : 1
25. (a) L = π r + 2h + 2r
1
∴ h = ( L − π r − 2r )
2
(b) Area of the window is
π r2
A= + 2rh
2
π r2
= + r(L − π r − 2r)
2
75
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
dA x = −1 or 3..............................(2)
= L − 4r − π r Putting (2) into (1),
dr
2
d 2A when x = −1, y = = −1
=−4−π<0 −1−1
dr 2
2
∴ A is maximum when when x = 3, y = =1
3 −1
L ∴ The points of contact of the tangents
r=
4 +π are (−1, −1) and (3, 1).
L The equations of the tangent are
∴ h=
4 +π 1
y + 1 = − (x + 1)
∴ h:r=1:1 2
1
and y − 1 = − (x −3)
2
REVISION Revision exercise 15
(page 139)
i.e. x + 2y + 3 = 0 and x + 2y − 5 = 0.
EXERCISE 15
3. (a) x = 3 t 2 + 1 ....................................(1)
y = 2 t 3 + 1 ....................................(2)
Section A Putting y = 3 into (2),
3 = 2t 3 + 1
1. (a) y2 − 2y x = 3 t = 1.....................................(3)
Differentiating with respect to x, Putting (3) into (1),
1 x = 3(1)2 + 1
dy dy 1 − =4
2y −2 x ⋅ − 2y ( x 2 ) = 0
dx dx 2 ∴ A(4, 3) is on the curve.
dy y dx
2 (y − x ) = (b) From (1), = 6t
dx x dt
dy y dy
∴ = From (2), = 6t 2
dx 2 x(y − x) dt
dy 3 dy 6t 2
∴ = =t
= dx 6t
dx (1,3) 2 1(3 − 1)
dy
3 =1
= dx t = 1
4
4 ∴ The equation of the tangent at
(b) Gradient of the normal at A = − A(4, 3) is y − 3 = 1(x − 4)
3
∴ Equation of the normal is i.e. x − y − 1 = 0.
4
y − 3 = − (x − 1) 5π
3 4. The error made in calculating S is .
18
i.e. 4x + 3y − 13 = 0.
x = a cos3 t
dx
1 = −3a cos2 t sin t
2. Gradient of the line x + 2y − 7 = 0 is − . dt
2
y = a sin3 t
2
y= .............................................(1) dy
x −1 = 3a sin2 t cos t
dt
dy −2
= dy 3a sin 2 t cos t sin t
dx ( x − 1) 2 = =−
dt − 3a cos t sin t
2
cos t
When the tangent is parallel to the line,
The equation of tangent is
−2 1
=− y − a sin 3 t sin t
( x − 1) 2 2 = −
x − a cos t3
cos t
(x − 1) = 4
2
i.e. x sin t + y cos t = a sin t cos t
x − 1 = −2 or 2
76
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
7.
77
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
9. y = x4 + 2x3 + 1 10.
dy
= 4x3 + 6x2
dx
= 2x2 (2x + 3)
2
d y
= 12x2 + 12x
dx 2
dy 3
= 0 when x = 0 or x = −
dx 2
d2y dy
= 0 and does not change sign
dx 2 x = 0 dx
as x increasing through x = 0.
∴ (0, 1) is neither a maximum point nor a (a) AB = AC = 2R cos θ
minimum point. Area of ∆ABC
3 1
When x = − , = (AB)(AC) sin ∠ BAC
2 2
3 3 11 1
y = (− )4 + 2 (− )3 + 1 = − = (2R cos θ)(2R cos θ) ⋅ sin 2θ
2 2 16 2
d2y = 2R2 cos2 θ (2 sin θ cos θ)
3 2 3
dx 2 x = − 3 = 12(− 2 ) + 12(− 2 ) = 9 > 0 = 4R2 sin θ cos3θ
2 (b) Let A = 4R2 sin θ cos3θ.
∴ The graph has a minimum point dA
3 11 = 4R2 (cos4θ − 3 cos2θ sin2 θ)
(− , − ). dθ
2 16 d 2A
y = x4 + 2x3 + 1 = 4R2 (−4 cos3θ sin θ − 6 cos3θ sinθ
= (x + 1)(x3 + x2 − x + 1 ) dθ 2
+ 6 cos θ sin3 θ)
∴ The graph meets the x-axis at x = −1.
Some points on the graphs are: = 8R2 cosθ sinθ (−5 cos2θ + 3sin2θ)
dA
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 Putting = 0, then
4 3
dθ
y = x + 2x + 1 28 1 0 1 4 33
4R2 (cos4θ − 3 cos2θ sin2 θ) = 0
The graph of y = x + 2x + 1 is shown in the
4 3 1
cos θ = 0 or sin θ = ±
following figure. 2
π π
θ= ( 0<θ< )
6 2
d 2A π π
dθ 2 θ = π = 8R cos 6 sin 6
2
π π
× (−5 cos2 + 3 sin2 )
6 6
<0
π
A is maximum when θ = .
6
79
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
Section B
2x
18. (a) y=
x2 +1
C1 : x2 + y2 +2tx = 0.......................(1)
dy 2(1 − x 2 )
= 2 2
dx ( x + 1) 2 C2 : x2 + y2 + y = 0......................(2)
t
dy Centre of C1 is (−t, 0).
=0
dx x =1 1
Centre of C2 is (0, − ).
The tangent is horizontal, t
∴ the normal is the vertical line (1) − (2), y = t2x.............................(3)
x − 1 = 0. Solving (1) and (3), we get the
dy intersection of the circles (0, 0) and
(b) =2 2t 2t 3
dx x = 0 (− 4 ,− ).
Equation of the required tangent is 1+ t 1+ t4
y − 0 = 2(x − 0) ∴ The coordinates of the vertices of the
i.e. y = 2x. quadrilateral are (0, 0), (−t, 0),
dy 2t 2t 3 1
(c) = 0 when x = ±1 (− ,− ), (0, − ).
dx 1+ t 4
1+ t 4 t
Hence, the curve has (b) Area of OPQR
maximum point (1, 1), = 2 × Area of ∆OPR
minimum point (−1, −1).
1 1
(d) = 2 × (−t )(− )
2 t
= 1, which is a constant.
− 2t 2 − 2t 3 2
(c) L2 = ( ) +( )
1+ t 4
1+ t 4
2 t
∴ L=
1+ t 4
4t 3
dL 2 1 + t 4 − 2t ⋅
(d) = 2 1+ t 4
dt
1+ t 4
2(1 − t ) 4
= 3
(1 + t 4 ) 2
dL
= 0 when t = ±1
dt
80
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
When t = ±1, the radii of C1 and C2 are Volume of water in the tank is
equal to 1. 1
V = πr 2 h
i.e. L has a stationary value when the 3
circles are of equal radii. 1
∴ V= πh 3
12
20.
dV 1 2 dh
= πh
dt 4 dt
At the height h,
dV
= 5− h
dt
dh 4(5 − h )
∴ =
dt πh 2
dh 4(5 − 16 )
=
dt h = 16 π (16) 2
1
= cm/s
R 64 π
(a) h=R+
sin θ (b) When the rate of water pouring is equal
R (1 + sin θ ) to the rate of water draining, the depth
= is maximum.
sin θ
dh 4(5 − h )
r = h tan θ ∴ = =0
R (1 + sin θ ) dt πh 2
= h = 25
cosθ
∴ max. depth = 25 cm
1 2
(b) V = πr h
3 22. (a) (i) When AS = 3.6 m,
1 (1 + sin θ ) 3 AT = 3.6 2 + 2.7 2 m = 4.5 m
= π R3 ⋅
3 sin θ cos 2 θ By similar triangles,
3 (1 + sin θ ) (3 sin θ − 1)
3
dV 1 AB AC
= πR =
dθ 3 sin 2 θ cos 3 θ AT AS
3.6 + 0.8
dV 1 ∴ AB = 4.5 × m
= 0 when θ = sin−1( ) 3.6
dθ 3
= 5.5 m
By the sign test, V is minimum at 2.7
1 (ii) tan θ =
θ = sin−1( ). 3.6
3
θ = 0.643 5 rad
∴ The least volume = 0.64 rad (cor. to 0.01 radian)
1
(1 + ) 3
1 3 3 (iii) Consider AS is a variable distance
= πR ⋅
3 1 1 and AS = x m at time t.
1 − ( )2
3 3 x
cot θ =
8 2.7
= π R3 Differentiating with respect to the
3 time t,
dθ 1 dx
21. (a) Let r cm be the radius of the water −csc2 θ ⋅ = ⋅
surface. dt 2.7 dt
By similar triangles,
r 20
=
h 40
∴ h = 2r
81
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
1 sin θ 1 cosθ
0.8 ⋅ ⋅ = 2.7 ⋅ ⋅
cosθ cosθ sin θ sin θ
sin 3 θ 2.7
=
cos 3 θ 0.8
27
tan3 θ =
8
3
tan θ =
2
θ = 0.982 8
rad
At this angle,
82