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RESCU E ARCHAEOLOGY ON-MAGISTRAL GAS 'PIPELINE., P U ' A - KARLQVAC

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RESCUE ARCHAEOLOGY ON MAGISTRAL GAS PIPELINE PULA - KARLOVAC

ZASTITNA ARHEOLOGIJA PULA KARLOVAC

NA MAGISTRALNOM PLINOVODU
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Posveceno uspomeni na naseg dragog prijatelja Dedicated to the memory of our dear friend

Tadeusz Kotowski

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Izdavac / Publisher:

Hrvatski restauratorski zavod / Croatian conservation Institute Nike Grskovica 23, HR-10000 Zagreb www.h-r-z.hr Plinacro d.o.o. Savska cesta 88a, HR-10000 Zagreb www.plinacro.hr

Suizdavac / Copublisher:

Urednik / Editor Tekstovi / Texts:

mr.sc.Luka Bekic Sluzba za arheolosku bastinu, Hrvatski restauratorski zavod: mr.sc.Luka Bekic, Lea Cataj, Robert Cimin, Ivana Harasa, Tihomir Percan, Josip Visnjic, Vesna Zmaic. Odsjek za arheologiju Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti: dr.sc.Mario Slaus, Zeljka Bedic, Vlasta Vyroubal. Laboratorij za arheozoologiju, Veterinarski fakultet u Zagrebu dr.sc.Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic. red.prof.dr.Aleksandar Durman, Filozofski fakultet, Sveuciliste u Zagrebu red.prof.ddr.Mitja Gustin, Institut za dediscino Sredozemlja - Univerza na Primorskem, Koper red.prof.dr.u miru Marin Zaninovic Salih Isaac Ana Krusec keramika / Ceramics: Luka Bekic, Matilda Marijanovic-Lesic, Tihomir Percan, Josip Visnjic metal / Metals: Luka Bekic, Matilda Marijanovic-Lesic, Josip Visnjic kamen / Stone: Darko Komso, Matilda Marijanovic-Lesic idealne rekonstrukcije i nacrti/ideal reconstructions & blueprints: Josip Visnjic, Vesna Zmaic, Robert Cimin mr.sc.Luka Bekic, Lea Cataj, Robert Cimin, Ivana Harasa, Tihomir Percan, dr.sc.Mario Slaus, dr.sc.Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Josip Visnjic, Vesna Zmaic. Damir i Biserka Ostrek; Lea Cataj i Robert Cimin; Marko Gergolet i Ales Ogorelec,

Recenzenti / Consultant Editors:

Lektura / Language Editor. Prijevod na engleski / English translation: Crtezi / Drawings:

Fotografije / Photographs:

Geodetske izmjere i izrada tlorisa / Geodetic surveying and ground plans: Restauriranje i konzerviranje keramickih i metalnih nalaza/ Restoration and conservation of ceramic and metal finds: Karte s trasom/ Maps with a route: Naslovnica/Cover Koncept i dizajn / Concept and design: Tisak / Print:

Mladen Mustacek i Matija Krklec, Sluzba za arheolosku bastinu, Hrvatski restauratorski zavod, Zagreb

Ivana Marjanovic, Plinacro d.o.o. Alan Brezanski Globaldothr, Zagreb Denona, Zagreb

Naklada/ Print run: 1000

Zagreb 2007. Ova knjiga tiskana je sredstvima: Plinacro.d.o.o. - Zagreb, Hrvatski restauratorski zavod - Zagreb.
CIP zapis dostupan u racunalnom katalogu Nacionalne i sveucilisne knjiznice u Zagrebu pod brojem 646885

PLMNACRO

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PREDGOVOR
Sa zadovoljstvom isticem da je Plinacro jedna od tvrtki koje skrbe i u svakodnevnom poslovanju pravilno vrednuju hrvatsku kulturnu bastinu. Rjecito o tome govori podatak da svim radovima na plinofikaciji Hrvatske prethode opsezni arheoloski radovi koji se provode prema najvisim standardima struke i u skladu sa Zakonom o zastiti kulturne bastine RH, dopunskim pravilnicima te izdanim dokumentima Ministarstva kulture RH. A da je moguce pomiriti naoko dva suprotstavljena stajalista - zahtjeve za ubrzanom izgradnjom magistralnih i regionalnih plinovoda te istodobno ocuvanje kulturnog nasljeda koje se na tim dionicama otkrije - vidljivo je iz ove monografije koja je rezultat opseznih arheoloskih radova na trasi magistralnog plinovoda Pula-Karlovac. Prije pocetka gradevinskih radova napravljene su strucne podloge u kojima su prikazani polozaji arheoloskih nalazista na svakoj dionici. Osim vec poznatih registriranih lokaliteta koji su se nalazili na pravcima trase plinovoda, arheoloski su strucnjaci raznim tehnikama i metodama (rekognosciranje, geofizicka i geomehanicka istrazivanja itd.) pregledali teren kako bi se utvrdili polozaji dosad nepoznatih arheoloskih nalazista. Takoder, osiguran je arheoloski nadzor nad izvodenjem svih zemljanih radova u slucaju pojave novih lokaliteta. Sva su novootkrivena nalazista preventivno zasticena i potom upisana u Listu preventivno zasticenih dobara Republike Hrvatske. Na temelju tih rezultata i strucnih podloga, izmedu Ministarstva kulture i Plinacra dogovoreno je provodenje zastitnih arheoloskih istrazivanja. Radovi pod pokroviteljstvom Plinacra izvodeni su uz nadzor Sluzbe za arheologiju Hrvatskoga restauratorskog zavoda i konzervatorskih odjela pri Ministarstvu kulture. Prilikom istrazivanja vodila se detaljna arheoloska dokumentacija i pomno biljezili svi podaci o nadenim lokalitetima koji su sad sumirani i obradeni u ovoj zanimljivoj ediciji. 0 opsegu tog posla govori i cinjenica da su arheoloski radovi provedeni u vise faza. Prvo su izradene konzervatorske studije utjecaja na kulturnu bastinu, i to prema zupanijskom ustroju. Ovi poslovi podrazumijevaju pregled Registra kulturnih dobara RH, pregled arhiva muzejskih i ostalih ustanova vezanih uz kulturna dobra, kao i ostale pismene zabiljeske s korisnim podacima poput postojecih terenskih izvjesca, strucnih objava, topografskih karata itd. Na osnovi tako prikupljenih podataka izvrseni su terenski pregledi buduce trase kako bi se ustanovilo postojanje ostalih kulturnih dobara koja dotad nisu bila zamijecena. U drugoj fazi, nakon izrade konzervatorskih studija, provodila su se probna arheoloska iskapanja na potencijalnim nalazistima, kao i cjelokupna zastitna iskapanja na potvrdenim nalazistima. Na nalazistima cija je vaznost

PREFACE
It is my pleasure to point out that Plinacro is one of the companies that take care of the Croatian cultural heritage and recognise its value in the right way in their everyday work. Eloquent evi dence thereof is offered by the fact that extensive archaeological works precede all the works on gas conduction, and that they are performed in accordance with the highest standards of that line of work as well as with the Law on Croatian Cultural Heritage Protection, additional ordinances and issued documents of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia. This monograph, which is a result of extensive archaeological works on the route of the magistral gas pipeline Pula Karlovac, shows that it is possible to reconcile two apparently opposed standpoints - require ments for accelerated construction of magistral and regional gas piplines and at the same time preservation of the cultural heritage discovered in these sections. Before the beginning of the construction works, some professional bases were made show ing the positions of archaeological sites in each section. Aside from the already known and regis tered localities that were situated along the direc tions of the gas pipeline route, archaeological experts examined the terrain using various tech niques and methods (recognoscing, geophysical and geomechanical research etc.) in order to es tablish the position of the so far unknown ar chaeological sites. Archaeological surveillance over the conduction of all the excavations, for the case of emergence of new localities, had also been ensured. All the newly discovered archaeological sites had been protected as a preventive measure and then registered on the List of preventively protected goods of the Republic of Croatia. Based on these results and the professional bases, the execution of rescue archaeological re search had been agreed between the Ministry of Culture and Plinacro. The works sponsored by Plinacro were performed wilth the surveillance of the Archaeology Service of the Croatian Conser vation Institute and the Conservation Department of the Ministry of Culture. During the research, detailed archaeological documentation was kept, all the data on the discovered localities were care fully recorded and are now summarised and elabo rated in this interesting edition. The fact that archaeological works were con ducted in more phases indicates the amount of this work. The conservation studies of the influ ence on the cultural heritage according to county organisation were made first. These works implic itly include the examination of the Cultural Goods Register of the Republic of Croatia, examination of the archives of museums and other institutions linked with cultural goods, as well as other writ ten notes with useful information such as the ex-

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potvrcfena tijekom probnih iskapanja takocTer su naknadno provedena cjelokupna arheoloska iskapanja. Treca se faza odvijala tijekom gradevinskih radova koji su se izvodili uza stalni arheoloski nadzor, a kako bi se i na taj nacin provjerilo postoje li jos neka nalazista koja nisu primijecena u prvoj i drugoj fazi. Pri otkricu takvih nalazista radovi su obustavljani sve dok lokaliteti nisu bili istrazeni. Cetvrta faza predstavlja konacnu znanstvenu obradu svih nalaza i dokumentacije, konzervaciju i restauraciju pokretnih pronalazaka, razne analize te strucnu objavu rezultata svih radova. Iz ovog prikaza arheoloskih otkrica vidljivo je da pri izgradnji plinovoda tvrtka Plinacro suraduje s nadleznim ustanovama i vodi racuna o hrvatskome kulturno-povijesnom nasljedu. Takva ce se praksa nastaviti i ubuduce - u drugoj fazi plinofikacije Republike Hrvatske kad pocnu radovi na podrucju Like, Dalmacije i zapadne Istre te drugih neplinoficiranih dijelova Hrvatske.

isting field reports, expert publications, topo graphic maps etc. Based on the information gath ered in this way, terrain examinations of the future route were performed in order to establish the ex istence of other cultural goods which had not been noticed until then. In the second phase, after the elaboration of conservation studies, trial archaeological excava tions were performed at the possible archaeologi cal sites, as well as the complete rescue excava tions at the confirmed archaeological sites. Com plete archaeological excavations were subse quently also conducted at the archaeological sites whose importance was confirmed during the trial excavations. The third phase took place during the construction works performed with the con stant archaeological supervision in order to check whether there were some more sites which had not been noticed in the first two phases. At the discovery of such archaeological sites, the works would be halted until the localities were re searched. Branko Radosevic, The fourth phase represents the final scientific predsjednik Uprave Plinacra analysis of all the finds and documentation, con servation, restoration of small finds, various analy ses and expert publication of the results of all the works. It can be seen from this presentation of ar chaeological discoveries that Plinacro company cooperates with the competent institutions dur ing the construction of gas pipelines and takes care of Croatian cultural -historical heritage. Such practice will continue in the future as well - in the second phase of gas conduction in the Republic of Croatia, when the works start in the regions of Lika, Dalmatia and western Istria as well as in other parts of the Republic of Croatia where gas has not been conducted yet. Branko Radosevic, Chief executive officer of Plinacro

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UVOD
Plinovod Ivana K - terminal Pula i magistralni plinovod Pula - Karlovac jedan je od najvecih ovakvih projekta u regiji. On povezuje platformu Ivana K na plinskom polju u sjevernom dijelu Jadranskog mora s terminalom kod Vodnjana, odakle krece magistralni plinovod do postojece mreze blizu Draganica kod Karlovca. Podmorski dio plinovoda iznosi 45 te dodatnih 10 kopnenih kilometara do terminala kod Vodnjana, a odatle 191 kilometar do Draganica. Projekt je bio od najveceg drzavnog interesa te je kao prioritet Vlade RH izgraden u najkracem mogucem roku. Osim velikih projektnih i gradevinarskih postignuca u ovom projektu, valja istaknuti i izvanredne rezultate pri zastiti kulturne bastine, sto na prijasnjim slicnim projektima nije bio slucaj. Na plinovodu Ivana K - Pula - Karlovac u potpunosti se uvazila sva zakonska regulativa vezana uz zastitu kulturne bastine sto ohrabruje da ce se tako nastaviti i prilikom buducih takvih projekata. Hrvatski restauratorski zavod provodio je najveci broj arheoloskih radova vezanih uz izgradnju ovog plinovoda. Zapocelo je izradom konzervatorske studije, pod morem za podrucje Istarske zupanije te za kopneni dio Primorsko goranske i Karlovacke zupanije. Prilikom izrade studija, osim ubiciranja dosad poznatih, otkrivena su i neka nova arheoloska nalazista. Nakon izrade studija, provedena su arheoloska sondiranja na desetak mjesta pod morem i na kopnu. Prije pocetka gradnje plinovoda izvrsena su dva zastitna arheoloska iskopavanja, na nalazistima Boskina Krvavici kod Marcane i Gradisce - Orisje kod Bosiljeva. Tijekom gradevinskih radova Hrvatski restauratorski zavod je provodio i arheoloski nadzor na cijeloj trasi magistralnog plinovoda Pula - Karlovac. Prilikom tih istrazivanja otkrivena je i ranosrednjovjekovna crkva kod Gurana, koja je takoder istrazena. S obzirom na vaznost ovog nalaza, plinovod je zaobisao ostatke crkve, koja je tako sacuvana i naknadno restaurirana. U ovoj knjizi predociti cemo rezultate arheoloskih istrazivanja na trasi magistralnog plinovoda Pula - Karlovac, koja je proveo Hrvatski restauratorski zavod. Nalazi su vrlo zanimljivi i vrijedni, pa se ovakva publikacija namece kao neophodna.

INTRODUCTION
The gas pipeline of Ivana K - the Pula terminal and the magistral gas pipeline Pula - Karlovac is one of the biggest projects of the kind in the re gion. It connects the platform of Ivana K in the gas field in the northern part of the Adriatic sea with the terminal near Vodnjan, where the magis tral gas pipeline starts and extends to the existing network near Draganici by Karlovac. The subma rine part of the gas pipeline is 45 km long with the additional 10 terrestrial kilometres to the terminal near Vodnjan, and from there 191 km to Draganici. The project was of major state interest and as the priority of the Government of the Republic of Croatia it was built in the shortest possible time. Aside from the big project and construction achievements on this project, the extraordinary results on the protection of the cultural heritage should also be emphasised, which had not been the case with such projects in the past. On the gas pipeline of Ivana K - Pula - Karlovac, the legal regulations concerning the protection of the cul tural heritage were completely met, which gives hope that such practice will continue during simi lar future projects. Croatian Conservation Institute conducted the major part of archaeological works regarding the construction of this gas pipeline. It started with the preparation of the conservation study - under the sea for the area of the Istrian county and for the coastal part of the Primorsko - Goranska county and Karlovac county. During the prepara tion of the studies, aside from the ubication of the ones that are already known, some new archaeo logical sites were also discovered. Finished the study, archaeological trenching was conducted in some ten places under the sea and on the land. Before the beginning of the construction of the gas pipeline, two rescue archaeological excava tions were performed, at the archaeological sites of Boskina - Krvavici near Marcana and Gradisce Orisje near Bosiljevo. During the construction works, the Croatian Conservation Institute also performed archaeological surveillance over the whole route of the magistral gas pipeline Pula Karlovac. During this research, an early medieval church near Guran was discovered and researched. Taken into consideration the importance of this find, the gas pipeline went around the remains of the church which was preserved in this way, and later on restored.

mr.sc.Luka Bekic, In this book we are going to present the re procelnik Sluzbe za arheolosku bastinu Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda sults of the archaeological research on the magis tral gas pipeline route Pula - Karlovac, conducted by the Croatian Conservation Institute. The fact that these finds are so interesting and valuable explains the necessity of this publication. mr.sc.Luka Bekic, Head of the Archaeological Heritage Service of the Croatian Conservation Institute

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SADRZAJ
GURAN - NA KRIZU Ranosrednjovjekovnacrkva sv.Severina UVOD - Josip Visnjic 11 POVIJEST - Josip Visnjic 12 NEPOKRETNI NALAZI 15 Crkva - Josip Visnjic 15 22 Grob 1 - Josip Visnjic Grob 2 - Josip Visnjic, Luka Bekic Konzervacija nepokretnih nalaza - Josip Visnjic 25 POKRETNI NALAZI 26 Kamena plastika - Luka Bekic 26 Keramicki nalazi - Luka Bekic 33 Stakleni nalazi - Luka Bekic 37 Metalni nalazi - Luka Bekic 39 Forenzicno-antropoloska analiza Ijudskih kostiju iz groba 1 s nalazista Guran - Na krizu u Istri - Davno pocinjeno ubojstvo i primjer kako postmortalna ostecenja kostiju mogu oponasati ubojstvo - Mario Slaus, Bedic Zeljka, Vyroubal Vlasta 42 Arheozooloska analiza animalnih kostanih ostataka i zuba - Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic 48 ZAKLJUCAK - Josip Visnjic, Luka Bekic 49 KATALOG 51 TABLE 57 TLORISI 66 KRVAVICI - BOSKINA Rimska villa rustica UVOD - Ivana Harasa PRAPOVIJEST NEPOKRETNI NALAZI - Tihomir Percan POKRETNI NALAZI - Tihomir Percan ANTIKA NEPOKRETNI NALAZI Sredisnji, stambeno-gospodarski dio imanja - Vesna Zmaic Kameni arhitektonski elementi - Vesna Zmaic Freske - Vesna Zmaic Gospodarske zgrade - Vesna Zmaic Otpadne jame - Vesna Zmaic Ogradni zid imanja - Vesna Zmaic Zakljucak - Vesna Zmaic POKRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi - rana antika - Ivana Harasa Amfore - Josip Visnjic Tegule i imbreksi - Josip Visnjic Stakleni nalazi - Ivana Harasa Metalni nalazi - Robert Cimin Novae - Luka Bekic Kameni nalazi - Robert Cimin Keramicki nalazi - kasna antika - Luka Bekic

CONTENTS
GURAN - NA KRIZU Early medieval church of St. Severin INTRODUCTION - Josip Visnjic 11 HISTORY - Josip Visnjic 12 FEATURES 15 Church - Josip Visnjic 16 Grave 1 - Josip Visnjic 24 Grave 2 - Josip Visnjic, Luka Bekic 25 Conservation of features - Josip Visnjic 26 SMALL FINDS 27 Stone plastic - Luka Bekic 27 Ceramic finds - Luka Bekic 34 Glass finds - Luka Bekic 38 Metal finds - Luka Bekic 39 Forensic-anthropologic analysis of human bones from gravel from the archaeological site Guran - Na Krizu in Istria - a murder committed long ago and an example of how postmortal bone damage can imitate a murder - Mario Slaus, Zeljka Bedic, Vlasta Vyroubal 43 Archaeozoological analysis of animal boneremains and teeth - Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic 48 CONCLUSION - Josip Visnjic, Luka Bekic 48 CATALOGUE 51 TABLES 57 GROUND PLANS 66 KRVAVICI - BOSKINA Roman villa rustica INTRODUCTION - Ivana Harasa PREHISTORY FEATURES - Tihomir Percan SMALL FINDS - Tihomir Percan ROMAN PERIOD FEATURES Central, residential-husbandry part of the property - Vesna Zmaic Stone architectural elements - Vesna Zmaic Frescos - Vesna Zmaic Husbandry buildings - Vesna Zmaic Middens - Vesna Zmaic Fence wall of the property - Vesna Zmaic Conclusion - Vesna Zmaic SMALL FINDS Ceramic finds - early Roman period - Ivana Harasa Amphorae - Josip Visnjic Tegulae and imbrices - Josip Visnjic Glass finds - Ivana Harasa Metal finds - Robert Cimin Money - Luka Bekic Stone finds - Robert Cimin Ceramic finds - late Roman period - Luka Bekic

69 70 70 72 76 76 77 91 94 99 101 102 103 104 104 113 116 125 128 132 133 137

69 70 70 73 78 78 78 89 92 98 99 100 101 103 103 113 116 116 129 134 135 139

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Arheozooloska analiza animalnih kostanih ostataka i zubi - Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic ZAKLJUCAK - Ivana Harasa, Luka Bekic KATALOG TABLE TLORISI KRVAVICI - BOSKINA Mjesto pada zrakoplova UVOD - Luka Bekic DIJELOVI - Luka Bekic ZAKLJUCAK - Luka Bekic DODATAK - Luka Bekic TABLE TLORIS ORISJE - GRADISCE Prapovijesna gradina UVOD - Lea Cataj NEPOKRETNI NALAZI - Lea Cataj, Luka Bekic POKRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi - Lea Cataj Metalni nalazi - Lea Cataj Kameni nalazi - LeaCataj Arheozooloska analiza animalnih kostanih ostataka i zubi - Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic ZAKLJUCAK - Lea Cataj KATALOG TABLE TLORIS OSTALA NALAZISTA NA TRASI I OKO NJE Istra KAZUNI - Josip Visnjic GALIZANA - KORNEDE - Ivana Harasa, Luka Bekic GURAN - BURAN 1 - Josip Visnjic BARBAN - BATELI - Luka Bekic BARBAN - GRABRI - Luka Bekic ERZISCE - TAGICI - Josip Visnjic Primorje KUKULJANOVO - STEPECI - Josip Visnjic PLOSNA - MOKRA LOKVA - Josip Visnjic PLOSNA - STIPANJA - Josip Visnjic PLOSNA - GRADINA - Josip Visnjic Gorski kotar HRSINA - RUDINE - Lea Cataj STRGARI - CERIK - Luka Bekic HRSINA - GORICA - Lea Cataj HRSINA - BODULI - Lea Cataj UPOVSCAKI - OSRETKI - Robert Cimin PODREBAR - DRAGE - Luka Bekic ORISJE - RIZINE - Robert Cimin ORISJE - ORISICE - Luka Bekic VINSKI VRH - MALI KUCER - Luka Bekic GRDUN - GRADISCE - Lea Cataj

141 148 166 193

Archaeozoological analysis of animal bone remains and teeth - Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic 142 CONCLUSION - Ivana Harasa, Luka Bekic 144 CATALOGUE 148 TABLES 166 GROUND PLAN 193 KRVAVICI - BOSKINA Site of airplane crash INTRODUCTION - Luka Bekic PARTS - Luka Bekic CONCLUSION - Luka Bekic APPENDIX - Luka Bekic TABLES GROUND PLAN ORISJE - GRADISCE Prehistoric hill-fort INTRODUCTION - Lea Cataj FEATURES - Lea Cataj, Luka Bekic SMALL FINDS Ceramic finds - Lea Cataj Metal finds - Lea Cataj Stone finds - Lea Cataj Archaeozoological analysis of animal bone remains and teeth - Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic CONCLUSION - Lea Cataj CATALOGUE TABLES GROUND PLAN

197 197 199 203 203 207 211

197 197 199 203 203 207 211

213 215 217 217 224

224

213
215

216 216 224 224

225 227 228 239 253

225 227 228 239 253

255 265 266 267 268 269

270 274 275 276 280 280 280 281 282 283 285 286 289 290 291

OTHER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ON AND AROUND THE ROUTE Istria KAZUNI - Josip Visnjic 255 GALIZANA - KORNEDE - Ivana Harasa, Luka Bekic 265 GURAN - BURAN 1 - Josip Visnjic 266 BARBAN - BATELI - Luka Bekic 267 BARBAN - GRABRI - Luka Bekic 268 ERZISCE - TAGICI - Josip Visnjic 269 Primorje 270 KUKULJANOVO - STEPECI - Josip Visnjic 270 PLOSNA - MOKRA LOKVA - Josip Visnjic 274 PLOSNA - STIPANJA - Josip Visnjic 275 PLOSNA - GRADINA - Josip Visnjic 276 Gorski Kotar 280 HRSINA - RUDINE - Lea Cataj 280 STRGARI - CERIK - Luka Bekic 280 HRSINA - GORICA - Lea Cataj 281 HRSINA - BODULI - Lea Cataj 282 UPOVSCAKI - OSRETKI - Robert Cimin 283 PODREBAR - DRAGE - Luka Bekic 285 ORISJE - RIZINE - Robert Cimin 286 ORISJE - ORISICE - Luka Bekic 289 VINSKI VRH - MALI KUCER - Luka Bekic 290 GRDUN - GRADISCE - Lea Cataj 291

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GURAN - NA KRIZU 008+750 Ranosrednjovjekovna crkva sv.Severina

UVOD Josip Visnjic Pregledom trase tada jos buduceg magistralnog plinovoda, u blizini Vodnjana u Istri, na polozaju Guran - Na Krizu, uoceni su nalazi koji su napucivali na mogucnost postojanja ostataka do tada nepoznate gradevine (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d). Na to su upucivali pronadeni ulomci krovnih i podnih opeka, te i obradeni kameni blok na kojem je kvadratna rupa, a bio je ugraden kao spolija u obliznji kazun. Kako je polozaj jos bio potpuno zarastao u gusto raslinje, nisu se mogle uociti nikakve sacuvane arhitektonske strukture. Probna sondiranja, provedena ubrzo nakon toga (4 - 6. 5. 2006.g.), potvrdila su pretpostavke, odnosno pokazala da se na tome polozaju nalazi zidana gradevina sa zbukanom podnicom (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006a). Nakon toga pristupilo se zastitnim arheoloskim iskopavanjima koja su trajala od 22. 5. do 17. 6. 2006.g., tijekom kojih je otvorena povrsina od oko 250 m2 i koja su na vidjelo iznijela ostatke crkve sv. Severina (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006b). 1 Kako se tijekom iskopavanja pokazalo da plinovod prelazi tocno preko arhitektonskih ostataka crkve, odluceno je da se izmijeni smjer trase kako bi se sacuvali ti iznimno vrijedni nalazi. Stoga su napravljene dvije probne sonde (5 x 1 m), smjestene izmedu crkve i kazuna, koje nisu dale arheoloske nalaze. Time je omoguceno usmjeravanje plinovoda novim pravcem. Tijekom tih iskopavanja otvorena je samo ona povrsina koja je bila otkupljena od vlasnika parcela, odnosno ono sto se nalazilo na samoj trasi plinovoda. To je bio razlog sto rezultati iskopavanja nisu bili potpuni. Otkriveni su arhitektonski ostaci crkve, osim procelja, ulomci kamene plastike koji su dali vremenski okvir gradnje crkve i potvrdili da je rijec o crkvi sv. Severina (dijelovi oltarne pregrade i kamenog kriza), te srednjovjekovni grob s cetiri ukopa. Kako tlocrt crkve nije bio potpun, odluceno je da se paralelno s izvodenjem konzervatorskih radova na arhitektonskim ostacima crkve provodi arheoloski nadzor, tijekom kojeg su kompletirana saznanja o tlocrtnim dispozicijama te gradevine. Preslagivanjem obliznjih suhozidova pronadeni su ostaci kasnoanticke zidane grobnice, koja je potvrdila i ranije pretpostavke o mogucnosti postojanja antickog lokaliteta u neposrednoj okolici. Na to su upucivali pronadeni ulomci anticke
1

GURAN - NA KRIZU 008+750 Early medieval church of St. Severin

Introduction Josip Visnjic During the field survey of, at that time still forth coming motorway gas pipeline route near Vodnjan in Istria, at the position Guran - Na krizu, there were noticed some finds which indicated possible remains of a building not known by then (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d). The indicators were fragments of roof and floor bricks as well as a carved stone block with a square hole inside of it, which was built as a spolia in a nearby dry stone building, kazun. Since the site was still totally overgrown with dense vegetation, no preserved architectural structures could be noticed. Exploratory trench ing, carried out soon after that (4th - 6th of May), confirmed the assumptions and showed that on this site a building with plastered floor existed (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006 a). After that, archaeologi cal excavations took place, commencing on May 22nd and ending June 17th 2006. These excava tions, which opened the surface of about 250 m2, revealed the remains of St. Severins church (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006b).1 Since the excavations showed that the gas pipeline would go exactly through the architec tural remains of the church, it was decided to redi- 1 p , d na ostatke crkve s jstoka rect the route in order to preserve these excep- view of the remains of the church '
from the east

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Voditelj radova bio je Josip Visnjic. Pri iskopavanju sudjelovali su arheolozi te studenti: mr.sc.Luka Bekic, Tihomir Percan, Robert Cimin, Ivana Janko i Katarina Jerbic. A dig leader was Josip Visnjic. Archaeologists and students who participated in the archaeological works were: mr.sc.Luka Bekic, Tihomir Percan, Robert Cimin, Ivana Janko and Katarina Jerbic.

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keramike, krovnih i podnih opeka, obradeni kameni blokovi koristeni kao spolije za gradnju crkve, te dva ulomka epigrafskog spomenika koji se moze pripisati antickom periodu. Ti radovi trajali su od 17.10. do 15.11.2006.g.

POVIJEST Josip Visnjic

Polja na kojima se nalazi crkva sv. Severina na zemljopisnim se kartama oznacavaju toponimom Buran. U nekoliko srednjovjekovnih dokumenata nailazimo na spomen istoimenog sela smjestenog priblizno na torn podrucju. Prvi spomen naselja potjece iz dokumenta datiranog u 1150.g. u kojem se spominje de vico Buriano. U dokumentu iz 1273.g. spominje se Florus de Buriano, 1322.g. villa Buran, 1488.g. al confin de Buran, 1587.g. villa di Buran i bosco di Buran (DE FRANCESCHI 1939, 40; MATIJASIC 1988, 75; MATIJASIC 1984, 313; RADOSI 1990, 94). Prema lingvistickim saznanjima, toponimi koji zavrsavaju sufiksom -an ili -ana ubrajaju se u skupinu predijalnih toponima, odnosno onih nastalih iz antickog onomastickog fonda pomocu pridjevskog sufiksa. Takvi toponimi su u Istri, a osobito na njezinoj zapadnoj obali, izrazito brojni i cesto sacuvani do danas, te svjedoce o neprekinutom kontinuitetu zivota od kasne antike (MATIJASIC 1988, 72-75). Sudeci prema dokazima prikupljenim tijekom iskopavanja crkve sv. Severina,2 njezina gradnja moze se datirati na kraj 8.st. ili u 9.st. Povijesno gledajuci, taj period odgovarao bi franackom osvajanju Istre i afirmaciji feudalnih drustvenih odnosa na poluotoku. To je i vrijeme kada crkva, zahvaljujuci upravo takvim drustvenim odnosima, postaje najbogatiji zemljoposjednik toga podrucja. Nakon dugog perioda bizantske vladavine koji je trajao od 538. do 788.g., s prekidom od 751. do 774.g., kada je bila pod langobardskom vlascu, Istra je potpala pod Franke te pretvorena u njihovu grofoviju. No, i prije se u Istri mogao osjetiti franacki utjecaj, osobito u crkvenim krugovima kojima je odgovaralo franacko zagovaranje svjetovne vlasti pape i klera (BERTOSA 2003, 116118). Ubrzane drustvene promjene koje su bile u skladu s franackim pravno-gospodarskim i politickim sustavom ipak su izazivale nezadovoljstvo gradana istarskih gradskih komuna koje su gubile svoj dotadasnji privilegirani polozaj. Najznacajniji dokument koji svjedoci o tim zbivanjima je isprava o Rizanskom placitu, odrzanom 804.g. na rijeci Rizani u blizini Kopra. Prema ispravama razvidan je proces koji se nezaustavljivo nastavio i nakon te skupstine, proces u kojem su gradske opcine i veleposjednici gubili svoje zemlje, a samim tim i politicku snagu i utjecaj, naustrb drzavnih i crkvenih duznosnika (KLAIC 1971, 175-191). Tako je vjerojatno i podrucje na kojem je bila crkva sv. Severina u

tionally important finds. Therefore, two test trenches (measuring 5 x 1 m) were set between the church and the kazun, but they did not yield any archaeological finds. In that way, the redi recting of the gas pipeline was possible. During these excavations, only the part that was on the gas pipeline route was explored, that is, only the land bought from the owners. That is why the results of the excavations were not com plete. We discovered all parts of the architectural re mains of the church, except the bearing facade, medieval grave with four units and the parts of the stone furniture which gave the time framework of the churchs building. The parts of the altar rail and the stone cross confirmed it was St. Severins church. Since the ground-plan of the church was not complete, it was decided that parallel with con servation works of the churchs architectural re mains, we also did an archaeological supervision during which the data about ground-plan dispo sitions of this building were completed. While the nearby dry stone walls were rearranged, the re mains of the late Roman built grave were found, which confirmed the earlier assumptions about the possible existence of the Roman locality in the close vicinity. The indicators for that were Roman potsherds, roof and floor bricks and carved stone blocks used as spoliae for the church build ing as well as two inscription stone fragments that can be attributed to the Roman period. These ex cavations lasted from October 17th to November 15th, 2006.

HISTORY Josip Visnjic

On the maps, the fields on which the church of St. Severin is situated are called Buran. In several medieval documents, we came across the name of the village with the identical name, close to this area. The first mentioning of the settlement was in the document dating from 1150, in which the name de vico Burano was noted. In the document from 1273 Florus de Burano was mentioned, in 1322 villa Buran, in 1448 al confin de Buran and in 1587 villa di Buran and bosco di Buran (DE FRANCESCHI 1939 - 40; MATIJASIC, 1988, 75; MATIJASIC, 1984, 313; RADOSI, 1990, 94). Linguistically, toponyms ending with with the suffixes -an or -ana belong to the group of pre dial toponyms, formed from the Roman onomastic fund with an adjectival suffix. These toponyms are extremely numerous in Istria, especially on its west coast and they have very often survived until now, being an evidence of the uninterrupted con tinuity of life since the late Roman period (MATIJASIC 1988, 72-75). According to the evidence collected during the excavation of the St. Severin church,2 its construc tion can date from the end of the 8th or from the 9th

' Ponajprije, to se odnosi na epigrafske spomenike, te i keramiku pronadenu uz temelje zgrade, o cemu ce se kasnije raspravljati. Above all, this refers to inscription stones as well as the ceramics found in the foundations of building, which we will discuss later

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vrijeme bizantske vladavine pripadalo jednom medu imucnim veleposjednicima iz Pule, ali nakon franackog osvajanja bilo je oduzeto prijasnjem vlasniku i predano pulskim biskupima koji su na dobivenom zemljistu dali izgraditi crkvenu gradevinu. Razlog za pretpostavku o biskupskom vlasnistvu nad tim podrucjem potvrduje i ulomak natpisa arhitrava oltarne pregrade na kojem mozemo procitati EPI[scopus]. Ipak, ne smije se odbaciti pretpostavka da su pulski biskupi i otprije bili vlasnici tih podrucja. Kako se vecina vladara tog vremena oslanjala na Crkvu u sukobu s oporbenim magnatima, jacala je mod biskupa kako u pogledu sirenja dijeceza, tako i u gospodarskom pogledu. Vecina zemljista u zapadnoj Istri presla je u posjed crkvenih vlastelinstava, koja su u 9. i 10.st. dobila imunitetna prava (sudstvo, utjerivanje daca...). Prema nekim naznakama, do 11.st. crkveni su posjedi zauzimali gotovo tri cetvrtine istarske markgrofovije (BERTOSA 2003, 125-131). Sam titular crkve takoder govori u prilog datiranju gradnje u vrijeme franacke vladavine tim podrucjem. Naime, sv. Severin je bio propovjednik koji je djelovao na podrucju Norika i Bavarske, a umro je 482. g. u Favijani.3 Cinjenica da je djelovao na podrucju Norika upucuje na zakljucak da je njegov kult u Istru dopro najvjerojatnije franackim prodorom. Tesko da se kult sveca sa sjevera mogao prosiriti u Istru u vrijeme bizantske vladavine. Prema rasprostranjenosti tog titulara, proistjece da je kult uglavnom povezan s Austrijom i Njemackom, a dalje na istok nije se sirio. Prema dosadasnjim saznanjima, to je jedini primjer crkve ovog titulara u Istri i Hrvatskoj uopce. Na natpisu s arhitrava nalazimo zavrsni dio rijeci ...NITO, povezan s titulom EPI[scopus]. Nismo u mogucnosti reci jeli rijec o dijelu imena nekog pulskoga biskupa ili mozda imenskom dodatku. Nazalost, popis pulskih biskupa je nepotpun za razdoblje od 725. do 804.g., a ovaj nastavak ne odgovara imenu ni jednoga biskupa u nizu biskupa koji se u povijesnim izvorima pojavljuju od 9.st. nadalje (CRKVA U ISTRI 1991, 22), pa ne mozemo dati precizniju dataciju. Arheoloski nalazi nisu ponudili zadovoljavajuce dokaze prema kojim bismo mogli datirati kraj sluzenja crkve. Sudeci prema istim nalazima, crkva je funkcionirala krace vrijeme u kojem je realizirana manja gradevinska adaptacija zapadnog dijela interijera. Argument za kratak vijek crkve sadrzi podatak da nakon nalaza koji pripadaju ranom srednjem vijeku slijedi grupa nalaza iz sloja nad arhitektonskim ostacima gradevine, koji se mogu svrstati u rani novi vijek. U knjizi vizitacija pulskog biskupa Marcella (1653 - 1661.g.) ne nalazimo nikakve podatke u vezi s ovom crkvom, iako su neke druge, vec rusevne crkve spomenute u njoj (KUDIS-BURIC, LABUS 2003). To je jos jedan

century. From the historical point of view, this period would correspond with the Frankish rule in Istria and the affirmation of the feudal social sys tem on the peninsula. That was also the time when the church, due to such social relations, became the richest landowner in this area. After the long period of Byzantine rule, which lasted from 533-788, with the interruption from 751-774 when it was under Langobard rule, Istria came under the Frankish rule and became their county. Frankish influence was evident in Istria even earlier, especially in church circles because they appreciated Frankish support of the secular rule of the Pope and the clergy (BERTOSA 2003, 116-118). Quick social changes that corresponded to Frankish legal, economic and political system, caused dissatisfaction among the inhabitants of the Istrian urban municipalities who lost their privi leged status. The most important document that is an evidence of these events is Rizanski placif that took place in 804 on the river Rizana, near Kopar. In the document we can notice a process which continued unstoppably even after this as sembly, in which municipalities and landowners lost their land and together with that political power and influence, all in favour of the state and church officials (KLAIC 1971,175-191). Probably, during the Byzantine rule, the area where the church of St. Severin was, belonged to one of the wealthy landowners from Pula, but after the Frankish con quest it was taken away from the previous owner and was given to the bishops from Pula who started building a church on the given land. A fragment of the inscription on the architrave of the altar rail on which we can read EPI (scopus) might be a proof for this assumption. However, we cannot dismiss the hypothesis that the bish ops from Pula owned these regions from the ear lier times. Since the most of the rulers of this time rely on the church in their conflicts with the opposition, the bishops are becoming more powerful, both in the spreading of dioceses and in the economic aspect. Most of the land in the west of Istria be came the property of the church manors, which in the 9th and 10th century got legal immunity (court, imposing tribute). There are some indications that almost three quarters of Istrian ruling counties were churchs property until the 11 t h century (BERTOSA 2003, 125-131). The titular of the church himself supports the theory that building dates from the time of Frank ish rule in this area. St. Severin was a preacher who preached in the area of Norik and Bavaria and died in 482 in Faviana3. The fact that he preached in Norik leads to the conclusion that his cult prob ably came to Istria during the Frankish conquest.

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2. Sveti Severin. St. Severin.

U zivotopisu sv. Severina navodi se da je pomagao izbjeglicama koje su morale napustati svoje domove pred hunskom najezdom i osnivao samostane. Zastitnik je Austrije, a njegove relikvije danas se cuvaju u samostanu sv. Severina u Napulju (EUGIPPIUS, THE LIFE OF ST. SEVERINUS). In the biography of St. Severin it says that he helped refugees who had to leave their homes because of the Hunnish conquest and that he founded monasteries as well. He is a protector of Austria, and his relics can now be found in the monastery of St. Severino in Napoli (EUGIPPIUS, THE LIFE OF ST. SEVERINUS).

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3. Marked position of St. Severin from 1817. / Old path / Cadastral plot with the actual church of St. Severin.

Naznaceni polozaj Sv. Severina iz 1817. Stari put Katastarska cestica na kojoj se uistinu nalazi crkva Sv. Severina

argument koji kazuje da crkva nije koristena vec u torn razdoblju. Zanimljiv podatak pronalazimo na katastarskoj karti izradenoj izmedu dva svjetska rata (tzv. Stari katastar, sl.3), na kojoj se u blizini ovog polozaja spominju Rovine St. SeverinoS Nedaleko tog lokaliteta nalazilo se srednjovjekovno selo Guran, smjesteno oko 2,5 km sjeveroistocno od Vodnjana, koje je prvi put u povijesnim izvorima spomenuto 1150.g. Zbog antickih spolija koje su pronadene na crkvama u okolici, u starijoj literaturi nalazimo podatak da je selo nastalo na ostacima kasnoantickog naselja, sto bi upucivalo na slican slijed dogadaja kao i u obliznjem Buranu (MARUSIC 1967, 30) medutim, novija arheoloska istrazivanja to nisu potvrdila (TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC 2005, 328-231). Nakon kuznih epidemija Guran je napusten, a danas to ime nosi stancija od nekoliko kuca koja se nalazi malo juznije (ISTARSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 2005, 289). U usporedbi sa ostalim mikroregijama, ne ubrajajuci urbane cjeline, to podrucje je iznimno gusto pokriveno crkvenim gradnjama. Natpis iz 1876.g. spominje 31 crkvu na podrucju Vodnjanske zupe (CRKVA U ISTRI, 1991, 144). Do sada su bile poznate tri ranosrednjovjekovne crkve koje se nalaze u blizini srednjovjekovnog sela Guran. Trobrodna bazilika cetverokutnog oblika (10,65 x 20,20 m), s tri cetverokutne upisane apside nalazi se neposredno uz pretpostavljeni polozaj sela Guran. Unutrasnjost bazilike bila je podijeljena na tri broda s tri para zidanih pilastara, a oltarni prostor bio je odijeljen pregradom od ostatka gradevine. Crkva se prema nalazima moze datirati od 6.st. i traje sve do 14.st. (MARUSIC 1974, 61 65; TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC 2004, 267-

It is hard to believe that the saints cult could spread in Istria under the Byzantine rule. If we look at the dissemination of this titular, we can notice that he is mostly connected to Austria and Germany, and his cult does not spread further on the east. According to the findings so far, this is the only example of the church of this titular in Istria and in Croatia in general. On the inscription of the architrave, we found the last part of the word....NITO, connected with the title EPI (scopus). We cannot say if this is the part of the name of some bishop from Pula or maybe an adjective to the name. Unfortunately, the regis ter of Pula bishops is incomplete for the period from 725-804, and this ending does not corre spond with the name of any bishops who appear in the historical sources from the 9th century and after (CRKVA U ISTRI 1991, 22), so we cannot give the precise dating. The archaeological finds did not offer satis factory evidence for precise dating of the end of the churchs use. According to the finds, the church functioned a short period, during which it had one minor construction adaptation of the west part of the churchs interior. Argument for the short period of churchs functioning is the information that after the finds that belong to the early medi eval period, there are some finds from the layer above the architectural remains, which can origi nate from the beginning of the post medieval pe riod. In the visitation book of the bishop Marcello from Pula (1653-1661) we did not find any infor mation that can be related to this church, although some other, already dilapidated churches, were mentioned in it (KUDIS, BURIC, LABUS 2003). This is one more argument that confirms that the church was already not in use in this period. On the cadastral map made between two world wars (so called The Old Cadastral, fig.3), Rovine St Severino 4 is mentioned near this site. Not far from this site, there was a medieval vil lage Guran, situated about 2.5 km northeast of Vodnjan, which was mentioned for the first time in the historic sources from 1150. Due to Roman spoliae that were found in the nearby churches, in the older literature one can find the information that the village was founded on the remains of late Roman locality, which would indicate a pro cess similar to the one at nearby Buran (MARUSIC 1967,30). However, the recent archaeological finds have not confirmed that (TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC 2005, 328-231). After the epidemics of plague, Guran was deserted, and to day this is the name of a stanzia, consisting of several houses situated somewhat more to the south than they were in the past (ISTARSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 2005, 289). When compared with the other microregions, leaving urban parts out, this area is extremely densely covered with church buildings. Inscrip-

Ova karta preuzima podatke starijeg katastra, a izrarJena je prema mjerenjima provedenim izmedu 1817. i 1822.g. u vrijeme austrijske vladavine Istrom. IzrarJena je u mjerilu 1:2880. This map uses the information from the older cadastre which was made according to the measuring done between 1817 and 1822, in the time of Austrian rule in Istria. It was made to the scale 1:2880.

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277; TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC 2005, 325331). Druga crkva koja se nalazi na oko 350 m zracne linije juzno od guranske bazilike je grobisna crkva sv. Simuna. Rijec je o dvoranskoj crkvi s tri polukruzne apside uklopljene u ravni zaceljni zid. Crkva je takoder bila podijeljena oltarnom pregradom na prostor za vjernike i svetiste, a u kasnom srednjem vijeku dobila je novo poplocanje i na njemu dva para pilona koji su je ucinili trobrodnom. Oko crkve otkriveno je groblje u kojem prevladavaju zidane grobnice, a moze se datirati u vrijeme od 7. do 14.st. Gradnja same crkve moze se datirati oko 700.g. (MARUSIC 1974, 49 - 51; TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC, 2004, 277-281; TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC 2005, 331-332). Treca crkva koja se nalazi malo zapadnije je jednobrodna, dvoapsidalna crkva sv. Cecilije, u blizini istoimenog zaseoka (TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC 2005, 340). I u okolici Galizane, juznije od crkve sv. Severina, nalaze se brojni ostaci ranosrednjovjekovnih crkava: jednobrodna crkva sv. Mavra iz 6.St., jednobrodna crkva s trima apsidama sv. Zenona u Salvolagu (9.St.), jednobrodna predromanicka crkva s polukruznom apsidom sv. Pelegrina u Vizanelu, jednobrodna crkva s poligonalnom apsidom sv. Lucije u Val Sudigi, crkva sv. Silvestra koja je vjerojatno predromanicka gradevina, te crkva sv. Petra koja je jednobrodna starokrscanska crkva (ISTARSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA, 2005, 243). Nadaje se pitanje zasto se gradi jos jedna crkva na podrucju koje je tako gusto prekriveno postojecim crkvenim gradnjama? Mozda je odgovor u tome da su takve posvetne gradevine podizane na posjedima kako bi se pokazalo pravo vlasnistva (SONJE 1981, 71), pa bi novi vlasnik gradnjom crkve i natpisom u njoj istaknuo to pravo.

tion from the year 1876, mentions 31 churches in Vodnjan district (CRKVA U ISTRI 1991, 144). Until now there have been known three early medieval churches near the medieval village of Guran. Square-shaped three-naved basilica (10.65 x 20.0 m), with three square inscribed apses is situ ated close to assumed position of the village Guran. Interior of the basilica was divided in two naves with three pairs of built pilasters, and the altar area was separated by a rail from the rest of the building. According to the finds, the church could date from the 6th up to 14* century (MARUSIC 1974, 61-65; TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC 2004, 267-277; TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC

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2005, 325-331).
The other church, about 350 m south of the Guran basilica is the church of St. Simon with the graveyard around it. It is a hall church with three semicircular apses inserted in a flat back wall. This church was also divided by the altar rail into the part for congregation and the shrine. In the late medieval period the church got new paving and two pairs of pillars on it, which made it a threenaved church. Around the church a graveyard was found, mostly with built graves, and it can date from 7th to 14th century. The building of the church can date from about the year 700 (MARUSIC 1974, 49-51; TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC 2004, 277-281; TERRIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC 2005, 331-332). The third church, which is situated more to the west, is a single-naved, two-apse church of St. Cecilia, near the hamlet with the same name (TER RIER, JURKOVIC, MATEJCIC 2005, 340). Around Galizana, south of St. Severin church, there are also many remains of early medieval churches: single-naved church of St. Mauro from the 6th century, then single-naved, three-apse church of St. Zenon in Salvolag (9th century), single-naved pre-Romanesque church of St. Pelegrin in Vizanel with a semicircle apse, singlenaved church of St. Lucia in Val Sudiga with a polygon apse, then St. Silvester church which is

NEPOKRETNI NALAZI Josip Visnjic

Crkva Prilikom pocetka samih iskopavanja naisli smo na polozaj koji je bio posve prekriven gustim raslinjem i na kojem se povrsinski nisu mogli zamijetiti nikakvi arhitektonski ostaci (si. 4). Nakon krcenja sume bilo je potrebno najprije ukloniti sloj zemlje pomijesane s dosta sitnijeg i krupnijeg kamenja koji je prekrivao cijelu povrsinu iskopa i mjestimicno imao debljinu do 1 m (SJ 1). Rijec je o kamenu koji su mjestani tijekom duzega vremenskog perioda izbacivali s okolnih plodnih polja na taj polozaj koji zbog svojih obiljezja nije bio namijenjen poljoprivrednom koristenju. U sloju su pronalazeni ulomci keramickih, staklenih i zeljeznih predmeta koji se mogu datirati u vrijeme od ranog novog vijeka pa sve do 20. st. Takoder, pronadena je i manja kolicina keramickih ulomaka koja se moze datirati u kasnu antiku i rani srednji vijek. Da bi se doslo do samih zidova, morali su se ukloniti i dijelovi suhozidnih konstrukcija koje su ih prekrivale. To se odnosi na suhozidove ali i na polukruznu suhozidnu kamenu konstrukciju, visine oko 2 m i pribliznih dimenzija 350x260 cm, koja je,

4. Pocetak radova - rasciscavanje guste vegetacije.

Beginning of w o r k s clearing u p dense vegetation.

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5. Iskopavanje crkve. Excavation of the church.

kako smo poslije doznali, sluzila kao postolje kriza cije smo ostatke pronasli.5 Crkva je smjestena na najdominantnijoj koti u okolici. Stijene koje prekrivaju polozaj morale su biti obradivane, odnosno zaravnate, kako bi okolis postao prihvatljiv, a prostor izmedu njih je ispunjen zemljom. Plato je lagano padao prema sjeveru. Do tog polozaja vodio je put, s obje strane omeden suhozidovima, ostatci kojih se i danas mogu uociti. Put se spajao sa cestom Vodnjan Marcana, prolazio izmedu plodnih polja i zavrsavao upravo na tome polozaju. Kako put dolazi tocno do ulaza u crkvu, vrlo je vjerojatno da je postojao jos u vrijeme kada je ona bila u funkciji. Izboru polozaja za gradnju pridonijela je i cinjenica da je rijec o rijetkom komadu zemlje na tome podrucju koji nije pogodan za poljoprivredno koristenje. Prema pronadenim nalazima, cini se da su u neposrednoj blizini postojali i ostaci rimske gospodarske zgrade koja je mogla posluziti kao izvor materijala, sto je znacilo dodatnu pogodnost graditeljima. Tako je npr. u temelje zgrade ugraden dio tijeska, a u slojevima oko crkve pronadeni su ulomci anticke keramike, te krovne i podne opeke. Tijekom iskopavanja u neposrednoj blizini crkve pronadena su i dva ulomka epigrafskog spomenika koji se moze pripisati antickom periodu, a nedaleko od same crkvice, oko 30-ak m jugoistocno od nje, pronadeni su tragovi jos jednog zida oko kojeg se nalazila manja kolicina anticke keramike. Treba napomenuti i da se oko 200 m sjevernije, na polozaju Guran - Buran 1 nalazi velika gromaca usmjerena u pravcu sjever - jug, na kojoj je pronadena veca kolicina ulomaka antickoga gradevinskog materijala. Poradi preventivnih okolnosti, istrazena je sonda na trasi, neposredno uz gromacu, u kojoj su pronadeni ulomci anticke keramike i stakla. Sve to ukazuje na postojanje

probably pre-Romanesque building and the church of St. Peter which is a single-naved early Christian church (ISTARSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 2005, 243). The question arises why they built one more church in the area so densely covered with church buildings. Maybe the answer can be that these consecrated buildings were built in order to show the property right (SONJE 1981, 71) so the new owner would emphasize that right with the church and the inscription on it.

FEATURES Josip Visnjic

Church In the beginning of the excavations, we found the site completely covered with dense vegeta tion, and on the surface no architectural remains could be noticed (fig. 4). After the forest clearance it was necessary to remove a layer of the ground mixed with many smaller and bigger stones that was covering the whole excavation surface and in places it was 1m thick (Layerl). Local population cleared the fields from the stone, which they de posited on the remains of the church because that land was not suitable for cultivation due to its characteristics. In that first layer, we found the potsherds, glass and iron artefacts that could date from the beginning of the postmedieval period to the 20th century. Moreover, a small quantity of potsherds was found that could date from the late Roman and the early medieval period. To come to the walls, we had to remove the parts of large stone heap that was covering them. We also had to re move a semicircle dry stone construction, 2 m high, of approximate dimensions 350x260 that, as we later found out, was a pedestal of a stone cross whose fragments we also found.5 The church was situated on the most domi nant elevation in the area. The rocks covering the site had to be levelled in order to make the sur rounding acceptable, and the space between them had to be filled with soil. The plateau was slightly declining towards the north. There was a path leading to this site, bounded by both sides with dry stone walls, and its re mains can be noticed even today. It was connected with the road Vodnjan-Marcana, passing between fertile fields and ending exactly at this site. Since the path leads exactly to the church entrance, it probably existed in the time when the church func tioned. The reason why the church was built on this place is probably in the fact that this is a rare piece of land in this area that is not good for agriculture. According to the finds, it seems that in the nearby vicinity were the remains of a Roman outbuilding which could have been used as a source of mate rial and that was an opportunity for the construc tors. For example, that is why we found an in-

Podatke smo saznali od gospodina Marija Deltona iz Vodnjana (roden 1932.g.), koji se sjeca da je kriz prije Drugog svjetskog rata jos stajao na svom izvornom polozaju. We found out these information from Mario Delton from Vodnjan (born in 1932) who remembered that the cross stood on its original position before the Second World War.

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vecega gradevinskog kompleksa agrarne namjene na torn polozaju. Iskopani dijelovi arhitekture na polozaju Guran - Na Krizu upucuju na jednostavnu longitudinalnu gradevinu trapezoidnog oblika, sirine 4,40 m i maksimalne duzine od 14,10 m (si. 8). Crkva ima lagani odmak od pravilne orijentacije (istok - zapad), sto je uvjetovano prilagodavanjem terenu. Zidovi crkve ocuvani su do razlicitih visina, ovisno o tome sto se poslije nalazilo nad njima. Tako je najveci dio zidova sacuvan samo u temeljima, a oni u jugoistocnom dijelu zgrade, koji su bili uklopljeni u suhozidne konstrukcije, sacuvani su do maksimalnih 1,05 m. Pri gradnji je koristen kamen lomljenac, djelomicno priklesan, koji je slagan u pravilne redove nejednake debljine. Kao vezivo posluzila je crvenkasta smjesa zbuke i zemlje. Gradevina je temeljena najvecim dijelom na zivoj stijeni, a tamo gdje je nije bilo, temelji su nacinjeni od uslojenog kamena. Koristeni su i priklesani blokovi lokalne stijene koja je izrazito pogodna za obradu, ali ne i odvec kvalitetna. Unutrasnja lica zidova bila su prekrivena zbukom bijele boje, ciji su rijetki ostaci pronadeni na svim sacuvanim zidovima (si. 6). Na vanjskim licima zidova tragovi zbuke nisu pronadeni, tako da su najvjerojatnije propali ili nisu nikada ni postojali, sto je manje vjerojatno s obzirom na tadasnju praksu (SONJE 1982, 61) i nereprezentativan izgled zida. Crkva je u tlocrtu trapezoidna, velicine 14,10 x 4,42 x 13,00 x 4,70 m. U odnosu na sjeverni i juzni zid koji su paralelni, zaceljni i proceljni zid imaju odmak, istocni je u smjeru jugoistoka za 3,5, a zapadni u smjeru jugozapada za 14. Debljina zidova nije jednaka, pa tako juzni i sjeverni imaju debljinu od 60, a istocni i zapadni od 50 cm. Sjeverni zid se suzava na krajnjem istocnom dijelu, koji pripada svetistu i ima sirinu od 45 do 54 cm (si. 8). Takav nepravilan tlocrt nije neobican kada se zna da je crkva gradena u vrijeme ranog srednjeg vijeka na ruralnom podrucju. Sjeverna strana crkve bila je rasclanjena s pet lezena - po dvije nalazile su se na sjeveroistocnom i sjeverozapadnom kutu crkve dajuci krizni tlocrt, a jedna na sjevernom zidu udaljena 6,26 m od sjeveroistocnog kuta crkve. Lezene su razlicitih velicina (20 x 50, 20 x 50, 26 x 50, 16 x 64, 14 x 58 cm - gledano od istoka prema zapadu). Pojava da je samo jedna strana crkve rasclanjena lezenama nije jedinstvena u ranosrednjovjekovnom sakralnom graditeljstvu Istre. Primjer takvog rjesenja vanjskoga oblikovanja gradevine je crkva sv. Benedikta kod Svetog Lovreca Pazenatickog, cije se lezene takoder nalaze samo na sjevernom zidu (SONJE 1982, 89 - 90). Ulaz u crkvu nalazio se u osi proceljnog zida crkve, sto nam je potvrdeno pronalaskom ulomka praga velicine 63 x 44 cm, koji se nalazio na svom originalnom polozaju. Prag je sacuvan fragmentarno pa nam ne nudi podatak o tocnim dimenzijama ulaznih vrata. Crkva je podijeljena pregradnim zidom, koji odgovara sredisnjoj lezeni sjevernog zida, na koju je prislonjen. Zid je dug 1,10 m i sirok 50 cm. Cini

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serted part of a stone press in the buildings foun dations and in the layers around the church some sherds from the Roman period together with roof and floor bricks. During the excavations near the church, we found two fragments of inscription stones that can be attributed to the Roman pe riod, and 30 m southeast of the church the traces of another wall with small quantity of Roman ce ramics around it. It should be pointed out that 200 m to the north, at the site Guran-Buran 1 there is a massive stone heap directed north-south, on which many fragments of construction material from the Roman period were found. As a preven tive measure, we did the trenching on the route, next to the stone heap in which the potsherds and glass shards from the Roman period were found. All that suggests the existence of a bigger complex with the agrarian function at this site.

6. Ostaci zidne zbuke na istocnom zidu. Remains of wall plaster on the eastern wall.

7. Crkva prilikom istrazivanja. U pozadini prilazi trasa plinovoda. Church during research. Gas pipeline route at the back.

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se da je izgraden malo kasnije negoli ostaci gradevine jer nije organski vezan s perimetralnim zidom, a za njegovo zidanje koristena je drukcija vrsta veziva (bijela zbuka razlicita od crvenkaste koja je koristena za gradnju perimetralnih zidova). Njegova je funkcija pomalo nejasna. Prva je mogucnost da je imao punu visinu, odnosno da je zidan do stropa, a druga da je rijec o nizem zidu, odnosno nekoj vrsti postolja koje se moglo koristiti u liturgiji. To se cini prihvatljivije rjesenje jer je oko 1 m zapadnije prostor podijeljen i razlicitom visinom podnice, cime je naglasena razlika izmedu prezbiterijalnog dijela i ostatka crkve. Kako su zidovi i podnica pretrpjeli najvece stete na podrucju na kojem se mogao ocekivati nasuprotni zid, ostaje otvoreno pitanje njegova postojanja. Podovi crkve sacuvani su tek jednim dijelom, izradeni djelomicno od vecih ploca kamena lomljenca, a djelomicno je koristena priklesana ziva stijena. Ne treba odbaciti mogucnost da su i preko nje stavljane tanke kamene ploce, te se tako dobivao ujednacen izgled. Prostor je podijeljen na nizi plato u istocnom dijelu, koji se pruza 7,60 m od unutarnjeg lica istocnog zida i visi plato koji se nastavlja u smjeru zapada povisen za oko 25 cm (si. 9). Zbog lose sacuvanosti podnice, ne moze se reci kako je taj prijelaz bio izveden. Istocni, nizi dio podnice je u kasnijoj dogradnji interijera bio prekriven zbukom bijele boje. Istocni dio gradevine bio je odijeljen od ostatka oltarnom pregradom udaljenom 170 cm od unutarnjeg lica istocnog zida. Njen polozaj naznacen je priklesanim blokom lokalne stijene, 8. Detaljni tloris crkve sv. Severina Detailed ground plan drawings of the koji izlazi iz sjevernog zida u smjeru juga, a na church of St. Severin. juznoj strani njen smjer naznacava oblacionarij koji - original wall plaster from the first zavrsava na pretpostavljenom pravcu pruzanja phase of the construction of the oltarne pregrade. church Zidani stol ili oblacionarij {oblationarium) je - wall plaster used during adaptation element crkvenog namjestaja koji se nalazi uz oltar - mortar floor - worked rock i koji je u liturgiji koristen za pripremu zrtve (hostija - blocks of local rock used during i vino) (HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH).
construction

The excavated architectural parts at the site Guran-Na Krizu indicate a simple longitudinal con struction of trapezoid shape, 4.40 m wide and of maximum length 14.10 m (fig. 8). The church is slightly detached from the sym metric orientation (east-west), which is probably caused by the adjustment to the terrain. The churchs walls are preserved up to the different levels, depending on what was above them after wards. Most of the walls had just the foundation preserved and those in the southeast part of the building, inserted into the dry stone constructions, were preserved up to the maximum of 1.05 m. Dur ing the construction, broken stone was used, partly carved, arranged into symmetrical layers of uneven thickness. Reddish mixture of wall plaster and soil was used as bondage. The building was mostly based on the solid rock and on the parts without any, layered stone was used. There were also used carved blocks of local stone, which is very good for carving but not of very good qual ity. Inside walls were covered with the white wall plaster, whose rare remains were found on all pre served walls (fig. 6). On the outside walls no traces of wall plaster were found, because they were prob ably ruined or they never existed which is less believable having in mind the practice in those times (SONJE 1982, 61) and the unrepresentative appearance of the wall. In its ground-plan the church has trapezoid shape, measuring 14.10 x 4.42 x 13.00 x 4.70 m. Compared to the south and the north wall which are parallel, the back and the front wall are in clined, east wall in the direction of southeast by 3,5, and the west in the direction of southwest by 14. The thickness of the walls is not identical, south and north are 60 cm and east and west 50 cm thick. The north wall gets narrower at the very end of the east part that belongs to the shrine and it is from 45 to 54 cm wide here (fig. 8). This kind of irregular ground-plan is not unusual when we

originalna zbuka iz prve faze gradnje crkve zbuka koristena prilikom pregradnje zbukana podnica obradene stijene blokovi lokalne stijene koristeni prilikom gradnje

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Rijec oblata upotrebljava se i kao sinonim za hostiju (KLAIC 1984, 961). Oblacionarij pronaden u crkvi sv. Severina velicine 160 x 60 cm ima visinu 60 cm od pretpostavljene razine podnice. Zidan je istom tehnikom kao i ostatak gradevine i prekriven kamenim plocama koje su sacuvane tek djelomicno. Organski je vezan s istocnim i juznim zidom. Njegov kraj poklapao bi se s pretpostavIjenim pravcem oltarne pregrade, tako da bi zapadno lice oblacionarija cinilo njen sastavni dio. Kako bi se dobila bolja slika o izgledu interijera, treba naglasiti da je i oblacionarij bio prekriven bijelom zbukom ciji su tragovi pronadeni. Prilikom pregradnje unutrasnjosti crkve, iznad oblacionarija, uz juzni zid, prizidan je jos jedan tanji sloj zida debljine 10 cm. Stol iste namjene nalazimo u crkvi sv Marije od sniga u Marozinima, gdje je postavljen na obje strane oltara (FUCIC 1964, 2), te u crkvi sv. Ivana u Telascici (PETRICOLI 1997, 174). Kameni blok lokalne stijene kojim je naznacen smjer pregrade sastavni je dio sjevernog zida. Cini dio vanjskog lica zida, ali izlazi i u prostor crkve u duzini od 40 cm gledajuci iz smjera zapada, a 50 cm gledajuci sa istoka. Cijeli blok je velicine 105 x 51 x 65 cm, a iznad pretpostavljene razine podnice izviruje 35 cm. Na njegovoj gornjoj plohi, na zapadnoj strani, nalazimo utor koji je sluzio fiksiranju pluteja. Ovom prilikom treba spomenuti i obradeni kameni blok velicine 96 x 65 x 14 cm, na kojem je probijena pravilna cetverokutna rupa velicine 23 x 22 cm, pronaden na obliznjem kazunu, gdje je iskoristen kao nadvratnik. Slicne kamene blokove nalazimo u funkciji utora za fiksiranje pluteja u crkvi sv. Simuna kod Gurana. Postoji velika mogucnost da su i u nasem primjeru takvi blokovi sluzili istoj svrsi. Krov crkve bio je prekriven kanalicama koje su pronadene u znatnoj kolicini. Sve su crvene boje, izradene od dobro prociscene gline s malo primjesa. Uniformnost njihovog izgleda svjedoci o jednokratnom pokrivanju krovista bez kasnijih popravaka. Na 110 cm zapadno od jugozapadnog kuta crkve nalazi se suhozid koji se moze pratiti u duzini od 160 cm. Suhozid lagano skrece prema sjeveru u odnosu na pravac pruzanja juznog zida crkve. Graden je vjerojatno ubrzo nakon crkve, ali zasigurno kad su njezini zidovi jos bili vidljivi. U prilog tome govori i postament velicine 50 x 58 cm, koji se nalazi na 120 cm od sjeverozapadnog kuta crkve, ostavljajuci tako prolaz koji odgovara onome na jugu (si. 8). Postament je takoder graden suhozidnom tehnikom. O svrsi tih konstrukcija ne mogu se donositi konacni zakljucci, no razlika u nacinu gradnje i razlika u smjeru pruzanja upucuje na funkciju koja nije u svezi sa samom crkvom. Iskopani ostaci arhitekture pokazuju da je rijec o netipicnoj crkvenoj gradevini za razdoblje njezina nastanka. U tipologiji predromanicke arhitekture Istre prevladavaju polukruzne ili pravokutne apside utopljene u zidnu masu zacelja crkve iz kojega u kalotu prelaze trompama. Najzastupljenije su jednobrodne crkve s tri upisane apside, sto su u tom periodu postale regionalnom inacicom (sv.

know that the church was built in the early medieval time in a rural area. The north part of the church was divided by five pilaster strips, out of which two pairs were on the northeast and northwest corner of the church, making the cross-shaped ground-plan, and one pair on the north wall, 6.26 m away from the northeast corner of the church. Pilaster strips have different dimensions (20 x 50, 20 x 50, 26 x 50, 16 x 64, 14 x 58 cm - seen from the east to the west). The case of pilaster strips dividing only one part of the church is not unique in early medieval church construction in Istria. The example for that kind of exterior is the church of St. Benedict near Sv. Lovrec Pazenaticki, on which pilaster strips are also only on the north wall (SONJE 1982, 89,90). The entrance of the church was in the axis of the front wall. That was confirmed by finding the fragment of the doorstep, of dimensions 63 x 44 cm, which was in its original position. The doorstep was preserved only partially so we do not have information about the exact dimensions of the entrance doors. The church was divided by the partition wall that corresponds with the middle pilaster strip of the north wall, on which it is leaned. The wall is 1.10 m long and 50 cm wide. It seems it was built later than the rest of the building because it is not organically connected with the perimetral wall, and for its building the white plaster was used, different from the reddish one used for perimetral walls. Its function is not completely evident .The first possibility is that it had full height, built up to the ceiling, and the other possibility is that it was a shorter wall, some kind of a base that could have been used in liturgy. This second solution is more acceptable because 1 m west of that wall, the space is divided by the floor of different height, in order to emphasize the difference between presbyterian part of the church and the rest of it. Since the walls and the floor were ruined the most on the part where one could expect an opposite wall, its existence is doubtful. The floors of the church are just partially preserved, built mostly of bigger blocks of broken stone and partially of the carved solid rock. We should also consider the possibility that thin stone blocks were put above the rock in order to get even structure. The space was divided in two plateaus: shorter in the east part that stretches 7.60 m from the inside part of the east wall and higher plateau that continues to the west, raised for about 25 cm (fig. 9). We do not know how this was made since the floor is mostly ruined. East, shorter part of the floor was, in the later construction of the interior, covered with white wall plaster. The east part of the building was separated from the rest by the altar rail, which was 170 cm far from the inside of the east wall. Its position is marked by a carved block of the local stone, which goes from the north wall towards the south, while on the south side, its position is marked by oblationarium, which ends at the assumed direction of the altar rail extending.

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Simun kod Gurana, sv. Stjepan u Peroju, sv. Andrija u Porecu, sv. Sofija u Dvigradu, sv. Gervazije kod Bala ...). Uz njih novost predromanike su i centraIne krizne gradevine s tri apside na poprecnom kraku (sv. Toma kod Rovinja, nestala crkva sv. Klementa u Puli), a kasnoanticke tradicije ogledaju se u trobrodnim bazilikama s trima izvana poligonalnim a iznutra polukruznim apsidama (Sv. Marija Velika kod Bala) (DELONGA, JAKSIC, JURKOVIC 2001, 13; ISTARSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA, 2005). Usporedbom tlocrta ne nalazimo mnogo poveznica izmedu crkve sv. Severina i ostalih poznatih istarskih crkava tog razdoblja. Uz to sto nisu primjenjena karakteristicna arhitektonska rjesenja pri gradnji sakralnih zdanja u to vrijeme, jos jedan razlog su njezine dimenzije, odnosno neuobicajen odnos izmedu njezine sirine i duzine. Jedina crkva koja joj odgovara u tome je jednobrodna crkva s polukruznom izbocenom apsidom, pronadena kod Starog Gocana i datirana u 7. ili 8.st. (MARUSIC 1967, 37-39). Svetiste crkve sv. Severina, kako se cini prema podacima prikupljenim na terenu, nije bilo nadsvodeno, a vizualno je bilo naznaceno oltarnom pregradom i oblacionarijem. Primjer ranosrednjovjekovne istarske crkve bez apside nalazimo kod sv. Kriza u blizini Tara i kod crkve Benediktinskog samostana sv. Mihovila pod Zemljom (SONJE 1982, 61). Kao rezervu treba razmotriti i mogucnost da je crkva imala pravokutnu upisanu apsidu ciji je prijelaz u kalotu rijesen preko kutnih trompica, sto je uobicajeno u arhitekturi tog razdoblja, a uzori za takvo rjesenje su se mogli pronaci i u blizoj okolici, u guranskoj bazilici. lako je kod ranosrednjovjekovnih crkvica tog tipa uobicajeno da su zidovi na dijelu koji pripada apsidi zadebljani (SONJE 1982, 77) i da je pomocu toga naznacen trijumfalni luk, postoje primjeri kod kojih to nije slucaj, npr. troapsidalna ranosrednjovjekovna crkva Majke Bozje u Ruzaru, za koju Sonje pretpostavlja upravo takvo rjesenje (SONJE 1982, 76,77), a Marusic smatra da apside zbog male dubine nisu bile nadsvodene (MARUSIC 1974, 100), te dvoapsidalna crkva sv. Barbare u Vizinadi, koja pripada malo kasnijem razdoblju (SONJE 1982, 153). Kod crkve sv. Severina postoji zadebljanje juznog zida na odgovarajucem dijelu; medutim, cini se da je taj sloj zida dozidan poslije i nije sluzio naglasavanju trijumfalnog luka. Na nasuprotnoj strani nalazimo upravo suprotnu pojavu, tj. istocni dio sjevernog

Built table or oblationarium is an element of the church furniture that was usually put next to the altar and was used in the liturgy for the offering of sacrifice (host and wine) (HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH). The world oblata is also used as a synonym for a host (KLAIC 1984, 961). Oblationarium found in the church of St. Severin is measuring 160 x 60 cm and it is 60 cm high, looking from the assumed level of the floor. It is built in the same technique as the rest of the build ing and it is covered with the stone blocks, only partially preserved. It is organically connected with the east and south wall. Its end would correspond with the assumed direction of the altar rail so the west part of the oblationarium would be a part of it. In order to have a more complete picture about how the interior of the church looked like it should be pointed out that the oblationarium was also covered with the white wall plaster whose traces were found. During the reconstruction of the churchs interior, above the oblationarium, next to the south wall, one more layer of a thin wall, 10 cm thick, was additionally built. The table for same purpose can be found in the church of St. Maria od sniga at Marozini where it is set on the both sides of the altar (FUCIC, 1964, 2) and in the church of St. John at Telascica (PETRICOLI 1997, 174). The stone block of the local rock that indicates the partitions direction is a component of the north wall. It is an integral part of the outside part of the wall, but also goes in the church itself, 40 cm seen from the west and 50 cm seen from the east. The dimensions of the whole block are 105 x 51 x 65 cm, and it rises above the assumed floor for 35 cm. On its upper surface, on the west side, there is a groove, which was used for the fixation of the pluteum. We also have to mention a carved block, mea suring 96 x 65 x 14 cm, with a symmetrical square hole in it, of dimensions 23 x 22 cm, found on the nearby kazun where it was used as a lintel. Similar stone blocks, functioning as grooves for fixation of pluteum, can be seen in the church of St. Simun near Guran. There is a great possibility that these blocks had the same function in our example. The roof of the building was covered by many half-round tiles. They are all red, made of well re fined clay. The fact the tiles are all the same is an evidence of one-time covering without further re pairs. 110 cm west of the southwest corner there is a \

9. Dijelovi crkve obuhvaceni nadogradnjom interijera - snizeni dio crkve. Parts of the church included in the expansion of the interior - lowered part of the church.

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zida je suzen. Nedostatna debljina zida, potrebna za nosenje konstrukcije kalote, mogla je biti nadomjestena lezenama koje su postavljene na sjeveroistocni kut crkve, kao i malo zapadnije na sjevernom zidu. Ipak, prema sacuvanim ostacima prihvatljivija bi bila prva pretpostavka. Uzori za takvo rjesenje pri gradnji crkve mogli su se naci u kasnoantickoj crkvenoj arhitekturi Istre (SONJE 1982, 9), all su mogli stici i sa sjevera kao posljedica novih kulturnih i politickih utjecaja. Crkve pravokutnih tlocrta bez apside i manjih dimenzija, gradene na ruralnom podrucju, nalazimo na nama bliskom podrucju regija Friuli - Venezia Giulia i Alto Adige, datirane u 7. i 8.st. Tom tipu gradevina pripadaju npr. S.Martino u Asiu, S.Lorenzo u Buiama, S.Andrea u Vendoni, crkva na brdu Zuca u Invillinu, S.Benedeto u Mallesu, S.Giacomo u Soelesu, S.Procolo u Naturnu, S.Martini vecchio u Lani ili S.Vigilio e S.Lorenzo u Castelfaderu (BIERBRAUER 1998, 156; CAGNANA 2001, 116,117; NATHDURFTER 2001, 124-144). Jos sjevernije, npr. na podrucju Bavarske i Svicarske ponovno nalazimo crkve slicnih karakteristika, datirane u isto razdoblje (crkve u Ettingenu, Meilenu, Steinu na Rajni ili Schutternu). Zanimljivo je da je na istom podrucju cesta i pojava oblacionariia (DIE ALAMANEN 2001 457-459) Prema gradevinskim ostacima jasno je zamijetljivo da je crkva imala i jednu nadogradnju u malo kasnijem periodu (si. 9). Za pojedine dijelove qradevine a to se odnosi na preqradni zid zadebljanje zida iznad oblacionarija i podnicu u zapadnom nizem diielu crkve koristena ie biiela zbuka drukcija od crvenkaste koja je koriStena na ostatku gradevine Osim toga ti zidovi su tek prislonjeni na perimetralne. To bi znacilo da je zapadni dio zgrade preoblikovan dozidavanjem zadebliania iznad oblacionariia prekrivaniem podnice tankim slojem zbuke i gradnjom pregradnog zida. Tako je prostor namijenjen sluzbi svecenika odiielien od prostora za puk naivierojatnije niskim zidom koji je mogao biti'koristen prilikom sluzbe i dodatnim naznacavanjem razlike podnice koja je vec otprije bila niza. Pitanje postojanja lezena na sjevernom zidu i njihov izostanak na juznom moglo bi se objasniti vizualnom razdiobom zidne plohe sa strane kojom se prilazilo crkvi i koja je bila vise izlozena pogledima Dosietitelia Moouce ie da se i samo naselie koje jos nije ubicirano nalazilo sjevernije od crkve s obzirom da put kojim se prilazilo crkvi sa sjevera tu zavrsava odnosno ne vodi dalie na iua Prostor'oko crkve takoder je prilagodavan ljudskim djelovanjem. Stijene koje se nalaze na podrucju cijelog platoa zaravnavate su tako da bi se dobila hodna oovrsina a orostor izmedu niih popunjavan je zemljom. Taj sloj se jasno odvajao od okolnih svojom tamnom bojom kao i time sto je bio isounien ulomcima anticke i ranosrednioviekovne keramike (SJ 8) Oko 5 m sjevernije od crkve pronasli smo mjesto na kojem se pripremala zbuka. Prostor je bio dielomicno smiesten izmedu zivih stiiena a dielomicno oqraden kamenim blokovima ure'dno slozenim s njegove sjeverne strane. Maksimalne

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dry stone wall which can be seen at a length of 160 cm. It slightly turns towards the north when compared with the direction of the south wall of the church. It was probably built some time after the church but surely while the churchs walls were still visible. This opinion is supported by a pedestal, of di mensions 50 x 58 cm that was found 120 cm from the northwest corner in that way leavinq the pas sage that corresponds to the one on the south (fig. 8). The pedestal was also built in dry stone technique. We cannot give a final conclusion about the purpose of these constructions but the dif ference in the way of building and the difference in their direction indicate the function separable from the church itself. Excavated remains of architecture show that this is an untypical church building for that pe riod. In the pre-Romanesque Istrian architecture dominant elements are semicircle or square apses inteorated in the back wall of the church from which in calotte go to niches. The majority of churches are sinqle-naved with three apses this becoming that period a regional characteristic in that period (St Simon near Guran St Stephen in Peroj St Andrew in Porec St Sofia in Divigrad St Gervazije near Bale ) 'Apart from them 'the novelity of pre Romanesque period are central cross buildings with three apses in the transver sal aisle (St Toma near Rovini St Andrew in Porec destroyed church of St. Clement in Pula) while late Roman characteristics are three-naved basilica with three apses outside oolvoon and inside semi circle (St Maria near Bale) (DELONGA JAKSIC JURKOVIC 2001, 13; ISTARSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 2005.) When we comoare the oround-olan of St Severin and other well known Istrian churches from that period we do not find manv similarities Apart from the fact that building of St Severin did not aoolv some characteristic solutions for the building of church objects of that time the other difference is its dimensions unusual correlation between its width and length The only church

10. Idealna rekonstrukcija crkve sv.Severina. Ideal reconstruction of the church of St. Severin.

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11. Prostor na kojem se mijesalo vapno prilikom gradnje crkve. Space used for stirring mortar during the construction of the church.

dimenzije iznosile su 275 cm u smjeru sjever - jug, a 240 cm u smjeru istok - zapad. Maksimalna debljina sloja iznosila je 20 cm, a prosjecna 15 cm. Ispod toga ponovno se pojavio sloj zapune medu zivim stijenama. Moguce da je rijec o zbuci koristenoj prilikom pregradnje jer je bijele boje, koja podsjeca na zbuku koristenu u tu svrhu (si. 11). Grob 1 Josip Visnjic Mekoliko metara sjeveroistocno od crkve pronaden je grob s cetiri ukopa (si. 12, T1-1-6). Grob je smjesten izmedu zivih stijena tako da se grobna arhitektura prilagodila postojecim uvjetima. Usmjeren je priblizno u pravcu sjever - jug s otklonom prema zapadu. Grob je oblozen plocama kamena lomljenca nejednakih dimenzija i nepravilnih oblika sto upucuje na to da nisu posebno pripremane za tu svrhu. Na istocnoj strani nalaze se cetiri ploce koje se medusobno ne dodiruju ili preklapaju, a na zapadnoj strani nalazimo pet ploca medu kojima se dvije preklapaju. Za uzglavnicu postavljena je jedna ploca, dok kod nogu ne nalazimo plocu nego iskoristenu zivu stijenu. Pokrivna ploca nije postojala, a kao dno groba posluzila je ziva stijena. Duzina grobnice iznosi 175 cm, sirina na vrhu kamenih ploca je 57 cm na sjevernom i 45 cm na juznom dijelu, a na dnu iznosi 22 - 23 cm. Dno groba lagano pada prema jugu pa maksimalna dubina iznosi 44 cm, a minimalna 24 cm. Dubina ukopa od pretpostavljene hodne povrsine u vrijeme postojanja crkve iznosi 65 cm. U grobu nisu pronadeni nikakvi prilozi. Pokojnici su polozeni jedan na drugoga sto obicno znaci da je rijec o istovremenom sahranjivanju pokojnika, jer pri naknadnim ukopima obicno su vrsena pomicanja kostiju prvobitno sahranjenih mrtvaca (MARUSIC 1987c, 70). Gornji ukop (ukop 4, T.1-2) predstavlja dijete cija se lubanja nalazila uz noge ostalih pokojnika. Ostale kosti se nisu nalazile u svom primarnom

similar in this aspect to St. Severins church is a single-naved church with a semicircle, protruding apse, found near Stari Gocan, dating from 7th or 8th century (MARUSIC 1967, 37-39). Shrine of the church of St Severin, as we can conclude regarding the data collected at the site, was not vaulted, but was visually marked by the altar rail and oblationarium. The example of the early medieval Istrian church without an apse is the church St. Cross near Tar and the church of the Benedictine monastery of St. Michael (SONJE 1982, 61). We also have to consider possibility that the church had a square apse, with the shifting to the calotte made by a little niche in the corner, which was usual for the architecture of that time, and the models for that could be found in the vicinity, in the basilica of Guran. Although it is usual for the medieval churches of this type to have the part of walls belonging to the apse thickened (SONJE 1982, 77), marking the triumphal arch in that way, there are some examples that are different from this type. For example, three-apse early medieval church of Mother of God in Ruzar for which Sonje assumes this solution (SONJE 1982, 76,77) while Marusic thinks that the apses, being not deep enough, were not vaulted (MARUSIC 1974, 100) and the two-apse church of St. Barbara in Vizinada. which belongs to the later period (SONJE 1982; 153). On the church of St. Severin, there is a thick ening of the south wall, but it seems that this layer of the wall was built later and it did not serve for the emphasizing of the triumphal arch. On the op posite side, we find totally opposite case. Lack of required thickness on the wall, necessary for the carrying out the calotte construction, could have been replaced by pilaster strips set on the north east corner of the church and somewhat more west on the north wall. However, according to the pre served remains, the first assumption is more ac ceptable. Models for this kind of building could have been found in the late Roman church architecture of Istria (SONJE 1982, 9), but they also might have come from the North as a result of new political and cultural influence. Churches of smaller, squared ground-plans without an apse, built in rural areas, can be found in the region FriuliVenezia-Giulia and Alto Adige, dating from the 7th and 8th century. Other churches that belong to this type of constructing are, for example S.Martino in Asi, S.Lorenzo in Buie, S.Andrea in Vedona, the church on the hill Zuca in Invillino, S.Benedetou in Malles, S.Giacomo in Soeles, S.Procolo in Naturno, S.Martini vecchio in Lana or S.Vigilio in Castelfadero (BIERBRAUER 1998, 156; CAGNANA 2001, 116,117; NATHDURFTER 2001, 124-144). Even northerly, in the area of Bavaria and Switzer land we again can find the churches of similar characteristics, dating from the same period (the churches in Ettingen, Meilen, Stein on Rhein or Schuttern). It is interesting that in this area oblationarium is very often found. From the construction remains, it is clearly vis ible that the church had also one reconstruction

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polozaju pa bi se moglo pretpostaviti da su ispremjestane, najvjerojatnije djelovanjem zivotinja, jer ljudski faktor je izostao s obzirom da je rijec o posljednjem ukopu. Dimenzije groba takoder otklanjaju mogucnost da je primarno rijec o djecjem ukopu. Ukop 3 (T.1-3) predstavlja pokojnicu koja je bila polozena na leda s rukama ispruzenim uz tijelo i ispruzenim nogama. Lubanja je bila smrskana pa je tesko reci nesto o njezinu polozaju u trenutku ukopa. Ukop 2 (T.1-4) predstavlja pokojnika polozenog na leda, ispruzenih nogu, a ruke su mu bile polozene tako da je podlaktica lijeve ruke bila posve savijena i priljubljena uz nadlakticu, a podlaktica desne ruke bila je postavljena preko trbuha pokojnika. Lubanja je bila okrenuta ulijevo. Ukop 1 (T.1-5) predstavlja pokojnika polozenoga na leda, ispruzenih nogu tako da im se koljena dodiruju, pa je moguce da su u trenutku ukopa bile lagano povijene i slomljene pod kasnijim pritiskom. Zanimljivo je da se ruke nalaze iza leda pa postoji mogucnost da su bile vezane u trenutku ukopa. Lubanja je pomaknuta prema grudnom kosu, pogledom usmjerena prema istoku. Kontekst u cijelosti upucuje na nasilan dogadaj s obzirom da je kod jednog pokojnika dokazano da je usmrcen udarcem tupim predmetom u glavu, a kako je rijec o istovremenim ukopima, nasilna smrt se moze pretpostaviti i za ostale pokojnike. Taj ukop se mozda moze povezati i s razbijanjem oltarne pregrade, ciji su ulomci pronadeni razbacani u crkvi i oko nje, a na natpisu koji je bio sastavni dio iste i koji je govorio o graditelju crkve te vladaru, njegovu patronu, nedostaju upravo imena. To nas moze navesti na pretpostavku o sukobu koji se mogao odvijati jos u vrijeme ranog srednjeg vijeka, a u svezi s nerijesenim imovinsko - pravnim odnosima. Najbolje paralele za grobnu arhitekturu mogu se povuci s najvecim istarskim srednjovjekovnim grobljem - starohrvatskom nekropolom u Zminju, na kojoj je svih 227 grobova gradeno torn tehnikom, s nekoliko varijanti u gradnji. Nekropola se datira od 840. do 950.g. (MARUSIC 1987c) sto bi odgovaralo vremenu postojanja crkve sv. Severina. Takav nacin gradnje grobova u Istri bio je poznat i prije, kada ih nalazimo u Karpinjanu pokraj Novigrada (MLAKAR 1979, 27-35) i Dvigradu (MARUSIC 1970, 10), a primjenjivali su ga romanizirani starosjedioci (MARUSIC 1983, 44-47; UJCIC 1997, 221-223). Medutim, koristen je i u kasnijim razdobljima, kada ga je preuzelo i doseljeno hrvatsko pucanstvo (MARUSIC 1987, 100), npr. u Celegi kod Novigrada (MARUSIC 1959; 195-219) ili vec spomenutom Zminju, a njegova primjena dokumentirana je na sirem podrucju rasprostranjenosti takvih grobnih konstrukcija sve do kasnog srednjeg vijeka (SOKOL 2006, 144149). Stoga, na osnovu grobne konstrukcije ne mozemo donositi zakljucke u vezi s vremenom gradnje grobne komore, niti sa sigurnoscu reci da li pripada kasnoantickom ili srednjovjekovnom periodu nalazista.

in the later period (fig. 9). For some parts of the building, such as partition wall, thickened wall above the oblationarium and the floor in the west, shorter part of the church, white plaster was used; different from the reddish one used for the rest of the building. Apart from that, these walls were just leaned against the perimetral walls. That means that the west part of the building was transformed in one moment by adding the thickened part above the oblationarium, covering the floor by a thin layer of the plaster and by the building of the partition wall. In that way, the space for the priest and the service was separated from the space for the con gregation, probably by the short wall that could have been used during the ceremony and some additional emphasizing of the different floor level, which was lower even earlier. The question of the existence of pilaster strips on the north wall and their absence on the south wall can be explained by the visual division of the wall on the part which was used as a churchs access and that was more exposed to the visitors. It is possible that the settlement that has not been located yet, was situated north of the church since the path that was used as an access to the church from the north, ends here and does not lead fur ther to the south. The space around the church has also been adapted by people. The rocks that were on the whole plateau surface, were levelled in order to get some space for walking and the space be tween the rocks was filled with soil. That layer was clearly distinguished from the others because of its darker colour and by the fact that was full of the potsherds from Roman and early medieval pe riod (Layer 8). About 5 m north of the church, we found the place where the mortar was prepared. The place was partly set between solid rocks, and partly en closed by stone blocks, neatly pilled on its north side. Maximum dimensions were 275 cm in the 12- Grob 1 s eetiri ukPa' direction north-south and 240 cm in the direction Grave 1 with four burials.

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13. Grob 2 s najmanje 5 ukopa. Grave 2 with at least 5 burials.

Grob 2 Josip Visnjic, Luka Bekic Prilikom uklanjanja suhozida koji se nalazio istocno od crkve zamijecene su zidane strukture koje se nalaze na 2 m sjeveroistocno od crkve. Kako se poslije pokazalo, rijec je o zidanoj grobnici koja je bila opljackana a kosti razbacane (sl. 13, T.1-7). Sacuvani su zapadni, juzni i sjeverni zid, a istocni se mogao tek nazrijeti. Prema sacuvanim ostacima grobnica je bila velicine 300 x 80 cm i bila pravilno orijentirana u smjeru sjever - jug. Zidovi su bili debeli od 40 do 50 cm i imali maksimalnu sacuvanu visinu od 20 cm. Kako su unutar same grobnice pronadeni tek malobrojni ulomci usitnjenih kostiju, a na 10-ak cm istocno od nje veca skupina ljudskih kostiju, pokazalo se da je grobnica devastirana a kosti razbacane. S obzirom na to, kosti su bile fragmentirane, pa nam antropoloska analiza ne govori mnogo. Prema 72 ulomka ljudskih kostiju, moze se zakljuciti samo da je rijec o pokopu barem petoro ljudi, medu kojima je barem jedna bila odrasla (SLAUS 2006b). Takav tip grobnica datira se u kasnoanticko razdoblje (3. do 5.st.), a pronalaze se npr. u Novigradu, Kolonama, Barbolanu kod Medulina, Kastrumu na Velom Brijunu... (MARUSIC 1973, 37-39; MLAKAR 1979, 23-27; UJCIC 1995, 8388; UJCIC 1997, 221). Odgovor na pitanje kada je opljackana sama grobnica mozda bi nam mogli dati kulturni slojevi pronadeni istocno od crkve, a juzno od grobnice. Iza same crkve otkriven je kulturni sloj u kojem je pronadena veca kolicina srednjovjekovne keramike. Keramika svojim karakteristikama odgovara onoj pronadenoj uz temelje crkve (SJ 11), a poistovjecuje s vremenom njezine gradnje. Nakon uklanjanja tog sloja (SJ 16) dosli smo do novog kulturnog sloja (SJ 17) koji cini sloj crne zemlje, smjesten izmedu zivih stijena, ispunjen

east-west. Maximum thickness of the layer was 20 cm and average 15 cm. Under it, a layer of de posit appeared among solid rocks. It is possible that was the wall plaster used during the recon struction because it was white colour and it is similar to the wall plaster used for this purpose (fig. 11). Grave 1 Josip Visnjic Several metres northeast of the church a grave with four grave units was found (fig. 12, T1-1-6). It was situated between the solid rocks so the grave architecture adjusted itself to the existing conditions. It was directed approximately in the direction north-south with the slight inclination towards the west. The grave was covered with unidentical blocks of broken stone, of different dimensions which indicates that the blocks were not specially prepared for this purpose. On the east side we found four blocks that do not touch or overlap, whereas on the west side we five blocks were found, two of them overlapping. For the place meant for the head one block was used whereas at the legs solid rock was used instead. Covering block did not existed and as a bottom of the grave, solid rock was used. The grave was 175 cm long, the width on the top of the stone blocks is 57cm at the north and 45 cm at the south part, while on the bottom is 22-23 cm. The bottom of the grave slightly inclines towards the south so the maxi mum depth is 44 cm, and minimum 24 cm. The depth of the graves is 65 cm, measuring from the assumed walking area in the time of churchs ex isting. No grave goods were found. The deceased were placed one on the top of another which means they were buried at the same time because a subsequent burial usually leads to the moving of the bones of the dead people who are buried previously (MARUSIC 1987c, 70). The upper grave unit (grave unit 4, T.1-2) rep resents a child whose skull was next to the legs of other deceased. The other bones were not in their primary position so we can guess they were shifted, probably by animal action, not human since this was the last grave. The dimensions of the grave eliminate the possibility it was primarily a childs grave. Grave unit 3 (T.1-3) presents a deceased woman who was put on her back with the arms stretched along the body and stretched legs. The skull was smashed so we cannot tell anything about her position at the moment of the burial. Grave unit 2 (T.1-4) presents a deceased man put on the back with his legs stretched. The left forearm was totally bended and pressed close to the upper arm while the right forearm was put across the stomach. The skull was turned left. Grave unit 1 (T.1-5) presents a deceased man put on his back with his legs stretched and his knees touching so it is possible they were slightly bent at the moment of the burial and crushed due to the later pressure. It is interesting that the arms were behind the back so there is a possibility they were tied up at the moment of the burial. The skull

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ulomcima tegula i anticke keramike. U njemu je pronadena i broncana fibula u obliku pauna, sacuvana u cijelosti. Ako pretpostavimo da bi fibula mogla biti inventar groba koji je tu dospio prilikom pljackanja, a znamo da se nalazi ispod sloja koji odgovara gradnji crkve, odnosno ranom srednjem vijeku, moze se zakljuciti da se pljacka dogodila izmedu kasne antike, kada je grobnica izgradena (zakljucujemo na osnovi nacina gradnje i nalaza) i 9.st., do kada je crkva vec trebala biti izgradena. Konzervacija nepokretnih nalaza Josip Visnjic Kako je vec spomenuto, tijekom druge faze radova na torn lokalitetu, uz arheoloska istrazivanja odvijali su se i radovi na konzervaciji arhitektonskih ostataka crkve. Investitor radova, tvrtka Plinacro, angazirala je gradevinsku tvrtku Kapitel iz Zminja, licenciranu za obavljanje radova na zasticenom kulturnom dobru. Uz nadzor gradevinskih radova, djelatnici HRZ-a ujedno su nadzirali uklanjanje slojeva ispred procelja crkve. Ta iskopavanja obavljena su radi kompletiranja crkvenog tlocrta, kako bi se konzervacija mogla kvalitetno i potpuno obaviti. Paralelno s time preslagivani su suhozidovi u okolici crkve, sto je urodilo novim znacajnim nalazima. Pronaden je dio natpisa na kamenu koji pripada vremenu antike, zatim dio arhitrava oltarne pregrade s natpisom, ukupno peti te kasnoanticka grobnica, ciji su zidovi takoder konzervirani Kako bi rezultati konzervacije davali sto realniju sliku o nekadasnjem izgledu zidova crkve, koristeni su odgovarajuci materijali: vapnena zbuka i kamen koji je djelomicno prikupljen tijekom iskopavanja na torn lokalitetu, a djelomicno kamen istih karakteristika donesen za tu namjenu s drugih polozaja. Stoga su razloga postivane i razlike u boji zbuke zamijecene na gradevini prilikom iskopavanja. Na dijelovima gdje se pojavljivala zbuka crvene boje koristena je vapnena zbuka pomijesana sa zemljom crvenicom, a na mjestima gdje je pronadena ona bijele boje koristena cista vapnena zbuka. Zidovi su podizani za oko 20 cm od sacuvane razine. Zasipavanjem materijala na prethodno istrazenim dijelovima, do priklesanih zivih stijena, dobila se razina srednjovjekovne hodne povrsine. Prostor unutar same crkve prekriven je geofolijom, cime su se zastitili dijelovi sacuvane podnice, a zatim zajedno s prostorom neposredno uz njene zidove zasut slojem grubog sljunka debljine oko 10 cm. Suhozidovi koji se nalaze oko crkve su najprije razlozeni do intaktno sacuvanih dijelova, a zatim ponovno uredno slozeni. Okolni prostor ociscen je od niskog raslinja tako da se dobila uredna povrsina oko crkve i obliznjeg kazuna, cime je naglasena njihova zajednicka pripadnost torn jedinstvenom arheolosko-etnografskom lokalitetu. Kvalitetnom i strucnom izvedbom samih gradevinskih radova, te dijalogom izmedu izvodaca, HRZ-a i Konzervatorskog odjela u Puli, postignuti su odlicni rezultati u ocuvanju i prezentaciji tog objekta. Pojedini arhitektonski elemenati koji su bili ukradeni posljednjeg dana

is turned towards the thorax, his look directed towards the east. The whole context indicates a violent act because it is proved that one of the deceased was killed with a blunt object and since the burials were at the same time, we can assume the violent death for the others as well. This grave unit might be connected with the smashing of the altars rail whose fragments were found scattered in and around the church. On the altar rail inscription that had the names of a person who erected the church and the ruler on it, these names are missing. That can lead to the conclusion about the conflict that could take place in the early medieval time, connected with unsolved terms of property rights. The best comparison of the grave architecture can be drawn with the biggest Istrian medieval graveyard - early Croatian necropolis in Zminj, on which all 227 graves were built in this technique, with several subtypes of construction. The necropolis dates from 840-950 (MARUSIC 1987c), which would correspond with the existing of St. Severins church. This way of building graves is known in Istria from before, for example in Krapinjan near Novigrad (MLAKAR 1979, 27-35) and Dvigrad (MARUSIC 1970, 10) and it was used by Romanized indigenous people (MARUSIC, 1983, 44-47; UJCIC 1997, 221-223). However, it was used in later periods as well, by immigrated Croatian inhabitants (MARUSIC 1987, 100), for example in Celega near Novigrad (MARUSIC, 1959, 195-219) or already mentioned Zminj, and its use is documented in the wide area of similar grave constructions up to the late medieval (SOKOL 2006, 144-149). That is why we cannot, on the base of the grave construction, neither bring conclusions connected with the time of its building nor say with certainty if it belongs to the late Roman period or medieval period. Grave 2 Josip Visnjic, Luka Bekic During the removing of the dry stone wall, east of the church, some built structures 2 m northeast of the church were noticed. As it was shown later, it was a built grave that was robbed and the bones from it scattered around (fig. 13, T.1-7). The west, south and north wall were preserved while the east one could only be barely seen. According to the preserved remains, the grave had the dimensions 300 x 80 cm and it was symmetrically oriented north-south. The walls were 40-50 cm thick and of maximum preserved height 20 cm. Since inside the grave just few fragmented bones were found and about 10 cm east of it there were plenty of them, it was shown that the grave was devastated and the bones scattered. The bones were fragmented, so anthropological analysis does not reveal much. From the 72 fragments we can just conclude that at least five people were buried there, at least one adult among them (SLAUS 2006b). This type of graves dates into the late Roman

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14. Crkva nakon dovrsenih konzervatorskih radova. Church after finished conservation works.

prvotnih istrazivanja (prag, pokrivne ploce oblacionarija, ugaoni kamen iz temelja crkve ...) rekonstruirani su na osnovi fotografija, crteza i mjera te ponovno postavljeni na svoj izvorni polozaj. Nakon dovrsetka restauratorskih radova, uz informativnu plocu, kod crkve ce biti postavljena i kopija kamenog kriza koji je nekada stajao na rusevinama crkve, a ciji su ostaci pronadeni tijekom iskopavanja. Time ce radovi na prezentaciji crkve sv. Severina biti upotpunjeni, a to mjesto biti vrednovano na pravi nacin.

period ( 3rd -5th century), and we can find them, for example in Novigrad, Kolone, Barbolan near Medulin, Kastrum on Veliki Brijun...( MARUSIC 1973, 37-39; MLAKAR 1979, 23-27; UJCIC 1995, 83-88; UJCIC 1997, 221). The answer to the question when the grave was robbed might be in the cultural layers found east of the church and south of the tomb. Behind the church, a cultural layer was discovered, in which a large quantity of early medieval pottery was found. By its characteristics, the ceramics corresponds to the one found next to the churchs foundation (Layer 11) and it is identified with the time of its building. After removing that layer (Layer 16) we found another cultural layer (Layer 17) of black soil between the solid rocks, filled with the sherds of tegulae and potsherds from the Roman period. Bronze peacock shaped fibula, was found in it and it was preserved in whole. If we assume that the fibula was part of the graves inventory that came here during the robbery, and since it was found below the layer that corresponds with the churchs building, that is early medieval, we can make a conclusion that the robbery happened somewhere between the late Roman period (on the basis of the way of building and finds) and the 9th century (by that time the church should have been built). Conservation of the features Josip Visnjic As we already mentioned, during the second phase of work at this site, together with the ar chaeological work, the conservation of architec tural remains of the church also took place. Plinacro company, the investor, hired the company Kapitel from Zminj, licensed for conducting construction works on the protected cultural goods. Together with the supervision of the construction works, the archaeologists also excavated the layers in front of the churchs facade. These excavations were done in order to complete churchs groundplan so the conservation could have been done completely and thoroughly. Parallel with this, dry stone walls were restacked which resulted in new significant finds. Fragment of the stone inscrip tion from the Roman period was found, as well as the fifth fragment of architrave of the altar rail and the grave from the late Roman period, whose walls were also conserved. In order to results give as realistic picture as possible about the former looks of the walls, ap propriate materials were used: lime wall plaster and stone, part of it collected during the excavation at this site and part of it brought for this purpose from the other sites but having the same charac teristics. For the same reasons, the differences in the wall plaster colour noticed during the excava tion were respected. On the parts with red wall plaster, lime wall plaster mixed with red soil was used and on the places with the white one, we used just lime wall plaster. The walls were elevated for about 20 cm from the preserved level. Filling up of material into the previously examined parts all the way to the carved solid rocks, we got the

POKRETNI NALAZI Luka Bekic

Kamena plastika Medu tim nalazima treba izdvojiti dvije osnovne grupe. Jedna grupa pripada ranijem, antickom ili kasnoantickom razdoblju, a druga grupa ranom srednjem vijeku. Medu ranijim nalazima ni jedan ne mozemo pripisati iskljucivo crkvenom predmetu, a medu ranosrednjovjekovnima nalazima ni jednog se ne moze iskljucivo pripisati profanom karakteru. Vecina ranijih nalaza pripada kamenicama raznih oblika i velicina. Mozemo pretpostaviti da su one sluzile u gospodarske svrhe na antickim/kasnoantickim imanjima u blizoj ili neposrednoj okolici, a tu donesene i upotrebljene u vidu spolija. Posebice se to moze tvrditi za ulomak T5-5 koji je iskoristen kao ugaoni kamen temeljac crkve. Ostali ulomci nisu pronadeni in situ, vec u gromacama nad crkvom i okolo porusene crkve. ANTICKI NALAZI U ovoj grupi izdvajaju se dva ulomka antickih natpisa. T1-2; T2-2 dio je natpisnog polja ploce kvalitetnijeg kamena s ocuvanim tekstom: ...V IR [I?]... ...ASSI...

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S obzirom na mali dio ocuvanog teksta, ovaj natpis ne mozemo nikako odrediti. VIR se moze odnositi na funkciju nekog duumvira ili kvatorvira, ali i kao vir - muskarac, muz ili cak broj 6. Takoder je nejasno je li udarac izmedu slova V i I slucajno ostecenje ili namjerna razmaknica. Dio rijeci ASSI moglo bi pripadati imenu CASSIVS, ali i to je samo pretpostavka koju ne mozemo dokazati. T1-1; T2-1 dio je natpisnog polja ploce od mekseg vapnenca s ocuvanim tekstom: ...VS... ...ET SVIS... ...F Tu vec mozemo naslutiti da je rijec o nadgrobnom spomeniku. Vjerojatno ga podize osoba cije ime zavrsava na VS (prvi redak), a takoder ga podize i svojima - ET SVIS; kako svjedoci drugi redak. Vjerojatno ga postavlja za zivota, o cemu govori treci redak, [V](IVUS) F(ECIT). Oba spomenika mozemo prema nacinu izrade i slovima okvirno datirati u ranocarsko razdoblje, 1. ili 2.st. Porijeklo ovih nalaza treba traziti u obliznjim vilama rusticama, bilo novopronadenoj na Kornedama ili Buranu 1.6 Treba napomenuti kako nije pronaden ni jedan ulomak koji bi mogli pripisati crkvenom namjestaju ili dekoraciji starokrscanskog razdoblja. To je konzistentno s rezultatima istrazivanja nepokretnih nalaza, koji ne odaju tragove crkve starokrsca nskog razdoblja. RANI SREDNJI VIJEK Druga grupa ulomaka pripadala je kamenom namjestaju ranosrednjovjekovne crkve. Oltarna pregrada Vecina ulomaka pripada oltarnoj pregradi, koja nije bila ukrasena reljefnim pleterom ili necim slicnim. Sacuvani su njezini: dijelovi oblih stupica T4-2,3,4,5,6, pripadajuci kapitel T4-1, dio luka T47 i veci broj dijelova arhitrava s natpisom T23,4,5,6,7; T4-9,10,11,12. Dio kamene ploce, T4-8 mogao je pripadati pluteju, no to se sa sigurnoscu ne moze odrediti jer je bio neukrasen. Potpuno nam nedostaju pilastri. Arhitrav Najzanimljiviji je arhitrav, jer nosi lijepo uklesan natpis.7 Na nekim ulomcima mjestimicno su vidljive i dvije blago urezane cite, ispod i iznad slova, koje su klesaru pomagale da odredi visinu slova. Dijelovi arhitrava s natpisom su: T2-3; T4-9 CVM... T2-7; T4-11 ...MO FIERI RO... T2-4; T4-10 ...NITO EPI... T2-5; T4-12 ...PORIBVS T2-6: T4-12 DOMN... Sadrzaj CVM Prijedlog CUM se najcesce upotrebljava na

level of walking surface in the medieval period. Interior of the church was covered with geofoil in order to protect the fragments of preserved floor and then interior together with the space next to its walls was filled up with a layer of gravel, 10 cm thick. Dry stone walls around the church are first decomposed to the intactly preserved parts and then again neatly put together. The area around the church was cleaned from the low plant cover in order to get a clean surface around the church and nearby kazun which emphasized their mutual belonging to this unique archaeological and eth nographic locality. By quality and professional performance of the construction works and the dialogue between the contractor, the Croatian Conservation Institute and Conservation department in Pula, we reached ex cellent results in preservation and presentation of this object. Some of the architectural elements that were stolen during the last days of the research (floor, covering blocks of oblationarium, a corner stone from the churchs foundation...) were re constructed on the basis of drawings, photographs and dimensions and put again on their original position. When the restoration works finished, next to the information board and close to the church, a replica of the stone cross, which was found on the churchs ruins, was set. This completed the work on the church of St. Severin and this place is appreciated in the proper way.

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SMALL FINDS Luka Bekic

Stone monuments Among these finds we can distinguish two main groups. One of them belongs to the earlier, Ro man or late Roman period, and other to the early medieval period. Neither earlier finds can exclu sively considered to be a church related object, nor can we attribute the early medieval finds to exclusively profane character. Most of the earlier finds belongs to a stone basins, of different shapes and sizes. We can just guess they were used for the farms on Roman and late Roman land properties, and were brought here and used as spoliae. We can especially say that for the stone that was put as a corner stone. Other fragments were not found in situ, but in the stone heaps under and around the ruined church. FINDS FROM THE ROMAN PERIODS From this group we can distinguish two frag ments of Roman inscriptions. T1-2, T2-2 is a part of the inscription on the block made of more qual ity stone with the preserved text ...VIR [I?]... ...ASSI... Since we have a small part of the preserved

15. Dio rimskog natpisa. (T.2-2, T.32). Part of a Roman inscription. (T.2-2, T.3-2).

16. Dio rimskog natpisa. (T.2-1, T.31). Part of a Roman inscription. (T.2-1, T.3-1).

Zahvaljujem prof.dr.Anamariji Kurilic na savjetima prilikom obrade ovih ulomaka natpisa Thanks to dr.sc.Anamarija Kurilic, for her advice during the analysis of these inscription fragments.

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natpisima kod spominjanja obitelji, (npr. CUM CONIUGE MEA ET FILMS NOSTRIS); medutim, to se uglavnom javlja kod svjetovnih osoba, a na natpisu koji spominje biskupa to ne bi trebalo ocekivati, premda se to u potpunosti ne moze iskljuciti. U Istri se primjer upotrebe rijeci CUM javlja na natpisu arhitrava oltarne pregrade crkve sv.lvana od Nimfeja u Puli. Za nas bitan dio natpisa glasi ...EST CVM SANCTIS M... (HIK 2, 64, 1.53). Smisao cjelokupnog teksta nije rastumacen. Taj ulomak cini sam pocetak arhitravne grede, pa je moguce kako je natpis zapocinjao formulacijom CUM DEI GRATIA, ali to je samo pretpostavka. Takvi primjeri nisu mi poznati s kamenih natpisa; medutim, ta formulacija poznata je iz pisanih izvora tog doba. MO FIERI RO Ovaj sklop rijeci spominje gradnju crkve, domo fieri rogavit. Poznati su i primjeri drukcijeg opisa, kao ...TEMPLUM (FIERI ROGAVIT)..., ili kod sv.Marte u Bijacima ...(ist)O DOMO FIERI PRECEPI..., te ...ISTVM D(0)MVM [FI]ERI ROGAV[l]... (HIK 2, 181, 182, IV.3b,d). Formulacija se spominje i na trabeaciji oltarne ograde sv.Mihovila u Brnazama iz prvih desetljeca 9.st. ...FIERI R(OGAVIT)... (HIK 2, 247, IV.113a). I u crkvi sv.Mihovila u Ninu pronaden je arhitrav s formulacijom ...FIERI ROG(AVI)..., a datira se izmedu 879. i 892.g. (HIK 2, 292, 293, IV.186).

17. Dio arhitrava ranosrednjovjekovne oltarne pregrade. (T.2-3, T.4-9). Part of the architrave of an early medieval altar partition. (T.2-3, T.4-9).

18. Dio arhitrava ranosrednjovjekovne oltarne pregrade. (T.2-7, T.4-11). Part of the architrave of an early medieval altar partition. (T.2-7, T.411).

NITO EPI Ovaj dio natpisa zasigurno spominje nekog biskupa (episcopus) koji vjerojatno podize ovu EARLY MIDDLE AGES PERIOD crkvu. Episcopus se u Istri spominje i na ciboriju The second group of fragments belonged to biskupa Mauricija iz krstionice novigradske katedrale (HIK2, 53, 1.41/1). Na ovom natpisu navodi the stone furniture of a medieval church. se kao ...MAURICIUS EPISCOP(US)..., a datira se u Altar rail doba biskupa Mauricija, 776 - 780.g. Drugi je Most of the fragments belong to the altar rail natpis biskupa Handegisa, s nadvratnika katedrale sv.Marije u Puli koji se datira u 857.g. (HIK 2, 60, that was not decorated with interlacing-ribbon I.49). Tu je kratica ...HANDEGIS...EP(l)S(COPI).., pattern or something similar. We have preserved: no zajednicko je da u oba slucaja biskupi podizu the fragments of round columns T4-2,3,4,5,6, neku gradevinu, sto bi odgovaralo i nasem natpisu. corresponding capital T4-1, a fragment of the Osim u Istri, biskupi se vrlo cesto spominju na arch T4-7 and a lot of fragments of the architrave with the inscription T2-3,4,5,6,7; T4-9,10,11,12. takvim natpisima i u drugim regijama. ...NITO koje prethodi rijeci biskup, nije jasno. The part of the stone block, T4-8, could belong to Prva pretpostavka bila je da su to cetiri zadnja the pluteum but we cannot say that with certainty slova biskupova imena.8 Medutim, ne znamo because it was not decorated. There are no pilas zavrsetak rijeci biskup, pa je moguce rijec o nekom ters. pridjevu koji je opisivao biskupa. Primjerice, biskup Architrave Donat oznacavao se kao Donatvs peccatvr 9 The most interesting is the architrave because episcopvs, Donat grijesni biskup (HIK 2, 150, 151). it has beautifully carved inscription7. On some frag ments we can, in places, see two slightly carved PORIBVS DOMNI Tu je rijec o datacijskoj formulaciji temporibus lines, above and beneath the letters, which helped domini, koja je oznacavala vrijeme vladara kada je the carver to decide on the height of the letters. crkva sagradena ili obnovljena. U Istri ta formulacija The fragments of the architrave are: T2-3; T4-9 CVM... dosad nije bila pronadena. No, usporedbe su ceste T2-7, T4-11 ...MO FIERI RO... u Dalmaciji. Primjerice, na arhitravu katedrale T2-4; T4-10 ...NITO EPI... sv.Tripuna u Kotoru datirane u 809.g. cita se
Zahvaljujem Vedrani Delongi na ljubaznoj pomoci i opsirnim savjetima prilikom obrade ovih ulomaka natpisa od iskopavanja do objave. Thanks to Vedrana Delonga for her kind help and detailed advice during the analysis of these fragments, from the excavation to the publication.

text, this inscription cannot be identified. VIR could be connected to the function of some duumvir or quattuorvir, but also it can mean vir - man, hus band or even number VI. In addition, it is not clear if the space between the letters V and I is just an accidental damage or an intentional space. The part of the word ASSI could belong to the name CASSIVS, but this is just an assumption that can not be proved. T1-1, T2-1 is a part of an inscription on the block made of the softer limestone with the pre served text: ...VS... ...ET.SVIS... ...F Here we can guess this is an epitaph, probably built by the person whose name finishes with VS (the first line) ant that person built it also for her/ his family - ET SVIS (the second line). Probably it was built during that persons life as it says in the third line, [V](IVUS) F(ECIT). Both of the epitaphs, based on the way of the constructing and the letters, could date in the early imperial time, the 1 st or 2nd century. The origin of these finds should be detected in some nearby villa rustica or even the ones recently found at Kornede or Buran1.6 It should be pointed out that none of the frag ments found can be attributed to the church fur niture or decoration from the old Christianity pe riod. This is consistent with the results of the fea tures research, which do not reveal the traces of old Christianity period.

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...TE(M)PORIB(U)S D(0MI)N(I)...(HIK2, 124, III.6.), na trabeaciji oltarne ograde sv.Mihovila u Brnazama iz prvih desetljeca 9.st. - (T)EMPORE DOM(INI) (HIK 2, 247, IV.113a). Poznati natpis iz sv.Petra u Gornjem Mucu koji spominje kneza Branimira takoder nosi formulaciju ...TEMPORIBUS DOM(l)NI..., a datira se u 888.g. (HIK 2, 287). I u crkvi sv.Mihovila pronaden je arhitrav sa spomenom Branimira i formulacijom ...(T)EMPORIBUS DOM(l)NO..., a datira se izmedu 879. i 892.g. (HIK 2, 292, 293, IV.186). I u trecem slucaju se uz Branimirovo ime dodaje formulacija ...TE(M)PORE DOMNO...(HIK 2, 318, IV.210), ovaj put na trabeaciji oltarne pregrade iz Lukacuse. Cjelokupan natpis dakle nije citljiv, ali logickim slijedom moze se odrediti redoslijed ulomaka, odnosno rijeci. Tako bi natpis u sacuvanom obliku glasio: CVM MO FIERI RO NITO EPI... ...PORIBVS DOMN... Ako bismo pokusali dopuniti nedostajuce dijelove natpisa, jedna od mogucnosti bi glasila: Cvm dei gratia isto domo fieri rogavit ...lenito episcopi... temporibvs Domini..., sto bi u slobodnom prijevodu znacilo: S Bozjom pomoci ovu crkvu dao je sagraditi dobrostiv biskup... u vrijeme Gospodara..:0 Stupici Stupici (14-2,3,4,5,6) su u odnosu na luk, plutej i kapitel povrsinski dobro obradeni. Pomalo su elipsastog oblika i prema vrhu se blago suzavaju. Slicni su ili isti stupicima drugih predromanickim oltarnih pregrada. Kapitel Kapitelu T4-1 se ne mogu pronaci neke izravne usporedbe. Neobicno je to sto je potpuno neukrasen; medutim, lijepo je razraden na cetiri uspravna rebra po sredini ploha. Najslicniji su mu kapiteli kolonade crkve sv.Marije Velike kod Bala, koji se datiraju u kraj 8.st. (HIK 2, 21, l.ge, l.6g). Po osnovnom obliku im je; dakle, slican, ali u potpunosti nedostaju urezani reljefni ukrasi, pa djeluje nedovrseno. Luk Posve sigurno, ulomak T4-7 pripada vecem dijelu luka oltarne pregrade. Najdeblji je na donjem dijelu, koji je pocivao na kapitelu. Na tome mjestu ima i tragove rupa u kojima su bili zeljezni klinovi za pricvrscivanje na arhitrav. Od klinova su se sacuvali tragovi hrde. Luk je potpuno neukrasen, premda je prednja(?) strana povrsinski bolje izravnata.

T2-5; T4-12 ...PORIBVS T2-6; T4-12 DOMN... The content CVM The adjective CUM was usually used on inscrip tions while mentioning the family, for example CUM CONIUGE MEA ET FILMS NOSTRIS, but this is mostly found on epitaphs of the secular people, whereas on the bishops epitaph we do not ex pect that, although, we cannot totally dismiss that possibility. In Istria the example of the word CUM is seen on the inscription of the architrave of the altars partition in the church of St. John near Nimfeum in Pula. For us, the important part of the inscrip tion is EST CVM SANCTIS M... (HIK 2, 64, I.53). The meaning of the whole text has not been ex plained yet. This fragment is just a beginning of the architraves beam so it is possible that the inscription started with the formulation CUM DEI GRATIA, but this is just an assumption. This for mulation is not known from stone inscriptions to me, but I came across it in the written sources of that period. MO FIERI RO This formulation mentions the building of a church, domo fieri rogavit. There are some ex amples of different description, such as TEMPLUM (FIERI ROGAVIT) or at St. Marta in Bijaci ...(ist)O DOMO FIERI PRECEPI... or ISTVM D(0)MVM [FI]ERI ROGAV[l]... (HIK 2, 181, 182, IV3b,d). The formulation is also mentioned on the trabeation of the altar rail at St. Michael in Brnaze from the first decades of the the 9th century - FIERI R(OGAVIT)... (HIK 2, 247, IV.113a). In the church of St. Michael in Nin an architrave with the formu lation FIERI ROG(AVI) was found and it dates be tween 879 and 892 (HIK 2, 292, 293, IV.186). NITO EPI This part of the inscription surely mentions some bishop {episcopus) who probably erected this church. < Episcopus in Istria is also men- j tioned on the ciborium of the ] bishop Maurice from the baptis I tery of the cathedral in Novigrad (HIK2, 53, 1.41/1). On this inscrip tion there is ...MAURICIUS EPISCOP(US)..., and dates from the period of the bishop Maurice, 776780. The second one is inscription of the bishop Handegis, from the lintel of the cathedral of St. Maria in Pula, which dates from the year 857 (HIK 2, 60, 1.49). Here, the abbreviation is
19. Dio arhitrava ranosrednjovjekovne oltarne pregrade. (T.2-4, T.4-10). Part of the architrave of an early medieval altar partition. (T.2-4, T.410).

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20. Dio arhitrava ranosrednjovjekovne oltarne pregrade. (T.2-5,6, T.4-12). Part of the architrave of an early medieval altar partition. (T.2-5,6, T.412).

Na spanjolskom i talijanskom govornom podrucju postoji samostojno ime Nito, te inacice kao Bonito i si. Poznat je San Benito de Aniano, za zivota benediktinski redovnik, povezan s karolinskim dvorom (750 - 821.g.). In Spanish and Italian-speaking countries there is a name Nito and versions such as Bonito and some similar ones. Well known is San Benito de Aniano, a Benedictine priest who was connected to the Carolingian court during his life (750 - 821).
3

Na NITO bi moglo zavrsavati vise pridjeva kao unigenito, primogenito, koji nisu vjerojatni, dok su moguci lenito (milostiv, dobrostiv), punito (kaznjen) itd. NITO could be ending for many adjectives such as unigenito, primogenito, which is not plausible, the possible ones are lenito (gracious, merciful), punito (punished), etc.

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21. Kapitel ranosrednjovjekovne oltarne pregrade. (T.4-1). Capital of an early medieval altar partition. (T.4-1).

HANDEGIS...EP(l)S(COPI, but what is common in both inscriptions is that the bishops erected a construction, which resembles to our inscription. Apart from Istria, the bishops were very often men tioned on similar inscriptions in some other re gions. ...NITO, which comes before the word bishop is not clear. The first assumption was that these are the last four letters of the bishops name.8 However, we do not know the ending of the word bishop so it is possible that was some adjective that described the bishop. For example, DONATVS PECCATVR EPISCOPVS, - Donat, a sinful bishop, was a sign for the bishop Donat (HIK2, 150, 151).9 PORIBVS DOMNI This is a dating formulation temporibus domini that denoted during which ruler the church was built or reconstructed. This is the first time this formulation was found in Istria, but there are many known in Dalmatia. For example on the architrave of the cathedral of St. Tripun in Kotor, from the year 809 it can be read ....TE(M)PORIB(U)S D(OMI)N(l)... (HIK2, 124, III.6.), on the trabeation of the altar rail of St Michael in Brnaze, from the first decades of the 9th century - ...(T)EMPORE DOM(INI)... (HIK 2, 247, IV.113a). Well known in scription on the church of St. Peter in Gornji Muc that mentions duke Branimir also has formulation ...TEMPORIBUS DOM(l)NI... and dates from 888 (HIK 2, 287). In the church of St. Michael, an ar chitrave which mentions Branimir and formulation ...(T)EMPORIBUS DOM(l)NO... was also found and it dates from 879 to 892 (HIK 2, 292, 293, IV.186). In the third example, next to the name Branimir, a formulation ...TE(M)PORE DOMNO.Js added (HIK 2, 318, IV.210), this time on the trabeation of the altar rail from Lukacusa. The whole inscription is not readable, but logi cally we can define the sequence of fragments, that is, words. Therefore the preserved inscrip tion would be: CVM MO FIERI RO NITO EPI... ...PORIBVS DOMN... If we try to reconstruct existing fragments of the inscription, one of the possibilities would be: Cvm dei gratia isto domo fieri rogavit...lenito episcopi... temporibvs Domini... which could be translated as: With the Gods help...this church was erected by a gracious bishop...in the time of the Lord...10 Columns Columns (14-2,3,4,5,6) are, when compared with the arch, pluteum and capital, very well pre served. They are slightly elliptical and near the end the columns are becoming narrower. They are similar or even the same as the columns of other altar rails from the pre-Romanesque period.

Plutej? Ova kamena ploca (T4-8) obradena je vrlo grubo, bez posebno pomne obrade plohe. Takoder nema nikakve naznake nekog ukrasa, koji se cesto javlja na plutejima. No; ipak, imajuci u vidu da ni kapitel, luk i arhitrav nemaju ukrase, to bi se logicno moglo predmnijevati i za plutej. Debljina ploce od 7,5 cm, ulazi u okvire debljine pluteja drugih crkava u Istri (Bale 11; Dvigrad 8; Novigrad 8, 10, 9, 7,510, 11; Pula 8, 10; Valbandon 10; HIK 2). Uz to, vidljivo je suzen dio koji je mogao sluziti kao rebro za polaganje u utor pilastra Hi lezaja u podu, sto je takoder cesta znacajka pronadenih pluteja. Nadvratnik? Pronaden je i jos jedan ulomak ranosrednjovjekovnog natpisa, T2-8; T4-13. To je kraj neke grede, s duboko urezanim okvirnim natpisnim poljem. Vidljiva su samo slova ...VS. S obzirom na to da je ulomak odlomljen sa straznje strane, ne mozemo odrediti izvornu debljinu grede. Taj ulomak ne odgovara arhitravu oltarne pregrade, pa njen izvorni polozaj moramo traziti negdje drugdje na crkvi. Cini mi se da je to mogao biti dio nadvratnika, koji je mogao nositi ime sveca [S(an)C(tu)S SEVERINJVS kojem je crkva bila posvecena. Nadvratnici s kompleksa vladarskog dvora uz crkvu sv.Marte u Stombratama kod Trogira takoder imaju duboko urezane natpisne okvire (HIK 2, 18-182, IV.3). No, bez nekih jacih dokaza, to je samo pretpostavka. Menza oltara? Unutar oltarnog prostora, na podu i naslonjena na istocni zid, pronadena je lijepo obradena masivna kamena ploca, T5-11. Na jednoj strani

22. Dio luka ranosrednjovjekovne oltarne pregrade.(T.4-7). Part of the arch of an early medieval altar partition. (T.4-7).

Ova rekonstrucija teksta je naravno cista pretpostavka koja sluzi da bi se bolje prikazalo opce znacenje natpisa. Nadam se da ce ovaj vrijedan natpis zasluziti paznju strucnjaka za epigrafiju koji ce ga bolje rastumaciti. This reconstruction of the text is, of course, pure assumption which is used for better presenting the inscriptions importance in general. I hope that this very valuable inscription will be worth of attention of some experts for epigraphy who could give better analysis.

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Arch Surely, the fragment T4-7 belongs to a larger fragment of the arch of the altar rail. The thickest Zakljucak is on the lower part that was on the capital. On Slova istarskih natpisa najvise slice ulomku that place, there were some hole traces with iron arhitrava oltarne pregrade s nepoznatog nalazista wedges for fastening on the architrave. There were sa spomenom nekog dakona ..MS DIACONUS... traces of rust on the places where these wedges (HIK2, 28, 1.16), kojeg Delonga datira u prvu used to be. The arch does not have any decora polovinu 9.st. Takoder postoji slicnost i u izvedbi tions, although, the front (?) side is better evened cijelog natpisa, a posebice u izvedbi slova M i E na on the surface. natpisu arhitrava oltarne pregrade crkve sv.lvana od Nimfeja u Puli (HIK 2, 64, I.53). I ovaj se datira Pluteum? u pocetak 9.st. i pripada prvom valu obnove This stone block (T4-8) was roughly made, poticane od Karolinga, podsredstvom svojih without careful polishing of the surface. There istarskih sufragana (DELONGA 2000, 220). are no traces of the decorations, which are very Medu slijedecim primjerima, slicnost izvedbe often found on pluteums. But having in mind that postoji s natpisom iz crkve sv.Mihovila od Ivernica, capital, arch and architrave also do not have deco Malo Polje (HIK 2, 146, III.35) koji se datira u prvu rations, the lack of decoration on pluteum is not cetvrtinu 9.st. a koji nosi obiljezja natpisa 7. i 8. st. surprising. The thickness of the block is 7,5 cm sjevera Italije i kruga langobardske dvorske and is similar to the thickness of other churchs epigrafike. Takoder i natpisi sa spomenom biskupa pluteums (Bale 11; Dvigrad 8; Novigrad 8, 10, 9, Donata (HIK 2, 150, 151, 111.41, III.42) iz zadarske 7,5-10, 11; Pula 8, 10; Valbandon 10 cm; HIK 2). katedrale, koje Delonga datira u pocetak 9.st. Ipak, Above all this, a part that could be used as a rib stanovita slicnost izvedbe natpisa postoji i s for putting in the groove of the pilaster or floor arhitravom oltarne pregrade crkve sv.Martina u bearing is visibly narrowed, which is also one of Lepurima koji Jaksic datira na pocetak druge the characteristics of the pluteums found. polovine 9.st. (HIK 2, 279, IV.165). Neukrasenost oltarne pregrade mogla bi se Lintel? protumaciti izrazom ranije predromanicke faze, ali One more fragment of the early medieval in mozda i uvjetima podizanja crkve. Zanimljivo je da scription was found, T2-8; T4-13. It is an end of bas svaki element moze, ali ne nosi klesarske a beam with deeply engraved frame for the in ukrase. To vrijedi cak i za oltarnu menzu, kojoj scription. The only visible letters are ...VS. Since nedostaje i rubni okvir. Mozda je crkva podignuta the fragment is broken from the back side we can i opremljena u zurbi, ili pak s nedostatnim not tell how thick the original beam was. This frag sredstvima, a da se smisao njene izgradnje izrazava ment does not match the architrave of the altar upravo u samom natpisu, odnosno posveti rail so its original position should be found else biskupu i vladaru. where. It seems it might be a part of the lintel, Ocigledno je da crkva nakon opremanja nije which could have had the name of a saint sluzila duze vrijeme. Ulomci i dijelovi oltarne [S(an)C(tu)S SEVERIN]VS whom the church was pregrade bili su razbacani unutar crkve, izvan nje, dedicated to. Lintels on the rulers castle next to te unutar gromaca koje su prekrivale rusevine. Cini the church of St. Marta in Stombrate near Trogir se kako je netko namjerno porusio oltarnu also have deeply engraved inscription frames (HIK pregradu i razbacao njezine dijelove posvuda, bez 2, 18-182, IV.3). However, without stronger evi namjere da ih iskoristi negdje drugdje. Znakovito dence this is just an assumption. je i da nedostaju dijelovi natpisne grede koji spominju imena biskupa i vladara, pa mozemo Altar table? sumnjati kako su ti dijelovi zasebno unisteni. Inside the altars area, on the floor and leaned Stilski i sadrzajno, bez cvrscih datacijskih against the east wall, nicely carved massive stone oslonaca, taj natpis, cjelokupnu oltarnu pregradu block (T5-11) was found. On one side it had two i ostale opisane ulomke trebalo bi datirati sire u grooves for fixing, and its dimensions were 60 x vremenski raspon izmedu 750. i 850.g. 56 x 14 cm. It was probably an altar table which could have stood on the monolithic stone post or a built pedestal. Somewhat bigger altar table, mea-

imala je dva manja utora za pricvrscivanje (?) a dimenzije su joj iznosile 60 x 56 x 14 cm. Vrlo vjerojatno je rijec o menzi oltara, koja je mogla stajati na monolitnom kamenom stupu ili zidanom postolju. Malo veca menza, 88 x 65 x 16, doduse s ukrasnim bordurama - rubnjacima pronadena je u sv.Kvirinu u Vodnjanu (MARUSIC 1987b, 71, t.XI1). Gradnja sv.Kvirina datirana je u 6/7.St., all vecina kamenog namjestaja datira iz 9.st. S uklesanim okvirom gornje plohe je i menza oltara iz crkve sv.Spasa na vrelu Cetine, iz druge polovine 9.st. (HIK 2, 250, IV.117). Ta je rekonstruiranih dimenzija 75 x 65 x 12 cm, a stajala je na monolitnom stupicu.

Capital We cannot directly compare the capital (T4-1) with any other. The total lack of decoration is unusual, but it is nicely divided by four vertical ribs in the middle of the surfaces. The most simi lar to this one are the capitals of colonnade in the church of St. Maria near Bale, dating from the end of the 8th century (HIK 2, 21, l.ge, l.6g ). By its basic shape, this one is similar to them, but since it does not have decorations, it looks uncom pleted.

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23. Dio pluteja? ranosrednjovjekovne oltarne pregrade. (T.4-8). Part of the parapet (pluteum)? of an early medieval altar partition. (T.4-8).

24. Dio nadvratnika? ranosrednjovjekovne crkve. (T.2-8, T.4-13). Part of the lintel? of an early medieval church. (T.2-8, T.4-13).

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suring 88 x 65 x 16 cm, but decorated with braid ing, was found in St. Kvirin in Vodnjan (MARUSIC 1987b, 71, t.XI-1). The building of that church dates from 6th - 7th century, but the main part of the stone furniture dates from the 9th century. The church St. Spas at the spring of the river Cetina from the second part of the 9th century, also has a carved frame of the upper surface on the altar table (HIK 2, 250, IV.117). This one had reconstructed dimensions of 75 x 65 x 12 cm and it stood on a monolithic column. Conclusion The letters of Istrian inscriptions resemble the most to a fragment of an architrave of an altar rail from the unknown site, mentioning a deacon ...NES DIACONUS... (HIK2, 28, I.16), which Delonga sets in the first part of the 9th century. Also, there is a resemblance in the rendering of the whole inscrip tion, especially in the rendering of letters M and E on the inscription on the architrave of altar rail in the church of St. John from Nimfeum in Pula (HIK 2, 64, I.53). This one also dates from the begin ning of the 9th century and belongs to the first period of renewal done by Carolingians with the help of their Istrian suffragan bishops (DELONGA 2000, 220). Other examples with similar rendering are the inscription from the church of St. Michael from Iveric, Malo Polje (HIK 2, 146, III.35), which dates from the first quarter of the 9th century, and which has some characteristics of the north Italian in scriptions from the 7th and 8the century and the Langobardian court epigraphy circle. One more example are the inscriptions of the bishop Donat (HIK 2, 150, 151, III.41, III.42) from Zadar cathe dral, which Dolonga dates in the beginning of the 9th century. However, there is also a certain resem blance with the architrave of the altar rail in the church of St. Martin in Lepuri, which Jaksic dates at the beginning of the second part of 9th century (HIK 2, 279, IV.165). The absence of decorations on the altar rail could be explained as a characteristic of the pre vious pre-Romanesque period, but maybe even by the conditions during the churchs building. It is interesting that each element could have had carved decorations but there are not any on them. This is even true for the altar table, which misses edge frame. Maybe the church was erected and furnished in some kind of hurry or finances were inadequate, and that the purpose of its building is in the inscription itself, namely in the inscrip tion to the bishop and ruler. It is obvious that after furnishing, church was not in use for a longer period. Sherds and frag ments of the altar rail were scattered inside and outside of the church, and inside the stone heap that covered it. It seems that someone deliber ately demolished the altar rail and scattered its parts all around without the intention to use it elsewhere. It is significant that we miss the parts of inscription beam, on which the names of the bishops and rulers were mentioned, so we might suspect that these parts were destroyed sepa rately.

25. Oltarna menza? ranosrednjovjekovne crkve in situ u prostoru oltara. Altar mensa? of an early medieval church in situ in the altar area.

Kameni kriz Prilikom iskopavanja gromace, pronasli smo i dijelove masivnog kamenog kriza, (T2-9) koji je nekad stajao na improviziranom postolju na vrhu gromace. Stoga je pucanstvo je to mjesto nazivalo Na krizu.11 Krizu nedostaju gornji i desni krak. Na kraku i sredisnjem dijelu kriza nalazi se uklesan natpis u tri reda: SVSE[V]ER[IN] P. SARiC Natpis je pisan rustikalnom kapitalom, koja podsjeca na goticu. Premda nakrivljena, slova ipak odrazavaju smisao za red. Slovo S je na sva tri mjesta izvedeno identicno. Slovo P s tockom ocigledno je kratica. Prema izvedbi cijelog natpisa i slova moglo bi se reci da datira u srednji vijek. Pregledom mnogih gradskih kamenih grbova i , ! - E" l
v>

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' ' .."-.-> - -.

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'X^JSr'fe '-v -

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natpisa na njima, nalazimo uglavnom pravilna slova, posebice u kasnijim razdobljima 18. i 19.st.,madaiu njima 1 mozemo naci pojedinacne primjere I slicnih slova.12 Medutim, uocava . - I 4 ^ 1

26. Natpis na kamenom krizu. (T.2-9). Inscription on the stone cross. (T.2-9).

msm

^ Buim

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se jedna vrlo bitna znacajka. Severin je oznacen kao SV = Sveti, a ne ST = Sanctus ili SAN = Santo, sto bi ukazivalo na natpis na latinskom ili talijanskom. A ako je rijec o srednjovjekovnom natpisu na hrvatskom jeziku, tu bismo ocekivali glagoljicu, a ne latinicu. Hrvatsko svecenstvo u 19.st. vec je redovito upotrebljavalo latinicko pismo umjesto glagoljice pa bi to bio neki raniji okvir za taj natpis (OPCA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 1977, 174). Takoder, SARIC je hrvatsko prezime, a i danas postoji zaseok Sarici kod Krvavica, sjeverno od Marcane. Saric, koji je dao podici taj kriz, nije to mogao uciniti prije 17.st., kada su; smatra se, Sarici doselili u Istru iz Dalmacije.13 Ako prihvatimo da se u trecem retku nalaze dijakriticki znakovi, poimence C, onda natpis moramo datirati i kasnije. Dijakriticke znakove uveo je Ljudevit Gaj, u procesu koji je poceo od 1830.g., kada je objavio Kratke osnove horvatskoslavenskog pravopisanja (OPCA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 1977, 88, 89). No, taj proces Istru nije mogao zahvatiti prije druge polovine 19.st. P. iz srednjeg reda moglo bi znaciti P-odigao, P-ostavio, P-ater ili kao pocetno slovo imena. Prema iznesenom, taj kriz i natpis trebalo bi datirati u drugu polovinu 19.st. ili najkasnije na pocetak 20.st. Kriz je namjerno razbijen, navodno tijekom 2. Svjetskog rata. Nije poznato tko je to ucinio. Mada neki misle da su to ucinili partizani, vjerojatnije su to ucinili fasisti, zbog natpisa na hrvatskom. Uz nacionalnu nesnosljivost koja je tada vladala izmedu seoskog hrvatskog i vodnjanskog talijanskog pucanstva, postojao je i sukob oko koristenja plodnih buranskih polja, na kojima se nalazi i ovaj polozaj. S obzirom na povijesnu vrijednost tog nalaza, kriz je u cijelosti restauriran u radionici Odjela za kamen Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda.14 Izradena je vjerna kopija kriza i postavljena na izvorno mjesto, uz konzervirane ostatke crkve. Keramicki nalazi Kao najbrojniji nalaz, keramika nam otkriva najvise razlicitih razdoblja zastupljenih Na krizu. Najstariji nalazi pripadaju broncanom ili zeljeznom dobu, zatim ranoj i kasnoj antici, te ranom i kasnom srednjem vijeku. Ipak, brojnost nalaza upucuje da je ta uzvisina usiljeno koristena samo u kasnoj antici i ranom srednjem vijeku. Sacica ulomaka prapovijesne keramike, pronadena u razlicitim slojevima oko crkve te na poljima koji ju okruzuju, svjedoci nam samo o prolasku ljudi, mozda bas onih koji su nastavali obliznju malu gradinu na terminalu. Samo dva

Regarding the style and content, without stron ger proofs for dating, this inscription, the altar rail and other written fragments should be dated any where from 750 to 850. Stone cross During the excavation of the stone heap, we found the parts of a massive stone cross (T2-9) which used to stand on the improvised pedestal on the top of the stone heap. That is why the people called this place Na krizu (On the Cross)." The cross does not have upper and right part. On the left part and the middle one, there is a carved inscription: SVSE[V]ER[IN] P. SARiC The inscription was written by rustic capital that reminds us of Ghotic letters. Although leaned, the letters still have some kind of order. Letter S was made identically in three places. Letter P with a dot is obviously an abbreviation. According to the rendering of the whole inscription and letters, we could say it dates from the medieval period. Exam ining many town coat-of-arms and inscriptions on them, we usually see symmetrical letters, espe cially in the later periods of the 18th and 19th cen tury, although we can find the examples of similar letters on them as well.12 However, there is a very important feature. Severin is written as SV - Sveti (Saint), and not as ST - Sanctus or SAN - Santo, which would indi cate that inscription is in Italian or Latin. If it was a medieval inscription in Croatian language, we would expect Glagolitic characters here not the Latin one. Croatian clergy in the 19th century often uses Latin alphabet instead Glagolitic in that time, so this would give an earlier context to this in scription (OPCA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 1977, 174). In addition, Saric is a Croatian surname and even today there is a hamlet Sarici near Krvavici, north of Marcana. Saric, which had this cross erected, could not have done it before 17th century, when they probably settled in Istria from Dalmatia.13 If we accept the fact that in the third line there are diacritic signs, letter C for example, then this inscription needs to be dated even later. Ljudevit Gaj intoduced diacritic letters in the process which lasted from 1830 when he published Kratke osnove horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja (OPCA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 1977, 88, 89). However, this pro cess could not have spread in Istria before the second part of the 19th century. Letter P. from the middle line could have meant

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27. Rekonstruirani kameni kriz. Reconstructed stone cross.

Da je kriz tu stajao do Drugog svjetskog rata, kazivao nam je Mario Delton iz Vodnjana (rod. 1932.g.). Ispricao nam je i legendu o tom krizu. Usmena predaja navodi da su polja lose radala, pa su ljudi govorili da je to zato sto vise nema crkve sv.Severina. Tako su, znajuci da je crkva bila ispod velike gromace, na njenom vrhu postavili veliki kriz, koji se vidio sa svih okolnih polja. Mario Delton from Vodnjan (born 1932) told us that the cross was here until the Second World War. He also narrated a legend about the cross. Oral tradition says that the fields did not give enough of crops so the people thought that was because the church of St. Severin was not there any more. Knowing that the church was under the big stone heap, they put the cross on the top of it so it could have been seen from all surrounding fields.
12

Serija clanaka Giovannia Radossija u Atti Centro di richerche storiche - Rovigno. Zahvaljujem velecasnom Marijanu Jelenicu iz Vodnjana na korisnom razgovoru o krizu i povijesti ovog kraja.

Series of articles by Giovanni Radossi in Atti Centro di richerche storiche - Rovigno.

13

Thanks to reverend Marijan Jelenic from Vodnjan for the useful conversation about the cross and the history of the locality.

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28. Obod prapovijesne posude. (T.84). Rim of a prehistoric vessel. (T.8-4).

29. Obod ranorimske posude. (T.925). Rim of an early Roman vessel. (T.925).

ulomka su dijelovi oboda; medutim, to ne pomaze da se poblize odredi prapovijesno razdoblje kojem pripadaju. T8-4 vjerojatno je razvraceni obod neke zdjele ili cak lonca (npr. Makadanj, BURSICMATIJASIC 1998, t.1-17 ili t.32-497; t.34-516, t.36-529). T7-21 je uspravni/zatvoreni obod s tragovima nalijepljene ruckice. U broncanom dobu posude s ruckicama na obodu imale su redovno razvracen obod (Makadanj BURSIC 1998, t.23 i ine), a na ovom primjerku obod je lagano zatvoren. Iz zeljeznog doba potjece veci broj posuda s ruckom koje imaju uspravan te vise ili manje zatvoren obod (Vizace MIHOVILIC 2001 t.91-14, t.405-9, t.4084,5), no nas mali ulomak ne dopusta neko tocnije odredenje. Iz razdoblja rane antike takoder nema mnogo nalaza. Pojedini ulomci krovnog pokrova {tegulae, imbreces), opeka {spicae) i amfora mogli bi se datirati u 1. i 2.st. Pronadeno je i dno keramike tankih stijenki tzv. terra nigra (T9-7). To dno nije moguce preciznije tipoloski odrediti ali po izradi slici pronadenim ulomcima na Boskini, koji se datiraju pocev od druge polovine 1.st. Od sivkastocrne, dobro prociscene gline je i ulomak oboda T9-25. Ovdje treba pribrojiti i dio zdjele T918, koja se na osnovi analogija iz Istre i drugdje moze okvirno datirati u 1. i 2.st. (A. STARAC 1999, 112, t.XII-58,87,94). Ponajvise nalaza datira iz kasne antike. Dva ulomka amfora (T6-1,2) mogu se odrediti kao spatheion, odnosno male, a duguljaste amfore izbacena oboda s dvjema kracim ruckama (PEACOCK, WILLIAMS 1986, 202, fig.120, class 51). Potjecu iz sjeverne Afrike, ali su se, cini se, proizvodile i drugdje na Mediteranu od kasnog 4. do 7.st. Amfori se moze pribrojiti i ulomak trbuha T9-20, s dubokim i blago valovitim naborima, odnosno urezima. Takve siroke, vece amfore tipicne su za bizantska nalazista a porijeklo im je negdje na istocnom Mediteranu, najvjerojatnije u Egejskom ili cak Crnom moru (BIERBARUER 1987, 25, t.95-9; PEACOCK, WILLIAMS 1986, 182, fig.101, class 43). Datiraju se u razdoblje od druge polovine 4.st. do prve polovine 7.st. Pronadena su i dva ulomka kasnoantickih uljanica. Ulomak T9-21 dio je ceste kasnoanticke uljanice koja na rubu ima krugove, a u sredini neki reljefni prikaz. Takve uljanice datiraju se u razdoblje od 4. do 6.st. (npr. Rijeka VIKIC-BELANCIC, B. 1976, 39, t.XXIV-2; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.68-3, Ajdna BITENC, ISTENIC-VRSCAJ, JERIN, KNIFIC, NABERGOJ, SAGADIN, SEMROV 1991, 68, kat.51). Drugi ulomak, T9-6 mozda pripada nekoj srodnoj uljanici; medutim, izravnu usporedbu za takav rubni ukras nisam pronasao. Dio dna sigilatnog tanjura (si. 31) vjerojatno se takoder moze pripisati kasnoj antici, i to grupi terra sigilatta chiara. Kao i na Boskini, Na krizu je pronadeno vise ulomaka kasnoanticke grube, kucne keramike, tzv. jugoistocno alpske kucne keramike

P-odigao (erected), P-ostavio (put), P-ater (pater) or the first letter of a name. According to what has been said, this cross and the inscription on it should be dated in the second part of the 19th century or beginning of the 20th century the latest. Cross was deliberately demolished, probably during the Second World War. We do not know who did it. Although some people think partisans did it, it is more likely the fascists demolished it because of the inscription in Croatian language. Together with national in tolerance that was evident among rural Croatians and Italians from Vodnjan, there was also a con flict about the use of Burans fertile fields, on which this site is situated. Regarding the historical value of this find, the cross is restored in whole in the Department for stone sculpture of the Croatian Conservation In stitute.14 An exact replica of the cross was also made and put on its original position, next to the preserved remains of the church. Ceramic finds Being the most numerous finds, ceramics re veals the variety of periods appearing at Na krizu. The oldest find belongs to the Bronze and the Iron age, then early and late Roman period and early and late medieval period. However, the numerosity of finds from the late Roman and early medieval period shows that this elevation was in tensively used just in these periods. Small number of prehistoric potsherds, found in different layers around the church and on the surrounding fields is just an evidence of people passing by, maybe the same people who inhab ited the nearby hill-fort on the terminal. Just two sherds are the parts of the rim, but that does not help us to decide which prehistoric period they belong to. T8-4 is probably flared rim of some vessel or even a pot (for example, Makadanj, BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1998, t.1-17or t.32-497; t.34-516, t.36-529). T7-21 is a straight/closed rim with the traces of a glued handle. In the Bronze age, the bowls with handles usually had flared rims (Makadanj BURSIC 1998, t.23 and others) while on this example the rim is slightly closed. In the Iron age, there are more vessels with a straight and more or less closed rim (Vizace MIHOVILIC 2001 t.91-14, t.405-9, t.408-4,5). However, we cannot say anything surely based on our small fragment. From the early Roman period, there are not many finds as well. Some fragments of the roof tiles {tegulae, imbreces), brics {spicae) and amphorae could date from the 1 st or 2nd century. The base of thin walled vessel was found, so called terra nigra (T9-7). It cannot be typologically defined more precisely, but based on the manufacture, it is simi lar to the fragments found at Boskina, dating from the second part of the 1 st century. The sherd of the rim T9-25 is of greyish black colour, made of

Zahvaljujem Ivanu Jengicu i njegovim suradnicima na trudu pri restauraciji originalnog kriza i izradi njegove kopije u prirodnoj velicini, te postavljanju na nalaziste. Originalni kriz pohranjen je u sakralnoj zbirci u Vodnjanu, trenutno u crkvi Blazene Djevice Marije Traverse. Thanks to Ivan Jengic and his colleagues for the effort during the restoration of the original cross and making its replica in original size and putting it at the site.

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(BIERBRAUER 1987, 1988 i ini). 15 Pojava te keramicke grupe u Istri vjerojatno je posljedica postupnog doseljavanja romanskih izbjeglica iz zapadne Panonije i Norika. Osobitost te keramicke grupe je veca neprociscenost gline ili dodavanje raznih primjesa - sljunka, drobljenog kamena (vapnenca ili kvarcita). Te posude mogu biti ukrasene jednostrukom valovnicom ili visestrukim valovnicama ili nizom usporednih crta. Usporedne crte cesto se nalaze i u unutrasnjosti posuda, osobito na grlu. Takoder je vrlo znacajan i cest plitki metlicast ukras koji se javlja vodoravno, okomito ili u kombinaciji. Zastupljene su boje od svijetlo smede do erne, a mogu biti i tanjih ili debljih stijenki (najcesce 5 do 10 mm). Ulomci T7-1,15 pripadaju cestim loncima Jugoistocno alpske keramike, s karakteristicnim obodima i plitkim vodoravno-okomitim metlicastim ukrasavanjem (Invillino, BIERBRAUER 1987, t.11518; Tinje CIGLENECKI 2000, t.20-9; Hemmaberg, RODRIGUEZ 1997, t.8-73; itd.; za metlicasto ukrasavanje drugi primjerci). Cistije izrade je obod T75, tipican za kasnu antiku (Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987 t.75-8, Kucar DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995 151, t.82-8). Za nj je karakteristican lagan trn pod obodom. Taj trn moze biti izrazitiji i nalaziti se i ispod i iznad oboda, kao sto pokazuju primjerci T8-2, 3. I oni se mogu datirati u kasnu antiku te postoje mnoge usporedbe (Pula MARUSIC 1983, t.XII-1; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.74-15, itd.). Lonci s naglim prelaskom iz ramena u vrlo razvraceni obod posude s ravno odrezanim obodima posebno su karakteristicni za .Jugoistocno alpsku kucnu keramiku. Tako i Na krizu ima vise takvih ulomaka, npr. T7-3 i T9-20. Pronadeno je i vise ulomaka trbuha i ramena posuda koje nose ukras visestruke valovnice. Naprimjer T8-5,6. Premda su ulomci mali, dobro se uocava razlicitost u izvodenju valovnica. Nacelno, valovnice su s vremenom gubile svoju pravilnost pa su im amplitude postajale jace i intervali cesci, a i sama izvedba valovnice postajala povrsnija. Ulomcima T7-20 i T8-6 slicne su valovnice iz Predloke datirane u 5. ili 6.st. (BOLTINTOME 1990 133, t.1-2,3). Najcesce su bile u kasnoj antici, ali su nadalje izvodene na ranosrednjovjekovnoj keramici. Javljaju se i jednostruke valovnice, koje su cesto utisnute preko spleta ravnih vodoravnih crta. Na krizu su za to karakte risticni ulomci T7-8,9. T7-9 ima dobre usporedbe s nalazima iz Male Gospe kod Bala i sv.Eliseja kod Fazane (MARUSIC 1972, t.4-4; MARUSIC 1958, 335, 336, t.11-7)16 a T7-8 u sv.Sofiji u Dvigradu (MARUSIC 1976, XLI-1,2,3). Za kasnoanticku i ranobizantsku keramiku karakteristicne su i linije na unutrasnjim stijenkama posuda, osobito na unutarnjem dijelu vrata. Na krizu se ta osobitost primjecuje npr. kod ulomaka T8-5, T7-6,8 T9-19. Kombinacija vanjskih i unutarnjih crta uocljiva je na ulomku T8-14.

well-refined clay. A sherd of a vessel T9-18 should be added here, which, according to the analogies from Istria and elsewhere, can date from about 1st and 2nd century (A. STARAC 1999, 112, t.XII58,87,94). The most numerous finds are from the late Ro man period. Two fragments of amphorae (T6-1,2) can be defined as spatheion, that is small, but elongated amphorae with flared rim and two shorter handles (PEACOCK, WILLIAMS 1986202, fig.120, class 51). Their origin is in the north Af rica, but they were also produced elsewhere on the Mediterranean from the late 4th to 7th century. Sherd T9-20, with deep folds can be attributed to the middle part of an amphora. This kind of wide, bigger amphorae are typical for the Byzantine pro duction, and their origin is somewhere in the east Mediterranean, probably in the Aegean Sea and even in the Black Sea (BIERBARUER 1987, 25, t.95-9; PEACOCK, WILLIAMS 1986, 182, fig.101, class 43), dating from the first part of the 7th cen tury. Two fragments of oil-lamps from the late Ro man period were also found. The fragment T9-21 is a part of very typical late Roman oil lamp which has circles on its rim, and in the middle some relief illustration. These kind of oil lamps are dating from the 4*-6* century (for ex., Rijeka VIKIC-BELANCIC, B. 1976, 39, t.XXIV-2; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.68-3, Ajdna BITENC, ISTENIC VRSCAJ, JERIN, KNIFIC, NABERGOJ, SAGADIN, SEMROV 1991, 68, kat.51). The second fragment, T9-6, perhaps be longs to some similar oil-lamp, but I have not found any direct comparison for such rimmed decora tion. A part of sigilatta plate (fig. 31) can be consid ered as belonging to the late Roman period, to the group terra sigilatta chiara. As well as at Boskina, at Na krizu were also found some examples of late Roman rough do mestic pottery, so called southeast Alps domes tic pottery (BIERBRAUER 1987, 1988 and oth ers).15 This kind of ceramics in Istria is probably the result of gradual settling of the Roman refu gees from the west Panonia and Norik. The specific feature of this pottery group is unrefined clay and adding of different tempers such as gravel, broken stone (limestone or quartz). These vessels can be decorated with single or double wavy lines or number of parallel lines. Par allel lines can often be found on the inside of a bowl, especially on its neck. Very significant and often feature are brushed decorations which can go horizontal, vertical or in combination of the two. The colours are from light brown to black, and the linings can be thicker and thinner (usually from 5-10 mm). Fragments T7-1,15 belong to the very often found southeast Alps pottery with the charac teristic rims and shallow horizontal-vertical brushed surface (Invillino, BIERBRAUER 1987,

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30. Dio trbuha bizantske amfore. (T.9-20). Part of a belly of a Byzantine amphora. (T.9-20).

31. Dio pladnja kasne terrae sigillatae. Slucajni nalaz. Part of a plate of late terrae sigillatae. Chance find.

32. Dio trbuha kasnoantickog lonca. Part of a belly of a late Roman pot.

Suedostalpinen Hauskeramik, suedostalpinen Gebrauchskeramik...Malazi se na prostoru juznog i istocnog Tirola, Trentina, Friuli, Slovenije, Koruske i Istre. Suedostalpinen Hauskeramik, suedostalpinen Gebrauchskeramik. ..It is found in the area of south and east Tirol, Trentino, Friuli, Slovenia, Carinthia and Istria.

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33. Dio oboda kasnoantickog lonca.

(T.7-15).
Part of a rim of a late Roman pot. (T.7-15).

34. Dio oboda kasnoantickog ili ranosrednjovjekovnog lonca. (T.8-2). Part of a rim of a late Roman or early medieval pot. (T.8-2).

35. Dio oboda kasnoantickog kotla. (T.7-6). Part of a rim of a late Roman cauldron. (T.7-6).

Posude mogu takoder biti erne i porozne (rupicaste), a svoj izgled duguju dodacima glini koji su propali prilikom pecenja. Na krizu takve ipak nisu toliko zastupljene u cjelokupnom uzorku kao na Boskini. Tu bi se mogli ubrojiti ulomci oboda T7-2 (Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, 178-1-4) i dio ramena lonca T9-2 s urezanim vodoravnim linijama. Medu posebnim oblicima posuda tu je pronaden ulomak cripnje (peke) T8-13. Cesto se nalazi na nalazistima tog doba (Ivillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.124-14-15; Kopar CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.120-1,2; Betiga JUROS-MONFARDIN 1987, t.11; Friskovica MARUSIC, 1984, 11-1). Pronaden je i ulomak keramickog kotla, T9-1. Njegovi srodnici pronalaze se na Invillinnu (BIERBRAUER 1987, T124-10), ali i u Betigi (MARUSIC 1987, si.17-6). Izravnu usporedbu nisam pronasao, s obzirom na to da je kotao s naseg nalazista izraden vrlo grubo, porozno i rukom. No, prema izradi (vodoravne linije u unutrasnjosti oboda, tvrda faktura) i materijalu (primjese kvarcita), navedenim usporedbama vise slici obod T7-6, koji je najvjerojatnije takoder pripadao obodu kotla. Pojava Slavena u Istri u 7.st. u keramickom gradivu donosi prostorucnu izradu posuda. Ta pojava je u Istri vjerojatno bila kratkotrajna, jer su Slaveni pridosli u razmjerno gusto naseljeno podrucje, koje je uspjesno ocuvalo svoju anticku keramicarsku tradiciju, barem u utvrdenim gradovima na obali, ali vjerojatno i po manjim naseljima i zaseocima u unutrasnjosti. Ulomci takvih posuda pronadeni su i na Boskini (Boskina T20-1,2), ali i Na krizu (T7-4). Razvidno je da su u to doba Slaveni prostorucno izradivali posude koje su tipicne za njihovu stariju tradiciju, posebice male lonce s nezamjetljivo razvracena oboda (Muntajana, Dvigrad itd.), ali su i imitirali posude koje su tada bile uobicajene kod njihovih romanskih susjeda a to su npr. veliki lonci s naglim prelaskom iz ramena u vrlo razvraceni obod posude s ravno odrezanim obodima (primjerak s Boskine T20-1). Tako je moguce da je i - vec spomenut - prostorucno izraden kotao T9-1 s ovog nalazista takoder slavenska patvorina romanskog izvornika. No, tradicija izrade kasnoanticke i ranobizantske keramike time nikako nije prekinuta, vec su je i doseljeni Slaveni prihvatili. Dobar dio prikazane keramike pripada kasnoantickoj jugoistocnoalpskoj grupi, s time sto se medu njom nalazi i gruba ranobizantska keramika, koja je u unutrasnjost Istre doprla s obalnih sredista. No, kao sto je receno, romanska tradicija izrade posuda na brzovrtecem kolu istrajavala je izravno u 8. i 9. st. i nije se osobito promijenila te su tako opisane primjese keramici i njeni oblici, posebice oboda, nastavljeni. Osim navedenog razloga, krivac teskom odredivanju datacije je i opseg te kvaliteta objava ranosrednjovjekovnih keramickih nalaza iz Istre.17

t.115-18; Tinje CIGLENECKI 2000, t.20-9; Hemmaberg, RODRIGUEZ 1997, t.8-73; etc.; dif ferent examples for brushed ceramics) Rim T7-5 is clearer in its manufacture and typical for the late Roman period (Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987 t.758, Kucar DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995 151, t.82-8). What is noticeable on it is a slight, socalled thorn under the rim. That thorn can be more noticeable and can appear under and above the rim, as the examples T?-24 and 25 show. They also can date from the late Roman period and there are many comparisons (Pula MARUSIC 1983, t.XII1; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.7415, etc.). The pots with the marked transition from the shoulder into flared rim of the vessel, with the flatly cut rim are especially characteristic for the southeast Alps domestic pottery. At Na krizu there are many simi lar potsherds, such as T8-2,3. Many potsherds of the belly and shoulders of vessels which have multiple wavy decorations were also found, for example T8-5,6. Although the pot sherds are small, the difference in making wavy lines is very evident. Generally, the waves loose their regularity after some time, their amplitudes become stronger and intervals more frequent, ant the performance itself more carelessly done. Wavy decorations from Predloka, dating from the 5th or 6th century are similar to the fragments T7-20 and T8-6 (BOLTIN-TOME 1990, 133, t.1-2,3). They are usually used in the late Roman period, but they also continue in the ceramics from the early medi eval period. Single wavy lines can also be seen, very often impressed across the tangled straight vertical lines. Examples for that at Na krizu are frag ments T7-8, 9. Fragment T7-9 can be very well compared with the finds from Mala Gospa near Bale or St. Elisej near Fazana (MARUSIC 1972, t.44; MARUSIC 1958, 335, 336, t.11-7)16 and T7-8 with the finds in St. Sofia in Divigrad (MARUSIC 1976, XLI-1,2,3). Some of the characteristics of the late Roman and early Byzantine ceramics are lines on the inside of bowls, especially on the in side part of neck. This feature can be noticed at Na Krizu, for example on the potsherds T8-5; T76,9 and T9-19. Combination of the inside and outside lines is visible on the potsherd T8-14. The vessels can also be black and porous (per forated), and such appearance is due to different tempers added to the clay that were ruined during the baking. However, at Na krizu this kind of ves sels are not as often as at Boskina. Fragments of the rim T7-2 also belong to this category (Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.78-1-4) together with a pot sherd of shoulder T9-2 with carved horizontal lines. Among special pieces of pottery we should mention a potsherd of baking lid, T8-13. It is very often found at the sites of this period. (Ivillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.124-14-15; Kopar CIGLE NECKI 2000, sl.120-1,2; Betiga JUROS-MO NFARDIN 1987, t.1-1; Friskovica MARUSIC, 1984, t.1-1).

Treba upozoriti da Marusic ulomak iz Bala datira u 12 - 13.st, premda na nalazistu postoji sloj kasne antike. It should be said that the potshred from Bale, Marusic dates from the 12th-13th century, although there is a layer of late Roman period at the site.

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Tako se moze zakljuciti da su ranosrednjovjekovne posude u Istri zasad tesko razlucive od svojih predsasnika kasnog 4. do pocetka 7.St., pa za mnoge odredenje prema analogijama s kasnoantickih nalazista vjerojatno nije realno. Time se moze reci da gotovo sigurno jedan dio ulomaka pripada razdoblju 8. i 9.st. Na krizu se mjestimice pronalaze i puno mladi nalazi. Nekoliko ulomaka moze se datirati u kasni srednji vijek, a medu njima se istice dio tanjura tzv. gravirane keramike (si. 38). Taj ulomak s cestim tipom ukrasavanja moze se pripisati mletackim radionicama 16. ili 17.st. (npr. Korcula ZGLAVMARTINAC 2006, 134-136, br.35). Upitna je datacija dijelova cripnje T6-10 (s dijelovima koji se ne mogu povezati u tu cjelinu, slika) te oboda T8-1 koji prema izradi i materijalu pripada istoj radionici. Donekle, ukrasi na cripnji mogli bi se povezati i s ranijim, bizantskim razdobljem, kao i ovalno izveden obod. Medutim, nacin izrade i faktura upucuju da je vjerojatnije rijec o cripnji i loncu iz razdoblja otprilike 17. ili 18.st. Premda mi za cripnje nisu znane izravne usporedbe iz tog razdoblja, poznato je da su cripnje u raznim inacicama koristene do dan-danas u Istri. Sto se tice prateceg oboda lonca, slicne je Marusic zabiljezio prilikom iskopavanja sv.Kriza kod Kocura, sv.Eliseja kod Fazane i sv.Sofije u Dvigradu (MARUSIC 1958, 337, TII-2; 1972, 94, t.VII-1; 1976, t.XXXIX-1). Kocurski ulomak datirao je u 13/ 14.st. Fazanski je pronaden u sondi malo zapadno od groba 4, pomijesan s nalazima kasne antike, ali i majolike! Dvigradski je takoder pronaden u crkvi koja datira u rana razdoblja, ali s brojnim nalazima kasnog srednjeg vijeka. Takvi obodi su nam takoder poznati s nekih istrazivanja u vezi s tim plinovodom. Nalazeni su na valama Stepeci i Stipanja kod Kukuljanova, Podrebru, Gradini i Orisicama kod Bosiljeva, uglavnom kao kasnosrednjovjekovni nalaz. Obod T8-1 bi dakle mogao datirati u razdoblje od razvijenog srednjeg vijeka do ranog novog vijeka, sto potkrepljuje i mladu dataciju cripnje. Ranom novom vijeku moze se pripisati i keramicka Ma T6-7, tipa koji je cest nalaz na Jadranu. Ta lula izradena je u jednoj radionici talijanskog grada Chioggie, na prijelazu iz 17. u 18.st. (BEKIC 2000, 262, t.1-4-6). Ostali nalazi ulomaka keramike pripadaju novovjekom razdoblju i uglavnom su sitni i netipicni. Pronadeni su u povrsinskim slojevima s industrijski izradenim staklom te metalnim dijelovima bacava, cavala i si. Stakleni nalazi Na krizu je pronaden veci broj staklenih ulo maka, i to vecinom u SJ11. Za tu skupinu nalaza je

A potsherd of a ceramic kettle was also found, T9-1. Similar examples can be found at Invillinno (BIERBRAUER 1987, T124-10. I did not find a direct resemblance, because the kettle from this site is made very roughly, porous and it was hand made. However, by the way it was made (horizon tal lines on the inside of the rim), harder manufac ture and its material (quartz temper), the rim T7-6, which probably also belonged to the rim of the kettle, is more similar to these comparison. Coming of Slavs in Istria in the 7th century brought hand-made vessels. This lasted probably for a short period in Istria because the Slavs came in a densely populated area that preserved its Roman ceramic tradition very successfully, at least in the fortified towns on the coast, but also in smaller settlements and hamlets in the country side. The potsherds of these vessels were found at Boskina (T?-??) but also at Na krizu (T7-4). It is obvious that in that period Slavs made the vessels typical for their older tradition, especially smaller pots with very slightly flared rim (Muntajana, Dvigrad), but they also copied the vessels typical for their Roman neighbours such as, for example, big pots with abrupt transition from shoulder to a flared, flatly cut rim of a vessel (the example from BoskinaT20-1) Having this in mind, it is possible that already mentioned hand-made kettle T9-1 from this site is a Slavic replica of the Roman original. Nevertheless, the tradition of late Roman and early Byzantine ceramics did not stop with that, but the settled Slavs joined it during one period. The main part of presented ceramics belongs to the late Roman southeast Alps group, together with the rough, early Byzantine ceramics, which comes to the countryside of Istria from the coastal towns. However, as we already said, Roman tradi tion of manufacturing vessels on a fast potters wheel continues to the 8th and 9th century and it does not particularly change, so the described tempers to the ceramics and its different shapes, especially of rims, continue to use. Besides the reason just mentioned, one more reason for the difficulties in dating is quantity and quality of publications of ceramic finds from the early medi eval period of Istria.17 Therefore, we can make the conclusion that the early medieval vessels can be hardly distinguished from the vessels from the previous period (from the late 4th to beginning of the 7th century). Therefore, for many of them, dat ing based on the analogies from the late Roman sites probably is not realistic. We can almost surely claim that one part of the potsherds belongs to the period of the 8th and 9th century. At Na krizu we can find scattered many later (younger) finds. Several potsherds can date from the late Middle Ages, such as a part of a plate of so

37

36. Dio oboda kasnoantickog ili ranosrednjovjekovnog kotla. (T.9-1). Part of a rim of a late Roman or early medieval cauldron. (T.9-1).

37. Dio oboda ranosrednjovjekovnog lonca. (T.7-4). Part of a rim of an early medieval pot. (T.7-4).

38. Dio tanjura tzv. gravirane keramike. S J 1 . Part of a plate made of so-called engraved ceramics. S J 1 .

Jugoistocnoalpska kucna keramika dobro je odredena za prostor Italije i Slovenije, dok su takvi nalazi u Istri slabo objavljeni, na sto upozorava i Bierbrauer: Noch schwieriger (,..) ist derzeit aufgrund der Quellen- und Publikationslage die Hauskeramik im wesentlich autochton-romanisch besiedelten Istrien der Spaetantike und des fruehen Mittelalters zu beurteilen... (BIERBRAUER 1987, 218). Kao sto I on zamjecuje, ranosrednjovjekovne keramike 8.1 9. st. gotovo da i nema objavljene za podrucje Istre. To onemogucuje da se gotovo isti lonci iz 6. i 7. st. pouzdano razlikuju od onih iz 8. i 9.st. Southeast Alpen domestic pottery is well dated for the area of Italy and Slovenia, while just a few of these were published in Istria. Bierbauer also warned of that: Noch schwieriger (...) ist derzeit aufgrund der Quellen- und Publikationslage die Hauskeramik im wesentlich autochtonromanisch besiedelten Istrien der Spaetantike und des fruehen Mittelalters zu beurteilen... (BIERBRAUER 1987, 218). He noticed that there are not almost any early medieval ceramics from the 8th and 9 th century published for the Istrian region. This makes impossible to distinguish reliably very similar pots from the 6th and 7th century from those from the 8th and 9th century.

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38

39. Dijelovi peke. (T.6-10). Parts of a baking lid. (T.6-10).

40. Dio oboda lonca. (T.8-1). Part of a rim of a pot. (T.8-1).

41. Dio ruckice staklene svjetiljke. (T.8-17). Part of a small handle of a glass lamp. (T.8-17).

znacajno to da se mogu potpuno odrediti kao liturgijski predmeti. Naime, ti nalazi se kao skup redovito javljaju na ranokrscanskim i ranosrednjovjekovnim crkvama, a samo mjestimice na ostalim nalazistima. Najbrojniji su dijelovi visece uljanice s ruckicama,18 koja se vjesala pomocu metalnog lancica. T7-11 je pokusaj rekonstrukcije najbolje ocuvanog primjerka. Ta uljanica ima brojne usporedbe na istocnom Mediteranu, a datira se u razdoblje od 5. do 8.st. (Gata FADIC 1994, 217219; Putalj, FADIC 2001, 135, sl.32; Samaria, Gerasa, Salona, BIERBRAUER 1988, 81, abb.2313-17; istocni Mediteran ISINGS 1957, 162, typ.134). Ruckicama slicnih uljanica pripadaju i daljnji ulomci T8-16 (Putalj, FADIC 2001, 135, sl.32) T8-17 (sv.Kvirin u Vodnjanu MARUSIC 1987b, t.XIII-10). Takoder i obodi s ruckicama T723 i T9-12 (Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI, DULAR A. 1995, t.79-1, Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.157-24). Vjerojatno i vecina drugih oboda s tog nalazista pripada takvim ili slicnim staklenim uljanicama. Uljanica u obliku lijevka je T9-16. Mada se cesto pripisuje obliku zvanom Phiolla i datira u 4.st. {Toillet bottle, ISINGS 1957, form.105, 126), u nasem kontekstu zasigurno je rijec o uljanici. Te rijetke uljanice, sastavne dijelove polycandila, visecih lustera, na nasim nalazistima prepoznao je Fadic (Gata FADIC 1994, 215, 216; Putalj FADIC 2001, sl.31d). Osim u Dalmaciji, tih oblika ima i u Istri i sjevernoj Italiji (sv.Kvirin kod Vodnjana MARUSIC 1987b, t.XIII-12; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, 284, t.155-9-14). Uljanice u obliku lijevka upotrebljavane su od 5. pa sve do 20 st. (FADIC 2001, 136, 137). Pronaden je i najmanje jedan ulomak case ili kaleza na nozi, T8-12. I on se moze pripisati
Gehenkelte Glaslampe, Haengelampe (BIERBRAUER 1988). Gehenkelte Glaslampe, Haengelampe (BIERBRAUER 1988)

called engraved pottery (fig. 38). This potsherd with very frequent type of decorating can be at tributed to Venetian shops of 16th and 17th cen tury (for example, Korcula ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2006, 134-136, no. 35). Sherds of the baking lid T6-10 (with the parts that cannot be connected into one part) and the rim T8-10, which belong to the same shop ac cording to the manufacturing and material, have questionable dating. To some extent, the decora tions on the baking lid as well as the oval made rim could be connected with the previous Byzantine period. However, the way of manufacture and the texture show they probably date from the about 17th or 18th century. Although for baking lids I do not know any direct resemblances, it is known that they have been in use until today in different variations. As far as the rim of the pot is concerned, similar were found at Marusic during the excava tion of Sv. Kriz near Kocur, St. Elisej near Fazana and St. Sofia in Dvigradu (MARUSIC 1958, 337, TII-2; 1972, 94, t.VII-1; 1976, t.XXXIX-1). The potsherd from Kocur dates from the 13th 14th cen tury and the one from Fazana was found in the trench, west of the grave 4 mixed with finds from the late Roman period, but also from majolica! The potsherd from Dvigrad was also found in the church that dates from the earlier period, but also in numerous finds from the late medieval period. We used to come across these kind of rims during some excavation on this gas pipeline. They used to be found on the small cove Stepeci and Stipanja near Kukljanovo, Podrebro, Gradina and Orisice near Bosiljevo, usually as finds from the late medi eval period. The rim T8-1 could date in the period from high medieval to early postmedieval, which is a proof for younger dating of baking lid. A ceramic pipe T6-7 (the type very often found on the Adriatic coast) could be attributed to the early postmedieval period. This pipe was manu factured in one of the shops in the Italian town Chioggia, at the turn of 17th and the 18th centuries (BEKIC 2000, 262, t.1-4-6). The other finds of the ceramic potsherds be long to the postmedieval period and they are mostly small and atypical. They were found in the topsoil with industrially manufactured glassware and metal parts of barrels, nails and similar. Glass finds At Na Krizu, an abundance of glass shards were found, mostly in Layer 11. It is significant for this group of finds that they can completely be de fined as liturgical objects. The reason is that these finds as a group are always found in churches from the early Christian and early medieval period, and at other sites just from time to time. The most numerous are the shards of an oillamp with handles18 which was hanged with a metal chain.T7-11 is an attempt of a reconstruction of the best preserved piece. This oil-lamp has many resemblances in the east Mediterranean, and dates

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liturgijskim predmetima jer se vrlo cesto nalazi na crkvama iz razdoblja od 5. do 7.st. (Putalj FADIC 2001, 134, 31b,c; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.138-140, t.143-20). To vrijedi i za konicne case, medu kojima su dobro sacuvana tri dna, T6-8, T811, T9-14 (Sv.Sofija u Dvigradu MARUSIC 1976, t.XLVI-5; Gata FADIC 1994, 217). Casi s vrlo tankim stijenkama, manje od milimetar, pripada ulomak T816. T9-15 mozda takoder pripada casi s time da bi se ta mogla datirati ranije, u 4.st. (ISINGS 1957, 113, form 96; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, 282, t.156-15,28). T7-10 mozemo pripisati prozorskom staklu, kakvo se moze pronaci na drugim crkvama i zgradama tog doba (Vranje BITENC, ISTENICVRSCAJ, JERIN, KNIFIC, NABERGOJ, SAGADIN, SEMROV 1991, kat.11; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, 285). Neobican je obod s rebrom tamnije zelene boje (T7-13), slican pronadenom na sv.Kvirinu kod Vodnjana (MARUSIC 1987b, t.XIII-7), koji je mozda pripadao manjoj zdjelici ili razvracenoj casi. Nejasan je oblik i ukras staklene posude 1722. Sama je svijetlo zelene boje, a u strukturi stakla zamjecuju se svijetlo crvene sare i veci mjehuric unutar stijenke posude s nekom zelenkastom tvari. Posude s naoko slicnim ukrasom uglavnom pripadaju manjim zdjelicama i casama te datiraju u 4.st. ili kasnije (npr. ISINGS 1957, 131). No, to se odnosi na ukrase u drugoj boji koji su nalijepljeni na vanjsku povrsinu stijenke, sto u nas nije slucaj. Metalni nalazi Vrlo je malo pronadeno kasnoantickih nalaza. Jedan primjerak novca (si. 46) nakon zavrsetka arheoloskih iskopavanja pronasao je radnik tvrtke Tehnika iz Zagreba, Alaga Music. Navodno se nalazio uz sjeverni zid crkve, na zdravici koja se nalazila ispod SJ11. Constantinus 1. (306-307-337). Arelate 316.g. Ae 20-21 mm. Ae II.19 Av: IMPCONSTANTINVS[PFAVG] Poprsje nadesno, ovjencan. Rv: SOLIIN VI[C]T[0C]0MITI T
* | r

PARL Sol stoji nalijevo, desna noga izbacena ulijevo, desnicu uzdize, u Ijevici, s koje visi plast, drzi kuglu (BRUCK 1961, 68, RIC VII; 85). Novae je kovan za Konstantina Velikog u galskoj kovnici u Arlesu (Arelate) 316.g. To je ujedno i najraniji metalni nalaz Na krizu. Najvazniji metalni nalaz je broncana kopca u oblicju pijetla (zoomorfna fibula), pronadena blizu groba 2 (T9-22). Stratigrafski se nalazila u sloju koji bi prethodio gradnji crkve (SJ 17). Uz kopcu su se u torn sloju nalazili sitniji ulomci tegula te malo ugljena na kojem je napravljena C-14 AMS analiza. Na osnovu rezultata analize SJ17 se moze datirati u calAD 52549 godinu.20 Grob 2 je opljackan tako da je grobna komora vecim dijelom srusena a kamen odnesen. Ljudske kosti su se nalazile izbacene uz grobnicu na hrpi, a neke su bile razbacane i u okolici groba u istom

into the period from the 5th - 8th century (Gata FADIC 1994, 217-219; Putalj, FADIC 2001, 135, sl.32; Samaria, Gerasa, Salona, BIERBRAUER 1988, 81, abb.23-13-17; east Mediterranean ISINGS 1957, 162, typ.134). The other shards, T8-16 (Putalj, FADIC 2001, 135, sl.32), T8-17 (St.Kvirin in Vodnjanu MARUSIC 1987b, t.XIII-109), belong to the handles of other oil-lamps together with the rims with handles T7-23 and T9-12 (Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI, DULAR A. 1995, t.79-1, Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.157-24). Probably, the ma jority of other rims from this site belong to such or similar glass oil-lamps. Slightly different is a funnel shaped oil-lamp, T9-16. Although is very often attributed to the shape called Phiolla and dates from the 4th cen tury (Toillet bottle, ISINGS 1957, form.105, 126), this one is surely an oil-lamp. These rare oil-lamps, the parts of polycandila, hanging lamps, were recognised by Fadic (Gata FADIC 1994, 215, 216; Putalj FADIC 2001, sl.31d). Apart in Dalmatia, these can be found in Istria and in north of Italy (St.Kvirin near Vodnjan MARUSIC 1987b, t.XIII-12; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, 284, t.155-9-14). Funnelshaped oil-lamps were used from the 5th to up to 20th century (FADIC 2001, 136, 137). At least one shard of a glass or chalice on foot was found, T8-12. It also belongs to liturgical objects because it is very often found in the churches from the 5th - 7th century (Putalj FADIC 2001, 134, 31b,c; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.138-140, t.143-20). The same is with conical glasses, among which we have 3 bases very well preserved, T6-8, T8-11, T9-14 (St.Sofia in Dvigrad MARUSIC 1976, t.XLVI-5; Gata FADIC 1994, 217). A shard T8-16 belongs to a glass with very thin wall (less than 1 mm). T9-15 might also belong to a glass, but this one could be dated earlier, maybe to the 4th century (ISINGS 1957, 113, form 96; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, 282, t.156-15,28). Shard T7-10 can be attributed to a window glass that can be seen on the other churches and buildings from this period (Vranje BITENC, ISTENIC-VRSCAJ, JERIN, KNIFIC, NABERGOJ, SAGADIN, SEMROV 1991, kat.11; Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, 285). Rim with the rib of darker green colour is some what unusual, (T7-13), similar to the one found at St. Kirin near Vodnjan (MARUSIC 1987b, t.XIII-7), which might have belonged to a smaller bowl or flared drinking vessel. The shape and the decorations of a glass ves sel T7-22 are not clearly defined. The vessel itself is of light green colour, while in the glass struc ture we can see red ornaments and a bigger bubble with some greenish substance inside the vessels wall. The vessels with apparently similar decora tions belong to smaller bowls or glasses and date from the 4th century or later (ex. ISINGS 1957, 131). However, this is true for the decorations in a dif ferent colour which are glued on the outside walls of a vessel, and that is not the case here. Metal finds Just few finds from the late Roman period were

39

42. Dno staklene svjetiljke. (T.9-16). Bottom of a glass lamp. (T.9-16).

43. Dno staklene case. (T.9-14). Bottom of a glass cup. (T.9-14).

44. Dio oboda staklene posude. (T.7-13). Part of a rim of a glass vessel. (T.7-13).

4 5 . D i o st ak l e ne p o s u d e . ( T .7 - 2 2 ) . P art of a g l as s ve s s e l. ( T .7 - 2 2 ) .

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46. Rimski novae, Konstantin Veliki. Slucajni nalaz. Roman coin, Constantine the Great. Chance find.

Grave 2 was robbed in the way that the grave chamber was mostly crushed and the stone sto len. Some human bones were piled on the grave and some were scattered around the grave in the same layer in which the fibula was. This leaves the open possibility that the fibula was a part of the grave goods. At Invillino, two pieces of the fibulae were found, one with the peacock, the other with the cock or nament (BIERBRAUER 1987 peacock t.46-5, t.62kojem pripada. 2; cock t.47-4, t.62-2), while our should be, ac ^ f l ^ ^ . Pronadena je i jedna zeljezna cording to Bierbrauer, considered as cock (W predica kopce za pojas, shaped.21 Apart from this, both of them belong to m jednostavnog oblika i prilicno the same group, together with the ornaments of a korodirana (T6-3). Premda pigeon, deer, lion and horse. These fibulae be m jednostavna, nema razloga da ju ne long to the same geographical frame as south pripisemo kasnoantickoj ili east Alps pottery. It means they can be found in ranosrednjo-vjekovnoj izradi, cemu the area of southeast Italy, south Austria, Slovenia odgovara i stratigrafski. Vrlo slicne and Istria, and occasionally in Dalmatia and else kopce nalaze se i drugdje na where. They date from the second part of the 5th kasnoantickim nalazistima (Invillino century and were in use up to the 7th century BIERBRAUER 1987, t.52-6). (BIERBRAUER 1987, 145; PLESNICAR-GEC, SIVEC Prakticna namjena dva ulomka 1978, 61; BITENC, ISTENIC-VRSCAJ, JERIN, bakrenih prievrscivaca, odnosno pojacivaca KNIFIC, NABERGOJ, SAGADIN, SEMROV 1991, (T8-7, 8) nije odredena. S obzirom na arheoloski 76,77; SNOJ 1993). kontekst, mogli bismo ih povezati s kasnoantickim About 30 fibulae with cock and peacock ornaili ranosre-dnjovjekovnim razdobljem. Vjerojatno
Nominala (Ae l-IV) uzete su po sustavu Guida Brucka. 47. Broncana kopca u obliku ptice (calAD 52549). (T.9-22). Bronze bird-shaped 52549). (T.9-22). buckle (calAD Nominals (Ae I-IV) were taken by the system Guido Bruck.
20

sloju kao i kopca. To ostavlja otvorenu mogucnost da je kopca bila grobni prilog. Na Invillinu su pronadena dva primjerka - jedna kopca s prikazom pauna, a druga s prikazom pijetla (BIERBRAUER 1987, paun t.46-5, t.62-2; pijetao t.47-4, t.62-2), a nasa bi se prema Bierbraueru trebala pripisati prikazu pijetla.21 Neovisno o tome obje se ubrajaju u medusobno povezanu grupu, kojoj pripadaju jos i prikazi goluba, jelena, lava i konja. Te kopce ubrajaju se u isti zemljopisni okvir kao i jugoistocnoalpska kucna keramika, znaci podrucje sjeveroistocne Italije, juzne Austrije, Slovenije te Istre, a mjestimice se pojavljuju i u Dalmaciji i drugdje. Datiraju se u drugu polovinu 5.st. i upotrebljavane su do 7.st (BIERBRAUER 1987, 145; PLESNICAR-GEC, SIVEC 1978, 61; BITENC, ISTENIC-VRSCAJ, JERIN, KNIFIC, NABERGOJ, SAGADIN, SEMROV 1991, 76,77; SNOJ 1993). Pronadeno je tridesetak kopci s prikazom pauna i pijetla, i to gotovo iskljucivo u kontekstima koja pripadaju krscanskom starosjedilackoromanskom stanovnistvu (Aquileia, lu M a Concordia, Emona, Friuli, Pristava, Celje, Piran itd.). Na osnovi grobnih nalaza pripisuju se zenskoj odjeci i sluzile su za zakopcavanje mantila ili njemu slicnog odjevnog predmeta (BIERBRAUER 1987, 145). Sto se tice izrade, za nasu kopcu je karakteristicno da nema ukras u vidu urezanih krugova, te da su prijelazi u vrat, rep i ostale karakteristike reljefno naglaseni. Tako je taj primjerak najslicniji kopcama pronadenim u Aquileji, Invillinu, luliji Concordiji i Pristavi (BIERBRAUER 1987, t.61-10,11; t.62-1; BITENC, ISTENIC-VRSCAJ, JERIN, KNIFIC, NABERGOJ, SAGADIN, SEMROV 1991, 76, kat.br.73). Ova kopca je prva tog tipa pronadena u hrvatskom dijelu Istre, a vec sama po sebi vrlo zanimljiv i rijedak nalaz koji nam pomaze da bolje odredimo siri kulturni krug

founds. One coin (fig. 46) was found after the archaeological excavations by the company Tehnika from Zagreb (Alaga Music) were finished. Allegedly, it was found next to the north wall of the church, on the subsoil under LayerH. Constantinus 1. (306-307-337). Arelate 316.g. Ae 20-21 mm. Ae II19. Ob: IMPCONSTANTINVS[PFAVG] Bust on the right, wreathed. Rv: SOWN VI[C]T[OC]OMITI T
* I r

PARL Sol stands on the left, right leg pulled out on the left side, he raises his right hand, and in the left hand, from which the mantle hangs, he holds a ball. (BRUCK 1961, 68, RIC VII; 85). The money was coined for Constantine the Great in the Gaelic forge in Aries (Arelate) in 316. This is also the oldest metal fragment found at Na Krizu. The most important metal find is a bronze fibula in the cock shape (zoomorphic fibula) that was found near the grave 2 (T9-22). Stratigraphically, it was found in the layer that was prior to the church building. Besides the fibula smaller tegula sherds were found and a bit of charcoal which was C14 analyzed. Based on results of the C14 analysis we can date the SJ17 to year calAD 52549.20

AMS-14C datacija izradena je u Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat u Kielu (KIA31819, BP 151926). Skracena kalibracija putem Cal-Pal online programa Sveucilista u Kolnu.

AMS-14C dating made in Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat in Kiel, Germany (KIA31819, BP 151926). Shortened calibration with Cal-Pal online software made at the University Of Cologne, Germany.
21

Bierbrauer ih razdjeljuje na Pfauenfibell Hahnenfibel, premda se uglavnom opisuju kao kopce s prikazom pauna. Npr. Snoj piranski primjerak pripisuje paunu. Bierbrauer differentiates them into Pfauenfibel i Hahnenfibel, although they are mostly described as peacock fibulas. For ex., Snoj, the example from Piran considers to be a peacock fibula.

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su bili pricvrsceni na drvo, pa bi tako mogli biti i clio nekog propalog relikvijara. Srodni dijelovi zabiljezeni su i drugdje (Vranje, Ajdna BITENC, ISTENIC-VRSCAJ, JERIN, KNIFIC, NABERGOJ, SAGADIN, SEMROV 1991, kat.7,8). Veliko zeljezno kresivo, T6-5, pripada tipu koji se razvio iz ranosrednjovjekovnih uzora. Takva kresiva upotrebljavana su od 13. do 17.st. Pronadena su i tri ulomka kamena roznjaka. S obzirom na tragove udaraca, moze se zakljuciti kako su sluzili u svrhu paljenja vatre, pa ih ne mozemo sa poblize datirati. No, mozda su bas dio cjeline s ovim kresivom. Zeljezna sjekira za nasad pripada najjednostavnijim tipovima (T6-6). Njhova upotreba u torn obliku datira se od mladeg zeljeznog doba, kada su ih izradivali Kelti, potom rimskih proizvoda (GASPARI 2000, 129, 130, si.50, t.23-10-16) do nalaza na kasnosrednjovjekovnim gradistima (Sandrovac PRIBAKOVIC 1956, t.lll-11; Visoko BEKIC 2005b, 250). S obzirom na izrazitu zatvorenost tuljca, valjalo bi ju ubrojiti u mlade inacice. Na krizu je pronaden i kasnosrednjovjekovni novae (si. 49). Pronaden je u SJ10, unutar crkve na podu i zabiljezen kao PN5. Pasquale Cicogna (1585-1595). Mletci. Ae 18 mm. Sesino. Avers: [SANCTVS] MARCVS VEN *[.] Mletacki krilati lav nalijevo. Revers: XDVXVEPASCCICO[.] Kriz okruzen tockama. Nalaz tog novca na podu crkve koja je u 16.st. vec odavno bila porusena nije neobjasnjivo. Naprosto je propao kroz kamenu gromacu do poda, a takvi slucajevi poznati su i sa iskopavanja prapovijesnih kamenih gomila (tumula). Na polju koje omeduje crkvu sa zapadne strane pronadena je i mala broncana svetacka medaljica, velicine 16 x 11 mm (si. 50). Avers: Majka Bozja s Djetetom u zvonolikom plastu, a sa svake strane po jedan svijeenjak. Prema tim znacajkama prikaz se moze pripisati Blazenoj Djevici Mariji Loretskoj. Drveni kip Bogorodice cuva se u Svetoj kuci u Loretu kod Jakina (Ancona).22 Tradicija govori kako je u toj kuci rodena Bogorodica te je ona iz Nazareta prenesena 1291.g. na Trsat i od s tud tri godine kasnije u Jakin. Tada su u Svetu kucu zapocela brojna hodocasca.23 Revers: Okrunjen Isus Krist na Krizu iza kojeg se sire zrake u cetiri smjera. Taj prikaz mogao bi biti Sv.Kriz iz Sirola koji se cuva u mjestu Numani kod Jakina. Najstarija tradicija zapisana u rukopisu 17.st. govori kako je Kriz izradio Luka Evandelist u Jeruzalemu, te je cudesnim putem u 13.st. dospio u Numanu. I ta crkva i njezin sv.Kriz predmet su brojnih hodocasca.24 Kako se svetiste Svete kuce u Loretu s kipom (Santuario della Santa Casa - Loreto) i crkva sv.Kriza u Numani s Krizem (Chiesa del Santissimo Crocifisso - Numana) nalaze u blizini Jakina, hodocasnici su posjecivali oba mjesta, pa je bilo prikladno izraditi hodocasnicke medaljice za uspomenu na hodocasce. Ta medaljica nije

41

ment were found, almost exclusively in the con texts belonging to Christian native Roman inhab itants (Aquileia, lulia Concordia, Emona, Friuli, Pristava Celje, Piran etc.) On the basis of grave finds, they probably belonged to the woman clothes and were used for fastening of coats or some similar pieces of clothes (BIERBRAUER 1987, 145). Characteristic of this fibula is that it does not have circle engraved ornament, and that the transition to the neck, tail and other characteris tics is relief marked. That is why this example re sembles to the fibulae found in Aquilea, Invillin, lulia Concordia and Pristava (BIERBRAUER 1987, t.61-10,11; t.62-1; BITENC, ISTENIC-VRSCAJ, JERIN, KNIFIC, NABERGOJ, SAGADIN, SEMROV 1991, 76, cat.br.73). This fibula is the first one of that type found in the Croatian part of Istria, but also a very interesting and rare example that helps us to define the wider cultural circle it belongs to. One iron belt pin was also found, of very simple shape and quite corroded (T6-3). Although plain, there is no reason not to be attributed to late Ro man or early medieval manufacturing, to which it corresponds even stratigraphically. Resembling buckles can be found elsewhere at the late Roman sites (Invillino BIERBRAUER 1987, t.52-6) Practical purpose of these two shreds of bronze fasteners, or strenghteners (T8-7,8) is not defined. Having the archaeological context in mind, they can be connected with the late Roman or early medieval period. They were probably fastened to the wood and therefore they could be a part of some ruined reliquary. Resembling examples were found elsewhere (Vranje, Ajdna BITENC, ISTENICVRSCAJ, JERIN, KNIFIC, NABERGOJ, SAGADIN, SEMROV, 1991, cat.7,8). Big oval iron fire-making tool, T6-5, belongs to the type that was developed from the early me dieval models. This kind of fire-making tools were in use from the 13th -17th century. Three flint frag ments were also found. Due to traces of hits to metal, we can say they were used in order to start fire so we cannot precisely date them. However, they might have been a component of the firemaking tool. Iron shaft axe belongs to the simplest types (T6-6). Their use in this form dates from the early Iron Age, when they were made by Celts, through the Roman production (GASPARI 2000, 129, 130, si.50, t.23-10-16) to the finds at late medieval sites (Sandrovac PRIBAKOVIC, t.lll-11; Visoko BEKIC 2005b, 250). Since the cylinder is very closed, it should be considered as an example from the later period. Late medieval coin (fig. 49) was also found at

48. Roznjaci s tragovima upotrebe od paljenja vatre. SJ27/1/11. Flints with traces of use for starting fire. Layer 27/1/11.

49. Mletacki novae, Pasquale Cicogna. SJ10. Venetian coin, Pasquale Cicogna. Layer 10.

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poznata u zbirkama Arheoloskog muzeja Istre u Puli i Arheoloskog muzeja u Zagrebu, niti se nalazi u meni dostupnim katalozima i objavama. No, prema izradi i prikazu mogla bi se okvirno datirati u 17. ili 18.st.25 Drugi metalni dio T8-15 izraden je od pozlacene bronce i bio pricvrscen s donje strane na neki veci predmet (gdje su sada tragovi loma). S obje strane je reljefni prikaz cvijeta. Usprkos tome sto je to dio neke vece cjeline, mozemo biti sigurni kako je rijec o dijelu nekog liturgijskog predmeta. U obzir su uzete pokaznica, ophodni - procesijski kriz, kalez itd. Ti predmeti uglavnom su izradeni od srebra, ali mogu biti i od pozlacene bronce. Takoder su poznati i cvjetni reljefni motivi na ukrasima zavrsetaka kao na nasem ulomku (PERSIC 1979, 303). Prema izradi i prikazu moglo bi ga se okvirno datirati u 18. ili 19.
St.

50. Svetacka medaljica. Slucajni nalaz. Locket with the representation of a saint. Chance find.

Najranije u to razdoblje, a vjerojatno kasnije, trebali bi ubrojiti i nalaz zlice od bakrene slitine (si. 52). Kasnosrednjovjekovne zlice su do 16., 17.st. imale okrugle glave a izduzeniji oblik znadajka je kasnijeg, ranog novovjekovnog razdoblja. Zlica je izravnata udarcima, te se moze zakljuciti kako je naknadno sluzila u neke druge svrhe. Najmladi nalazi vjerojatno su u vezi s procesijom vjernika iz obliznjih mjesta, koji su mozda jednom godisnje dolazili Na kriz, odnosno bivsu crkvu sv.Severina. Forenzicno-antropoloska analiza ljudskih kostiju iz groba 1 s nalazista Guran - Na krizu u Istri - Davno pocinjeno ubojstvo i primjer kako postmortalna ostecenja kostiju mogu oponasati ubojstvo Mario Slaus Bedic Zeljka Vyroubal Vlasta Do prije 'nekoliko des'etljeca arheolozi su uglavnom zanemarivali ljudske ostatke nadene na arheoloskim nalazistima. Prevladavajuce razmisljanje bilo je to kako se prema tome materijalu ne moau dobiti korisne informaciie Ako medutim podemo od pretpostavke da je jedan od osnovnih cilieva arheoloaiie rekonstrukciia zivota liudi koii su ostavili mater Maine dokaze o svojem postojanju takva razmisljanja u najmanju ruku djeluju paradoksalno. Sto moze biti pouzdaniji pokazatelj o uvietima i kvaliteti zivota neaoli fizicki ostaci nasih prethodnika? Kao odgovor na taj problem polovinom proslog stolieca razvila se zasebna znanstvena disciolina bioarheoloqiia koia ljudske osteoloske ostatke s arheoloskih nalazista proucava u niihovu kulturnom i ekoloskom kontekstu (LARSEN 1997) Bioarheolozi koii su proucavali razlicite parametre populacijske b ologije demografske strukture i

Na Krizu. It was found in Layer 10, inside the church, on the floor and it was marked as PN5. Pasquale Cicogna (1585-1595). Venice. Ae 18 mm. Sesino. Obverse: [SANCTVS] MARCVS 'VEN* *[.] Venetian lion with wings on the left. Reverse: XDVXVEPASOCICO[.] The cross surrounded by dots. To find the coins on the floor of a church that already in the 16th century was ruined is not inex plicable. It simply dropped on the floor through the stone heap, and similar cases are known from the excavations of prehistoric stone grave mounds. On the field which surrounds the church from the west side, a small, bronze saint medallion (fig. 50) was found, of dimensions 16 x 11 mm. Obverse: Mother of God with the Child in a bellshaped mantle, with the candlesticks on both sides. According to these characteristics, the illus tration can be attributed to the Holy Virgin Maria of Lorette. Wooden statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary is kept in the Holy House in Loretto near Ancona.22 Tradition says that in that house the Blessed Virgin Mary was born and that she was moved from Nazareth to Trsat in 1291 and then, three years later to Jakin Ancona. Since then, nu merous pilgrimages to the Holy House have started.23 Reverse: Crowned Jesus Christ at the Cross and four rays spreading behind him in four directions. This illustration could be St. Cross from Sirol, which is kept in Numana near Jakin Ancona. The oldest tradition written in the 17th century savs that the Cross was made by Luka the Evangelist in Jerusalem and that it came to Numana by some kind of miracle. This church and its St.Cross have also been visited by many pilgrimages.24 Since both the shrine of the Holv House in Lorette with the statue (Santuario della Santa Casa - Loreto) and the church of St Cross in Numana with the Cross {Chiesa del Santissimo Crocifisso Numana) are near Jakin Ancona the oilarims were visiting both places so it was convenient to make the medallions as a memento of the pilgrimage to both of these places. This medal is not known in the collections of the Archaeological museum in Zagreb and it is not find in the catalogues and Dublications However accordina to the illustra tions and the way it was made it can be dated from the 17* or 18* century25 The other metal fragment T8-15 is made of gold-plated bronze and it was fixed from its bot tom side to some bigger object (where the traces of break are now) On both sides there is a relief

Kip ie izraden od crnoq drva pa ie poznat i kao Crna Boqorodica (Madonna nera Vergine Lauretana...) The statue is made of black wood so it is known as Black Mother of God (Madonna nera Vergine Lauretana )
23 24

http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/80900; http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santuario_della_Santa_Casa httpV/www diocesi ancona it/arcidiocesi/02 arcidiocesi/territorio chiese crocifisso asp

5 1 . Dio liturgijskog predmeta. (T.815). Part of a liturgical object. (T.8-15).

25

ktra7 rik i t t k 7ah\/alinipm knlpnama Onriini Krniak i K/ann Mirnikn na Iinha7nni nnmnri nriliknm '^dzivanja poje l a mprial predmeta eaaijice i nlnmka l urgijsKog Thanks to colleagues Ondina Krnjak and dr sc.Ivan Mirnik for their kind help during the research of the origin of the medallion and a fragment

of ammSSct

01 Ma kri7i i 11 R"7 01 10 nfi1^

1fi C\0 OQ 21 - 41

dinamike te razlicite oblike kulturno uvjetovanog ponasanja mogli su tako ne samo procjenjivati hipoteze utemeljene na arheoloskim analizama, usporedujuci ih s rezultatima osteoloskih analiza, vec i postavljati svoje hipoteze utemeljene na osteoloskoj gradi koje su se zatim mogle testirati usporedbom s arheoloskim, povijesnim ili ekonomskim podacima. Zahvaljujuci tome, ljudske kosti s arheoloskih nalazista postale su, isto kao i arheoloska grada i povijesni izvori, dokument proslosti koji mora biti proucavan ukoliko svoju proslost zelimo razumjeti (SLAUS 2006). U takvim je analizama, vrlo logicno, iznimno vazna dobra suradnja izmedu arheologa na terenu i antropologa koji rekonstruira i analizira osteolosku gradu u laboratoriju. Nedavno su antropolozi iz Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti i arheolozi iz Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda zapoceli upravo takvu suradnju. Naime, tijekom rujna 2006. godine Odsjek za arheologiju Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti primio je na analizu uzorke ljudskih kostiju s nalazista Guran - Na krizu iz Istre koji su istrazivali arheolozi Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda. Uzorak je sadrzavao cetiri dobro uscuvana kostura iz jednoga groba. Zajedno s kostima iz groba arheolozi Hrvatskog restau ratorskog zavoda prilozili su i obilnu fotodokumentaciju te detaljan crtez groba s polozajem svih kostura. Na fotografiji krupnog plana posteriornog dijela lubanje koja pripada ukopu 1 uocen je veliki defekt koji je kolege na terenu naveo na zakljucak da je rijec o perimortalnoj ozljedi (ozljedi koja je nastala u trenutku ili uoci smrti). Izgled defekta (si. 53) doista i sugerira perimortalnu traumu nanesenu nekim ostrobridnim predmetom, moguce macem ili sjekirom, te je velika vjerojatnost da bi bilo tko osim strucnjaka koji se razumije u slozene procese koji utjecu na kosti u zemlji nakon stotina ili tisuca godina pomislio da je rijec o nekom davnom ubojstvu. Detaljna forenzicno-antropoloska analiza kostiju iz ukopa 1 pokazala je da je rijec o muskarcu

illustration of a flower. Despite the fact this is a part of a bigger object, we can be sure that is a part of a liturgical object, such as a monstrance, procession cross, chalice, etc. These objects are usually made of silver, but they can be made of gold-plated bronze as well. Flower relief motives on the decorated endings as we can see on our fragment are also typical (PERISIC 1979, 303). Based on manufacture and the illustration, it can be approximately dated from the 18th or 19th century. In this period the earliest, but probably later, a spoon (fig.52) made of bronze alloy should be dated. Late medieval spoons had round heads up to the 16th or 17th century, and the lengthened shape is a characteristic of the early postmedieval period. The spoon was flattened by the some kind of hits so we can assume it was used for other purposes later. The youngest finds were probably connected with the processions of the believers from the nearby places who were coming to Na krizu or to previous church of St. Severin maybe once a year. Forensic anthropological analysis of human bones from the grave 1, from the site Guran Na Krizu in Istria. Murder committed a long time ago and the example how we can detect a murder by the postmortal damages Mario Slaus, Bedic Zeljka, Vyroubal Vlasta Only couple of decades ago, archaeologists were failing to observe skeletal remains found at the archaeological sites. Prevailing opinion was that this material could not give some useful in formation. However, if we start from a hypothesis that one of the main aims of archaeology is the reconstruction of life of people who left some material evidence about their existence, this point of view is rather paradoxical. What could be better indicator of conditions and the quality of life then the physical remains of our predecessors? As an answer to this problem, in the middle of

43

52. Broncana zlica. SJ1. Bronze spoon. Layer 1. SJ1.

53. Terenska slika velikog defekta na posteriornom dijelu lubanje iz ukopa 1. Field picture of a big defect on the posterior part of a skull from burial 1.

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44

54. Rekonstrukcija uocenog defekta u laboratoriju Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti nakon pranja i rekonstrukcije lubanje. Reconstruction of the noticed defect in the laboratory of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts after washing and reconstruction of the scull. 55. Uoceni defekt moze se rekonstruirati samo kada se zalijepi sest relativno velikih fragmenta kosti. The noticed defect can be recon structed only when six relatively big bone fragments are pasted together

koji je dozivio starost izmedu 45 do 50 godina. Spol je odreden na temelju morfologije zdjelicne kosti i lubanje (PHENICE 1969; KROGMAN, ISCAN 1986) te diskriminantnih funkcija za odredivanje spola na temelju dimenzija femura (SLAUS 1997), a starost na temelju morfoloskih promjena na pubicnoj simfizi (BROOKS, SUCHEY 1990; GILBERT, MCKERN 1973; MCKERN, STEWART 1957; TODD 1920, 1921), morfologiji aurikularne plostine zdjelice (LOVEJOY I SUR. 1985) i morfologiji sternalnih krajeva rebara (ISCAN I SUR. 1984, 1985). Uocene promjene na straznjem dijelu lubanje muskarca iz ukopa 1 mogle su nastati antemortalno (zazivotno), perimortalno (u trenutku smrti ili uoci nje) ili postmortalno (nakon smrti). Medu svim navedenim najlakse se prepoznaju antemortalne ozljede. Definicija antemortalne traume jest da je osoba koja ju je zadobila prezivjela dovoljno dugo da bi proces zacjeljivanja mogao zapoceti. Postmortalne i perimortalne ozljede razlikuju se

the 19th century, a special scientific discipline developed-bioarchaeology, which examines human osteological remains in their cultural and ecologi cal context (LARSEN 1997). Bioarchaeologists who did research on different parameters of popu lation biology, demographic structure and dynamic and different ways of culturally determined behaviour, could not only evaluate hypotheses based on archaeological analyses comparing them with the results of osteological analyses, but also they could set their own hypotheses based on osteological remains which could be afterwards tested in comparison with the archaeological, his torical and economic data. Thanks to that, human bones from the archaeological sites have become, to gether with archaeological material and historical sources, a document of history that has to be examined if we want to understand our history (SLAUS 2006) In this kind of analyses, good cooperation be tween the archaeologists at the site and anthro pologists who reconstruct and analyse osteologi cal remains in the laboratory is of the crucial im portance. Recently, the anthropologists from the Croatian Academy of Science and Art and the ar chaeologists from the Croatian Conservation In stitute have achieved this type of coordination. The reason for that was that during June 2006, Department for Archaeology of Croatian Academy of Science and Art received for an analysis a sample of human bones from the site Guran-Na Krizu, which was surveyed by the archaeologists of the Croatian Conservation Institute. The sample con tained four, well preserved skeletons from one of the graves. Together with the bones from the grave, the archaeologists of the Croatian Conser vation Institute added an abundant photo docu mentation and a detailed drawing of the grave with the position of all skeletons. In the foreground photo of posterior part of the skull which belonged to the grave unit 1, a defect was noticed that made the colleagues at the site to draw a conclusion that this was a perimortal injury (an injury made in the moment of death or close to it). The appear ance of the defect (fig. 53) really suggests a perimortal trauma made by some sharp edged ob ject, possibly by a sword or an axe so there is a great possibility that nobody, except experts who understand complicated processes which influ ence the bones in the soil after couple of hundred or thousand years, would think it was some mur der committed a long time ago. Detailed forensic-anthropological analysis of bones from the grave unit 1 showed that it was a man, probably 45 to 55 years old in the moment of death. The affiliation to a male sex was established by the morphology of the hip bone and the skull (PHENICE 1969; KROGMAN, ISCAN 1986) and by distinctive functions for the determination of the sex on basis of femur dimensions (SLAUS 1997) and his age on the basis of morphological changes on pubic simphysis (BROOKS, SUCHEY 1990; GIL BERT, MCKERN 1973; MCKERN, STEWART 1957; TODD 1920, 1921), morphology of auricular sur face of pelvis (LOVEJOY and coll.1985) and mor phology of sternal ends of the ribs (ISCAN and coll.1984, 1985).

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od antemortalnih po tome sto kod njih nema zacjeljivanja kosti. U tablici 1 navedeno je nekoliko osnovnih kriterija po kojima se spomenute ozljede razlikuju:
POSTMORTALNE OZLJEDE

PERIMORTALNE OZLJEDE

Rubovi frakture su grubi

Rubovi frakture su ostri

The changes on the back part of the skull of the man from the grave unit 1 could have been made premortal (during the life), perimortal (in or about the moment of death) or postmortal (after the death). Premortal injuries are recognized the easiest. The definition of premortal trauma is that the injured person lived long enough in order the process of healing to start. Postmortal and perimortal injuries are different from the premortal because the healing up of the bones is not visible. In the table 1 there are some criteria for the differ entiation of the injuries mentioned.

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Iz rane rijetko izlaze linije frakture, a kada izlaze, ugiavnom su nepravilne i isprekidane.

Kod prostrjela ili lomova iz rane cesto izlaze zrakaste linije frakture. Te su linije najcesce ravne i, buduci da ihosobakojaih jezadobila nije prezivjela, ne pokazuju znakove remodeliranja. Ako je rijec o udarcima nanesenima tupotvrdim predmetom ili nagnjecenjima, mjesto udarca okruzuju koncentricne linije frakture. Akoje rijec o posjekotinama, mjesto inicijalnog rezaje polirano i sjajno dok je distani rub ozljede grub i nepravilan.

POSTMORTAL INJURIES

PERIMORTAL INJURIES

The edges of a fracture are rough

The edges of a fracture are sharp

Boja kosti na rubovima rane znatno je svjetlija negoli boja okolne kosti.

Boja kosti na rubovima fraktura ista je kao i boja okolne kosti.

The lines of a fracture rarely comeout of the wound, and when they do, they are mostly irregular and interrupted.

Radiant lines of fracture come out of the wound often in the case of a fracture or shooting through. These lines are usually straight and since the person who got them did not survive, they do not show the signs of remodelling.If there are blows made by blunt and hard object, the place of the blow is surrounded by concentric lines of the fracture. If there is a cut, the place of initial cut is polished and shiny while the distant edge of the injury is rough and irregular.

Nakon vrlo pazljivog pranja, susenja i rekonstrukcije lubanje definirani su sljedeci parametri ozljede uocene na ukopu 1: 1) rubovi svih fragmenata kostiju koji cine uocenu frakturu su grubi (si. 54), 2) boja je kosti na rubovima frakture bitno svjetlija negoli boje okolne kosti, 3) ozljeda ima nepravilne, a ne ostre rubove i 4) ni jedan rub frakture nije poliran. Nadalje, defekt se u laboratoriju mogao rekonstruirati tek kada je zalijepljeno sest velikih fragmenata kosti (si. 55). Da je doista rijec o perimortalnoj ozljedi, za tu bi tvrdnju trebala biti samo dva velika fragmenta odvojena posjekotinom. Moguca naknadna postmortalna ostecenja na tim fragmentima mogli su, jasno, povecati broj fragmenata ali bi svim tim fragmentima morao biti zajednicki ili jedan polirani ili jedan grubi rub posjekotine. Ni jedan takav rub nije uocen na analiziranim fragmentima te je stoga pouzdano da je uoceni defekt postmortalni artefakt koji je nastao zbog toga sto je zemlja u lubanji drzala postmortalno razbijene fragmente lubanje na nacin koji je fingirao masivnu ozljedu. Ta osoba ima dvije prave frakture ali se radi o antemortalnim, dobro zaraslim frakturama najvjerojatnije 4. i 5. lijevog rebra koje se prepoznaju po malim i remodeliranim kalusima. Niti jedna od ovih fraktura nije povezana s uzrokom smrti

The colour of the bone on the edges of the wound is considerably lighter than the colour of the rest of the bone.

The colour of the bone on the edges of a fracture is the same as the colour of the rest of the bone.

After extremely careful washing, drying and re construction of the skull, the following param eters of the injury noticed at the grave unit 1 were defined: 1) Edges of all bone fragments that make the noticed injury are rough (fig. 54) 2) The colour of the bone on the edges of the fracture is considerably lighter than the colour of the rest of the bone, 3) The fracture has irregular, but not sharp edges, 4) And neither of edges is polished. Furthermore, the defect could have been re constructed only after six big fragments of bone were glued (fig. 55). If it was a perimortal injury, only two big fragments separated by the cut would be present. Possible subsequent postmortal inju ries on these fragments could have increased the number of fragments, but then all these fragment should have had mutual either one polished or one rough end of the cut. Since no such edge was

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56. A - Penetrirajuca perimortalna trauma na lijevoj strani ceone kosti muskarca iz ukopa 2. B - Postmortalni defekt inferiorno i medijalno od perimortalne ozljede. A - Penetrating perimortal trauma on the left side of the frontal bone of a man from burial 2. B - Postmortal defect inferiorly and medially from the perimortal injury. 57. Uvecani detalj prethodne slike. Strelice oznacavaju koncentricne linije frakture oko mjesta udarca. Ove linije daju frakturi izgled tzv. paukove mreze sto je karakteristicno za penetrirajuce ozljede tupotvrdim predmetima. Enlarged detail of the previous picture. The arrows mark concentric lines of the fracture around the place of the blow. These lines give the fracture the appearance of the so-called spider web, which is characteristic of penetrating injuries from blunt objects. 58. Endokranijalna plostina kosti. Defekt je veci na ovoj strani zbog cega nastaje tzv. lijevak koji pokazuje da je udarac probio ne samo vanjsku vec i unutrasnju stjenku lubanje. Endocranial plane of the bone. The defect is bigger on this side forming the so-called funnel which shows that the blow has pierced not only the outer, but also the inner wall of the scull.

noticed on the analysed fragments, it leaves no doubt that the noticed defect is a postmortal arte fact which was made because the soil in the skull kept postmortally crushed fragments of the skull in a way which feign massive injury. This person has two real fractures, but they are premortal, well-healed fractures, probably on the 4th and 5th left rib, which are recognized by small and remodelled callus. Neither of these frac tures is connected with the cause of death of this person, which has remained unknown until now. The only perimortal fracture was recorded in the sample from Guran and noticed on the skull of the man from the grave unit 2. It is a man who was 50 to 55 years old in the moment of death. The sex and age are defined according to the same criteria as at the grave unit 1. Trauma is on the left side of the frontal bone, about 45mm above the superior edge of the left orbit. Inferior and medial from the trauma there is a small, oval, postmortal defect (fig. 56). The trauma is characteristic for the injuries made by a blunt, hard object. Part of the bone, 21x12mm big, was destroyed due to the intensity of the blow .Three smaller fragments of the bone, bor dered by thin, concentric lines, surround the wound, being additionally fixed to the skull which is characteristic for perimortal fractures (fig. 57). The defect is bigger on the endocranial part of the skull and that makes it look funnel-shaped (fig. 58), which is characteristic for the penetrat ing injuries of the skull. The disposed cancellous bone is of the same colour as the rest of the bone, which together with the changes described so far, clearly confirms it was perimortal trauma. The position of the fracture, on the left side of a fron tal bone, is characteristic for the traumas caused by the intentional violence of a right-handed per son who was in front of the victim. Apart from this injury, the man from the grave unit 2 has also one, premortal, well healed, so called Coles fracture on the distal part of the right radius. The fracture can be recognized by the small callus, slightly healed periostis and by two re modelled lines of the fracture, about 18mm long on the distal surface of the bone. These fractures are typical for the accidents, usually when the per son trips over and in order to minimize the fall, stretches out the hands and falls on the open palm. The third person from the grave is a woman who was about 55 to 60 years old in the moment of death. Sex and the age are again defined ac cording to the already established criteria. This person also survived one premortal fracture that is even today very often found at elderly people. It is a fracture of the neck of the femur (fig. 59). The fracture is on the left femur and although the head of the femur is postmortally missing, the mor phology of the whole bone and the neck itself clearly shows it is a survived fracture. The follow ing factors are crucial: 1) Left femur is atrophied in comparison with its right antimer 2) In favour of this there is a diameter of the bone directly above the small trochanter, which is 24 mm on the left and 32 mm on the right side

ove osobe koji nam u ovom trenutku nije poznat. Jedna perimortalna fraktura jest, medutim, evidentirana u uzorku iz Gurana. Uocena je na lubanji muskarca iz ukopa 2. Rijec je o muskarcu koji je dozivio starost izmedu 50 do 55 godina. Spol i starost odredeni su prema istim kriterijima kao i kod ukopa 1. Trauma se nalazi na lijevoj strani ceone kosti, oko 45 mm iznad superiornog ruba lijeve orbite. Inferiorno i medijalno od traume nalazi se mali, ovalni postmortalni defekt (sl. 56). Trauma je karakteristicna za ozljede nanesene tupotvrdim predmetom. Dio je kosti, velicine oko 21x12 mm

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zbog siline udarca unisten. Tri manja fragmenta kosti, omedena tankim koncentricnim linijama frakture, okruzuju ranu i jos su pricvrsceni za lubanju, sto je karakteristicno za perimortalne frakture (si. 57). Defekt je veci s endokranijalne strane lubanje sto mu daje izgled lijevka (si. 58) koji je karakteristican za penetrirajuce ozljede lubanje. Izlozena trabekularna kost iste je boje kao i okolna kost sto s dosada opisanim promjenama jasno potvrduje da se je rijec o perimortalnoj traumi. Polozaj frakture, na lijevoj strani ceone kosti karakteristican je za traume koje su posljedica namjernog nasilja a koje su nanesene od desnjaka koji se nalazio ispred zrtve. Pored ove ozljede, muskarac iz ukopa 2 ima i jednu antemortalnu, dobro zaraslu tzv. Colesovu frakturu koja se nalazi na distalnom dijelu desne palcane kosti. Fraktura se ocituje po malom kalusu, blagom zaraslom periostitisu i po dvije remodelirane linije frakture duge oko 18 mm na distalnoj zglobnoj plostini kosti. Takve frakture najcesce nastaju zbog nesretnih slucajeva, obicno kada se osoba spotakne i u namjeri da ublazi pad ispruzi ruke te se doceka na otvoreni dlan. Treca osoba iz groba jest zena koja je dozivjela starost izmedu 55 do 60 godina. Spol i dozivljena starost ponovno su utvrdeni prema istim kriterijima kao i kod ukopa 1. I ova osoba je prezivjela jednu antemortalnu frakturu, i to frakturu koja je i danas vrlo cesta kod starijih osoba. Rijec je o frakturi vrata bedrene kosti (si. 59). Fraktura se nalazi na lijevoj bedrenoj kosti i premda glava bedrene kosti postmortalno nedostaje morfolgija citave kosti i samog vrata jasno pokazuje da je rijec o prezivjeloj frakturi. Pri tome su kljucni sljedeci cimbenici: 1) lijeva bedrena kost je atroficna u odnosu na svoj desni antimer; 2) u prilog tome svjedoci promjer kosti neposredno iznad malog trohantera koji na lijevoj strani iznosi 24 mm, a na desnoj 32 mm te sirina kosti na lateralnoj strani velikog trohantera koja na lijevoj strani iznosi 28 mm, a na desnoj 34 mm; 3) citav superiorni dio lijeve bedrene kosti je atrofiran i remodeliran u odnosu na desnu stranu; 4) za razliku od bedrenih kostiju koje su naglaseno asimetricne, goljenicne i lisne kosti (koje cine potkoljenicu) su vrlo slicne u svim morfoloskim parametrima i ne pokazuju bitne razlike Uocene promjene stoga sugeriraju da nije rijec o nekom neuroloskom problemu ili mozdanom infarktu vec o dugo vremena saniranoj frakturi kuka koja je rezultirala vrlo reduciranim sluzenjem lijeve noge koja je zbog toga atrofirala. Najvjerojatnije se kao rezultat te traume na desnoj skocnoj, petnoj i cunastoj kosti (kosti koje cine korijen stopala) pojavio jaki osteoartritis koji se ocituje po naznakama osteofita i mikroporoziteta, odnosno makroporoziteta. Vrlo je pouzdano da su te promjene posljedica loma lijevog kuka i prenosenja veceg dijela tezine tijela, te i svih napornijih fizickih aktivnosti na desnu nogu. U grobu 1 prisutan je i kostur djeteta (ukop 4) koje je dozivjelo izmedu 2 do 3 godine. Dozivljena

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and the lateral side of the big trochanter, which is 28 mm wide on the left and 34 mm on the right. 3) The whole superior part of the left femur is atrophied and remodelled in relation to the right side. 4) Differently from the femurs, which are strongly asymmetric, tibia and calf bone (which make lower leg) are very similar in all morphological parameters and do not show significant differ ences. These noticed changes suggest that there was not some neurological problem or stroke, but long time ago sanitized fracture of the hip which re sulted in a very reduced use of the left leg, which atrophied because of that. Probably as a result of this trauma, on the right talus, heel-bone and scaphoid (the bones that make the root of the foot) there is a very strong osteoarthritis that can be seen due to the presence of osteophytes and micro and macro porosity. These changes are probably the result of the hip fracture and shifting the most of the body weight and all more difficult physical activities on the right leg. In the grave 1 there is a skeleton of a child (grave unit 4) who was between 2 and 3 years old in the moment of death. The reached age was de termined by the level of linking epyphisis with dyaphisis, length and width of long bones dyaphisis and chronology of the development and growing of milk teeth and the second set of teeth (MCKERN, STEWART 1957; BASS 1995; FAZEKAS, K6SA 1978; MOORREES and coll. 1963). Patho logical and traumatic changes were not noticed on this person. In the sample from Guran, there are five injuries all together, out of which four are premortal frac ture (two ribs, distal part of the right radius and the left hip) and one perimortal injury of the fron tal bone. This high incidence of traumas is rarely seen in archaeological population from Croatia. The reasons for that is that people in the sample are relatively old, at least in the context of archaeo logical population from Croatia in which the aver age life expectancy in the early medieval period was little more than thirty years (SLAUS and coll. 2004), but also the reason may be the evident danger from the intentional violence, seen on the skull from the grave unit 2. It is paradoxical that such high inci dence of traumas was indicated by the postmortal artefact on the skull from the grave unit 1. In the end, it is necessary to point out that

59. Usporedba desne i lijeve bedrene kosti zene iz ukopa 3. Lijeva bedrena kost pokazuje jasne znakove atrofije koja je najizrazenija na proksimalnom dijelu kosti. Comparison of the right and left femur of a woman from burial 3. The left femur shows clear signs of atrophy, most prominent in the proximal part of the bone.

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starost je odredena na temelju stupnja spajanja epifiza s dijafizama, duljine i sirine dijafiza dugih kostiju te kronologije razvoja i nicanja mlijecnih i stalnih zuba (McKERN, STEWART 1957; BASS, 1995; FAZEKAS, K6SA 1978; MOORREES i SUR. 1963). Kod te osobe nisu uocene patoloske ili traumatske promjene. U uzorku iz Gurana ukupno je evidentno pet ozljeda - cetiri su antemortalne frakture (dva rebra, distalni dio desne palcane kosti i lijevi kuk) a jedna perimortalna ozljeda lijeve strane ceone kosti. Tako visoka ucestalost trauma rijetko se vidi u arheoloskim populacijama iz Hrvatske. Najvjerojatniji su joj uzroci relativno visoka starost troje odraslih osoba u uzorku - barem u kontekstu arheoloskih populacija iz Hrvatske u kojima je prosjecna dozivljena starost u ranom srednjem vijeku iznosila neznatno vise od trideset godina (SLAUS i SUR. 2004) i ocita opasnost od namjernog nasilja o cemu svjedoci lubanja iz ukopa 2. Paradoksalno je da je tako visoku ucestalost trauma nagovijestio postmortalni artefakt na lubanji iz ukopa 1. Zavrsno je, medutim, nuzno istaknuti da bez preciznog i pedantnog iskopavanja kolega arheologa iz Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda i njihove suradnje s antropolozima iz Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti ova prica - koja je zadnji put bila aktualna u Istri pred vise od tisucu godina, ne bi bila ponovno ispricana. A radi se o zanimljivoj i vaznoj prici koja ce svoju punu vrijednost dobiti tek buducim arheolosko/antropoloskim istrazivanjima druge ljudske osteoloske grade iz Istre i Hrvatske koja ce ove rezultate staviti u njihov pravi kulturno-povijesni kontekst.

without precise and thorough excavations of the colleagues from the Croatian Conservation Insti tute and their cooperation with anthropologists from the Croatian Academy of Science and Arts, this story, that took place in Istria more then thou sand years ago, would never be told again. More over, it is an interesting and important story which is going to get its full value with the future ar chaeological and anthropological research on human osteological sources from Istria and Croatia and which will put these results in the culturalhistorical frame to which they belong. Archaeozoological analysis of animal bone remains and teeth Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic 21 fragments of animal bones and teeth were checked all together, out of which 8 fragments are determined (38.10%), while other 13 remains are either considered fragments of the long bones or cannot be determined at all. From the skeletal and taxonomically determined fragments, the majority belongs to the remains of small ruminant (5 fragments all together): 2 mo lars {dentes molares), one from each jaw that prob ably belonged to a sheep {Ovis aries L); and two dyaphisis of the tibia {tibia) and the first joint for which cannot be said if they belonged to a sheep (Ovis aries L) or to a goat {Capra hircus L). From the skeleton remains of the pig (Sus.sp), a distal part of dyaphisis of the upper arm {hu merus) and one distal part of the left shoulderblade (scapula) were determined. Regarding the lack of fusion of the joint sur face cavitas glenoidalis of the shoulder-blade, it is assumed that the animal was less then 12 month old in the moment of death. Relatively long and flat sagital cut (fig. 60) by which a part of the cranial edge and shoulder blade were separated, shows it was made by some bigger and very sharp tool, such as an axe. These kinds of cuts, espe cially if they were made by a bigger tool, indicate so-called primary butchery that is separating the extremities from the body. Just one molar from the lower jaw belongs to Oxen (Bos sp.) remains.

60. Lijeva lopatica svinje s lokaliteta Na krizu; strelicom je oznacen ravan ostar rez kranijalnog ruba. Left shoulder-blade of a pig from the locality Na Krizu; the arrow marks a straight sharp cut of the cranial edge.

Arheozooloska analiza animalnih kostanih ostataka i zuba Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic Ukupno je pregledan 21 fragment zivotinjskih kostiju i zuba - determinirano je 8 fragmenata (38,10%), a 13 preostalih ostataka smatra se ili fragmentima dugih kostiju ili se uopce ne mogu determinirati. Medu kosturno i taksonomski determiniranim fragmenatima, najvise je ostataka malih prezivaca (ukupno 5 fragmenata): 2 zuba kutnjaka {dentes molares), po jedan iz gornje i donje celjusti, koji najvjerojatnije pripadaju ovci {Ovis aries L); te 2 CONCLUSION dijafize goljenicnih kostiju {tibia) i 1 prvi clanak Josip Visnjic, Luka Bekic prsta, za koje se zbog nedo-voljno anatomskih poka-zatelja ne moze odrediti pripadaju li ovci {Ovis The existence of the numerous remains from aries L) ili kozi {Capra hircus L). the Roman period in the vicinity of the church put Medu kostanim ostacima svinje {Sus sp.) deter- some doubts about the origin of the church. The minirani su jedan distalni question was whether that was some late Roman dio dijafize nadlakticne building adapted and furnished later with early kosti {humerus) i jedan medieval church furniture, or it was originally a distalni dio lijeve lopatice medieval church, with the inscription itself sug {scapula). gesting that. Prema nesraslosti zgloA fragment of coal found near the building bne povrsine {cavitas foundations (Layer 11) was dated by AMS-14C
AMS-14C datacija izradena je u Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat u Kielu (KIA30929, BP 160233). Skracena kalibracija putem Cal-Pal online programa Sveucilista u Kdlnu. AMS-14C dating was done in Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat in Kiel (KIA 30929, BP 160233). Shortened calibration with Cal-Pal online software made at the University Of Cologne, Germany.

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glenoidalis) lopatice procijenjeno je da je zivotinja u trenutku uginuca bila mlada od 12 mjeseci. Relativno dug i ravan sagitalni rez (si. 60) kojim je odvojen dio kranijalnog ruba te lopatice upucuje da je nastao koristenjem veceg i izrazito ostrog alata poput sjekire. Ovakve vrste rezova, pogotovo ako su nastale nekim vecim alatom, najcesce upucujuu na tzv. primarno mesarenje, odnosno na odvajanje ekstremiteta od trupa. Goveda (Bos sp.) zastupljena su s jednim zubom kutnjakom iz donje celjusti.

ZAKLJUCAK Josip Visnjic, Luka Bekic

Postojanje niza antickih ostataka u okolici crkve izazvalo je dvojbu oko samog nastanka gradevine. Nametnulo se pitanje da li je mozda rijec o kasnoantickoj gradevini, kasnije opremljenoj ranosrednjovjekovnim crkvenim namjestajem Hi ranosrednjovjekovnoj crkvi, na sto nas upucuje sam natpis? Ulomak ugljena koji je pronaden uz temelje zgrade (SJ11), datiran AMS-14C metodom u kasno 5.st. ili na pocetak 6.st. (46747calAD),26 kao i pripadajuci keramicki nalazi jos su vise potaknuli takva razmisljanja. No, u istom sloju postoje i ulomci koji bi se mogli datirati u ranosrednjovjekovno razdoblje, a koji su pronadeni pomijesani s antickim ulomcima, sto pokazuje da se gradnja vjerojatno dogodila u ranom srednjem vijeku te da datacijski odgovara oltarnoj pregradi. Vecina staklenih posuda koje su ocigledno pripadale liturgijskoj opremi crkve takoder su nadene u SJ 11, sto govori da se on zapunjavao barem vecim dijelom u 8. i 9.st. Ulomci takvog stakla nisu pronalazeni u slojevima (npr. SJ 8) koji vecinom sadrzavaju nalaze iz 4 - 6.st. Ranosrednjovjekovni karakter keramickih nalaza potvrden je i u slojevima SJ 16 i 17, gdje su ranosrednjovjekovni nalazi jasno odvojeni od kasnoantickih i nalaze se u sloju iznad. Stovise, stariji SJ 17, u kojem je pronadena kopca s prikazom ptice, datiran je AMS-14C metodom na pocetak 6.st. (calAD 52549), sto bi znacilo da su nalazi iz SJ16, analogni onima iz SJ11, ipak mladi od 6.st. Takoder, krovna konstrukcija bila je prekrivena kanalicama koje su se na crkvenim gradevinama pocele javljati tek pocetkom srednjeg vijeka (SONJE 1982, 11, 107). Da je crkva izgradena ranije, ocekivali bismo vecu kolicinu tegula. Pronadeno je tek nekoliko sitnih ulomaka. Bitna odlika tog nalazista je i nepostojanje i jednog ulomka crkvenog namjestaja koji bi se mogao datirati u starokrscansko razdoblje. Blok lokalne stijene koji je cinio sastavni dio oltarne pregrade i bio ugraden u sjeverni zid crkve pokazuje da je njezino postavljanje bilo predvideno vec prilikom gradnje. Ipak, trebamo spomenuti pronalazak kasnoantickoga groba s vise ukopa. U blizini opljackanoga groba nadena je broncana kopca s tipicnim starokrscanskim prikazom, pticom. Kasnoanticki grobovi, pa i starokrscanski, ne moraju doduse biti uvijek povezani s crkvom, jer se nalaze i u blizini profanih zgrada.

method in the late 5th or the beginning of the 6th century (46747calAD )26 as well as the corre sponding ceramic finds, even more supported these assumptions. However, in the same layer there were some fragments that could have been dated in the early medieval period, and they were found mixed with the Roman fragments, which shows that the building of the church probably took place in the early Middle Ages and dates from the same period as the altar rail. Most of the glass vessels that obviously belonged to the liturgical equipment were also found in the Layer 11, and that proves that the majority of that layer was de posited during the 8th and 9th century. The shards of that glass were not found in the layers (for example in the Layer 8) that mostly contain finds from the 4th and 6th century. Early medieval char acter of ceramic finds was confirmed in the layers 16 and 17, where the early medieval ceramics is clearly separated from the late Roman and it was situated in the layer above it. Moreover, older SJ17, in which the bird-shaped fibula was found, was dated with AMS-14C method in the beginning of the 6th century (calAD 52549). This means that the finds from SJ16, analogous to the ones from SJ11, must be younger than 6th century. Moreover, the roof construction was covered by the mission tiles, which started to appear on the church buildings from the Middle Ages (SONJE 1982, 11, 107). If the church was built earlier, we would expect more tegulae than just a few small fragments that we found. An important characteristic of this site is that there is not a single piece of furniture that can date from the old Christianity. A block of the local rock which was a part of the altar rail and was built in the north part of the church, shows its placing was planned already during the building. More over, we need to mention the late Roman grave with more grave units. In the vicinity of the robbed grave, a bronze fibula in shape of a bird was found, a typical ornament from the old Christianity pe riod. However, late Roman graves, even the old Christian ones, do not have to be connected with the church, because they can be situated near the profane buildings too. The question of the titular of the church, St. Severin, also brings out some new questions. As far as we know, nowhere in the area of the Byzan tine Empire we do not find the church dedicated to this saint (KREUTHEIMER 1986), whose cult was widespread in the area north of Istria. St. Severin of Norik (410 - 482) was active in the area of the ex Roman province Norik, mostly at the bank of the river Danube. According to the written sources, in this stormy period of the great migration of people, he acted as a hermitic, ob serving the Christianity and founding monaster ies and refugee shelters.27 He was very respected among autochthonous Roman people of that prov ince and he protected and rescued them from the death and slavery during the difficult times. He also found some ways to come closer to the conquerable German tribes and influence on them as well (KINGSLEY 2005). Severins followers

49

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Pitanje titulara crkve sv.Severina takoder nam otvara nova pitanja. Koliko nam je poznato, nigdje na podrucju tadasnjeg Bizantskog Carstva ne nalazimo crkvu posvecenu tome svecu (KREUTHEIMER 1986), ciji je kult bio rasiren na podrucju sjevernije od Istre. Sv.Severin Noricki (410 - 482.g.) djelovao je na podrucju bivse rimske provincije Norik, uglavnom uz obale Dunava. Prema pisanim izvorima, u to burno doba velike seobe naroda djelovao je kao pustinjak, odrzavao krscansku vjeru i osnivao samostane i izbjeglicka sklonista.27 Uzivao je veliki ugled kod preostalog starosjedilackog romanskog stanovnistva te provincije, koje je tijekom tih teskih vremena stitio i spasavao od pogibelji i ropstva. Takoder je nasao nacin da se priblizi osvajackim germanskim plemenima te utjece i na njih (KINGSLEY 2005). Severinovi sljedbenici su se nakon njegove smrti preselili u danasnju Italiju, gdje je kod Napulja i osnovan samostan sv.Severina. Osim redovnika, zbog teskog stanja u Noriku, takoder se preseljavalo i pucanstvo Norika, sto je od njih trazio i sam sv.Severin prije svoje smrti. Nakon njegove smrti Odoakar, gotski kralj Italije, poslao je poslanika u Norik, kako bi preostale Noricane doveo na napustene posjede sjeverne Italije (KINGSLEY 2005). Dakle, kako je poznato da je sv.Severin bio postovan kao zastitnik izbjeglica, mogli bismo posvecivanje te crkve upravo njemu povezati s romanskim izbjeglicama iz Norika, koji su, nakon njegove smrti, u 6.st. tu mogli naci pribjeziste. No, jednako tako, sv.Severin je mnogo radio na pokrstavanju germanskih plemena, sto mu je osiguralo veliko postovanje i kod tih naroda. Tako bi se takoder moglo pretpostaviti da su neki od Germana, tijekom franackog prodora u Istru potkraj 8. i pocetkom 9.St., tu donijeli njegov kult.

61. Pogled na sadasnje stanje prema istoku. View of the current situation towards the east.

moved to Italy after his death and the monastery of St. Severin was founded near Napoli. Except the monks, the people of Norik also moved there because of the difficult life conditions in Norik and because St. Severin had asked them that be fore he died. After his death, Odoakar, the Goth king of Italy, sent an envoy to Norik to bring the remained people from Norik to the abandoned properties of the north Italy (KINGSLEY 2005). Therefore, since we know that St. Severin was respected as the protector of refugees, we can connect the dedication of this church to him with the Roman refugees from Norik, who could have found here a secure shelter in the 6th century, after his death. Moreover, St. Severin devoted a lot of his time to the christening of the German tribes, which made him respected among them as well. We can also assume that some of the German tribes, during the Frankish breakthrough in Istria at the end of 8th and the beginning of the 9th cen tury, brought his cult here. Respecting of St. Severin was widespread in the north of Italy as well, which was under Frankish rule then and from where they started their invasion on Istria. Finally, the inscription itself on the altar rail [dom]O FIERI RO[gavit) says about the building and not redecorating of the church. Of course, if a profane building was redecorated into sacral one, this might not have been mentioned as a redecoration, but planning of putting the altars rail dur ing the building of the object suggests the build ing did not have a profane function. However, we must say that in Dalmatia there are some cases where this kind of formulation is seen on the rails in the churches that have old Christian sacral base. According to all that has been said, we have to dismiss the theory about existence of an old Chris tian church in the foundation of St. Severin, if for no other reason, then simply because there are not any material proofs for something like that. Despite some open questions that this research has opened, on the basis of the overall picture of the site, it is wiser to say that the church was built about 800, in the beginning of Frankish rule in Istria. Regarding other, older finds, we can say that church was built on the place of a complex from the Roman period that had some agrarian purpose and which was more densely populated in the late Roman period. Only further archaeo logical examination might confirm whether on this place or in its vicinity there was a smaller settle ment (Burano) during the early medieval period. In any case, it would be a well-known process that took place in the Istrian area, in which late Roman and later early medieval settlements were devel oped from the Roman villas. The church functioned for a shorter period, which we know due to the absence of finds which could date from the period between the building of the church and late medieval period. Late medi eval and early postmedieval finds were found in the layer that covers the preserved construction

27

Eugippius je 511.g. napisao biografiju sv.Severina pod naslovom Vita Sancti Severini.

Eugippius wrote the biography of St Severin in 511, Vita Sancti Severini.

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Postivanje sv.Severina u to doba bilo je rasireno u sjevernoj Italiji, koja je tada bila u njihovoj vlasti i odtud su krenuli u prodor prema Istri. Naposljetku i sam natpis na oltarnoj pregradi [dom]0 FIERI RO[gavit] govori o gradnji, a ne o preuredenju crkve. Dakako, da se preuredivala gradevina profane namjene u sakralnu gradevinu, to mozda ne bi bilo spomenuto kao preuredenje, no predvidanje postavljanja oltarne pregrade vec prilikom gradnje objekta upucuje na to da ona nije imala profanu funkciju. Ipak, treba reci da u Dalmaciji postoje primjeri da se ta formulacija javila i na pregradama u crkvama koje imaju starokrscansku sakralnu podlogu. Prema svemu navedenome, zasad moramo odbaciti postojanje starokrscanske crkve u temeljima sv.Severina, ako nista drugo, onda naprosto zato sto nema nikakvih materijalnih tragova na kojima bismo temeljili tvrdnje. Usprkos otvorenim pitanjima koja proistjecu iz tih istrazivanja, na osnovi cjelokupne slike nalazista, uputnije je reci kako je crkva sagradena oko 800.g., u pocecima franackog osvajanja Istre. Prema ostalim ranijim nalazima, mozemo reci da je crkva nastala na mjestu postojanja nekog antickog kompleksa agrarne namjene koji je u kasnoj antici bio intenzivnije naseljen. Da li se u ranom srednjem vijeku na tome mjestu ili u blizini nalazilo neko manje naselje (Burrano), mogu nam potvrditi jedino neka buduca arheoloska istrazivanja. Bio bi to dobro poznati proces koji se odvijao na podrucju Istre, kada su iz antickih villa nastajala kasnoanticka i kasnije ranosrednjovjekovna naselja. Crkva je funkcionirala krace vrijeme u sto nas uvjerava nedostatak nalaza koji bi se mogli datirati u vrijeme izmedu gradnje crkve i kasnog srednjeg vijeka. Kasnosrednjovjekovni i ranonovovjekovni nalazi pronadeni su u sloju koji prekriva sacuvane gradevinske ostatke crkve, sto datira njezino rusenje najkasnije u vrijeme razvijenog srednjeg vijeka. Naime, sigurno je morao proci duzi vremenski period u kojem su ostaci crkve bili svedeni na razinu temelja i prekriveni ranonovovjekovnim slojem. Tradicija o postojanju crkve sv.Severina sacuvala se nevjerojatno dugo nakon rusenja crkve, sto bi moglo biti i do 1100 godina. Pronalaskom ostataka crkve sv. Severina dobili smo jos jedan u nizu ranosrednjovjekovnih crkvenih polozaja na torn podrucju koji nam svjedoce o zivoj gradevinskoj djelatnosti, povezanoj sa sakralnom arhitekturom, na podrucju na kojem se zivot kontinuirano nastavio od kasnoantickog u ranosrednjovjekovno razdoblje. KATALOG: Tabla 1. Crtezi grobova izvan mjerila. 1- Grab 1. 2- Grab 1 - ukop 4. 3- Grab 1 - ukop 3. 4- Grab 1 - ukop 2. 5- Grab 1 - ukop 1. 6- Grob 1 - grobna arhitektura. 7- Grob 2.

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remains of the church, this dating the churchs

62

Pogled na sadasnje stanje prema

demolition in the high medieval period the latest. In other words, there must have passed a longer period in which the remains of the church were brought down to its foundation and covered with early medieval layer. Tradition about the existence of St. Severins church was kept incredibly long time after the demolishing of the church, that could be a period up to the 1100 years. By finding the remains of St. Severin church, we got one more among numerous early medieval church sites in this area, which are the evidence of a lively construction tradition, connected with the sacral architecture, in the area in which life con tinued from the late Roman to early medieval pe riod. CATALOGUE: Table 1. Graves out of scale. 1- Grave 1. 2- Grave 1 - unit 4. 3- Grave 1 - unit 3. 4- Grave 1 - unit 2. 5- Grave 1 - unit 1. 6- Grave 1 - grave architecture. 7- Grave 2. Table 2. Stone inscriptions out of scale. 1- Part of a stone block with the inscription VS / ETSVIS / F. Dimensions 27 x 9.5, 10.6 cm thick. PN 10. 2- Part of a stone block with the inscription VIRT/ ASSI. 24.5 cm big, 11.5 cm thick. PN 8. 3- Part of the stone beam, with the inscription CVM. Architrave, Dimensions 16.5 x 13, 10.3 cm thick. On the upper side a groove, 4 cm wide. PN 7. 4- Part of a stone beam with the inscription NITOEPI. Architrave. Dimensions 23 x 15 cm, 10.5 cm thick. On the upper side a groove, 4 cm wide. PN 11. 5- Part of a stone beam with the inscription PORIBVS. Architrave. Dimensions 27 x 16 cm , 11 cm thick. PN 3. 6- Part of a stone beam with the inscription

zapadu s novopostavijenom kopijom

kriza. View of the current situation towards the west with the newly placed copy of the cross.

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Tabla 2. Crtezi natpisa izvan mjerila. 1- Dio kamene ploce s natpisom VS / ETSVIS / F. Velicine 27 x 9,5 cm, debljine 10,6 cm. PN 10. 2- Dio kamene ploce s natpisom VIRT/ ASSI. Velicine 24,5 cm, debljine 11,5 cm. PN 8. 3- Dio kamene grede s natpisom CVM. Arhitrav. Velicine 16,5 x 13,5, debljina 10,3 cm. Na gornjoj strani utor sirine 4 cm. PN 7. 4- Dio kamene grede s natpisom NITOEPI. Arhitrav. Velicine 23 x 15 cm, debljina 10,5 cm. Na gornjoj strani utor sirine 4 cm. PN 11. 5- Dio kamene grede s natpisom PORIBVS. Arhitrav. Velicine 27 x 16, debljina 11 cm. PN 3. 6- Dio kamene grede s natpisom DOMNI. Arhitrav. Velicine 31 x 16, debljina 11 cm. PN 4. 7- Dio kamene grede s natpisom MOFIERIRO. Arhitrav. Velicine 24,5 x 15,5, debljina 11 cm. PN 6. 8- Ulomak kamene grede s natpisom VS. Nadvratnik? Velicine 10 x 15 cm, debljina 3,7 cm. 9- Kameni khz s natpisom SVSE ER / P. / SARiC. Sastavljen iz vise ulomaka. Tabla 3. Crtezi rimskih kamenih ulomaka u mjerilu. 1- Dio kamene ploce s natpisom VS / ETSVIS / F. Velicine 27 x 9,5 cm, debljine 10,6 cm. PN 10. 2- Dio kamene ploce s natpisom VIRT/ ASSI. Velicine 24,5 cm, debljine 11,5 cm. PN 10. 3- Dio pravokutne kamenice. Velicine 76,5 x 58 cm, visine 31,9 cm. 4- Dio pravokutne kamenice. Velicine 47,5 x 41,7 cm, visine 29 cm. 5- Dio oble kamenice. 6- Dio oble kamenice. Tabla 4. Crtezi ranosrednjovjekovnih kamenih ulomaka u mjerilu. 1- Kameni kapitel oltarne pregrade. Velicine 11 x 15 bez stupica. Sirina rebara 3 x 1 cm. PN 2. 2- Dio kamenog stupica oltarne pregrade. Visina 12,5, sirina 13 x 11,5 cm. 3- Dio kamenog stupica oltarne pregrade. Visina 8 cm, sirina 13 x 11,5 cm. 4- Dio kamenog stupica oltarne pregrade. Visina 27,5 cm, sirina 15,5 x 14 cm. 5- Dio kamenog stupica oltarne pregrade. Visina 19 cm, sirina 15,5 x 14 cm. 6- Dio kamenog stupica oltarne pregrade. Visina 16 cm, sirina 15,5 x 14 cm. 7- Dio kamenog luka oltarne pregrade. Velicine preko svega 37,5 x 13,7 cm, debljina na gornjem vrhu 17,5 x 8,5 cm, na donjem 15 x 15 cm. Na donjem dijelu rupa 3 x 3 cm dubine 3,5 cm. PN 1. 8- Dio kamene ploce. Plutej? Velicine 29 x 20 x 24 cm, debljina ploce 7,5 cm, a rebra 5 cm. 9- Dio kamene grede s natpisom CVM. Arhitrav. Velicine 16,5 x 13,5, debljina 10,3 cm. Na gornjoj strani utor sirine 4 cm. 10- Dio kamene grede s natpisom NITOEPI. Arhitrav. Velicine 23 x 15 cm, debljina 10,5 cm. Na gornjoj strani utor sirine 4 cm. 11- Dio kamene grede s natpisom MOFIERIRO. Arhitrav. Velicine 24,5 x 15,5, debljina 11 cm. 12- Dio kamene grede s natpisom PORIBVS.

DOMNI. Architrave. Dimensions 31 x 16 cm, 11 cm thick. 7- Part of a stone beam with the inscription MOFIERIRO. Architrave. Dimensions 24.5 x 15.5 cm, 11 cm thick. PN 6. 8- Part of a stone beam with the inscription VS. Lintel ? Dimensions 10 x 15 cm, 3.7 cm thick. 9- Stone cross with the inscription SVSE ER / P. / SARiC. Consisting of several parts. Table 3. Roman stone fragments in scale. 1- Part of a stone block with the inscription VS / ETSVIS / F. Dimensions 27 x 9.5, 10.6 cm thick. PN 10. 2- Part of a stone block with the inscription VIRT/ ASSI. 24.5 cm big, 11.5 cm thick. PN 10. 3- Part of a square stone basin, of dimensions 76.5 x 58 cm, 31.9 cm high. 4- Part of a square stone basin, of dimensions 47.5 x 41.7 cm, 29 cm high. 5- Part of a oval stone basin. 6- Part of a oval stone basin. Table 4. Early medieval stone fragments in scale. 1- Stone capital of the altar rail, of dimensions 11 x 15 cm without the columns, the ribs 3 x 1 cm wide. PN 2. 2- Part of a stone column from the altar rail, 12.5 cm high, 13 x 11.5 cm wide 3- Part of a stone column from the altar rail, 8 cm high, 13 x 11.5 cm wide 4- Part of a stone column from the altar rail, 27.5 cm high, 15.5 x 14 cm wide 5- Part of a stone column from the altar rail, 19 cm high, 15.5 x 14 cm wide 6- Part of a stone column from the altar rail, 16 cm high, 15.5 x 14 cm wide 7- Part of the stone arch from the altars rail, of dimensions 37.5 x 13.7 cm across the whole surface, on the upper part 17.5 x 8.5 cm thick, and on the lower 15 x 15 cm. On the lower part a hole, of dimensions 3 x 3 cm, 3.5 cm deep. PN 1. 8- Part of the stone block. Pluteum?, of dimensions 29 x 20 x 24 cm, the block 7.5 cm thick, and the rib 5cm thick 9- Part of the stone beam, with the inscription CVM. Architrave, Dimensions 16.5 x 13, 10.3 cm thick. On the upper side a groove, 4 cm wide. 10- Part of a stone beam with the inscription NITOEPI. Architrave. Dimensions 23 x 15 cm, 10.5 cm thick. On the upper side a groove, 4 cm wide. 11- Part of a stone beam with the inscription MOFIERIRO. Architrave. Dimensions 24.5 x 15.5 cm, 11 cm thick. 12- Part of a stone beam with the inscription PORIBVS. Architrave. Dimensions 27 x 16 cm , 11 cm thick; Part of a stone beam with the inscription DOMNI. Architrave. Dimensions 31 x 16 cm, 11 cm thick. 13- Part of a stone beam with the inscription VS. Lintel ? Dimensions 10 x 15 cm, 3.7 cm thick. Table 5. Other stone fragments. Out of scale. 1- Part of the oval stone basin, of dimensions 32 x 32 cm, the edge 8 cm wide, 28 cm thick. 2- Part of a square stone basin, of dimensions 76.5 x 58 cm, 31.9 cm high. 3- Dio pravokutne kamenice. Velicine 24 x 39,5

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Arhitrav. Velicine 27 x 16, debljina 11 cm; Dio kamene grede s natpisom DOMNI. Arhitrav. Velicine 31 x 16, debljina 11 cm. 13. Ulomak kamene grede s natpisom VS. Nadvratnik? Velicine 10 x 15 cm, debljina 3,7 cm. Tabla 5. Ostali kameni ulomci. 1- Dio ovalne kamenice. Velicine 32 x 32 cm, sirina ruba 8 cm, debljine 28 cm. 2- Dio pravokutne kamenice. Velicine 76,5 x 58 cm, visine 31,9 cm. 3- Dio pravokutne kamenice. Velicine 24 x 39,5 cm, visine 18 cm. 4- Dio pravokutne kamenice. Velicine 47,5 x 41,7 cm, visine 29 cm. 5- Dio pravokutnog kamena s sirokim utorom. Duzina oko 40 cm. Ukraden s nalazista. 6- Dio kamene ploce s uklesanim utorom. Velicine 66,7 x 32,3 cm, sirina ruba 19,3 cm. 7- Dio kamena s rupom i urezom. Velicine 36 x 29 cm, debljine 20 cm. U sredini rupa promjera 10 cm. Ukraden s nalazista. 8- Dio kamene ploce s rubom. Velicine 46,9 x 44,4 cm, sirina ruba 23,4 cm. 9- Dio kamene ploce s rebrom. Velicine 42,8 x 26,7 cm, sirina rebra 12,2 cm. 10- Ostecen kameni prag. Velicine 63 x 44 cm, sirina ruba 13,5 cm, debljine 17x 8,5 cm. Ukraden s nalazista. 11- Kamena ploca. Oltarna menza? Velicine 60 x 56 cm, debljina 14 cm. Na rubnom dijelu i u sredini tri rupe. Srednja rupa 4 x 5 cm. Tabla 6. SJ1 / SJ4. 1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, crvene boje koja ostavlja trag. SJ 1. 2- Ulomak posude izradena na kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, zute boje. SJ 1. 3- Zeljezna pojasna predica. SJ 1. 4- Rucka posude izradena prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita, izvana crvene, u prijelomu tamno sive i erne boje. SJ 1. 5- Zeljezno kresivo. SJ 12c. 6- Zeljezna tulasta sjekira. SJ 1. 7- Ostecena lula izradena u kalupu, svijetlo smede boje. Tri vezne rupe kroz dno. SJ 1. 8- Ulomak staklene posude, zuckastozelenkaste boje. SJ 12c. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu?, s mnogo primjesa vapnenca i kvarcita, izvana, iznutra i u prijelomu smede boje. SJ 4, ispred crkve. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama vecih kvarcita, izvana svijetlo smede, iznutra crvene, u prijelomu tamno sive boje. SJ 4. Uz ovaj postoje jos 4 ulomka iste posude. Tabla 7. SJ11 istok / SJ16 1- Ulomak posude izraden na sporovrtecem kolu, s primjesma kvarcita, grube izrade s izrvanavanjem povrsine cesljem, izvana i u prijelomu erne a iznutra tamno smede boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 2- Ulomak posude izraden prostorucno, obod prelijepljen, porozne i tvrde izrade, Izvana tamno smede, u prijelomu i iznutra svijetlo smede boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid.

cm, visine 18 cm. 4- Part of a square stone basin, of dimensions 47.5 x 41.7 cm, 29 cm high. 5- Part of a square stone with a wide groove, about 40 cm long. Stolen from the site. 6- Part of the stone block with the engraved groove, of dimensions 66.7 x 32.3 cm, the edge 19.3 cm wide. 7- Part of the stone with a hole and a cut, of dimensions 36 x 29 cm, 20 cm thick. In the middle there is a hole, 10 cm in diameter. Stolen from the site. 8- Part of the stone block with an edge, of dimensions 46.9 x 44.4 cm, the edge 23.4 cm wide. 9- Part of the stone block with a rib, of dimensions 42.8 x 26.7 cm, the rib 12.2 cm wide. 10- Damaged stone doorstep, of dimensions 63 x 44 cm, the edge 13.5 cm wide, 17 x 8.5 cm thick. Stolen from the site. 11- Stone block. Altar table? Dimensions 60 x 56 cm, 14 cm thick. On the edge and in the middle three holes. Hole in the middle of dimensions 4 x 5 cm. Table 6. SJ1 / SJ4. 1- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel, of red colour that leaves a mark. Layer 1. 2- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel, of refined clay, of harder manufa cture, of yellow colour. Layer 1. 3- Iron belt buckle, Layer 1. 4- Handle of a hand-made vessel, with a lot of quartz temper, of red colour on the outside and dark grey and black at the break. Layer 1. 5- Iron fire-making tool. Layer 12c. 6- Hollow shafted iron axe. Layer 1. 7- Damaged pipe manufactured in a mould, of light brown colour. Three connecting holes through the bottom. Layer 11. 8- Shard of a glass vessel, of yellowish greenish colour. Layer12c. 9- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel? with a lot of quartz and limestone temper, of brown colour on the outside, inside and at the break. Layer 4, in front of the church. 10- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel with a bigger quartz temper, of light brown colour on the outside, red on the inside and dark grey at the break. Layer 4. Besides this, there are four more sherds of the same vessel. Table 7. SJ11 east / SJ16 1- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potters wheel, with quartz temper, of rough manufacture with evening of the surface by a comb, outside and at the break black colour and on the inside dark brown colour. Layer 11, next to the east wall. 2- A sherd of a hand-made vessel, the rim pasted over, of porous and harder manufacture. Dark brown on the outside, light brown at the break and on the inside. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 3- A potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel with smaller and bigger quartz temper, outside and inside of black to dark brown colour and at the break light brown colour. Layer 11 next to the east wall.

53

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3- Ulomak posude izraden na kolu, s primjesama veceg i manjeg kvarcita, izvana i iznutra erne do tamno smede a u prijelomu svijetlo smede boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s puno primjesa kvarcita, izvana i iznutra svijetlo crvene a u prijelomu svijetlo smede boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 5- Ulomak posude izraden na kolu, prociscene gline, izvana i iznutra sive do tamno smede a u prijelomu crvene boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 6- Ulomak posude izraden na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama mnogo sitnih kvarcita, tvrde izrade, izvana i iznutra crvene do erne boje, u prijelomu smede do tamno smede boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama kvarcita, izvana i iznutra svijetlo smede i narancaste boje, u prijelomu erne boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, nepro ciscene gline s primjesama vapnenca, erne boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, neprociscene gline s primjesama vapnenca, izvana i iznutra smede, a kroz prijelom crvene / erne / crvene boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 10- Ulomak prozorskog stakla, zelenkaste boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 11- Ulomak staklene posude, plavkasto zelenkaste boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 12- Ulomak staklene posude, zuckastozelenkaste boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 13- Ulomak staklene posude, zelenkaste boje s tamno zelenom trakom. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 14- Ulomak staklene posude, plavskastozelenkaste boje. SJ 11 uz ist. zid. 15- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama kvarcita i drugih kamencica, izvana erne, u prijelomu i iznutra smede. Vidljivi tragovi zagladivanja izvana. Postoje i dodatni ulomci koji pripadaju ovoj posudi, medu kojima jedan ima probusenu rupu na vratu. SJ 16. 16- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa kamencica, tvrde izrade, izvana i iznutra tamno sive a u prijelomu smede boje. SJ 16. 17- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, neprociscene gline, izvana i iznutra smede, a u prijelomu sivocrne boje. SJ16. 18- Ulomak staklene posude, zuckaste boje. SJ 16. 19- Ulomak staklene posude, zelenkaste boje. SJ 16. 20- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica, erne boje. SJ 16. 21- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, neprociscene gline, izvana i iznutra smede a u prijelomu sivocrne boje. SJ 16. 22- Ulomak staklene posude, zelenkaste boje. Unutar grade dva prosloja crvenkaste boje te nakupina neke tvari bijele boje. SJ 16. 23- Ulomak staklene posude, zelenkaste boje. SJ 16.

4- A shred of a hand-made vessel, with a lot of quartz temper, on the outside and inside of light red colour and at the break light brown colour. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 5- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel, of refined clay, of grey to dark brown colour inside and outside, red at the break. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 6- A potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel, with a lot of small quartz temper, of harder manufacture, of red to black colour on the outside and inside, at the break of brown to dark brown colour. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 7- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel with quartz temper, of light brown and orange colour on the outside and inside, black at the break. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 8- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel, of unrefined clay with limestone temper, of black colour. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 9- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel, of unrefined clay with limestone temper, of brown colour outside and inside, and at the break red/black/red colour. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 10- Shard of a window glass, of greenish colour. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 11- Shard of a glass vessel, bluish greenishcolour. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 12- Shard of a glass vessel, of yellowish greenish colour. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 13- Shard of a glass vessel, of greenish colour with dark green strip. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 14- Shard of a glass vessel, bluish greenishcolour. Layer 11 next to the east wall. 15- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel, with quartz and other pebbles temper, of black colour on the outside, at the break and inside brown colour. Marks of smoothening out visible. There are some additional sherds that belong to this vessel, out of which one has hole on its neck. Layer 16. 16- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel with some pebbles temper, of harder manufacture, of dark grey colour outside and inside and brown at the break. 17- A sherd of a hand-made vessel ?, of unrefined clay, of brown colour on the outside and inside and at the break grey-black colour. Layer 16. 18- Shard of a glass vessel, of yellowish colour. Layer 16. 19- Shard a glass vessel, of greenish colour. Layer 16. 20- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel, with little pebbles temper, of black colour. Layer 16. 2 1 - A sherd of a hand made vessel ?, of unrefined clay, of brown colour on the outside and inside, and black at the break. Layer16. 22- Shard of a glass vessel, of greenish colour. Layer 16. Inside it there are two sublayers of reddish colour and some accretion of white substance. 23- Shard of a glass vessel, of greenish colour. Layer 16. Table 8. SJ11 north / SJ12 / SJ27 1- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel, with few bigger quartz temper, of

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Tabla 8. SJ11 sjever / SJ12 / SJ27 1- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s malo primjesa vecih kvarcita, izvana i iznutra narancaste, u prijelomu svijetlo smede boje. SJ 11. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama vapnenca, izvana erne, u prijelomu crvene a iznutra tamno smede boje. SJ 11 uz sjev. zid. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama vapnenca, tamno crvene boje. SJ 11 uz sjev. zid. 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, izvana tamno crvene, iznutra i u prijelomu erne boje. SJ 11 uz sjev. zid. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama kamencica, izvana erne a u prijelomu i iznutra smede boje. SJ 11 uz sjev. zid. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s primje sama kamencica, erne boje. SJ 11 uz sjev. zid. 7- Ostecena bakrena spona. 8- Osteceni bakreni ojacivac. 9- Dio posude izradene na kolu, neprociscene gline s primjesama vapnenca i kvarcita, izvana tamno smede, erne i sive, u prijelomu sive a iznutra svijetlo smede boje. SJ 11 uz sjev. zid. 10- Ulomak staklene posude, tamno zelene boje. SJ 11 uz sjev. zid. 11- Ulomak staklene posude, zuckaste boje. SJ 11. Uza zid 3c. 12- Ulomak staklene posude, tamnije zuckaste boje. SJ 11 uz sjev. zid. 13- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s tragovima spajanja, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita i vapnenca, izvana smede, u prijelomu sive, iznutra erne boje. SJ 10. 14- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa manjih komadica vapnenca, izvana erne a iznutra i u prijelomu smede boje. SJ 12, zapadni rub crkve. 15- Metalni ulomak s reljefnim prikazom cvijeta. Lijevana bronca s pozlatom. SJ 12, iznad juznog zida. 16- Ulomak staklene posude, bezbojne. SJ 12. 17- Ulomak staklene posude, zutozelene boje. SJ 27. 18- Ulomak staklene posude, zutozelene boje. SJ 27. Tabla 9. Slucajni nalazi / SJ8 / Ostali 1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, porozne i nepravilne izrade, s primjesama vapnenca, izvana tamno smede, u prijelomu sive do tamno smede, iznutra crvene boje. Slucajni nalaz. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kvarcita, jako porozne izrade, erne do tamno sive boje. Slucajni nalaz. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu?, nepro ciscene gline, izvana i iznutra sive, u prijelomu narancaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita, izvana tamno smede, u prijelomu tamno sive, iznutra erne boje. Slucajni nalaz. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama kvarcita, izvana i u prijelomu erne do tamno sive, iznutra erne boje. Slucajni nalaz.

orange colour outside and inside, at the break light brown. Layer 11. 2- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel with limestone temper, of black colour outside, red at the break and dark brown on the inside. Layer 11 next to the north wall. 3- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel with limestone temper, of dark red colour. Layer 11 next to the north wall. 4- A sherd of a hand-made vessel, made of unrefined clay, of red colour outside, black on the inside and at the break. Layer 11, next to the north wall. 5- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel with little pebbles temper , of black colour outside and at the break and on the inside brown colour. Layer 11 next to the north wall. 6- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel with little pebbles temper, of black colour, Layer 11 next to the north wall. 7- Damaged copper clamp. 8- Damaged copper strengthener. 9- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel, of unrefined clay with quartz and limestone temper, of dark brown, black and grey colour on the outside, grey at the break and light brown on the inside. Layer 11 next to the north wall. 10- Shard of a glass vessel, of dark green colour Layer 11 next to the north wall. 11- Shard of a glass vessel, of yellowish colour. Layer 11. Next to the wall 3c. 12- Shard of a glass vessel, of darker yellowish colour. Layer 11 next to the north wall. 13- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel with marks of linking, with a lot of quartz and limestone temper, of brown colour on the outside, grey at the break and black on the inside. Layer 10. 14- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel with a lot of smaller parts of limestone temper, of black colour on the outside and brown at the break and inside. Layer 12, west edge of the church. 15- A metal sherd with a relief illustration of a flower. Cast bronze with gilding. Layer 12 above the south wall. 16- Shard of a glass vessel, colourless. Layer 12. 17- Shard of a glass vessel, yellow green colour. Layer 27. 18- Shard of a glass vessel, yellow green colour. Layer 27. Table 9. Chance finds / SJ8 / Various layers 1- A sherd of a hand-made vessel, of porous and irregular manufacturing, with limestone temper, of dark brown colour on the outside, at the break grey to dark brown, and on the inside red colour. Chance find. 2- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel , with quartz temper, of very porous manufacturing, of black to dark grey colour. Chance find. 3- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel?, of unrefined clay, of grey colour outside and inside and orange at the break, Chance find. 4- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel with a lot of quartz temper, of dark brown colour on the outside, dark grey at the break

55

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6- Ulomak uljanice, uglavnom prociscene gline s malo primjesa sitnog pijeska, tvrde izrade, narancaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 7- Dio posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, sive boje. Slucajni nalaz. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s malo rupica, izvana i u prijelomu smede a iznutra narancaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 9- Ulomak staklene posude, tamno zelene boje. Slucajni nalaz. 10- Ulomak staklene posude, plavkastozelenkaste boje. Slucani nalaz. 11- Ulomak staklene posude, zelenkastoplavkaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 12- Ulomak staklene posude, zelenkaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 13- Ulomak staklene posude, tamno zelene boje. Slucajni nalaz. 14- Ulomak staklene posude, zuckaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 15- Ulomak staklene posude, zelenkaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 16- Ulomak staklene posude, zuckaste boje. SJ 4. 17- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, proci scene gline koja ostavlja trag, crvene boje. SJ 8. 18- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, prociscene gline koja ostavlja trag, crvene boje. SJ 8. 19- Ulomak posude izraden na kolu, s primjesama kvarcita i vapnenca, izvana i iznutra erne, u prijelomu tamno smede boje. SJ 8. 20- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, slabije prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, svijetlo narancaste boje. SJ 8. 21- Ulomak uljanice, prociscene gline koja ostavlja trag, crvene boje. SJ 8. 22- Ostecena broncana kopca. SJ 17. PN 9. 23- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, prociscene gline, izvana tamno crvene a iznutra svijetlo crvene boje. Grab 1. 24- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, porozne izrade, masnije gline, izvana i u prijelomu erne, iznutra tamno smede boje. Grab 1. 25- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, izvana i iznutra sive, u prijelomu sive do smede boje. SJ 21.

and black on the inside. Chance find. 5- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel , with quartz temper, of black to dark grey on the outside and at the break, and black on the inside. Chance find. 6- A sherd of an oil-lamp, of mostly refined clay with very little sand temper, of harder manufacture, of orange colour. Chance find. 7- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, grey colour. Chance find. 8- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel , with some little holes, outside and at the break brown colour and orange on the inside. Chance find. 9- Shard of a glass vessel, of dark green colour. Chance find. 10- Shard of a glass vessel, of bluish-greenish colour. Chance find 11- Shard of a glass vessel, greenish-bluish colour. Chance find. 12- Shard of a glass vessel, of greenish colour. Chance find. 13- Potsherd of a glass vessel, of dark green colour. Chance find. 14- Shard of a glass vessel, of yellowish colour Chance find. 15- Shard of a glass vessel, of greenish colour. Chance find. 16- Shard of a glass vessel, of yellowish colour. Layer 4. 17- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel, of refined clay that leaves a mark, of red colour. Layer 8. 18- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel, of refined clay that leaves a mark, of red colour. Layer 8. 19- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel, with quartz and limestone temper, of black colour outside and inside and brown at the break. Layer 8. 20- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel, of not well refined clay, of harder manufacture, of light orange colour. Layer 8. 21- A sherd of an oil-lamp, of refined clay that leaves a mark, of red colour. Layer 8. 22- Damaged bronze fibula. Layer 17. PN 9. 23- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel , of refined clay, of dark red colour on the outside and of light red colour on the inside. Grave 1. 24- A shred of a hand-made vessel, of porous manufacture, of oily clay, outside and at the break black and on the inside dark brown colour. Grave 1. 25- A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel, with little sand temper, of grey colour inside and outside, grey to brown colour at the break. Layer 21.

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Tabla 1. Crtezi grobova izvan mjerila. / Table 1. Drawings of graves not to scale

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Tabla 2. Crtezi natpisa izvan mjerila. / Table 2. Guran - Na Krizu. Drawings of inscriptions not to scale

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Tabla 3. Crtezi rimskih kamenih ulomaka u mjerilu. / Table 3. Drawings of Roman stone sherds to the scale.

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10

12

13
Tabla 4. Crtezi ranosrednjovjekovnih kamenih ulomaka u mjerilu. / Table 4. Drawings of early medieval stone sherds to the scale.

. i

J J

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r[

61

V
9

10

11
Tabla 5. Ostali kameni ulomci izvan mjerila. / Table 5. Other stone sherds not to scale

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Tabla 6. SJ1 / SJ4. / Table 6. Layer 1 / Layer 4.

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Tabla 7. SJ11 istok / SJ16. / Table 7. Layer 11 east / Layer 16.

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17

18

Tabla 8. SJ11 sjever / SJ12 / SJ27. / Table 8. Layer 11 north / Layer 12 / Layer 27.

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24

i
Tabla 9. Slucajni nalazi / SJ8 / Ostali. / Table 9. Chance finds / Layer 8 / others.

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1R f)9 f)Q 91 - 44

KRVAVICI - BOSKINA 10+900 - 11+050 Rimska villa rustica

UVOD Ivana Harasa Prilikom sondiranja grupe gromaca u okolici Marcane (si. 1), kao potencijalnih arheoloskih nalazista na trasi magistralnog plinovoda Pula Karlovac potkraj 2005.g., arheolozi Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda na polozaju Boskina oko 1 km jugozapadno od mjesta Krvavici1 u suhozidnim konstrukcijama koje omeduju parcelu (pasnjak) uocili su tegule, te manja obrasla valovita uzvisenja razlicitih smjerova. Tegule u manjem broju pronadene su i u spomenutim sondiranim gromacama, na podrucju duzine 500 m po osi trase plinovoda u pravcu jug - sjever, na stacionazi od 10+800 do 11+300. U Konzervatorskoj studiji (REAMBULACIJA) koju je u svezi sa zastitom na trasi plinovoda za podrucje Istarske zupanije izradio AMI u Puli, na polozaju u blizini polja Boskina upozoreno je na postojanje dvije grupe manjih gromaca, a rimska ruralna gradevina na polozaju Boskina nije prepoznata. HRZ je izveo dodatna sondazna2 istrazivanja u kojima je potvrdeno postojanje dosad nepoznatog rimskog objekta, villae rusticae. Tom prilikom pronadeni su ostaci arhitekture, tj. dio podnice od glacane zbuke, gradevinski materijal krovne konstrukcije, ulomci keramickih i staklenih predmeta te manji kameni uteg za vaganje robe (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006b; BEKIC 2007c). Nalaziste Boskina smjesteno je na oko 155 m.n.v., na blago valovitom kraskom platou, koji se lagano uzdize u pravcu sjeveroistoka. Zastitna arheoloska istrazivanja izvedena3 su u razdoblju od 30.1.2006.g. do 15.3.2006.g. na stacionazi od oko 10+875 do oko 11+025. Tom prilikom istrazeno je podrucje velicine 150 x 6,5 m.4 Prije pocetka istrazivanja zbog slabe prohodnosti terena bilo je potrebno iskrciti podrucje istrazivanja od panjeva i niskog raslinja (si. 2; BEKIC, HARASA, ZMAIC, CIMIN 2006). Arheoloski iskop bio je podijeljen u tri sektora

KRVAVICI - BOSKINA 10+900 - 11+050 Roman Villa Rustica

PREFACE Ivana Harasa At the end of 2005, during the exploratory trenching of a group of stone heaps near Marcana (fig. 1) as the potential archaeological site on route of the main gas pipeline Pula - Karlovac, archaeologists from the Croatian Restoration Institute (HRZ) noticed a large number of roof tiles {tegulae) and small undulated elevations of different directions covered with growth at the location of Boskina, about 1 km southwest of Krvavici1 in the drystone constructions bordering the plot (pasture land). The presence of a small number of roof tiles was also found in the abovementioned trenched stone heaps in the area of 500 m along the axis of the gas pipeline route in the direction south - north, at the kilometre mark from 10+800 to 11+300.

69

sjeverno od nalaz sta

- Sondiranje grupe gromaca ' archleoloai s^ne h^f0"tfZme al site C

Mjesto se nalazi u opcini Marcana oko 5 km sjeverozapadno od Marcane (oko 14 km sjeveroistocno od Pule), pojavljuje se u razlicitim varijantama na kartografskim prikazima, kao Krvavici, Krvarici i Kravavici. The village is situated in the District of Marcana, about 5 kilometres from Marcana (about 14 km NE of Pula); in cartographic accounts its name appears in different variants: as Krvavici, Krvarici or Kravavici.
2

U trajanju od 7.11.2005.g. do 9.12.2005.g.

Lasting from 7th November 2005 to 9th December 2005.

3

Radove je vodio mr.sc. Luka Bekic, a sudjelovali su arheolozi Ivana Harasa, Vesna Zmaic, Robert Cimin, Tihomir Percan, Josip Visnjic, restaurator Mladen Mustacek te radnici iz Pule, Pinezica, Zminja, Pazina, Nedescine, Labina i Karlovca. Foto-geodetsko snimanje nalazista izradili su Marko Gergolet i Ales Ogorelec. The works were led by mr.sc.Luka Bekic and the archaeologists who took part in it were Ivana Harasa, Vesna Zmaic, Robert Cimin, Tihomir Percan, Josip Visnjic, restorer Mladen Mustacek and workers from Pula, Pinezici, Zminj, Pazin, Nedescina, Labin and Karlovac. The photogeodetic photographing of the archaeological site was done by Marko Gergolet and Ales Ogorelec.

Sirina iskopa je s 15 m u dogovoru s investitorom (Plinacro d.o.o) suzena na 6,5 m kao minimalna potrebna za izvodenje gradevinskog iskopa plinovoda. Tako je neistrazeni dio pronadenog objekta, zapadno i istocno od iskopa za plinovod, ostao zasticen od gradevinskih strojeva i dostupan buducim istrazivanjima. The width of the excavation was narrowed from 15 m to 6,5 m in consultation with the investor (Pinacro ltd.) as the minimum necessary for the execution of the construction excavation of the gas pipeline. In this way, the unexplored part of the discovered building to the west and to the east of the excavation for the gas pipeline remained protected from the building machines and accessible for future research.

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In the conservation study (REAMBULATION) made by the AMI in Pula regarding the rescue of cultural goods on the gas pipeline route for the area of the Istrian county, there was a warning of the existence of two groups of smaller stone heaps in the position near Boskina field, while the Roman rural building in the position of Boskina was not recognised. The HRZ performed the additional trenching 2 examination that confirmed the existence of the so far unknown Roman building, villa rustica. Some architectural remains were located on that occasion, i.e. part of the floor made of burnished mortar, as well as the building material of the roof frame, sherds of ceramic and glass objects and a small stone weight for weighing goods (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006b; BEKIC 2007c). The archaeological site of Boskina is located at about 155 m above sea level, on a slightly undulated karst plateau lightly elevated in the direction northeast. The rescue archaeology research was done3 in the period from 30 January 2006 to 15 March 2006 at the kilometre marker from about 10+875 to about 11+025. On that occasion, the area of 150 x 6.5 m4 was examined. Before the beginning of the research, due to the ruggedness of the terrain, it was necessary to clear the research area of tree stumps and underbrush (fig. 2; BEKIC, HARASA, ZMAIC, CIMIN 2006). The archaeological excavation was divided into three sectors of 50 m each, marked as A, B and C (starting from the south to the north) and it reached to the sterile layer, subsoil or bedrock. Each sector was divided into five quadrants marked with numbers from 1 to 5. Since only part of the Roman villa rustica has been researched, some wider or more complete insight into this building, its purpose and represented finds has so far been limited by the size of the present excavation. Beside the finds from the Roman period, some prehistoric ceramic sherds were also located, mostly in the northern part of the researched area. The location of the wrecking of the American airplane from World War II, type B 24-Liberator was also recognised (at the kilometre marker about 11+125) north of the researched area.

2. Krcenje nalazista prije pocetka zastitnih arheoloskih istrazivanja. Clearing of the archaeological site before the beginning of rescue archaeological research.

od po 50 m, oznacenim kao A, B i C (pocevsi od juga prema sjeveru) i iskopan je do sterilnog sloja zdravice, odnosno kamena zivca. Svaki je sektor bio podijeljen na pet kvadranata oznacenih brojevima od 1 do 5. Buduci da je istrazen samo dio rimske villae rusticae, sira i potpunija saznanja o torn objektu; njegovoj namjeni i zastupljenim nalazima zasada su ogranicena velicinom dosadasnjeg iskopa. Osim nalaza iz rimskog razdoblja, pronadeni su i ulomci prapovijesne keramike, uglavnom u sjevernom dijelu istrazenog podrucja. Prepoznato je i mjesto rusenja americkog zrakoplova iz Drugog svjetskog rata, tipa B 24-Liberator (na stacionazi oko 11+ 125) sjeverno od istrazenog podrucja.

PRAPOVIJEST Tihomir Percan

NEPOKRETNI NALAZI Podrucje Istre bogato je prapovijesnim lokalitetima, a napose onima iz broncanog doba.5 Medu brojnim antickim nalazima s lokaliteta Boskina, tijekom zastitnih arheoloskih istrazivanja pronaden je i materijal koji se po svojim karakteristikama moze pripisati upravo torn razdoblju istarske prapovijesti. Sam lokalitet Boskina nalazi se u granicama opcine Marcana,6 izmedu Krvavica na istoku i Stancije Celija na zapadu. Na sirem okolnom prostoru tog lokaliteta nailazimo na postojanje vise

PREHISTORY Tihomir Percan

FEATURES The Istrian region is rich in prehistoric locali ties, especially the Bronze Age5 ones. Among the

5 Najbrojnija skupina medu njima su naselja gradinskog tipa. Njih je prvi sustavno obradio C. Marchesetti (MARCHESETT11903), a u novije vrijeme K. Bursic- Matijasic (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 2001).

The most numerous group among them is represented by hill-fort type settlements. They were analysed systematically for the first time by C Marchesetti (MARCHESETTI 1903) and in more recent times by K.Bursic-Matijasic (BURSI6-MATIJASI6 2001).
3

Za tu opcinu nacinjena je arheoloska karta prilikom izrade prostornog urbanistickog plana, a postoji i rad o topografiji Prodola i Filipane (BURSIC-MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC 1996) kao I o topografiji Krnice i okolice (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 20061 te Marcane (BURSIC-MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC 1994) cijem sirem podrucju pripada i ovo nalaziste koje zasigurno upotpunjuje sliku arheoloskih lokaliteta na torn prostoru, kako prapovijesnih, tako i antickih.

During the drafting of the regional urbanistic plan an archaeological map was made for this county; there is also a work on the topography of Prodol and Filipana (BURSI6-MATIJASI6, MATIJASIt 1996) as well as on the topography of Krnica and the surrounding area (BURSItMATIJASI6 2006) and Marcana (BURSI6-MATIJASI6, MATIJASIt 1994). This archaeological site also belongs to the greater area of Marcana and it surely completes the picture of archaeological localities in this area, both prehistoric and Roman ones.

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broncanodobnih naselja gradinskog tipa. Sjeverozapadno od lokaliteta Boskina, u blizini Butkovica i Orbanica, nalazi se, u literaturi mnogo puta spominjana i opisivana, gradina Vrcin (BURSIC-MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC 1996, 8-9). Male juznije poznate su nam jos dvije gradine: Sv. Vid kod Divsica (MARCHESETTI 1903, 103; BURSICMATIJASIC 2001, 104) i Gradina kod Kuzinica (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 2001, 99, 100). Zapadno, u neposrednoj blizini srednjovjekovnih crkava sv. Simuna i trobrodne bazilike kod Gurana, nalaze se gradine Sv. Jakov i Gropi. Postojanjem jos dva toponima, odnosno dvije moguce gradine, Ocak7juzno i Vrh Prostine- istocno od lokaliteta Boskina zaokruzujemo pregled gradinskih naselja na torn podrucju (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 2001, 89-105). No, posve je ocito da su i spiljski lokaliteti bill koristeni tijekom broncanog doba. Jedan medu takvima je i Ljubiceva pecina sjeverno od Marcane u kojoj je prikupljeno vise ulomaka broncanodobne keramike (BURSIC-MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC 1994, 13, Prilog 1)U sjevernom dijelu iskopa na lokalitetu Boskina istrazena je povrsina na kojoj je pronadena keramika koja se odmah po svojoj fakturi i nekoliko tipicnih ulomaka mogla okvirno datirati u broncano doba. Upravo je na torn prostoru koncentracija rasprostiranja broncanodobne keramike najveca i iznosi vise od 90% ukupno pronadene keramike koja se moze pripisati broncanom dobu. Vecina tog materijala, ukljucujuci i jednu alatku od cijepanog kamena, nalazila se uza zid koji se pruzao u smjeru istok- zapad gotovo u cijeloj sirini iskopa, odnosno nesto manje od 6,5 m (si. 3). Taj je zid podignut tehnikom suhozida, no, nazalost, ostao je sacuvan tek jedan red, na nekim dijelovima i dva reda zida. Glavno pitanje koje se tu namece je u kojem su odnosu broncanodobna keramika i taj zid?! Je li zid mozda imao ulogu neke vrste obrambenog bedema i pruzao se uokolo pretpostavljenog naselja ili je sluzio kao ogradni zid same rimske vile koja se nalazila na tome mjestu?! Na sirem podrucju Krvavica, kako smo prije naveli u tekstu, imamo vise spomena gradinskih naselja, sto znaci da se zivot na tome mjestu odvijao, barem neko vrijeme, usporedno sa zivljenjem na nekoj medu navedenim gradinama ill na vise njih. No, kakav je tu zivot bio u broncano doba?! Nazalost, to nismo mogli utvrditi jer je okolni teren zarastao, a vec spomenuti zid pronaden je tek u svojim temeljima i nije vidljiv u danasnjem krajoliku.8 Bez obzira sto je taj plato na neznatno visoj nadmorskoj visini negoli okolni i blago se uzdize prema sjeveroistoku te uokolo ima prirodnu zastitu u obliku kraskih vrtaca, cini se da ovaj prostor nema tipicne karakteristike gradinskog naselja, a i funkcija vec spomenutog zida prilicno je upitna. Na slicnom prostoru, okruzena kraskim

numerous Roman finds from the locality of Boski na, during the rescue archaeology research, some material was located which could be attributed exactly to this period of the Istrian prehistory by its characteristics. The locality of Boskina itself is situated within the borders of the Marcana6 County, between Krvavici to the east and Stancija Celija to the west. In the wider surrounding area of this locality, we come across the presence of a number of Bronze Age settlements of the hill-fort type. Northwest of the Boskina locality, near Butkovici and Orbanici, there is the hill-fort of Vrcin, which has been mentioned and described in the literature many times (BURSIC-MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC 1996, 89). Somewhat more to the south, two more hillforts are known to us: Sv. Vid near Divsici (MARCHESETTI 1903, 103; BURSIC-MATIJASIC 2001, 104) and Gradina near Kuzinici (BURSICMATIJASIC 2001, 99, 100). To the west, in the immediate proximity of the medieval church of St. Simon and the three-nave basilica near Guran, there are hill-forts of Sv. Jakov and Gropi. The presence of two more toponyms, i.e. two more possible hill-forts, Ocak7 to the south and Vrh Prostine to the east of the Boskina locality, can conclude the overview of the hill-fort settlements in this area (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 2001, 89-105). However, it is quite obvious that cave localities were used during the Bronze Age, too. One of these is Ljubiceva pecina north of Marcana, in which many potsherds of Bronze Age ceramics have been
located ( B U R S I C - M A T I J A S I C , MATIJASIC 1 9 9 4 , 13 Appendix 1) 3. Suhozid okolo kojeg je naden
n a

71

In the northern part of the excavation at the locality of Boskina, the surface was explored and

^j

dio

broncanodobne keramike.

Drystone wall with most of the Bronze Age ceramics found around it.

U nekim se radovima taj toponim javlja kao Ovcjak. In some works this toponym is called Ovcjak.
3 Jedna medu otegotnim okolnostima bila je i sirina iskopa od samo 6,5 m. Takoder, broncanodobna keramika je vecinom pronadena samo na torn dijelu iskopa, iako je dug 150 m.

One of the aggravating circumstances was the width of the excavation of only 6.5 m. Also, the Bronze Age ceramics was mainly found in this part of the excavation although it is 150 m long.

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vrtacama, nalazi se i gradina Rogatica9 koja ima kontinuitet zivota od neolitika do srednjeg vijeka (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 2001, 163). Takvi podaci dopustaju pretpostavku kako se na torn nalazistu odvijala i stanovita gospodarska djelatnost. Tako se primjerice mogla obradivati plodna zemlja iz vrtaca koje su brojne, a jednako se tako taj prostor mogao iskoristavati za ispasu stoke. Izuzev prostora uokolo i u neposrednoj blizini vec opisanog zida, dio materijala iskopan je malo juznije (sektor B, SJ 19), u jednoj kraskoj skrapi, no ti nalazi nisu dali nikakve prepoznatljive oblike, vec su to mahom bili vrlo sitni i razlomljeni ulomci keramike. Tek ponegdje se takav materijal javljao u istom kontekstu s antickim materijalom ili u povrsinskom sloju te je tako prikupljeno samo dvadesetak sitnih i neprepoznatljivih ulomaka (sektor B i C), izuzev jednog ulomka tronosca. Upravo ovi podaci mozda govore u prilog tome da je prilikom nastanka rimskoga gospodarskog imanja {villa rustica), s obzirom na poznatu rimsku sistematicnost i efikasnost, cijeli prostor bio vrlo dobro ociscen od prijasnjih tragova zivota. Tako je vecina materijala iz broncanog doba mogla nepovratno propasti. Moguce je da je upravo to jedan od glavnih razloga njihova malobrojnog pojavljivanja na dijelu gospodarskog imanja koje je aktivno koristeno tijekom prvih stoljeca nakon Krista. Takoder, na velikom dijelu naseg iskopa maticna stijena pojavljivala se vec nakon dvadesetak centimetara, a ponegdje je cak bila vidljiva i na povrsini te je vrlo vjerojatno veliki dio sedimenta s vremenom erodirao sto je karakteristika kraskog terena. Sve su to razlozi pojave broncanodobne keramike pretezito u skrapama i, u nekim dijelovima, prilicno tankoj SJ 3. POKRETNI NALAZI Cjelokupna keramika pronadena je u sektoru C, tocnije u kvadrantima C 2 i C 3, osim materijala iz SJ 19 koji se nalazio u sektoru B, odnosno kvadrantu B 3, te nekoliko nalaza iz povrsinskog sloja (SJ 1). Sveukupno gledajuci, rijec je o manjoj kolicini keramike koja je izlomljena u male i sitne ulomke, tek s ponekim vecim komadom. Nazalost, medu tim materijalom ima veoma malo ulomaka koje mozemo tipoloski odrediti i pritom ih usporediti s materijalom nekog drugog nalazista. No, usprkos malobrojnosti nalaza, medu torn keramikom moze se izdvojiti nekoliko karakteristicnih oblika koji su znacajni za odredivanje sire datacije, cime cemo se detaljnije pozabaviti u tekstu. Keramika se nalazila u prvom sloju (SJ 1) zajedno s rimskim tegulama, ali se javljala i na samoj maticnoj stijeni, odnosno u sloju iznad zdravice (SJ 3) te u skrapama (SJ 19). Medu tim nalazima uspjeli smo izdvojiti manji broj karakteristicnih i izrazitijih keramickih ulomaka posuda, npr. rucke, obode, dna ili poneki plasticno ukraseni ulomak.
4. Ulomak rucke s jezicastom plocicom. (T.24-17). Sherd of a handle with a tongueshaped platelet. (T.24-17).

some potsherds found which could immediately be dated approximately into the Bronze Age by its texture and a type. The highest concentration of the spread of Bronze Age ceramics is exactly in this area: more than 90% of the located ceramics that could be attributed to the Bronze Age. The major part of this material, including one tool made of knapped lithics, was situated alongside the wall extending in the direction east-west, almost along the whole width of the excavation, i.e. a bit less than 6.5 m (fig. 3). This wall had been raised using the technique of drystone, but unfortunately only one row of the wall remained, in some parts two. The main question arising here is the connection between the Bronze Age ceramics and this wall ?! Did it have the role of some kind of defensive wall around the supposed settlement or did it serve as a fence wall of the very Roman villa which used to stand in this place?! As we have already mentioned in the text, there are numerous mentions of hillfort settlements in the greater area of Krvavici, which means that life was going on here, at least for some time, parallel to the proceeding of life in one or more of the abovementioned hill-forts. But what kind of life took place here in the Bronze Age?! Unfortunately, we were unable to define it because the surrounding terrain was covered with growth, and only the foundations of the abovementioned wall were found, invisible in todays landscape8. Although this plateau is slightly higher above sea level than the surroundings and lightly elevated in the direction northeast, and despite its natural protection of karst valleys, it seems that this area does not have typical characteristics of hill-fort settlements and the function of the abovementioned wall is questionable. The hill-fort of Rogatica9 is situated in a similar area, surrounded by karst valleys, with the continuity of life from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 2001, 163). Such information grant the presumption that certain economic activity took place in this archaeological site. For instance, the fertile soil of the numerous karst valleys could have been cultivated, and this area could have been used for grazing of cattle. Except for the area around the abovementioned wall and its proximity, part of the material was excavated somewhat more to the south (sector B, layer 19) in a karst cracks; however, these finds did not give any recognisable forms, but were mostly very tiny and fragmented ceramic potsherds. Such material appeared in the same context with the Roman material or in the surface layer in very few places, so that just about twenty tiny unrecognisable potsherds were collected (sector B and C), except for one sherd of a trivet. Taken into consideration the well known Roman systematism and effectiveness, this very

Polozaj te gradine je otprilike 5 km istocno od Svetvincenta u smjeru Barbara. The position of this hill-fort was approximately 5 km to the east from Svetvincenat in direction of Barban.

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U toj skupini posebno valja izdvojiti koljenastu rucku s jezicastom plocicom (T.24-10,17). lako na torn nalazistu nije pronaden nijedan citav primjerak takvog tipa rucke, njezin nam je izgled posve poznat. Plocasti jezicasti dio, koji je obicno polukruzan, nalazi se vodoravno ili zakoseno u odnosu na stijenku posude. Iz njegove najizbocenije tocke spusta se trokutasti dio koji se siri prema dolje i doseze sirinu plocastog dijela u tocki gdje se spaja sa stijenkom posude (BURSICMATIJASIC 1998, 68). Takav tip rucke (J.24-10, 17) prvi se put pojavio u fazi Istra II po Covicu ili Reinecke A2- B1 po srednjoeuropskoj kronologiji; medutim, njezina se pojava ipak intenzivirala u fazi Istra III ili Reinecke B2- C (COVIC 1983, 237). Koljenastu rucku s jezicastom plocicom nalazimo i medu materijalom pronadenim u sloju III i IV na lokalitetu Gradac - Turan iznad Koromacna na istocnoj obali Istre. Naime, u sloju IV lokaliteta Gradac - Turan pronadeni su ulomci karakteristicni za kraj ranog i pocetak srednjeg broncanog doba, ukljucujuci i koljenastu rucku s jezicastom plocicom (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43,44). Takve rucke s Vrcina Covic je datirao u fazu Istra II ranog broncanog doba Istre (COVIC 1983, 126). Ta je Coviceva kronologija potvrdena upravo i usporedbom materijala s lokaliteta Gradac - Turan i onoga s Monkodonje, prema kojoj je razvidno to da je pojava takvog materijala ipak povezana sa zavrsnom fazom ranog broncanog doba Istre (HANSEL, MIHOVILIC, TERZAN 1997, 95). U Trogrloj pecini one se datiraju kroz srednje i kasno broncano doba (BACIC 1978, 168). Takoder, velika pojava takvih rucki karakteristicna je za 7. fazu Vaganacke pecine podno Velebita koja je okvirno datirana u srednje i kasno broncano doba (FORENBAHER, VRANJICAN 1985, 11-13). Takve rucke nalazimo na gradini Jelarji (Elleri) kod Milja (Muggia) na slovensko- talijanskoj granici (CARDARELLI 1983, T. 35), ali takoder i na otoku Losinju na lokalitetu Polanza (CARDARELLI 1983, T. 26) kao i na gradini Pelginji na otoku Cresu (CUS-RUKONIC, GLOGOVIC 1988-1989, T. 2: 4, 8) te Punti Kasteji kod Medulina (MIHOVILIC 1979, 41, T. 4: 1-3), sto upucuje na njihovu siru rasprostranjenost. U svojoj kronologiji A. Cardarelli navodi da se njihova pojava smatra tipicnom za stariji stupanj srednjeg broncanog doba terramara u sjevernoj Italiji, a samim time i za podrucje Istre, Krasa i Kvarnerskih otoka i da je potrajala sve do u kasno broncano doba (CARDARELLI 1983, 9294). Na lokalitetu Slivno (Slivia),w na Trscanskom krasu, sloj u kojem je bilo takvih tipova rucki datiran je pomocu metode radioaktivnog ugljika (C 14) u 1440. 50 god. pr. Kr. (CARDARELLI 1983, 96; STACUL 1972, 161). Drugoj skupini rucki s nalazista Boskina pripadaju ulomci jezicastih rucki (T.22-8, T.2414,15,18). Takav je tip rucke bio uobicajen vec za kraj ranog broncanog doba i potrajao je kroz cijelo broncano doba Istre (COVIC 1983, 121). Jezicaste su rucke s nekoliko primjeraka zastupljene u
U cast C. Marchesettija, ta je gradina nazvana njegovim imenom. In honour of Marchesetti, this hill-fort bears his name.

information might indicate that the whole area had been very well cleaned from the former traces of life when the Roman husbandry property (villa rustica) developed. In this way, the majority of the Bronze Age material might have been ruined irreversibly. This might be one of the main reasons for their scarce appearance in the part of the farm that was used actively during the first centuries A.D. Also, in a big part of our excavation, the parent rock appeared already after some twenty centimetres, in some places it was even visible on the surface, so a big part of sediments has probably eroded with time, which is characteristic of the karst terrain. All these reasons have led to the occurrence of the Bronze Age ceramics mostly in the cracks, and in some parts in the quite thin layer 3. SMALL FINDS All of the ceramics was found in sector C, or more accurately, in quadrants C2 and C3, except for the material from layer 19 which was situated in sector B, i.e. B 3 and a few finds from the surface layer (layer 1). All in all, it is the matter of a small quantity of ceramics shattered into small and tiny shards, with few bigger fragments. Unfortunately, 5. Ulomak jezicaste rucke. (T.24-18). there are very few sherds among these materials Sherd of a handle with a tonguethat could be typologically designated and at the shaped platelet. (T.24-18). same time compared with the material from some other archaeological site. However, a few characteristic forms significant for wider dating could be singled out among these pieces of ceramics despite the scarcity of finds, which will be tackled in more detail further in the text. The ceramics was situated in the first layer (layer 1) together with Roman roof tiles (tegulae), but it could also be found in the parent rock itself, i.e. the layer above the subsoil (layer 3), as well as in the cracks (layer 19). Among these finds, we managed to single out a small number of characteristic and quite unmistakable ceramic potsherds such as handles, rims, bottoms and a few plastically ornamented potsherds. In this group we should single out a knee-like handle with a tongue-shaped platelet (T.2410,17). Although no intact example of such handle type was located at this archaeological site, its form is entirely known to us. The plate-like tongueshaped part, usually semicircular, stands horizontally or at an angle in relation with the wall of the vessel. A triangular part descends from its most protruding point, widening downwards and reaching the width of the plate-like part at the point where it connects with the wall of the vessel (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1998, 68). Such handle type (T.24-10, 17) appears for the first time in the phase of Istria II according to Covic or Rein. A2-B1 according to the Central European chronology. However, its appearance is intensified in the phase of Istria III or Rein. B2-C (COVIC 1983, 237). The knee-like handle with the tongue-shaped platelet can also be found among the material located in

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Vaganackoj peclni, u njezinoj 6. fazi koja pripada ranom i dijelu srednjeg broncanog doba te su bile novost u odnosu na prethodnu eneoliticku fazu (FORENBAHER, VRANJICAN 1985, 10, T6/14, 15). Nalazimo ih i u sloju IV lokaliteta Gradac - Turan, gdje su datirane u fazu Istra II ranog broncanog doba u Istri (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43). Prema Covicu, toj fazi pripadaju jos i potkovaste rucke, tronosci te ukras u obliku plasticne bradavice i rebra (COVIC 1983, 121, 126). Upravo ukras u obliku plasticnog rebra, odnosno aplicirane trake izveden je i na nekoliko primjeraka s lokaliteta Boskina (T.22-8, T.24-1,16). Tipican gradinski materijal u Istri cine i tronosci - keramicke ploce okruglog oblika s tri trokutaste noge, kako im i samo ime govori (BURSICMATIJASIC 1998, 77). Javljali su se na gotovo svakoj istarskoj gradini vec od kraja ranog broncanog doba, a trajali su sve do u zeljezno doba u malo izmijenjenom obliku, odnosno manjih dimenzija (MIHOVILIC 1995, 32; MIHOVILIC 2001, 47; MATOSEVIC, MIHOVILIC 2004, 9-10). Nalazimo ih i na lokalitetu Gradac - Turan, gdje su se pojavili jos potkraj ranog broncanog doba (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43, T. 1: 6), na gradini Punta Kasteja, gdje su datirani u srednje broncano doba (MIHOVILIC 1995, 34, T. VIII: 2), a zastupljeni su i u Nezakciju, gdje pripadaju zeljeznom dobu (MIHOVILIC 1995, 34, T. VIII: 1). U drugim podrucjima, zapadnobalkanskom ili jadranskom prostoru, gotovo su nepoznati, a dalje im paralele nalazimo tek na Cipru i Kreti, sto moze upuclvati na to da provenijenciju njihovih oblika treba traziti upravo na prostoru istocnog Sredozemlja (HANSEL, TERZAN 2001, 95). Tamo su datirani u III. stupanj srednje minojskog razdoblja, odnosno u 17. i rano 16. st. pr. Kr. lako se njihova namjena ne moze sa sigurnoscu poblize odrediti, svakako je povezana s dijelom opreme kucnog ognjista koje unutar nastambi ima posebnu vaznost. Stoga se najvjerojatnije pojava i uporaba tronosca treba traziti uz funkciju prijenosne peel za pripremanje jela (MIHOVILIC 2001, 47-48). S obzirom na nedostatak objavljenog materijala ne mozemo donositi preciznije zakljucke u vezi s datacijom. No, cini se da nas ulomak tronosca (T.12-12) treba povezati s vremenom kraja ranog i pocetka srednjeg broncanog doba.

6. Ulomak tronosca. (T.12-12). Sherd of a trivet. (T.12-12).

layers III and IV in the locality of Gradac - Turan above Koromacno on the eastern Istrian coast. Namely, some potsherds characteristic of the end of the early and beginning of the Late Bronze Age have been located in layer IV of Gradac - Turan locality, including the knee-like handle with the tongue-shaped platelet (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43,44). Such handles from Vrcin have been dated by Covic into the phase of Istria II of the Early Istrian Bronze Age (COVIC 1983, 126). This chronology by Covic has found confirmation exactly in the comparison of the material from the locality of Gradac - Turan with the one from Monkodonja, where it is obvious that the emergence of such material is connected with the final phase of the Istrian Bronze Age (HANSEL, MIHOVILIC, TERZAN 1997, 95). In Trogrla Peclna they are dated to the Middle and Late Bronze Age (BACIC 1978, 168). Also, the mass emergence of such handles is characteristic of the 7th phase of Vaganacka Peclna at the foot of Velebit, dated approximately through the Middle and Late Bronze Age (FORENBAHER, VRANJICAN 1985, 11-13). Such handles can be found on the hill-fort of Jelarji (Elleri) near Milje (Muggia) on the Slovenian-Italian border (CARDARELLI 1983, T. 35), but also on the island of Loslnj, in the locality of Polanza (CARDARELLI 1983, T. 26) as well as on the hill-fort of Pelginja on the island of Cres (CUS-RUKONIC, GLOGOVIC 1988/1989, T. 2: 4, 8) and Punta Kasteja near Medulin (MIHOVILIC 1979, 41, T. 4: 1-3), which indicates their wide distribution. A. Cardarelli quotes in his chronology that their emergence is considered typical of the older stage of the Middle Bronze Age terramara in northern Italy, and accordingly, of the area of Istria, Kras and Kvarner islands, lasting until the Late Bronze Age (CARDARELLI 1983, 92-94). In the locality of Slivno (SliviaY0, on Trieste Kras, the layer in which such handle types were present has been dated to the year 1440 50 B.C. using radioactive carbon (C 14) (CARDARELLI 1983, 96; STACUL 1972, 161). The sherds of tongue-shaped handles belong to the second group of handles from the archaeological site at Boskina (T.22-8, T.2414,15,18). This type of handle is common already at the end of the Early Bronze Age and lasts throughout the whole Istrian Bronze Age (COVIC 1983, 121). A few examples of tongue-shaped handles are present in Vaganacka peclna, in its 6th phase which belongs to the early and part of the Middle Bronze Age; they represent the news in respect to the preceding Eneolithic phase (FORENBAHER, VRANJICAN 1985, 10, T6/14, 15). We can also find them in layer IV of Gradac - Turan locality, where they have been dated to the Istria II phase of the Early Istrian Bronze Age (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43). According to Covic, horseshoe-shaped handles, trivets and an ornament in the form of plastic nipple and a rib belong to this phase, too (COVIC 1983, 121, 126). The ornament in the form of a plastic rib, i.e. the applied ribbon is also present on a few examples from the locality of Boskina (T.22-8, T.24-1,16). Typical hill-fort material in Istria is represented

Na ranobroncanodobnu tradiciju mozda upucuju i ulomci dvaju oboda zdjele s proslrenim i prema unutrasnjosti zadebljalim obodima (T.249,12). Te su zdjele najvjerojatnije bile jednostavnog cunastog oblika koji je blago zaobljen od dna prema obodu. Sirina im je gotovo dvostruko veca negoli visina (FORENBAHER, KAISER 2006, 190, T. 5.9; 9, 10). Prauzore takvim oblicima oboda Govedarica vidi u keramickoj produkciji ljubljanske 7. Ulomak oboda zdjele sa sirokim kulture, odnosno u zdjelama s bademasto jkosenim uscem. (T.24-9). Sherd of a rim of a vessel with a wide, zadebljanim rubom usca koje pripadaju njezinoj II. fazi. (GOVEDARICA 1989, 47, 83; MIHOVILIC 2001, angled mouth. (T.24-9). 41-42). Ipak, takve forme oboda Covic navodi kao karakteristike II. faze broncanog doba Istre (COVIC 1983, 126). Zdjele s takvim oblikom oboda nalazimo u Pupiclnoj peel u horizontima koji pripa daju srednjem broncanom dobu i jedini je zastu-

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pljeni tip zdjele iz tog razdoblja (FORENBAHER, KAISER 2006, 190, T. 5.9; 9, 10). Na Varvari su one datirane u stariju fazu srednjeg broncanog doba (COVIC 1978, T. XXXV: 3). Navedene zdjele zastupljene su i na Vrcinu (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1997, T. 6: 76), kao i na Monkodonji (BURSICMATIJASIC 1998, T. 1: 8-13), a slicne su na Brijunima datirane u stariju fazu srednjeg broncanog doba (CARDARELLI 1983, 104, T. 24: 10). Pojave vrlo slicnih oblika polukruznih zdjela sa slicnim formama oboda ceste su i tijekom kasnog bro ncanog doba (CARDARELLI 1983, 100, T. 20). Dna posuda ukrasena krizno rasporedenim urezima i kruznim udubljenjima s vanjske strane, koja su karakteristicna za stariji stupanj srednjeg broncanog doba Istre (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43; CARDARELLI 1983, 93, T. 17: 159), nisu otkrivena na torn lokalitetu. No, pronadeno je ravno dno s donekle naglasenom stajacom povrsinom (T.2419). Takva su se dna javljala kroz dulji vremenski raspon i ne sluze kao pouzdani datacijski oslonac. Ipak, u 6. fazi Vaganacke pecine ravna dna, sudeci po vecem broju takvih ulomaka, postala su uobicajenom pojavom, a u 7. fazi, koja pripada srednjem i djelomice kasnom broncanom dobu, nisu nastale - dna su zaravnjena i jednostavna, a pokatkad i plasticno naglasena (FORENBAHER, VRANJICAN 1985, 10-11, T. 3:17, 18, T. 7: 9, T. 8: 8). Takoder, u Pupicinoj peci su se tijekom bronca nog doba pojavljivala samo ravna dna (FORE NBAHER, KAISER 2006, 190, tablica 5.5). Na istarskom poluotoku takvi tipovi dna poznati su s mnogobrojnih broncanodobnih nalazista kao sto su Monkodonja (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1998, 6162), Vrcin (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1997, 116, T. VIII) i drugdje. Koljenaste rucke s jezicastom plocicom (T.2410,17), trakaste (T.24-13), jezicaste (T.22-8, T.2414,15,18) i potkovaste rucke, ukras u obliku plasticne bradavice i rebra (T.22-8, T.24-1,16), tronosci (T.12-12), posude s dnom ukrasenim kruznim udubljenjem i krizno rasporedenim kanelirama, prvi su se put pojavile u razvijenoj fazi ranog broncanog doba (COVIC 1983, 121), a dio je tog materijala zastupljen i na lokalitetu Boskina. lako se Coviceva (COVIC 1983) i Cardarellijeva (CARDARELLI 1983) tumacenja o vremenu pocetka zivljenja na gradinama donekle razlikuju, svakako su i jedan i drugi rad vazni za pomoc pri kronoloskom odredivanju keramike. No, izgleda da su Coviceva tumacenja potvrdena materijalom iz najstarijeg sloja lokaliteta Gradac - Turan, koji se moze datirati u vrijeme samog kraja ranog broncanog doba Istre (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43), te njegovom usporedbom s onim s Monkodonje11 (HANSEL, MIHOVILIC, TERZAN 1997, SI. 46). Kalibrirani datum12 koji je dobiven metodom radioaktivnog ugljika (C 14) iz najstarijeg sloja lokaliteta Slivia (Slivno) na Trscanskom krasu takoder potvrduje te pretpostavke o nastanku gradinskih naselja vec potkraj ranog broncanog doba (HANSEL, MIHOVILIC, TERZAN 1997, 87). S obzirom na veliku fragmentiranost materijala, tesko je nesto vise reci o oblicima zastupljenih posuda. Za neke ulomke mozemo pretpostaviti da

by trivets - round ceramic plates with three triangular feet, which can be concluded from their name (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1998, 77). They have been appearing on almost every Istrian hill-fort already since the end of the Bronze Age, and last until the Iron Age in a somewhat changed form, i.e. of smaller dimensions (MIHOVILIC 2001, 47; MATOSEVIC, MIHOVILIC 2004, 9-10). We can also find them at the locality of Gradac - Turan where they appeared as early as the end of the Early Bronze Age (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43, T. 1:6), on the hill-fort of Punta Kasteja where they are dated to the Middle Bronze Age (MIHOVILIC 1995, 34, T. VIII: 2), and in Nezakcij, where they belong to the Iron Age period (MIHOVILIC 1995, 34, T. VIII: 1). In other areas, such as the West-Balkans or the Adriatic area, they are almost unknown and we can trace their further parallels on Cyprus and Crete, which could indicate that the provenance of their forms should be searched for exactly in the area of the East-Mediterranean (HANSEL, TERZAN 2001, 95). They are dated to stage III of the Middle Minoan period, i.e. the 17th and early 16th century B.C. Although their purpose cannot be closely determined with certainty, it is surely connected with part of the equipment of the home hearth, which is of special importance within the dwellings. The emergence and use of the trivet should therefore probably be looked for along with the function of a portable oven for food prepa ration (MIHOVILIC 2001, 47-48). Considering the lack of published material, we cannot make more precise conclusions referring to dating. However, it seems that our sherd of a trivet (T.12-12) should be connected with the period at the end of the Early and beginning of the Middle Bronze Age.

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8. Ulomak posude s ukrasom u obliku plasticnog rebra. (T.24-16). Sherd of a vessel with a decoration shaped as a plastic rib. (T.24-16).

Potsherds of two rims of a vessel with widened rims thickened towards the inside (T.24-9,12) might also indicate the Early Bronze Age tradition. These bowls probably had simple conical shape, slightly rounded from the bottom to the rim. Their width is almost double their height (FORENBAHER, KAISER 2006, 190, T. 5.9: 9, 10). Govedarica considers the archetypes of such rim forms to be in the ceramic production of the Ljubljana culture, i.e. the bowls with almond-shaped thickened mouth edge belonging to its II phase (GOVEDARICA 1989, 47, 83; MIHOVILIC 2001, 4142). However, such rim forms are quoted by Covic 9 u l o m f f ke; < ^ Sherd of a handle. (T.24-13). as characteristics of phase II of the Istrian Bronze Age (COVIC 1983, 126). Bowls with such rim shape have been located in Pupicina pec in the horizons belonging to the Middle Bronze Age and they are the only present bowl type of that period (FORENBAHER, KAISER 2006, 190, T. 5.9; 9, 10). They are dated on Varvara to the older phase of the Middle Bronze Age (COVIC 1978, T. XXXV: 3). The abovementioned bowls are also represented at Vrcin (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1997, T. 6: 76), as well as at Monkodnja (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1998, T. 1: 8-13). Similar ones have been dated on Brijuni to the earlier phase of the Middle Bronze Age (CARDARELLI 1983, 104, T. 24: 10). Emergence of very similar shapes of semicircular bowls with similar rim forms is also common during the Late

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10. Ulomak oboda. (T.24-8). Sherd of a rim. (T.24-8).

su pripadali vecim loncima (T.24-14,15,16), a postoje i ulomci zdjela jednostavnog cunastog oblika (T.24-9,12) te najvjerojatnije i malih lonaca s izvijenim obodom (T.24-1,7,8). Uglavnom je ta keramika izradena od djelimice prociscene ili neprociscene gline sa sitnim primjesama kalcita ili kvarcita te je relativno dobre i cvrste izrade i prilicno kvalitetno pecena. Taj bi se materijal, a samim time ujedno i SJ 3 nalazista Boskina u kojem je pronaden, prema svemu iznesenome i na temelju usporedbe tog materijala s materijalom ostalih lokaliteta, trebao datirati u stariju fazu srednjeg broncanog doba Istre. Dio materijala mozda upucuje i na malo raniju dataciju, odnosno u zavrsnu fazu ranog broncanog doba Istre, kada su nastala naselja Gradac - Turan i Slivno (Slivia). No, ta se pretpostavka mora uzeti s rezervom s obzirom na malobrojnost nalaza i nepostojanje vise kulturnih slojeva, ali se niposto ne smije potpuno odbaciti. Kako nemamo nalaza koji bi upucivali na tragove zivota tijekom kasnog broncanog doba, izgleda kako se zivot na torn prostoru odvijao neko krace vrijeme i u manjem opsegu, izmedu zavrsne faze ranog i zavrsne faze srednjeg broncanog doba. Nazalost, na osnovi malog broja nalaza iz povrsinskog sloja (Sj 1) i sloja koji se nalazio neposredno iznad zdravice i maticne stijene i u samim skrapama (Sj 3), ne mozemo doci do precizniiih zakliucaka Takav nam materijal iako ga nalazimo u oskudnom i prilicno fragmentiranom obliku, daje tipicnu sliku keramickih oblika na nizu gradinskih naselja tog razdoblja. Osim keramickih niie pronaden ni iedan nalaz izraden od nekog drugog materijala koji bismo mogli pripisati torn razdoblju, izuzev jedne alatke od cijepanog kamena (T.24-20). Rijec je o alatki koja je djelimice prekrivena okorinom na dorzalnoj i tek neznatno na ventralnoj strani. Na ventralnoj strani isood olohka koiemu tip niie odrediv vidliivi su tragovi kolobara a evidentna je i izboc'ina Os odbojka i os alatke se ne preklapaju vec tvore pravi kut Takoder iedan ie bocni rub neorekidno obraden na dorzalnoj a drugi na ventralnoj strani Materijal od kojeg je alatka nacinjena je tamni roznjak.13

Bronze Age (CARDARELLI 1983, 100 T. 20). Bottoms of vessels decorated with engravings arranged in a crossed pattern and with circular notches on the outside, characteristic of the older stage of the Middle Istrian Bronze Age (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43; CARDARELLI 1983, 93, T. 17: 159) have not been discovered in this locality. However, a flat bottom with a somewhat emphasised standing surface has been found (T.24-19). Such bottoms emerge throughout a longer period of time and are not a reliable dating support. Nevertheless, judging by a large number of such sherds, flat bottoms became a common phenomenon in the 6th phase of Vaganacka Pecina; in the 7th phase belonging to the mid and partly to the Late Bronze Age, there were no changes - bottoms were flat and simple, sometimes plastically emphasised (FORENBAHER, VRANJICAN 1985, 10-11 T. 3:17, 18, T. 7:9, T. 8: 8). In Pupicina Pec too, only flat bottoms appear during the Bronze Age (FOREN BAHER, KAISER 2006, 190, Table 5.5). On the Istrian peninsula, such bottom types are known from numerous Bronze Age archaeological sites such as Monkodonja (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1998, 61-62), Vrcin (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1997, 116, T. VIII) and others. Knee-like handles with tongue-shaped platelets (T 24-10 17) ribbon- like (T 24-13) tongue-shaped (f.22-8, T.24-14,15,18) and horseshoe-shaped handles decorations in the shape of plastic nipples and ribs (T.22-8, T.241 16) trivets (T 12-12) vessels with bottoms decorated with'circular notches and flutes arranged in a crossed pattern appear for the first time in the developed phase of the Early Bronze Age (COVIC 1983 121)- part of this material is represented in the'locality of Boskina as well Although Covic's (COVIC 1983) and Cardarellis (CARDARELLI 1983) interpretations of the time of occurrence of life in hill-forts somewhat differ, both works are surely important as help for the chronological designation of the ceramics Nevertheless it seems that Covic's interpretations got the affirmation in the material from the oldest layer of the locality Gradac - Turan which can be dated to the very end of the Early Istrian Bronze Age (MIHOVILIC 1997 43) as well as in his comparison with the one from Monkodonja11 (HANSEL MIHOVILIC TERZAN 1997 87 Picture 46) The calibrated date12 obtained using the radioactive carbon method (C 14) from the oldest layer of the Slivno locality (Slivia) on the Trieste Kras also confirms these hypotheses on the occurrence of hill-fort dwellings already at the end

ANTIKA
NEPOKRETNI NALAZI Vesna Zmaic Arheoloskim istrazivaniima orovedenim 2005 i 2006. godine na lokalitetu Boskina kod mjesta Krvavici, dokazano je da se tijekom 1. i 2. st. tu
11 Alatka od tamnoa rozniaka diiplom nreknvena okorinom (T 24-20) Tool made of dark flint, partly cortical. (T.24-20).

Takodpr autori ovon rada nrpdlazu ipdnu dvofaznu nodiplu srpdnipn bronfanon doba Istrp Tako bi nastala nodipla fazp Istra III nrpma Covicu na stariiu i razviienu odnosno zavrsnu fazu Stariia bi faza obuhvacala sldeve Ilia i lllb lokaliteta Gradac - Turan a zavrsna sloi II istoaa Sloi IV lokaliteta Gradac- Tu'ra i takesmo vec nekoliko outa istakli Drioadao bi ranom broncanom dobu Istre odnosno'fazi Istra II rHANSEL MIHOVILIC, TERZAN 1997, 87,'SI. 46). ' ^ The authors of this work propose a two-phase classification of the Istrian mid Bronze Age. In this way the phase Istria III by f.ovir would be divided into: older and developed i e final phase. The older phase would cover layers IIIa and IIIb of the locality of Gradac- Turan and the final oneZer II o f Z s a m e As we have already em i.e. phase Istria II (HANSEL, MIHOVILIC, TERZAN 1997, , 87 Picture 46).
12

Riier ip o kalihriranom datiimu sloia (v 1890 - 1ROR n nr Kr sto svakako notvrduip da tai naistariii sloi lokalitpta Slivno vrpmpnski nrinada

ranom broncanom dobu (HANSEL, MIHOVILIC, TERZAN 1997, 87). It is the matter of a calibrated date of layer 6: 1890 - 1606 B.C:, which surely confirms that this layer (the oldest one) of the Slivno locality belongs to the early Bronze Age (HANSEL MIHOVIL^

no Rnckina fiQ-200 01 10 nR'S

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nalazio arhitektonski kompleks ville rustice, izvangradsko ruralno imanje sa skupom zgrada i okolnim zemljistem, koje je bilo namijenjeno poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, a ujedno je zadovoljavalo i sve potrebe stanovanja vlasnika. Istrazena povrsina nalazista bila je dugacka 150 m i siroka 6,50 m, a pruzala se od jugozapada na sjeveroistok i okomito sijekla tri arhitektonske cjeline: jugozapadni dio s gradevinskim ostacima sacuvanim samo u temeljima, koji su mogli pripadati pomocnim gospodarskim prostorijama i prilaznoj cesti, sredisnji dio imanja s bolje ocuvanim elementima, definiranim kao dio stambenogospodarskog arhitektonskog kompleksa i sjeveroistocni dio, s dijelom sirokog ogradnog zida imanja. Zbog smjestaja na padini koja se lagano uzdizala prema sjeveroistoku tvoreci blage terase, odvojene arhitektonske cjeline nalazile su se na razlicitim visinama, a veza izmedu njih, zbog djelomicno istrazenog terena jos nije ustanovljena (Tloris 1). Sredisnji, stambeno-gospodarski dio imanja Najveca i najbolje sacuvana istrazena cjelina koja je pripadala tome imanju dio je arhitektonskih ostataka gospodarskih i stambenih prostora, otkopanih u povrsini od 78 m2, a sastojala se od 4 prostorije - dvije prostorije - prostorija A i B bile su potpuno istrazene, a prostorije C i D samo su djelomicno istrazene, zbog ogranicene sirine iskopa (si. 12). Istrazeni dio arhitekture imao je pravilan pravokutni tlocrt, a vanjski perimetar objekta na sjeveru i jugu bio je jednostavnih, ravnih linija bez rasclanjenih zidova. Sirina objekta bila je 12,50 m, a duzina jos nije ustanovljena osim istrazenog prostora od 6,50 m, no s obzirom na to da se proteze izvan granica iskopa, moze se odrediti

of the Early Bronze Age (HANSEL, MIHOVILIC, TERZAN 1997, 87). In view of a considerable fragmentation of the material, it is hard to say something more about the shapes of represented vessels. We can suppose that some potsherds belonged to bigger pots (T.24-14,15,16), and there are also potsherds of bowls of simple conical shape (T.24-9,12) and most probably small pots with a twisted rim (T.241,7,8). This ceramics was mostly made from partly refined or non-refined clay tempered with tiny calcite or quartzite, and was of relatively good and hard fabrication and fairly well baked. Judging by the abovementioned and based on the comparison of this material with that of other localities this material, and therefore also layer 3 of the archaeological site Boskina in which it was located, should be dated to the older phase of the Middle Istrian Bronze Age. Part of the material might indicate somewhat earlier dating, i.e. the final phase of the Early Istrian Bronze Age, when the settlements of Gradac - Turan and Slivno (Slivia) emerge. Nevertheless, this hypothesis has to be taken with a pinch of salt, due to the scarcity of finds and lack of cultural layers, but it should by no means be rejected. Since there are no finds indicating traces of life during the Late Bronze Age, it seems that life in this area was going on for some short period of time and in lesser extent between the final phase of the Early and final phase of the Middle Bronze Age. Unfortunately, based on a scarce number of archaeological sites from the surface layer (layer 1) and the layer situated immediately above the subsoil and parent rock in the very cracks (layer 3), we cannot get to more precise conclusions. Such material, although found in a fairly

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12. Pogled sa zapada na arhitektonske ostatke sredisnjeg stambeno proizvodnog dijela kompleksa. View of the architectural remains of the central residential-husbandry part of the complex from the west.
Ovom prilikom zahvaljujem Darku Komsu iz Arheoloskog muzeja Istre na pomoci i savjetima tijekom obrade, odredivanja i crtanja ove alatke. On this occasion, I would like to thank Darko Komso from the Archaeological Museum of Istria for his help and advice during the designation and sketching of this tool.

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njegova orijentacija u smjeru sjeverozapad jugoistok. Takva orijentacija zgrade, s dijagonalnim osima okrenutim prema glavnim stranama svijeta, cesto je primjenjivana u rimskoj arhitekturi, a Vitruvije takvu orijentaciju navodi kao svojevrsno pravilo u rasporedu i polozaju zgrada s obzirom na strujanje zraka, smjerove vjetra, utjecaj sunca i vlage14 (VITRUVIJE 1999, 24). Bez obzira na to, takvi objekti imali su orijentaciju najcesce prilagodenu zadanom terenu, koji se pazljivo birao najcesce na terasastom zemljistu ili blagoj padini, uz plodno zemljiste i izvor vode, a pritom su koristene sve prednosti odredenog polozaja, dostupnost, blizina prometnice i sl. (ZANINOVIC 1995, 89). Istrazena cjelina bila je srediste imanja s prostorijama za zivljenje i odmor vlasnika, koja je u svojem sklopu imala i gospodarske prostore. U uvjetima djelomicne istrazenosti terena, tesko je tocno utvrditi koje su prostorije bile gospodarskog, a koje stambenog karaktera i uopce kakva je bila arhitektonska koncepcija toga sredisnjeg prostora. To se moze samo naslutiti na temelju istrazenih zdanja slicnog karaktera (MATIJASIC 1999, 123) na podrucju Istre, gdje se ponavlja uglavnom slicna shema ocrtana u nizu pravokutnih prostorija, koje su bile okupljene oko cetverokutnog dvorista u sredini, okruzena stupo-vima koji su tvorili trijemove po uzoru na italsku stambenu tradiciju (domus) (BEGOVIC, SCHRUNK 2003, 101). S obzirom na stupanj istrazenosti terena i malu otvorenu povrsinu arhitekture ne moze se iskljuciti da je raspored prostorija , bio drukcije koncepcije. U toj cjelini ukupno je istrazeno i dokumentirano 9 zidova koji se razlikuju po nacinu gradnje, orijentaciji i stupnju sacuvanosti (sl. 12). Struktura zidova bila je sastavljena od dva lica zida

fragmented shape, gives us a typical picture of ceramic forms in a whole range of hill-fort settlements of that period. Beside the ceramic finds, there were no other finds made of any other material that could be attributed to this period, except for one tool made of knapped lithics (T.24-20). This tool is partly cortical on the dorsal surface, and only insi gnificantly on the ventral. On the ventral surface, underneath the platform, whose type cannot be designated, there are visible traces of ripples, and there is also a bulb of appied force. The axis of the flake and the axis of the tool do not overlap, but form a right angle. Also, one lateral edge is fabricated continuously on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral surface. The material from which the tool is made is dark chert.13

ROMAN PERIOD
FEATURES Vesna Zmaic Archaeological research performed in 2005 and 2006 in the locality of Boskina near Krvavici has proved that during the 1 st and 2nd centuries an architectural complex of villa rustica was situated here - an extraurban rural property with a group of buildings and the surrounding land, intended for agricultural production, at the same time meeting all the dwelling needs of the proprietor. The researched surface of the archaeological site was 150 m long and 6,50 m wide, extending from the southwest to the northeast vertically cutting three architectural units: the southwestern part with the construction remains preserved only in the foundations, possibly belonging to the ancillary husbandry space and the access road the central part of the property with better preserved elements defined as a part of residential and husbandly architectural complex and the northwestern part with a part of the wide fence wall of the farm. Due to the location on a slope which was somewhat elevated towards the northeast forming slight terraces the separated architectural units were situated at different heights and the connection between them has not yet been ascertained (Groundplan 1). Central Residential - Husbandry Part of the Farm: The biggest and best preserved researched unity belonging to this property is part of the architectural remains of husbandry and residential spaces excavated within the surface of 78 m2 composed of 4 rooms two of which - rooms A and B were entirely researched while rooms C and D were only partly researched due to the limited width of the excavation (fig 12) The researched part of the architecture had a regular rectangular ground plan and the outer perimeter of the building in the north and south had simple, straight lines without articulated walls.

13. Sjeverno lice perimetralnog zida 7. Northern face of perimetral wall 7.

Vitruvije daje upute kako se orijentirati i navodi razloge zasto je takva orijentacija potrebna Knjiga I VI Vitruvius gives instructions how to orient oneself and states reasons why such orientation is necessary Book I VI

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gradena u tehnici opus quadratum, od grubo obradenih blokova domaceg vapnenca, nejednakih visina i duzina, horizontalno uslojenih u paralelnim redovima i vezanih zbukom. Unutrasnjost zida ispunjavala se sitnim neobradenim kamenom pomijesanim sa zbukom. To je bila uobicajena rimska tehnika gradnje i vrlo je cesto primjenjivana na terenima gdje je bilo obilje kamenog materijala. Kamen za gradnju prethodno je bio grubo doradivan, a stupanj dorade ovisio je o strukturi zida i varirao od jednostavno priklesanih do vrlo dobro obradenih blokova, a vanjska lica zida, iako su bila rusticna, uvijek su bila izradena u jednoj ravnini. Dimenzije zidova zadovoljavaju standarde rimske arhitekture, a mogu se pratiti na civilnoj arhitekturi duz citavog naseg obalnog prostora. Tu se susrecu dvije osnovne dimenzije, koje se stalno ponavljaju u pogledu sirine zida: 45 cm, sto bi odgovaralo mjeri od 1,5 stope, preracunato iz suvremenih u rimske mjere,15 i zidovi sirine 60 cm, sto bi iznosilo 2 rimske stope. Te dimenzije odnosile su se na nosive zidove, a pregradni, nenosivi zidovi bili su redovito sirine od oko 30 cm, sto bi priblizno iznosilo 1 rimsku stopu (SUIC 1976, 111). Perimetralni zidovi sredisnjeg objekta na lokalitetu Boskina bili su orijentirani u smjeru sjeverozapad - jugoistok, medusobno paralelni i udaljeni jedan od drugoga 11,50 m, kolika je bila sirina unutrasnjeg prostora. Sjeverni, vanjski zid 7 bio je sagraden od velikih, priklesanih kamenih blokova vezanih zbukom na oba lica i jezgrom od sitnog kamena lomljenka. Njegova sirina bila je 45 cm u gornjem dijelu i 60 cm u temeljnoj stopi, koja se dizala od kamena zivca do 35 cm u visinu (sl.13). Zid je vecim dijelom lezao na zivoj stijeni, a potreba za prosirenjem u temeljnoj stopi za 15 cm mozda je bila u tome sto je jednim dijelom sjedao na neravno tlo, u cijem sastavu je bila i otpadna jama iz ranije faze gradevine, gdje je vjerojatno dolazilo do slijeganja tla. Takva struktura tla mogla je biti uzrokom urusavanja zida sa sjeverne strane, gdje je uoceno vise faza zidanja, odnosno sanacija zida. Kameni blokovi slijedili su slijeganje tla, pa se izgubila pravilnost redova i horizontalno uslojavanje, umjesto toga sacuvani zidovi stoje pod odredenim nagibom i u nepravilnim, valovitim redovima. Juzni perimetralni zid 9, paralelan sa zidom 7, u gornjem dijelu je iste konstrukcije i sirine kao sjeverni zid, ali se tu u temelju ne javlja prosirenje. Moguce da je razlog tome ravna i stabilna podloga, pa nije bilo potrebe za dodatnim podupiranjem zida. U zapadnom dijelu zid je sacuvan u visini od 1 m, a na istocnoj strani sacuvan je samo u temeljima (si. 14). Oba perimetralna zida izlaze izvan granica iskopa, tako da njihova duljina za sada nije poznata. Na sjevernom lieu ovog zida, kao i u urusenju ispod njega naden je veliki broj fresaka crvene i zute boje, a neki ulomci upucuju na koncepciju zutog podzida
15

The width of the building was 12,50 m and the length has not been determined yet, except for the researched area of 6,50 m. However, taken into consideration that it extends outside the excavation limits, its orientation northwest southeast can be determined. Such orientation of a building with diagonal axes facing the cardinal points of the compass was often used in the Roman architecture, and Vitruvius quotes such orientation as some kind of a rule for the arrangement and position of buildings as regards the air circulation, directions of the wind, and the influence of the sun and humidity14 (VITRUVIUS 1999, 24.). Regardless of that, the orientation of such buildings was usually adapted to the given terrain which was carefully chosen, mostly on a terrace terrain or a mild slope by the fertile land and a spring, using all the advantages of a certain position, accessibility of the villa, nearness of a road and the like (ZANINOVIC 1995, 89). The researched unity used to be the centre of the property with the premises for life and relaxation of the proprietors, together with the husbandry spaces. In such conditions of the partly explored terrain, it is hard to determine exactly which were husbandry rooms and which rooms were of residential character, and generally, what kind of architectural conception this central space had. It can only be guessed on the basis of researched edifices of similar character (MATIJASIC 1999, 123) in the Istrian region, where the same scheme is mostly repeated as a series of rectangular rooms gathered around a quadrangular garden at the centre, surrounded by columns which formed porches following the example of the Italic housing tradition (domus) (BEGOVIC, SCHRUNK 2003, 101). In view of the level of exploration of the terrain and a small open surface of the architecture, it should not be excluded that the arrangement of the rooms might have had a different concept. Altogether 9 walls in this unity were researched and documented, different as to the construction type, orientation and level of conservation (fig. 12). The structure of walls was composed of two faces of the wall built in the technique of opus quadratum, made of roughly worked blocks of domestic limestone of unequal heights and lengths, horizontally layered in parallel rows connected by wall plaster. The inside of the wall was filled with tiny unworked stones mixed with wall plaster. This was a common Roman building technique and was often used on terrains rich in stone material. The building stone used to be roughly processed, and the level of processing depended on the structure of the wall and varied from simply carved to very well worked blocks. Although the outer faces of the wall were rustical, they were always made on the same level (ADAM 1994, 125). The dimensions of the walls meet the

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1 rimska stopa iznosila je 29,57 cm.

1 Roman foot was 29,57 cm.

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14. Pogled s juga na sredisnji stambeno - gospodarski dio kompleksa i juzno lice perimetralnog zida 9. View of the central residentialhusbandry part of the complex and the south face of perimetral wall 9, from the south.

s crvenim gornjim poljima, koja su bila uokvirena tankim zutim linijama. Unutar objekta istrazena su dva pregradna zida - zid 6 i zid 11, koja su se protezala od zida 7 na sjeveru do zida 9 na jugu i bila su organski spojena s njima (sl.15). Paralelno s pregradnim zidovima, 3,50 m istocno od zida 6, u sondi 3 iz 2005.g. pronaden je dio jos jednog zida - zid 5 koji nije istrazen do kraja, a vrlo je vjerojatno da se i ovaj zid protezao u cijeloj duljini izmedu dva perimetralna zida (sl.17). Pregradni zid 11 nalazi se na najzapadnijem dijelu istrazenog prostora, a cijelo njegovo zapadno lice ostalo je neistrazeno u zapadnom profilu iskopa. Napravljena su stoga tri probna prosirenja prema zapadu, koja su nam dala odredene podatke o sirini i konstrukciji zida, a istodobno potvrdila da se objekt protezao dalje na zapad. Zid je bio

standards of the Roman architecture, and can be traced on the civil architecture along our entire coastal area. Two basic dimensions can be found here and are constantly repeated as regards the width of the wall: 45 cm, which would correspond to the measure of 1 A feet, calculated from the contemporary into the Roman measures15, as well as 60 cm wide walls, which would correspond to 2 Roman feet. These dimensions used to refer to bearing walls, while the partition non-bearing walls were usually about 30 cm wide, which would approximately correspond to 1 Roman foot. (SUIC 1976, 111) The perimetral walls of the central building in the locality of Boskina were oriented in the direction northwest - southeast, parallel with each other and 11,50 m distant from each other, equal to the width of the inner space. The northern, outer wall 7 was built of big, carved stone blocks connected by wall plaster on both faces and having the core of tiny broken stone. Its width was 45 cm in the upper part and 60 cm on the bed plate, rising from the bedrock to the height of 35 cm. (fig. 13) The major part of the wall was lying on the solid rock, and the need for widening in the bed plate for 15 cm might have been caused by the fact that it was partly lying on uneven ground comprising the midden from an earlier phase of the building too, where the soil probably settled. Such soil structure might have caused the falling in of the wall from the northern side, where more construction phases, i.e. wall reconstructions were noticed. Stone blocks followed the settling of the soil, so that the regularity of rows and horizontal layering were lost; the preserved walls stand under certain inclination in irregular wavy rows instead. The southern perimetral wall 9, parallel to wall 7, has the same construction and width in the upper part as the northern wall, but there is no widening of the foundation in this case. The reason might be the flat and stable base, so that there was no need for the additional support of the wall. In the western part, the wall is preserved up to the height of 1m, while in the eastern part only the foundations are preserved (fig. 14) Both perimetral walls exceed the borders of the excavation, so that their length is not yet known. On the northern face of this wall and in the cavein underneath, a big number of frescos in red and yellow colours were found, some fragments indicating the concept of a yellow baseboard with red upper fields framed by thin yellow lines. Inside the building two partition walls were researched - wall 6 and wall 11, extending from wall 7 in the north, to wall 9 in the south and were organically connected with them (fig. 15). Parallel to the partition walls, 3,50 m to the east from wall 6 in trench 3 from 2005, a part of another wall wall 5 was located. It has not been researched entirely, and it probably extended along the whole length between the two perimetral walls as well (fig. 17). The partition wall 11 is situated in the most western part of the researched area and the whole

15. Pogled s juga na sredisnji objekt s juznim perimetralnim zidom 9, pregradnim zidom 6, 11 i 12. View of the central building with the southern perimetral wall 9, partition walls 6, 11 and 12, from the south.

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sirine 47 cm, a njegovo zapadno lice bilo je oblozeno dobro obradenim plocama od kamena vapnenca vecih dimenzija (koje su za sada jos neistrazene) i sirine oko 10 cm. Te ploce su bile integralni dio zida, odnosno njegovo pravo lice, sto je potvrdeno i nalazima visebojnih fresaka kojima je bila oblozena vanjska, zapadna strana ploce, pa bi ukupna sirina tog zida iznosila oko 60 cm. Oblaganje zidova takvim velikim plocama cesto je sluzilo da bi se povrsina namijenjena za oslikavanje izolirala od vlazne podloge, za sto su se cesto sluzile i velike ploce od terakote ili tegule, koje su na zid bile pricvrscene zbukom ili malim metalnim klinovima. Na njih se nanosila zbuka uobicajenim postupkom, u vise slojeva, i tvorila sigurnu, suhu podlogu za zidne slike (ADAM 1994, 219). Ta strana zida ostala je neistrazena, ali u malom prosirenju iskopa moglo se vidjeti da su na zapadnom lieu stajale visebojne freske u crvenoj; zelenoj, bijeloj i plavoj boji sa slikanim motivima.16 Paralelno sa zidom 11 i udaljen 4,70 m istocno od njega, stajao je pregradni zid 6. Sirine 45 cm, protezao se od jednog do drugog vanjskog zida s kojima je bio organski vezan, sto se moglo vidjeti po identicnoj strukturi i sirini ovih zidova. A 3,50 m juzno od zida 7, ovaj zid se pravilno zavrsavao, pa se moze pretpostaviti da je tu bio prolaz izmedu prostorije B i prostorije C (si. 16). Dio zida sjeverno od prolaza potpuno je srusen, u temeljima je stajalo nekoliko tesanaca, dobro obradeni pjescenjak sivozelenkaste boje velicine 45 x 45 cm i jedan veci, dobro obradeni blok velicine 40 x 45 cm koji je bio u vezi sa zidom 7, kao spojnica izmedu dva zida, ali ni jedan od tih blokova nije imao vezu s prolazom, na temelju koje bismo mogli zakljuciti kolika je bila njegova sirina. Treba spomenuti i djelomicno istrazen zid 5, koji je bio paralelan sa zidom 6 i udaljen od njega prema istoku 3,50 m. I na torn zidu nalazi se prolaz gotovo u istoj ravnini s prolazom na zidu 6, ali za sada nije istrazen nastavak zida, pa ni u ovom slucaju nismo dobili podatke o sirini prolaza. Pregradni zid 12, stajao je okomito na zid 6 i paralelno s perimetralnim zidovima, na 3,50 m od juznog zida 9 i 7 m od sjevernog zida 7. Sirina ovoga zida bila je 43 cm, a duljina nije poznata, posto je na istoku izlazio iz istrazenog prostora. Svi ovdje opisani zidovi pripadali su istoj fazi gradevine i bili su izgradeni u isto vrijeme, sto se vidi iz jednake strukture, kvalitete i nacina gradnje, kao i organske veze izmedu njih, sto se ne moze reci za preostala tri pregradna zida pronadena unutar objekta, o kojima ce biti vise rijeci u daljnjem tekstu vezanom uz tri gradevinske faze ovog prostora. Navedeni zidovi unutrasnji prostor zgrade pregraduju u cetiri prostorije nejednake velicine: jugozapadnu prostoriju A, velicine 6,50 m x 4,80

western face has remained unresearched in the western profile of the excavation. Three test expansions towards the west were therefore made providing us with some information on the width and construction of the wall at the same time confirming that the building had extended further west. The wall was 47 cm wide and its western face was coated with well-worked limestone plates of larger dimensions (still unknown to us) about 10 cm wide. These plates were an integral part of the wall, i.e. its real face, which has been confirmed by the finds of multicoloured frescos covering the outer, western side of the plate, so, the total width of this wall would be 60 cm. Coating of walls with such big plates often served to isolate the surface intended for painting from the humid base, for which purpose big terracotta plates and roof tiles were also often used. They used to be attached to the wall using wall plaster or small metal wedges. The wall plaster was put on them following the usual procedure, in more layers, forming a secure, dry base for wall pictures (ADAM 1994, 219). This side of the wall remained unresearched, but it could be seen in a small extension of the excavation that there had been multicoloured frescos in red, green, white and blue colours with painted motifs on the western face.16 Parallel with wall 11 and 4,70 m to the east from it, there was a partition wall 6. It was 45 cm wide, stretching from one outer wall to another and was organically connected with them, which could be seen from the identical structure and width of these walls. 3,50 m to the south of wall 7, this wall ended in a regular way, so we can suppose that there was a passage between rooms B and C (fig. 16). Part of the wall to the north of the passage is completely ruined; there were a few

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16. Pogled sa sjevera na dio arhitekture sa zidom 24 u temeljima, podom 3, zidom 6 i 12. View of the part of the architecture with wall 24 in the foundations, floor 3, walls 6 and 12, from the north.

Te su se freske mogle vidjeti na zapadnom lieu zida 11, samo u malom prosirenju prema zapadu, dimenzija 50 x 50 cm, pa nemamo vise informacija o njima. These frescos could be seen on the western face of wall 11 only in a small widening towards the west, 50 x 50 cm, so, we do not have any more information about them.

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17. Pogled s istoka na sondu 3 iz 2005.g. s istrazenim dijelom zida 5. View of trench 3 from the year 2005 with the researched part of wall 5, from the east.

ashlars standing in the foundations, as well as a well-worked greenish-grey sandstone of 45 x 45 cm and one larger, well-worked block of 40 x 45 cm connected to wall 7, as a connection between two walls, but none of these blocks had any connection with the passage, which would lead us to a conclusion about its width. At this point we should mention the partly researched wall 5, which was parallel to wall 6 and distant from it 3,50 m to the east. There is a passage in this wall at almost the same height as the one in wall 6, but the continuation of the wall has not been researched so far, so, we did not get any information about the width of the passage in this case either. The partition wall 12 was standing perpendi cular to wall 6 and parallel to the perimetral walls, 3,50 m distant from the southern wall 9 and 7 m from the northern wall 7. The width of this wall was 43 cm, the length is not known because it was exceeding the researched area to the east. All the described walls used to belong to the same phase of the building and had been built at m i sjeverno od nje, manju prostoriju B, koja je bila the same time, which is obvious from their equal velicine 4,30 x 4,70 m, istocno od njih prostoriju structure, quality and construction methods, as C, djelomicno istrazenu u sirini od 1m i duzini od 7 well as from the organic connection between them, m, i prostoriju D, takoder djelomicno istrazenu u which cannot be said for the remaining three sirini od 1 m i duljini 3,50 m. S obzirom na to da je partition walls located within the building, about zid 5 stajao 3 50 m istocno od zida 6 i bio paralelan which there will be more in the further text s njime moze se pretpostaviti da su se prostorije C concerning the three construction phases of this i D protezale do njega na istok u tom slu5aju area. The abovementioned walls partition the inner dimenzije prostorije C bile bi 7 x 3,50 m, a prostorije space of the building into four rooms of unequal C 3 50 x 3 50 m Na temelju ostataka zidova i podnica mogu se size: the southwestern room A, of dimensions 6,50 m x 4,80 m, and to the north of it, a smaller room B razluciti 3 faze gradevine: U prvu fazu gradevine spadao bi istocni dio of dimensions 4,30 x 4,70 m, to the east from them room C, partly researched in the width of 1 m and kompleksa s prostorijama C i D (sl.18). Prostorija C (sl.16) djelomicno je istrazena u length of 7 m and room D, also partly researched sondi B ulazi pod istocni profil i moguce je da se in the width of 1 m and length of 3,50 m. Since nastavlja u sondi 3 iz 2005 g gdje je iskopan zid wall 5 used to stand 3,50 m to the east from wall 6 5 Ako se uzme u obzir razina poda u toj prostoriji and was parallel to it, it can be presumed that koja je jednaka s razinom poda u sondi 3 i njihova rooms C and D were expanding up to it to the east,

Ground plan of a residentialhusbandry building with three defined construction phases. - first construction phase - second construction phase - third construction phase

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identicna struktura, mozemo pretpostaviti da se prostorija protezala na istok do zida 5, a povrsina prostorije iznosila je 24,5 m2. Ta podnica koja je pripadala prvoj fazi gradnje objekta, protezala se do zida 5 na istoku, zida 12 na jugu, zida 24 na sjeveru, a na spoju sa zidom bi se prekidala i blago uzdizala. Kod zapadnog zida 6 podnica se ne prekida, nego prolazi ispod zida koji je temeljima sjeo na nju, kao i podnica iz kasnije faze, tako da se ne moze ni pretpostaviti gdje se nalazila njezina zapadna granica iz prve gradevinske faze objekta. Struktura podnice bila je blijedosivkaste boje, izradena od maltera - opus caementicium i sastavljena od nekoliko slojeva. Donji sloj statumen lezao je na zivoj stijeni, a sastojao se od krupnijih komada kamenja i skalje pomijesanih s malterom. Na grubo izravnati statumen bio je polozen sljedeci sloj zbuke pomijesane sa sitnijim kamenom lomljencem i sljunkom - rudus, sve je bilo prekriveno slojem zbuke koja je bila dobro uglacana - nucleus (ADAM 1994, 232). Presjek poda s opisanim slojevima mogao se dobro vidjeti u sondi 3, gdje je na jednome mjestu bio probijen do zive stijene. Takve podnice, kao i upotreba caementiciuma, javljaju se u strukturi najranijih rimskih gradevina na nasoj obali i mogu se pratiti vec od pocetka 1.st., od perioda ranog Carstva (KILIC-MATIC 2004, 106). U ovoj fazi, moze se pretpostaviti da je vanjski zid objekta na sjeveru bio zid 24, ciji su ostaci vidljivi samo u temeljima (si. 16). Zid je bio sirine 32 cm, a istrazen je u duljini od 1,20 m, no nastavlja se dalje prema istoku i vjerojatno prema zapadu, ispod ostataka zida 6 i podnice iz kasnije faze. Prilikom adaptacije objekta, u drugoj fazi, taj je zid srusen i zaravnat u razini poda, gradi se novi vanjski zid 7, a prostor se prosirio za 2,50 m prema sjeveru. Sjeverno od zida 24, podnica se ne nastavlja, a tlo je samo nasuto usitnjenom zbukom i iznivelirano u istoj visini s podnicom i temeljima zida. Sporna je sirina zida 24 od 32 cm kakva se upotrebljavala kod pregradnih i nenosivih zidova i ne odgovara standardima vanjskih, perimetralnih zidova zgrade (SUIC 1976, 111). Ovoj fazi pripada i velika otpadna jama ukopana u zivu stijenu sjeverno od objekta, koja je kanalom u zivoj stijeni bila spojena s objektom. Kanal je jednim dijelom ulazio pod zid 7, pa se moze pretpostaviti da je jama bila u funkciji prije nego sto se zgrada prosirila prema sjeveru, a prilikom adaptacije izgubila je funkciju, te je zatrpana, a kanal je presvoden novim zidom 7. Prostorija D (si.15) prema visini podnice i smjestaju u odnosu na drugi dio objekta, takoder bi spadala u prvu fazu. Kao i prostorija C, nije potpuno istrazena i ne moze se sa sigurnoscu odrediti njena velicina, osim na temelju djelomicno istrazenog zida 5 iz sonde 3 i njegova odnosa sa zidom 12, 6 i 9. U slucaju da se zid 12 i 9 nastavljaju prema istoku i spajaju sa zidom 5, prostorija D bila bi kvadratnog tlocrta, velicine 3,50 x 3,50 m (Tloris 1). Podnica u ovoj prostoriji bila je identicne strukture i boje kao ona u prostoriji C. Osim toga, podnice su stajale u istoj razini, temeljene na zivoj

in which case the dimensions of room C would be 7 x 3,50 m and room D 3,50 x 3,50 m. Based on the remains of the walls and floors, 3 phases of the building can be distinguished: The eastern part of the complex with rooms C and D belongs to the first phase of the building (fig. 18). Room C (fig. 16) is partly researched in trench B, enters under the eastern profile and possibly continues in trench 3 from the year 2005, where wall 5 was excavated. If we take into consideration the level of the floor in this room, which is equal to the level of the floor in trench 3 and their identical structure, we can presume that the room was expanding to the east up to wall 5, and the surface of the room was 24,5 m2. This floor which belonged to the first phase of construction, extended to wall 5 in the east, wall 12 in the south, wall 24 in the north, and on the connection with the wall it was interrupted and slightly elevated. Near the western wall 6, the floor is not interrupted, but passes under the wall, which lay on it with its foundation, as well as the floor from a later phase, so that it cannot be presumed where its western border from the first construction phase of the building was. The structure of the floor was of pale greyish colour, made of mortar - opus caementicium and composed of more layers. The lower layer - statumen lay on the solid rock, and was made of larger pieces of stone and broken stones mixed with mortar. The next layer of wall plaster mixed with tiny broken stone and gravel rudus, was laid upon the roughly levelled statumen. Everything was covered with a layer of well burnished wall plaster - nucleus (ADAM, 1994, 232). The cross-section of the floor with the described layers could be seen very well in trench 3, where it was perforated all the way to the solid rock in one place. Such floors, as well as the use of the caementicium can be found in the structure of the earliest Roman buildings on our coast and can be traced from the beginning of the 1st century, the period of the Early Empire (KILIC-MATIC 2004, 106). In this phase, it can be presumed that the outer wall of the building to the north was wall 24 whose remains are visible only in the foundations (fig. 16). The wall was 32 cm wide, and it was researched along the length of 1,20 m. However, it continues towards the east and probably west, underneath the remains of wall 6 and the floor from a later phase. During the adaptation of the building in the second phase, this wall was knocked down and levelled with the ground; the new outer wall 7 was built, and the space extended for 2,50 m northwards. North of wall 24, the floor continues and the ground is just laid over with crushed wall plaster and levelled in the same height with the floor and the foundations of the wall. The width of wall 24 of 32 cm, which was usual for partition and non-bearing walls, is disputable in this case and does not correspond to the standards of outer, perimetral walls of the building (SUIC 1976, 111). A midden dug into a solid rock north of the

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19. Pogled sa sjevera na sredisnji arhitektonski kompleks prilikom istrazivackih radova. View of the central architectural complex during research works from the north.

20. Detalj podnice, opus spicatum, unutar prostorije B. Detail of a floor, opus spicatum, inside room B.

stijeni u 3 identicna sloja, pa se moze pretpostaviti da su obje pripadale istom vremenu. Jedina razlika medu njima bila je ta sto se podnica u prostoriji D pruzala do zida 6 i tu se prekidala, za razliku od podnice iz prostorije C, koja se na spoju sa zidom nije prekidala, nego se nastavljala prema zapadu. Podnica se na sjeveru pruzala do zida 12, na jugu do zida 9. U ovoj prostoriji nisu nadeni elementi koji bi upucivali na gospodarsku djelatnost, pa se moze pretpostaviti da je imala drukciju namjenu, odnosno da je pripadala stambenom dijelu objekta, sto potvrduje i veliki broj fino oblikovanih, malih kamenih tesera bijele i crne boje pronadenih tijekom iskopavanja na tom podrucju. Te tesere su, za razliku od onih pronadenih na podrucja prostorije A i B, bile manjih dimenzija, otprilike 1x1 cm i pravilnije izradene. Mozaik nije pronaden unutar prostorije, ali se moze pretpostaviti da je podnica od zbuke i cementa, bila prekrivena oplatom od malih tesera u maniri jednostavnih

building, which was connected with the building by means of a canal in the solid rock, belongs to this phase. The canal was partly entering under wall 7, so it can be presumed that the midden had been in function before the building expanded towards the north, lost its function during the adaptation and was therefore buried under and the canal vaulted by the new wall 7. According to floor height and location in relation with the remaining part of the building, room D (fig. 15) would also belong to the fist phase. Just as room C, it has not been fully researched and its size cannot be determined with certainty, except on the basis of the partly researched wall 5 from trench 3 and its relation to walls 12, 6 and 9. In case of continuation of walls 12 and 9 towards the east and connecting with wall 5, room D would have a square ground plan and dimensions 3,50 x 3,50 m (Groundplan 1). The floor in this room was of identical structure and colour as the one in room C. Besides, the floors were standing on the same level, founded on the solid rock in 3 identical layers, so it could be presumed that they both belonged to the same period. The only difference between them was that the floor in room D extended up to wall 6 and was interrupted there, unlike the floor from room C, which was not interrupted at the conjunction with the wall, but continued westwards. The floor extended to wall 12 in the north and to wall 9 in the south. There were no elements connected with the economic activity located in this room, so it can be presumed that it had a different purpose, i.e. belonged to the residential part of the building, which is confirmed by a large number of finely shaped, small stone tesserae of black and white colours, found during the excavations in this area. Unlike the ones located in the area of rooms A and B, these tesserae were of smaller dimensions, about 1x1 cm, and of more regular fabrication. There was no mosaic located within the room, but it can be presumed that the floor made of mortar and cement was covered with small tesserae in the manner of simple black and white geometrical mosaics, which prevail on our coast during the first centuries of the Empire (MEDER 2003, 17). The western part of the (researched) building, i.e. rooms A and B, which obviously have two building phases (fig. 18) belong to the second phase of the building: In the earlier phase, room B had dimensions 4,80 x 3,20, and extended from the partition wall 23 in the south to the outer wall 7 in the north, from wall 11 in the west to wall 6 in the east, where the passage towards room C was. The width of the passage cannot be determined accurately because the wall was completely demolished on the northern side. A few ashlars and better worked blocks located in such a way that they could not give any certain information about the width of the passage, remained in the foundations. The floor in this room was paved with small quadratic bricks of dimensions 6,5 x 2,5 x 11 cm ranging from pale pink and orange colours to yellow, placed laterally in regular rows in the

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crno-bijelih, geometrijskih mozaika, kakvi na nasoj obali prevladavaju u prvim stoljecima Carstva (MEDER 2003, 17). U drugu fazu gradevine spada zapadni dio (istrazenog) objekta, odnosno prostorije A i B, koje ocito imaju dvije gradevne faze (si. 18): Prostorija B u ranijoj fazi imala bila je velicine 4,80 x 3,20 m, a protezala se od pregradnog zida 23 na jugu do vanjskog zida 7 na sjeveru, od zida 11 na zapadu do zida 6 na istoku, gdje je bio prolaz prema prostoriji C. Sirinu prolaza nije moguce tocno odrediti, jer je zid sa sjeverne stane bio potpuno srusen. U temelju je ostalo nekoliko tesanaca i bolje obradenih blokova, koji su bili smjesteni tako da nisu mogli dati sigurne podatke o sirini prolaza. Podnica u ovoj prostoriji bila je poplocena malim cetvrtastim opekama velicine 6,5 x 2,5 x11 cm od blijedo roza i narancaste do zute boje, bocno postavljenih u pravilnim nizovima u motivu riblje kosti i povezanih zbukom (si. 20) (KILIC-MATIC 2004, 92). Ta tehnika naziva se opus spicatum, a najcesce je koristena za prekrivanje podova bazena, cisterni, piscina, prostorija za proizvodnju i skladistenje ali i za poplocavanje drugih prostorija privatnih zgrada. Male plocice - spike slagane su bocno i gusto jedna uz drugu, osiguravajuci tako cvrstu povrsinu otpornu na vanjske utjecaje, a to su vlaga, pritisak ili udarac. Vitruvije ih naziva tiburtinske opeke i savjetuje da ih treba pazljivo postaviti, bez razmaka i bez izbocina, izravnati, brusiti u ravnini i polirati, a potom posipati mramornim prahom i zastitnim slojem od vapna i pijeska (VITRUVIJE 1999, 43,VII,4). Pod je bio besprijekorno izveden, pa se cini da su se izvodaci drzali standarda propisanih za izradu ovakvih podnica. Velicina prostorije A u ovoj ranijoj fazi bila je 7,70 x 4,80 m, a protezala se od vanjskog zida 9 na jugu do pregradnog zida 23 na sjeveru, zida 11 na zapadu i zida 6 na istoku. Prostorija je u bila posve prekrivena podnicom napravljenom od maltera blijedosivkaste boje, koja se sastojala od nekoliko slojeva. Donji sloj, statumen bio je polozen na kamen zivac, kao debela podloga, odnosno nasip za nivelaciju tla, od krupnijeg i sitnog lomljenog kamenja pomijesanog sa zbukom i grubo zaravnat. Cini se da je to bila podloga na koju je sjedao i zid 6, po cemu bi i on pripadao ovoj, a ne prvoj fazi gradevine. Na to je bio postavljen slijedeci sloj od vapna i pijeska (zbuke) sa sitnijim kamenom lomljenkom i sljunkom formirajuci betonski sloj - rudus. Sve je bilo obilno prekriveno zbukom koja je na kraju bila dobro uglacana - nucleus i tvorila hodnu povrsinu (VITRUVIJE 1999, 142). Bijele, grubo izradene kockice mozaika nadene u velikom broju u urusenju na podrucju prostorije A, najvjerojatnije nisu pripadale poplocenju iz te faze, nego iz sljedece, kada je izgraden i zid 15, posto je on lezao na podnici od zbuke, a ispod njega nisu nadeni ostaci poda s kockama mozaika. Zid 23 - takoder je pripadao 2. fazi objekta, a bio je pregradni zid izmedu prostorija A i B, protezao se od zida 11 na zapadu, do mjesta na

fishbone-pattern and connected by mortar (fig. 20) (KILIC-MATIC 2004, 92). This technique is called opus spicatum, and was usually used for paving floors of pools, cisterns, piscinae, rooms for production and storing but also for paving other rooms of private buildings. Small tiles spicae were arranged laterally and densely one beside the other, assuring in that way a hard surface resistant to the outside influences such as humidity, pressure or blow. Vitruvius calls them Tiburtine bricks and advises that they should be carefully placed, without gaps or bulges, levelled, ground on the same level and polished, and then sprinkled with marble powder and the protective layer of mortar and sand (VITRUVIUS 1999, 43, VII, 4). The floor had been made flawlessly, which indicates that the workers must have followed the standards prescribed for the execution of such floors. The dimensions of room A in this early phase were 7,70 x 4,80 m and it extended from the outer wall 9 in the south to the partition wall 23 in the north, wall 11 in the west and wall 6 in the east. The room was completely covered with the floor made of pale grey mortar, which consisted of a few layers. The bottom layer, statumen, was laid on the bedrock as a thick base, i.e. a heap for levelling of the ground, it was made of bigger and smaller broken stones mixed with mortar and roughly levelled. It seems that this was the base for wall 6 as well, which would indicate its belonging to this phase of the building, and not the first one. The next layer of mortar and sand with smaller broken stones and gravel was laid on this, forming the layer of concrete - rudus. All this was abundantly covered with mortar, which was well burnished in the end - nucleus, and formed the occupational surface (VITRUVIUS 1999, 142). A large number of white, roughly fabricated squares of the mosaic located in the cave-in within room A probably did not belong to the paving from this phase, but the next one, when wall 15 was constructed, since it lay on the mortar floor without any remains of the floor with mosaic squares located underneath. Wall 23 also belonged to the 2"" phase of the building; it was a partition wall between rooms A and B, extending from wall 11 in the west, to the spot in the east where wall 6 was ending regularly and a passage between rooms B and C is supposed to have stood (fig. 21). It is not sure whether wall 23 continued further east or ended here, because its traces on the floor in room C are not visible, which confirms the hypothesis that it belongs to this phase and not an earlier one. The wall is preserved only in the foundations in the width of 35 cm, and it can be followed along the length of 5,10 m. It was not organically connected with wall 11 or wall 6, but only leant on them, however it was surely built synchronously with the floors from rooms A and B, which extend up to it and finish there (fig. 21). The construction period of the third phase of the complex (fig. 18) lead to the change in the architectural concept of rooms A and B. The

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21. Pogled s istoka na prostoriju B i pregradne zidove 23 i 15, dio zida s ostacima prolaza i perimetralni zid 7. View of room B and partition walls 23 and 15, part of the wall with the remains of a passage and perimetral wall 7, from the east.

istoku, gdje je zid 6 pravilno zavrsavao i gdje je trebao stajati prolaz izmedu prostorije B i C (sl. 21). Nije sigurno da li se zid 23 nastavljao dalje prema istoku ili se tu zavrsavao, jer njegovi tragovi na podnici u prostoriji C nisu vidljivi, sto potvrduje pretpostavku da pripada toj fazi, a ne prijasnjoj. Zid je sacuvan samo u temeljima u sirini od 35 cm, a moze se pratiti u duljini od 5,10 m. Nije bio organski vezan sa zidom 11, ni sa zidom 6, nego se samo naslanjao na njih, ali je sigurno bio graden istovremeno s podnicama iz prostorije A i B, koje se pruzaju do njega i tu se zavrsavaju (sl. 21). U gradevinskom razdoblju trece faze kompleksa (sl.18) zbila se promjena u arhitektonskoj koncepciji prostorija A i B. Zidovi prostorije druge faze koristeni su i nadalje, s iznimkom zida 23 koji je srusen, a sagraden je novi pregradni zid 15 izmedu dvije prostorije. Novi zid bio je za 1 m pomaknut prema jugu, pri cemu se prostorija B prosirila na prostor prostorije A. Novi zid lose je kvalitete i drukcije konstrukcije od ostalih pronadenih zidova u sklopu objekta, sirok samo 20 cm, graden od cigle, lomljenih tegula i mnogo zbuke. Stoji okomito u odnosu na zid 11 i pruza se u smjeru zida 6 u duzini od 3,50 m, a izmedu njega i zida 6 ostavljen je prolaz sirine 1 20 m kojime su bile povezane prostorije A i B. Zid , je bio i s jedne i druge strane oblozen zbukom, koja je bila losije kvalitete, sadrzavala je dosta organskog materijala i bila je nanesena u samo dva sloja, samo donekle zagladena. Prilikom te adaptacije prostorija B prosirila se prema jugu i obuhvatila dio prostorije A a nove dimenzije prostorije su 4,30 x 4,70 m. Prostorija sada ima dvije razlicite vrste podnica - opus spicatum iz prethodne faze i dio poda koji je prije pripadao prostoriji A - opus caementicium a izmedu njih u istoj razini s podnicama vidljivi su tragovi zida 23 (sl 21). Moguce je da je prostorija naknadno dobila jedinstvenu podnicu od keramickih tesera vecih dimenzija 2 - 3,5 cm, kakve su u velikom broju

majority of walls of the second phase rooms continued to be used, with the exception of wall 23 which was knocked down, and a new partition wall 15 between two rooms was built. The new wall was moved to the south for 1 m, whereby room B extended into the space of room A. The new wall was bad quality and of different construction than the other located walls belonging to the building, only 20 cm wide, built out of brick, broken roof tiles and a lot of mortar. It stands vertically in relation to wall 11 and extends in the direction of wall 6, along the length of 3,50 m. A 1,20 m wide passage was left between this wall and wall 6 and was connecting rooms A and B. The wall was covered on both sides with bad quality plaster, which contained quite a lot of organic material and was applied in only two layers, smoothed down only to a certain degree. During this adaptation, room B expanded southwards and covered part of room A, the new dimensions of the room being 4,30 x 4,70 m. The room now had two different types of floors - opus spicatum from the previous phase and part of the floor belonging to room A - opus caementicium, between which on the same level with the floors, traces of wall 23 are visible (fig. 21). It is possible that the room later got a unique floor made of ceramic tesserae of bigger dimensions (2 - 3,5 cm), such as have been found in a large number in the cave-in inside the room mixed with mortar, spicae and a small number of white stone tesserae. It should be mentioned here that, at the turn of the first and the second century, mosaics made of bigger, rough tesserae could often be found, with a central field made in the manner of tessellatum - white stone cubes framed by brick tesserae (MEDER 2003, 19). In view of the fact that no ceramic or white tesserae belonging to the floor mosaic were found in situ in room B, no certain conclusions can be made, but the time of the production of such mosaics with ceramic cubes can be taken into consideration and brought into connection with the dating of the 3rd phase of the building. The new dimensions of room A are 6,60 m x 4,70 m, with a mortar floor from an earlier phase. The upper plane of the floor - nucleus, might have served as a floor without coating made of other materials, which was the most common and most economical type of floor. However, the floor construction used to be made in the same way, no matter if it formed the occupational surface or if it was covered with additional coating, so it is not certain whether it was covered with a mosaic floor - tessellatum, made of big white tesserae, the kind that were found in a large number in the cave-in inside the room. The mosaic cubes were found in a wide area outside the rooms too and judging by the quantity it can be presumed that a larger surface was covered with white, rough mosaic, although no bigger mosaic surfaces were located within the room. White cubes of the mosaic were located in situ on a small surface by the western side of wall 6 and the northern face of wall 9 in the mortar that was breaking up, and were lying on a

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nadene u urusenju unutar prostorije pomijesane cement floor. This paving might have belonged to sa zbukom, spikama i manjim brojem bijelih kamenih the 3" phase of the building, when the purpose of tesera. Treba spomenuti da su na prijelazu iz these rooms was changing. Such simple prvoga u drugo stoljece cesto susretani mozaici monochrome floor mosaics (opus tessellatum) were od vecih, grubih tesera sa sredisnjim poljem very common and were placed in buildings for izvedenim tessellatumom - od bijelih kamenih various purposes, but the most common purpose kocaka koii su bill uokvireni teserama od cigle was paving of pools, piscinae and water tanks (MEDER 2003, 19). S obzirom na to da u prostoriji (SUlC 1960, 241), which might indicate the new B nisu nadene ni keramicke niti bijele tesere in Purpose and redesigning of these rooms. Small situ, u sklopu podnog mozaika, ne mogu se cubes of the mosaic - tesserae, were made of white donositi sigurni zakljucci, ali se moze uzeti u obzir limestone, of dimensions from 2,5 x 3 cm to 1,5 x vrijeme u kojem su takvi mozaici s keramickim 1,5 cm in a regular square or irregular, often kockama izradivani i dovesti ga u vezu s datacijom elongated form. In the cave-in within the room, a 3 gradevinske faze obiekta smalI number of ceramic tesserae was found, ' Nove dimenzije prostorije A su 6,60 m x 4,70 which had been either broken or made in a mould, m, s podnicom od zbuke iz ranije faze. Gornja ploha cubic or a little elongated and of bigger dimensions podnice - nucleus mogla je sluziti kao podnica bez (about 2 - 3,5 cm), a large number of such tesserae opiate od drugih materijala, sto je bio najcesci i being located somewhat more to the north, in the najekonomicniji tip poda, no konstrukcija poda area of room B izradivana je na isti nacin, bez obzira da li je ona It seems that, after the adaptation (3" sama tvorila hodnu povrsinu ili se na nju stavljala construction phase) the space was redesigned, dodatna oplata, pa nije sigurno da li je preko bio which is obvious from the new architectural postavljen mozaicki pod - tessellatum, sastavljen elements appearing in the area of rooms B and C od krupnih bijelih tesera, kakve su u velikom broju (tiQ- 22). Slanting protrusions were laid here in bile pronadene u urusenju unutar prostorije. the places of connection of walls and floors, i.e. Mozaicke kocke pronadene su i na sirokom bigger overlays of hard mortar mixed with prostoru i izvan prostorija, a s obzirom na kolicinu, fragments of tiny crushed bricks and pieces of moze se pretpostaviti da je veca povrsina poda frescos. In room B, these protrusions appear at bila prekrivena bijelim, grubim mozaikom, iako the foot of walls 11 and 9, on the northern side of unutar prostorije nisu nadene vece mozaicke wall 15 and western side of wall 6. They used to povrsine. Bijele kocke mozaika in situ, pronadene connect the wall plaster with the floor mortar, su na maloj povrsini uza zapadnu stranu zida 6 i uz rounding the edges between them and making sjeverno lice zida 9, u zbuci koja se raspadala, a them waterproof. In room C, the identical lezale su na podnici od cementa. To poplocenje protrusions appear on the eastern face of wall 6 moglo je pripadati 3. fazi objekta, kada se mijenjala and northern face of wall 12, but they do not namjena prostorija. Takvi jednostavni, jednobojni connect the wall plaster with the existing floor, podni mozaici (opus tessellatum) bill su vrlo cesti, but stand on the wall 10 cm above the preserved a postavljani su u zgrade razlicite namjene, no floor, protruding some 10 - 12 cm from the wall najcesci su kod poplocivanja bazena, piscina ili (fig. 16). These protrusions are situated at the same rezervoara za vodu (SUIC 1960, 241), sto bi moglo height as the identical protrusions in the area of upucivati na novu svrhu i prenamjenu ovih room B, which would mean that the floors inside prostorija. Kockice mozaika - tesserae bile su the building were on the same level at the time izradene od vapnenca bijele boje, velicine 2,5 x 3 when these protrusions were made. This is the cm do 1,5 x 1,5 cm pravilnog kockastog ili only part of the building where no remains of floor nepravilnog, cesto izduzenog oblika. U urusenju coating were found in the sense of tesserae or unutar prostorije naden je manji broj keramickih tiles, or bigger parts of mortar floor, which makes tesera, koje su bile ili lomljene ili napravljene u it hard to presume what this floor looked like. kalupu, kockaste ili malo izduzene i vecih velicina If we take into consideration the located oko 2 - 3,5 cm, a veliki broj takvih tesera naden je elements from the 3'- phase, such as the malo sjevernije, na podrucju prostorije B. protrusions of waterproof wall plaster connecting Cini se da je nakon adaptacije (3. gradevinska the mortar of individual walls with the floors and faza) prenamijenjen prostor, sto se najbolje vidi rounding the edges between them, the mosaic po novim arhitektonskim elementima koji se javljaju floor made of large and simple white cubes, the na podrucju prostorije B i C (si. 22). Tu su na floor paved in the technique of opus spicatum and spojevima zidova i podnica bile postavljene kose different levels of floors in neighbouring rooms, it istake, odnosno vece naslage cvrste zbuke can be presumed that these are the remains of a izmijesane s komadicima sitno tucane opeke i piscina limaria integrated into the residentialkomadicima fresaka. U prostoriji B, te istake javljaju husbandry part of the building, which used to se u podnozju zidova 11, 9, na sjevernoj strani Provide it with water. Such piscinae were not dug zida 15 i na zapadnoj strani zida 6, vezale su zbuku into the ground and were often standing in the zidova i podnica, zaobljivale bridove izmedu njih i highest point of the terrain, at least in relation to cinile ih vodonepropusnim. U prostoriji C identicne the rooms they provided with water. They were istake javljaju se na istocnom lieu zida 6 i sjevernom composed of more rooms with floors on two levels, lieu zida 12, no one ne vezu zbuku zida s and water was flowing from one room to another postojecom podnicom, nego stoje na zidu 10 cm through narrow drains, which enabled the settling

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22. zapadno lice zida 6, sa istakom od

vodonepropusne zbuke. Western face of wall 6, with a protrusion made of waterproof plaster.

of filth in the deeper part (SUIC 1952, 185; SUIC 1960). The entire piscinae limariae, or just the parts from which water was bailed, were often paved with the mosaic made of large and simple cubes, while smaller piscinae sometimes had floors made of small bricks, usually coated using the opus spicatum structure (SUIC 1952, 180). Such piscinae were completely or partly roofed over, and the water flowed into them through gutters from the surrounding roofs (SUIC 1976, 332). Water was an inevitable component of a Roman villa rustica, and it was used in the everyday life, as well as for the cultivation, processing and production, which were the basic activities of the majority of such properties and required a large quantity of water. In the karst areas like Istria, which had always lacked sufficient amounts of potable, running water from streams or surface flowing waters, pools for gathering rain-water were the most important and only way of obtaining water. This is the reason why the archaeological remains of water reservoirs and water cisterns are numerous in the whole Istrian area (MATIJASIC iznad sacuvane podnice, izbocene 10 - 12 cm od 1999, 284). In the area of the field of Marcana, zida (si. 16). Te istake nalaze se u istoj razini s there are no active springs of water either, while identicnim istakama na podrucju prostorije B, sto the area is rich in puddles with stagnant waters, bi znacilo da su podnice unutar objekta bile u istoj which could not fulfil the needs of the entire farm, 17 razini u vrijeme kada su te istake nacinjene. Jedino but were used exclusively for watering of cattle (BURSIC-MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC, 1994, 15). In na tome dijelu objekta nisu nadeni ostaci obloga podnice u smislu tesera ili plocica, kao ni veci view of that, it would not be unusual if there had dijelovi podnice od zbuke, pa je tesko pretpostaviti been one such water reservoir, i.e. piscina limaria within the farm property like the villa rustica at kako je ta podnica izgledala. Kada se uzmu u obzir pronadeni elementi iz 3. Boskina. However, it is a fact that all the water faze, kao sto su istake od vodonepropusne zbuke reservoirs in southern and western Istria koje vezu malter pojedinih zidova s podnicama i researched so far were built in the same way, so zaobljuju bridove izmedu njih, mozaicki pod that the lateral walls were composed of two layers, sastavljen od krupnih i prostih bijelih kockica, pod the outer one built of carved stone, mostly in the poplocen u tehnici opus spicatum i razlicite razine opus incertum technique, while the inside was cast podova u susjednim prostorijama, moze se in a hard mixture of mortar, ground brick sand and pretpostaviti da se tu nalaze ostaci jedne piscine sometimes tiny grains of volcanic eruptive rocks, limarije {piscina limaria), koja je bila uklopljena u i.e. in the technique of opus signinum (MATIJASIC sklop stambeno - gospodarskog dijela objekta i 1999, 285). Such waterproof mortar with a lot of opskrbljivala ga sa vodom. Takve piscine nisu se ground bricks was used to cover the walls of our 18 ukopavale u zemlju i cesto su bile na najvisoj tocki building, but not the floors . Narrow canals in the terena, bar u odnosu na prostorije koje je wall {percolumy, which were used in the piscinae opskrbljivala vodom. Bile su sastavljene od vise limariae for pouring over water from one chamber prostorija s podom u dvije razine, kojima je tekla to another, purifying the water in that way (SUIC voda iz jedne prostorije u drugu, kroz uske 1952, 185), were not found either. There were no propuste sto je omogucavalo talozenje necistoce additional reinforcements on the walls, which u dubljem dijelu (SUIC 1952, 185; SUIC 1960). would have static function, considering the fact Cesto su citave piscine limarije ili samo njihov dio that almost all water reservoirs in Istria used to be iz kojega se crpila voda, bile poplocane mozaikom constructed with barrel vaults as the only technical od krupnih i prostih bijelih kockica, a manje su solution for maintaining lower water temperatures piscine pokatkad imale pod sastavljen od sitnih all through the year (MATIJASIC 1999, 286). opeka polozenih obicno u strukturi opus spicatum. However, even if it had not been vaulted by a barrel (SUIC 1952, 180). Takve piscine bile su potpuno vault but ordinary wooden construction, it is

Ostaci rimske cisterne na lokalitetu Puzanka u blizini Marcane. Cisterna je bila malih dimenzija: duzine 185, sirine 160 i dubine 80 cm. Dno cisterne bilo je sagradeno od spika, koje tu nisu postavljene klasicnom tehnikom u obliku riblje kosti, vec su bile polozene jedna do druge. The remains of the Roman cistern in the locality of Puzanka near Marcana. The cistern was small: its length was 185, width 160 and depth 80 cm. The bottom of the cistern was made of spicae, in this case not placed using the classic technique of the fish-bone form, but placed one beside the other.
18

Vitruvije ne spominje cinjenicu da se dno vodospreme takoder oblagalo vodonepropusnom zbukom, kakvom su se oblagali zidovi, ali zato spominje oblaganje takvih podnica u tehnici opus spicatum. Vitruvius does not mention the fact that the bottom of the water reservoir also used to be covered with waterproof mortar which was used for covering walls, but he mentions covering such floors in the technique of opus spicatum.

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ili djelomicno natkrivene, a voda se u njih slijevala kroz oluke s okolnih krovova (SUIC 1976, 332). Voda je bila nuzna komponenta antickih villa rustica, koja je koristena u svakodnevnom zivotu, te za uzgoj, preradu i proizvodnju, sto je bila osnovna djelatnost vecine takvih imanja, a sve to iziskivalo je veliku kolicinu vode. Na kraskim prostorima npr. u Istri, koja je oduvijek oskudijevala dovoljnom kolicinom pitke, tekuce vode iz izvora ili povrsinskih tekucica, bazeni za skupljanje kisnice bili su najvazniji i jedini nacin opskrbe vodom. Stoga, arheoloski ostaci vodosprema i cisterna za vodu brojni na cijelom podrucju Istre (MATIJASIC 1999, 284). Na podrucju marcanskog polja takoder nema zivih izvora vode, a prostor obiluje lokvama sa stajacim vodama, koje nisu mogle zadovoljiti potrebe cjelokupnog gospodarstva, vec su se koristile iskljucivo za napajanje stoke17 (BURSIC-MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC 1994, 15). S obzirom na to, ne bi bilo neobicno da se u sklopu imanja kakva je bila villa rustica u Boskini nalazila jedna takva vodosprema, odnosno piscina limaria. No cinjenica da su sve vodospreme u juznoj i zapadnoj Istri, koje su do sada istrazivane, bile gradene na isti nacin, tako da su bocne stijenke napravljene od dva sloja, vanjski je bio zidan od priklesanog kamenja, najcesce u tehnici opus incertum, a unutrasnjost bila je izlivena od cvrste smjese vapna, pijeska mljevene opeke i pokatkad sitnih zrnaca vulkanskih eruptivnih stijena, odnosno u tehnici opus signinum (MATIJASIC 1999, 285). Takvom vodonepropusnom zbukom s dosta mljevene opeke bili su oblagani zidovi nasega objekta ali ne i podnice.18 Takoder nisu nadeni uski kanali u zidu [percolumr kakvi su kod piscina limarija sluzili za prelijevanje vode iz jedne komore u drugu, cime se vrsilo prociscavanja voda (SUIC 1952, 185). Na zidovima nije bilo dodatnih pojacanja, koja bi imala staticku funkciju s obzirom na to da su gotovo sve vodospreme u Istri bile radene s bacvastim svodom, kao jedinim tehnickim rjesenjem za odrzavanje nize temperature vode tokom cijele godine (MATIJASIC 1999, 286). No, i da nije bila presvodena bacvastim svodom, nego obicnom drvenom konstrukcijom, pitanje je da li bi debljina zidova, pogotovo zida od opeke sirine 20 cm bila dovoljna da se odupre pritisku vece kolicine vode. Druga mogucnost je to da su te prostorije bile dio gospodarskih prostora, namijenjenih za proizvodnju ili skladistenje. Na mnogim primjerima na nasoj obali susrecu se podovi nacinjeni u tehnici opus spicatum u prostorijama gospodarskog karaktera, gdje su bile smjestene prese za masline20 (DZIN, GIRARDI-JURKIC 2005, 13) ili za grozde,21 u prostorima povezanih s kuhinjom ili cisternom i
19

disputable whether the thickness of walls would be sufficient to resist the pressure of a larger amount of water, especially the thickness of a 20 cm wide brick wall. Another possibility is that these rooms were part of husbandry premises intended production or storing. There are many examples along our coast with floors made in the opus spicatum technique in husbandry rooms, where olivepresses20 (DZIN, GIRARDI JURKIC 2005, 13) or wine-presses21 were situated, as well as in the rooms connected with the kitchen or cistern with canals22 (BEGOVIC, SCHRUNK 1999, 427). This is also supported by the stone finds located in the area of room B, which were used in the processing or production: big stone weights, ranging from 800 g to 15 kg of weight and one fragment of a big stone mortar. The eastern room C, with the protrusions made of waterproof wall plaster on the wall 10 cm above the preserved floor, indicates that above the floors used to be another structure these protrusions were laid upon. Since no remains suggesting parts of some kind of a firmer floor were found in this part of the building, it can be presumed that there had been a structure in this room, made of organic material, probably wood, elevated in relation to the ground level, and the plaster protrusions had been laid upon it fixing it and connecting it to the wall. Such elevated floors used to be made in rooms that served for storing of products, especially cereal crops, and were laid upon a series of pillars (suspensurare) elevated above ground level in order to maintain the constant temperature and humidity and in that way prevent rotting of food and development of insects (MATIJASIC 1999, 270). The location of this room meets Vitruviuss recommendations stating that the location of this type of storage rooms should be in the northeastern wing of the building (VITRUVIUS 1999) Stone Architectural Elements A few bigger stone blocks and moulded architectural elements that were standing out as to the dimensions and good working of the stone material were located in the area and the surroundings of the residential - husbandry part of the complex. There was stone almost everywhere in Istria, but the regularly hewed, quality stone in big blocks could be obtained only in particular places - quarries, where it was worked and transported to building sites, while the production leftovers in the form of broken stone were retouched and used for parts of buildings that were covered with plaster as the final touch, like walls or floors. There were a few quarries in

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Moguce je da su ti kanali nestali u isto vrijeme kada je bio srusen zid 6, sjeverno od prolaza izmedu prostorije B i C. Villa rustica na lokalitetu Kolci na Brijunima. Villa rustica u zaljevu Madona i u zaljevu Verige na Brijunima. Villa rustica u zaljevu Verige na Brijunima.

It is possible that these canals disappeared at the same time when wall 6, north of the passage between rooms B and C was destroyed
m

Villa rustica in the locality of Kolci on Brijuni.

21

Villa rustica in Madona and Verige bays on Brijuni.

22

Villa rustica in the bay of Verige on Brijuni.

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23. Baza stupa, na mjestu gdje je pronadena. Base of a column, on the spot where it was located.

kanalom22 (BEGOVIC, SCHRUNK 1999, 427). Tome u prilog idu i kameni nalazi pronadeni na podrucju prostorije B, koji su koristeni pri preradi i proizvodnji: veliki kameni utezi, u rasponu tezine od 800 g do 15 kg i jedan ulomak velikog kamenog tarionika. Istocnija prostorija C, gdje se na zidu javljaju istake od vodonepropusne zbuke 10 cm iznad sacuvane podnice, upucuje na to da je iznad podnice postojala jos jedna struktura na koju su te istake sjedale. Posto na tome dijelu objekta nisu nadeni nikakvi ostaci koji bi sugerirali na dijelove

Istria already in the Roman time. The Istrian limestone23 - calcare istriano was of exceptionally good quality and characteristics24, white with various yellowish parts; it would slightly darken with time, but it kept its hardness and beauty almost without limits (MATIJASIC, 1998, 450). The topographic data on the known quarries and places where stone was obtained in the Roman time quote yet another quarry between Marcana and Motovun - Marcanske Kave, which was used in the Roman period. Such structure stone was used for making of numerous monuments in Pula and Nezakcij (BURSIC-MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC 1994, 16). Due to the nearness of these localities, we can presume that the majority of the worked stone used for the construction of building at Boskina originated from this very quarry. A regularly hewed rectangular stone block, of dimensions 70 x 44 x 12 - 14 cm, placed horizontally without moulding or decorations, which could have served as a threshold, part of the stairs or some other architectural constructive element was found south of the central building. Inside room A, a part of a well-worked stone chain was found, which had been broken from three sides, so its real dimensions remain unknown. It probably had the function of a door jamb or lintel. A big quantity of stone elements was located inside the central building and in its surroundings; they formed the shaft of a column and indicated the existence of a porch with a series of pillars in the area of the central part of the property: In room B, immediately by wall 7 and near wall 11, a base of a Tuscan type column - spira was found on the floor (opus spicatum), placed laterally on the surface of the break, where part of the base had been broken off (fig. 23). The height of the base was 18 cm, with a circular plinth of 59 cm in diameter and 5 cm high. The torus with the apophyge had a diameter of 43 cm, equal to the diameter of the column at the bottom, and was 5 cm high, equal to the plinth. Vitruvius states the ideal proportions of the Tuscan base spira, which should be half as high as it is wide, while the circular plinth should be half as high as its basic width, with a torus and apophyge above it being equally wide as the plinth (VITRUVIUS 1999, 92). In this case, the proportions of the torus with the apophyge correspond to the plinth, but the remaining quoted proportions of the width and height of the parts of the base do not. The Tuscan capital (fig. 24) finely carved in white limestone, lay south of the central building. It consisted of a smooth, square 43 cm wide abacus, and echinus with a concave profile, without additional decoration, and it can be concluded from the hypotrachelium that the shaft of the column was smooth and without flutes. The

24. Kapitel. Capital.

Paleogeno - mezozojska stijena, gradena od kalcijevog karbonata s primjesama drugih minerala, koja je nastala organogeno, talozenjem kucica i kostiju morskih zivotinja. Paleogene-mesosoic rock composed of calcium-carbonate with admixtures of other minerals, emerging in an organic way, by sedimentation of shells and bones of sea animals.
24

Vazna znacajka istarskog vapnenca medu inim je otpornost na djelovanje soli, pa je pogodan za uporabu u uvjetima jakog saliniteta.

An important characteristic of the Istrian limestone, among other things is the resistance to the impact of salt, and is therefore suitable for use in the conditions of high salinity.

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diameter of the column at the joint with the capital was 31 cm. Total height of the capital was 16 cm, from which the height of the abacus of 4,5 cm was equal to the height of the echinus; the height of the hypotrachelium was 7 cm. According to Vitruvius, the Tuscan capital is divided into three parts: abacus, echinus and hypotrachelium with the apophyge. In the ideal proportions, the Tuscan capital should be half as high as it is wide, which is the case here, as well as the width of the abacus, which should be equal to the width of the column at the bottom (VITRUVIUS 1999, 92). The shaft of the column was composed of stone segments in the shape of a circular cut-out, like the ones that were found in a big number during the research in the area of the central Kameni arhitektonski elementi building. Some of the segments were regular, well Na podrucju i u okolici stambeno-gospo- worked and sometimes decorated on the outside darskog dijela kompleksa nadeno je nekoliko vecih with slanting grooves, while the majority was kamenih blokova i profiliranih arhitektonskih roughly worked with irregular surfaces, with elemenata, koji su se isticali po dimenzijama i po various widths from 3,5 to 8 cm and the length of dobroj obradi kamenog materijala. U Istri je kamena sides from 14 to 20 cm (fig. 26). The majority of bilo gotovo svugdje, no pravilno tesan, kvalitetan the fragments had the width of 5 cm and length of kamen u velikim blokovima mogao se vaditi samo the sides of 14 cm. Beside such wedge-shaped na odredenim mjestima - u kamenolomima, gdje je parts of the column, a part in the shape of a drum obradivan i potom otpreman na gradiliste, a kameni was located within the building - a circular one ostaci u obliku lomljena kamena doradivani su da with the diameter of 38 cm and height of 40 cm, bi posluzili za dijelove gradevina koji su se without grooves or flutes, as well as one naknadno zbukali, poput zidova ili podnica. semicircular segment, 40 cm wide and 4,5 cm high. Kamenoloma je vec u anticko vrijeme u Istri bilo All these elements suffice for the reconstruction nekoliko. Istarski vapnenac23 - calcare istriano bio of the height of the column with a simple base and je iznimne kvalitete i osobina,24 bijele boje s Tuscan capital, if the proportions given by razlicitim zuckastim preljevima, koji bi s vremenom Vitruvius in the chapter on the Etruscan temple lagano potamnio ali je svoju cvrstocu i Ijepotu are taken into consideration. Accordingly, the ideal zadrzavao gotovo neograniceno (MATIJASIC proportions of the shaft height of the Tuscan 1998, 450). Topografski podaci o poznatim column are 7 times the diameter of the column at kamenolomima i mjestima gdje se u antici vadio its base (VITRUVIUS 1999, 92). Since the base kamen navode i kamenolom izmedu Marcane i had a diameter of 43 cm at the joint with the shaft Mutvorana - Marcanske kave, koji se koristio i u of the column, the shaft height of the column would antici, a od kamena takve strukture izradeni su be 301 cm (fig. 25). brojni spomenici Pule i Nezakcija (BURSICSuch constructions of columns were not rare, MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC 1994, 16). Zbog blizine especially when the segments were made of brick tih lokaliteta moze se pretpostaviti da vecina (ADAM 1994, 156), which can often be seen in the obradenog kamena koji je upotrebljavan za gradnju Italian territory and in the inland (McKAY, 1984, p. naseg kompleksa na Boskini upravo potjece iz ovog 56); however, in the Istrian territory, rich in stone kamenoloma. material, it is no wonder that series of columns in Juzno od sredisnje zgrade naden je pravilno numerous localities were built in the same way, tesan kameni blok, oblika kvadra, velicine 70 x 44 but with stone segments25 (BEGOVIC, SHRUNK x 12 - 14 cm vodoravno postavljen, bez profilacije 1999, 429, 435; MATIJASIC 1998, 123). i dekoracije, a mogao je sluziti kao prag, dio The shaft of the column was built in such a way stepenica ili neki drugi arhitektonski konstruktivan that four segments in the shape of cut-outs of a element. circle were placed in one row 4,5 - 5 cm high and Unutar prostorije A naden je dio dobro obradene were fixed by mortar. According to the traces of kamene grede, koja je bila odlomljena s tri strane mortar on the outside of the circular segments, it pa njezine prave dimenzije nisu poznate. Vjerojatno can be seen that the shaft of the column after je imala funkciju dovratnika ili nadvratnika. building was covered with mortar. Applying mortar Unutar i u okolici sredisnje zgrade pronadena on these columns was executed in the same way je velika kolicina kamenih elemenata koji su cinili as on the walls, in more layers, where the first two tijelo stupa i svjedocili o postojanju trijema s nizom layers had rougher composition made of unsifted stupova na podrucju sredisnjeg dijela imanja: sand with added aggregate, in order to adhere U prostoriji B neposredno uza zid 7 i u blizini better, while the third layer had finer composition zida 11, na podnici (opus spicatum), pronadena je and was burnished, just like the outer layers of the baza stupa - spira - toskanskog tipa, polozena wall (ADAM 1994, 217). The erected columns were bocno, na plohu loma, gdje je dio baze bio sometimes completely covered with white stucco

neke cvrsce podnice, moze se pretpostaviti da je u toj prostoriji postojala struktura izradena od organskog materijala, vjerojatno drva, koja je bila povisena u odnosu na razinu tla, a na nju su sjedale istake od zbuke, koje su je tako fiksirale i vezale sa zidom. Takve povisene podnice izradivane su u prostorijama koje su sluzile za skladistenje proizvoda, posebno zitarica, a lezale su na nizu stupova {suspensurare) podignute s razine zemlje, kako bi se odrzavala stalna temperatura i vlaga i time sprijecilo kvarenje hrane (MATIJASIC 1999, 270). Smjestaj te prostorije odgovara Vitruvijevim preporukama, gdje on navodi da bi smjestaj skladisnih prostorija takvog tipa trebao biti u sjeveroistocnom krilu gradevine (VITRUVIJE 1999).

91 ~

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25. Idealna rekonstrukcija stupa izradena na temelju nalaza baze, kapitela i segmenata tijela stupa, prema Vitruvijevim omjerima koji se odnose na toskanski stup. Ideal reconstruction of a column made after the find of a base capital and a shaft segment in accordance with Vitruvian proportions of the Tuscan column.

26. Segmenti tijela stupa, pronadeni u sloju urusenja. Segments of a shaft of a column, located in the cave-in layer.

odlomljen (si. 23). Visina baze bila je 18 cm, s kruznom plintom promjera 59 cm i visine 5 cm. Torus s apofizisom bio je promjera 43 cm, koliki je bio i promjer stupa u dnu, a visine 5 cm, jednake kao i plinta. Vitruvije donosi idealne omjere za toskanske baze - spire, koje bi trebale biti visoke polovicu debljine, dok bi kruzna plinta trebala biti visoka polovicu osnovne debljine i nad njom torus s apofizisom debelim kao i plinta (VITRUVIJE 1999, 92). U ovom primjeru omjeri torusa s apofizisom odgovaraju plinti, ali ostali navedeni omjeri sirine i visine dijelova baze ne odgovaraju. Kapitel toskanskog tipa (si. 24), fino isklesan u bijelom vapnencu, lezao je juzno od sredisnjeg objekta. Sastojao se od glatkog, kvadratnog abakusa sirokog 43 cm i ehinusa konkavnog profila, bez dodatnog ukrasa, a prema hipotraheliju moze se zakljuciti da je tijelo stupa bilo glatko, bez kanelura. Promjer stupa na spoju s kapitelom bio je 31 cm. Ukupna visina kapitela iznosila je 16 cm, od cega je visina abakusa od 4,5 cm, bila jednaka visini ehinusa, a visina hipotrahelija iznosila je 7 cm. Prema Vitruviju, toskanski kapitel podijeljen je na 3 dijela: abakus, ehinus i hipotrahelij s apofi zisom. U idealnim omjerima kapitel toskanskog tipa trebao bi biti visok polovicu svoie sirine sto se u ovom primjeru podudara kao i sirina abakusa koja bi trebala biti jednaka sirini stupa u'dnu (VITRUVIJE 1999, 92). Tijelo stupa bilo je sastavljeno od kamenih seamenata u obliku kruznoa isiecka kakvi su u velikom broju bili pronadeni tokom istrazivanja na podrucju sredisnjeg objekta. Neki segmenti bili su pravilni, dobro obradeni i pokatkad ukraseni s vaniske strane kosim utorima dok ie vecina bila grubo obradena, neravnih ploha, razlicite sirine

executed in the shape of flutes in order to get a form as similar as possible to the form of a column made from a single piece of stone or marble (ADAM 1994, 156,157). It can be supposed that such columns were standing in a row and formed porches around the central garden around which residential husbandry premises extended in a row (BEGOVIC, SCHRUNK 2003, 101). We have not come across any elements which would indicate with certainty such conception of the space yet, due to the insufficiently researched terrain, and will be able to determine the construction concept of the entire building only after the new systematic research. Catalog of stone finds 1- STONE PLATE - SECTOR B/2, not located in situ, limestone, of dimensions 70 x 44 and 12 - 14 cm thick, of good fabrication, of quadrangular shape. 2- STONE CHAIN - SECTOR B/2, not located in situ, limestone, broken from three sides, so its real dimensions are unknown. 3- BASE OF A COLUMN (fig. 23) - SECTOR B/3, Tuscan (spira) - not located in situ, limestone; height: 18 cm; width of the base (plinth) is 59 cm, diameter of the column at the base is 43 cm, the plinth is square, 5 cm high; above it is a torus with the apophyge as thick as the plinth. Deposited in the garden of the Istrian Archaeological Museum in Pula. 4- CAPITAL OF A COLUMN (fig. 24) - SECTOR B/2, Tuscan - not located in situ. Limestone. Height: 16 cm, width of the abacus 43 cm, height of the abacus 4,5 cm, height of the echinus 4,5 cm, height of the hvpotrachelium 7 cm diameter at the joint with the column is 31 cm. Deposited in the garden of the Istrian Archaeological Museum in Pula. 5- SEGMENT OF A COLUMN - SECTOR B/2 not located in situ limestone in the shape of a drum circular, 38 cm in diameter, 40 cm in height; without grooves or flutes. 6- SEGMENT OF A COLUMN - SECTOR B/3, from the cave-in limestone semicircular seament 40 cm wide and 4 5 cm high 7- SEGMENT OF A COLUMN - SECTOR B/3, from the cave-in limestone stone element in the shape of a circular cut-out 5 cm hiqh with 14 cm long sides of qood fabrication' the outer semicircular surface is decorated with angled grooves. Frescos According to the remains of the painted wall plaster on the wall surfaces and a big amount of sherds in the cave-in it is obvious that all the walls inside the central residential - husbandry buildina were covered with multicoloured frescos 2 The wall plaster that the walls of the central building were covered with consisted of

25 Villa rustica u uvali sv Nikole na Malom Briiunu villa rustica u zalievu Veriae villa rustica u zalievu Madona na Briiunima villa rustica u Valbandonu kod Fazane...

Villa rustica in the cove of Sv Nikola on Mali Brijun villa rustica in the bay of Verige villa rustica in the bay of Madona on Brijuni villa rustica in Valbandon near Fazana

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od 3,5 do 8 cm i stranica duljine od 14 do 20 cm (si. 26). Prevladavali su komadi sirine 5 cm, sa stranicama duljine 14 cm. Osim takvih klinastih dijelova stupa, unutar objekta pronaden je dio u obliku tambura - kruzni, promjera 38 cm i visine 40 cm, bez utora i kanelura i jedan polukruzni segment, sirine 40 cm i visine 4,5 cm. Svi ti elementi dovoljni su da bi se rekonstruirala visina stupa s jednostavnom bazom i toskanskim kapitelom, ako se uzmu u obzir odnosi koje Vitruvije donosi u poglavlju o Etrurskom hramu. Prema tome, idealni omjeri visine tijela toskanskog stupa iznose 7 puta promjera stupa u dnu. (VITRUVIJE 1999, 92) Buduci da je baza na spoju s tijelom stupa bila promjera 43 cm, visina tijela stupa iznosila bi 301 cm (si. 25). Takve zidane konstrukcije stupova nisu bile rijetkost, pogotovo kada su segmenti bili radeni od opeke (ADAM 1994, 156), sto se cesto susrece na podrucju Italije i u unutrasnjosti (McKAY 1984, 56), no na podrucju Istre koja je obilovala kamenim materijalom, nije cudno da su na velikom broju lokaliteta nizovi stupova bili zidani na jednak nacin, ali od kamenih segmenata25 (BEGOVIC, SCHRUNK 1999, 429, 435; MATIJASIC 1998, 123). Tijelo stupa zidano je tako da su cetiri segmenta oblika kruznog isjecka slagana u jedan red visine 4,5 - 5 cm i ucvrcivano zbukom. Prema tragovima zbuke na vanjskim stranicama kruznih segmenata vidi se da je tijelo stupa, nakon zidanja bilo prekrivano zbukom. Nanosenje zbuke na te stupove izvodilo se na jednak nacin kao i na zidove, u vise slojeva, gdje su prva dva sloja bila grubljeg sastava od neprosijanog pijeska i s dodanim agregatom, da bi bolje prijanjali, dok je treci sloj bio finijeg sastava i uglacan, kao i vanjski slojevi na zidu (ADAM 1994, 217). Zidani stupovi pokatkad su bili posve prekrivani bijelom stukaturom, koja je bila izvedena u obliku kanelura, da bi dobili sto slicniju formu stupa izvedena iz jedinstvenog komada kamena ili mramora (ADAM 1994, 156,157). Moze se pretpostaviti da su takvi stupovi stajali u nizu i tvorili trijemove oko centralnog dvorista, oko kojega su se nizale stambene i gospodarske prostorije (BEGOVIC, SCHRUNK 2003, 101). Za sada nismo naisli na elemente koji bi sa sigurnoscu upucivali na takvu koncepciju prostora, zbog nedovoljno istrazenog terena i tek ce se nakon novih sustavnih istrazivanja moci utvrditi gradevinska koncepcija cijelog zdanja. Katalog pojedinacnih kamenih nalaza 1. KAMENA PLOCA - SEKTOR B/2, nije pronadena in situ, vapnenac, velicine 70 x 44 i debljine 12 - 14 cm, dobro obradena, u obliku kvadra.
!S

three layers, at the most four.27 The first layer of wall plaster that was applied directly to the walls was 1 - 2 cm thick and of rough texture: it consisted of mortar, quartz sand and aggregate.28 Tiny sand, pieces of limestone and some crushed bricks were added into the mixture, and traces of organic material were visible on the surface. The second layer was 1,5 - 2 cm thick, and consisted of mortar mixed with sieved quartz stone, big quantity of crushed brick and somewhat less limestone. The upper layer, i.e. the surface that the colour was applied to - intonaco, was 0,3 - 0,5 cm thick and consisted of fine sieved quartz stone, mortar and fragmented quartzite. Once the intonaco had been applied, its surface was well smoothed out using a sharp object. It can be seen from the crosssections of some fragments that pigment had been added into the intonaco, so that the base for painting was pale pink. In the cross-sections of a few fragments of frescos, more layers can be seen: two or three rougher and thicker layers and two layers with finely sieved sand and fragmented quartzite, each 0,2 - 0,3 cm thick. The decoration used to be applied in the combination of fresco and secco techniques, with more layers of colour distinguishable on some fragments. The basic colour was usually Pompeian red - red ochre, black or white, and plastered over them were layers of black, yellow and green or just a decoration in the form of a thin white or yellow line. In numerous examples, a few layers of colour were subsequently covered with a thick layer of common white wall plaster. The majority of the researched frescos were found in a fragmented state in the cave-in within the building, mixed with the rest of the building material, and their belonging to a particular wall can be determined only to a certain extent on the basis of the concentration of fragments of particular colour and shape lying near some wall, as well as on the basis of the cross-sections of fragments on which the thickness and composition of plaster layers could be determined. The frescos preserved in situ were found on the faces of walls 6, 7, 9 and 11, but in quite bad conditions and with faded colours, so the true colour of the wall could often be determined only on the basis of the fragments from the cave-in. As a rule, the walls were divided into height zones and length sectors: the lowest level was the baseboard, the middle one usually consisted of surfaces with rectangular frames with various illustrations, and the upper end was often plastically shaped with the final moulded wreath (PLESNICAR-GEC 1997) The wall surfaces were

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Zahvaljujem Dagmar Dammann na svesrdnoj pomoci prilikom strucne obrade fresaka.

I would like to thank Dagmar Dammann for her whole-hearted help during the expert work on the frescos.
27

Osim jednog ulomka koji je pored 3 grublja sloja imao intonaco nanesen u 3 sloja (katalog fresaka, ulomak 9).

Except for one fragment which beside 3 rougher layers had intonaco applied in 3 layers (list of frescos, fragment 9)
28

Kremeni pijesak se u velikoj kolicini mogao naci u okolici Marcane, a dokazano je da su nalazista tog pijeska iskoristavana vec u rimsko doba (BURSIC-MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC 1994, 13). Quartz sand could be found around Mariana in big quantities and it has been proved that the finding places of this sand had been exploited ever since the Roman times (BURSIC-MATIJASIC, MATIJASIC 1994, 13).

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2. KAMENA GREDA - SEKTOR B/2, nije pronadena in situ, vapnenac, odlomljena s tri strane pa njezine prave dimenzije nisu poznate. 3. BAZA STUPA (si. 23) - SEKTOR B/3, toskanska (spira) - nije pronadena in situ, vapnenac. Visina: 18 cm; sirina baze (plinte) je 59 cm, promjer stupa u dnu 43 cm, plinta je kvadratna, visine 5 cm, a nad njom je torus s apofizisom debelim kao i plinta. Pohranjen u dvoristu Arheoloskog muzeja Istre u Puli. 4. KAPITEL STUPA (si. 24) - SEKTOR B/2, toskanski - nije pronaden in situ. Vapnenac. Visina: 16 cm, sirina abakusa 43 cm, visina abakusa 4,5 cm, visina ehinusa 4,5 cm, a visina hipotrahelija je 7 cm, promjer na spoju sa stupom je 31 cm. Pohranjen u dvoristu Arheoloskog muzeja Istre u Puli. 5. SEGMENT STUPA - SEKTOR B/2, nije pronaden in situ, vapnenac, u obliku tambura kruzni, promjera 38 cm, visine 40 cm, bez utora i kanelira. 6. SEGMENT STUPA - SEKTOR B/3, iz urusenja, vapnenac, polukruzni segment sirine 40 cm i visine 4,5 cm. 7. SEGMENT STUPA - SEKTOR B/3, iz urusenja, vapnenac, kameni element u obliku kruznog isjecka, visine 5 cm, stranica duljine od 14 cm, dobro obraden, vanjska polukruzna ploha ukrasena je kosim utorima. Freske Prema ostacima oslikane zbuke na zidnim povrsinama i velikoj kolicini ulomaka u urusenju, vidljivo je da su svi zidovi unutar sredisnjeg stambeno-gospodarskog objekta bill prekriveni visebojnim freskama.26 Zbuka kojom su bill oblagani zidovi sredisnjeg objekta sastojala se od tri, najvise cetiri sloja.27 Prvi sloj zbuke, koji se nanosio neposredno na zidove bio je debljine od 1 do 2 cm i grube fakture: sastojao se od vapna, kremenog pijeska i agregata.28 U smjesu je bio dodan sitni pijesak, komadici vapnenca i nesto mrvljene opeke, a na povrsini bili su vidljivi i tragovi organskog materijala. Drugi sloj bio je debljine od 1,5 do 2 cm, a sastojao se od vapna pomijesanog s prosijanim kremenim pijeskom, velikom kolicinom mljevene opeke i nesto manje vrlo usitnjenog kamena vapnenca. Gornji sloj, odnosno povrsina na koju se nanosila boja - intonaco, bio je debljine 0,3 - 0,5 cm, a sastojao se od finog, prosijanog kremenog pijeska, vapna i usitnjenog kvarcita. Nakon sto je intonaco bio nanesen, povrsina mu je bila dobro zagladena ostrim predmetom. Na nekim ulomcima u presjeku se vidi da je u intonaco dodan pigment, pa je podloga za slikanje bila blijedo roza boje. Na nekoliko ulomaka fresaka, u presjeku je vidljivo vise slojeva: dva ili tri grublja i deblja sloja i dva sloja s fino prosijanim pijeskom i usitnjenim kvarcitom, svaki debljine od 0,2 do 0,3 cm. Dekoracija je bila nanesena u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike, a na nekim komadima moze se razluciti vise slojeva boje. Najcesce je osnovna

always painted from top to bottom, so that the fresh paint would not trickle over the already painted surfaces. Based on this principle, it can often be determined, even on a sherd, which colour were the upper and which the lower fields. The walls were plastered and painted in horizontal fields, often in stages, and joints between them were covered by the final stroke in the shape of a horizontal ribbon dividing the upper from the lower fields (ADAM 1994, 220). Room A: First Group of Frescos: (T.1) The frescos on the western face of wall 6 were originally black, which would correspond to the colour of the baseboard in this room. With time, the colour became washed out in some parts, and the base in red colour was visible beneath the layer of black. On the basis of the frescos found on the western face of wall 6 and fragments from the cave-in inside room A, where frescos in Pompeian red and black prevail, it can be concluded that the western side of wall 6 was divided into the baseboard, which was black, and upper fields in Pompeian red, applied in the fresco technique, divided by a horizontal white line made using a 0,4 cm wide brush in the secco technique. In this case, the basic colour (base) can be determined with certainty - Pompeian red, which coated the whole surface of the wall. A black baseboard was made over this layer in the lower part, while the third layer of colour was applied with a thin brush, as a white separation line used for covering joints between upper and lower fields and as decoration (ADAM 1994, 220). The detailed description of the middle part of the wall, or of the frieze, cannot be figured out, but the illustration given here should be taken carefully because the fragments with the separation line were found in the cave-in and it should not be excluded that they might have been oriented in the opposite direction, i.e. vertically. Room A Second Group of Frescos (T.3) Some remains of frescos in faded yellow were found at the foot of the northern face of wall 9, which corresponds to the fragments of ochre yellow, crimson red and different combinations of the two, found in a large number in the cave-in on the northern and southern sides of this wall. The base is crimson red on a number of fragments, with a line in ochre yellow over it, made with a 0,7 cm wide brush in the secco technique. It is not clear whether the line was running horizontally or vertically. The two fragments were divided into more zones consisting of more layers of colour. The base was made by sprinkling the crimson red and ochre yellow on the white background - in the manner of the first Pompeian style with the baseboard painted in such a way that sprinkling of more colours over the background resulted in the impression of a marble plate. The second zone

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boja bila pompejanski crvena - crveni oker, crna ili bijela, a preko njih su bili premazivani slojevi erne, zute i zelene boje ili samo dekoracija u obliku tanke bijele ili zute linije. Na vise primjera, nekoliko slojeva boje bilo naknadno prekriveno debelim slojem bijelog, obicnog vapna. Vecina obradenih fresaka nadena je fragmentirana u urusenju unutar objekta, pomijesana s ostalim gradevinskim materijalom, a pripadnost odredenom zidu moze se samo donekle odrediti na temelju koncentracije fragmenata odredenih boja i oblika koji su lezali u blizini nekog zida, kao i presjeka tih ulomaka na kojima se mogla ustanoviti debljina i sastav slojeva zbuke. Sacuvane freske in situ nadene su na lieu zida 6, 7, 9, i 11., ali u vrlo losem stanju i izblijedjelih boja, pa se cesto tek na temelju fragmenata iz urusenja mogla utvrditi prava boja zida. Slikane zidne stijene u pravilu su bile podijeljene na pojaseve po visini i sektore po duzini: najdoljnji sloj bio je sokl ili pozid, srednji dio najcesce se sastojao od ploha s pravokutnim okvirima s raznim prikazima, a gornji je zavrsetak bio cesto plasticno oblikovan zavrsnim profiliranim vijencem (PLESNICAR-GEC 1997). Zidne povrsine slikane su uvijek odozgo prema dole, da svjeza boja ne bi curila po vec naslikanim povrsinama. Na temelju tog principa, cesto se moze odrediti, cak i na ulomku, koje su boje bila gornja, a koje donja polja. Zidovi su se zbukali i slikali u horizontalnim poljima, cesto u etapama, a spojevi izmedu njih prikrivali su se zavrsnim potezom u obliku horizontalne trake, koja bi odvajala gornja i donja polja (ADAM 1994, 220). Prostorija A: Prva skupina fresaka: ( T.1.) Freske na zapadnom lieu zida 6 bile su originalno erne boje, sto bi odgovaralo boji podzida u toj prostoriji. Boja se s vremenom na nekim dijelovima isprala, gdje se ispod sloja erne, mogla vidjeti podloga od crvene boje. Na temelju nadenih fresaka na zapadnom lieu zida 6 i ulomaka iz urusenja unutar prostorije A, gdje prevladavaju freske pompejanski crvene i erne boje, moze se zakljuciti da je zapadna stijena zida 6 bila podijeljena na podzid (sokl), koji je bio erne boje i gornja polja pompejanski crvene boje, nanesene u fresco tehnici, koja su bila podijeljena horizontalnom bijelom linijom povueenom kistom sirine 0,4 cm u secco tehnici. U ovom primjeru moze se sa sigurnoscu odrediti osnovna boja (podloga) - pompejanski crvena, kojom je bila premazana cijela povrsina zida, preko ovoga sloja u donjem dijelu, napravljen je podzid (sokl) u crnoj boji, dok je treci sloj boje nanesen tankim kistom, u vidu linije razdjelnice bijele boje, koja se upotrebljavala da bi prekrila spojeve izmedu gornjih i donjih polja i kao dekoracija (ADAM, 1994, 220). Detaljniji opis srednjeg dijela zida, kao ni friza nije moguce odgonetnuti, ali i prikaz ovdje iznesen treba uzeti s oprezom, zato sto su fragmenti s linijom razdjelnicom nadeni u urusenju i nije iskljuceno da su oni mogli biti orijentirani i u drugom smjeru, odnosno vertikalno.

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was covered with the full crimson colour, over which an ochre yellow line was pulled, and over it a 0,3 cm wide white line. All this was forming a concept in two zones, one with the imitation marble plate and the other a crimson red surface; they were separated from each other by three parallel lines of different widths. (T.3-5) Many pieces in crimson red were found as well, covered with ochre yellow in one part, on which basis it could be presumed that the northern face of wall 9 had the baseboard in yellow, with the upper surfaces in crimson red. Room B First Group of Frescos (Table 2) Some frescos in faded ochre red were found on the eastern face of wall 11, at the foot of the northern part of the wall, which corresponds to a big quantity of fresco fragments from the cave-in of the same colour. Some fragments with the base in red colour have been found in the cave-in as well, with a 0,5 cm wide yellow line in the secco technique over it. Based on these fragments it cannot be determined whether this line was running vertically or horizontally or which was the conception of the wall picture. The frescos on the northern face of wall 15 had faded so much, that not even the base colour could be identified. Room B Second Group of Frescos (T.4) North of the passage, in the cave-in within room B, a few fragments with turquoise green were found. The turquoise colour is covering the light pink intonaco on a few fragments, as well as the black base and in a few fragments the red base too - the majority of these fragments are slightly rounded, so we can presume that the door was framed with turquoise green colour covering the black, red and white surfaces on the wall. A few fragments with the Pompeian red base

27. Freske s podrucja prostorije B - Tabla 2. Frescos from the room B. Table 2.

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Freske - katalog
Tabla 1 - 1a. Ulomak freske dimenzija 8 x 6,3 x 2,1 cm, sacuvana 3 slojazbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 1 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac); 2. sloj: debljine 0,6 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i mljevenu opeku; 3. sloj: Monaco - debljine 0,5 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, velika kolicina sitnog kvarca; slikano i kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga pompejanski crvena (crveni oker), drugi sloj je erne boje, crvena i crna polja odvojena linijom od bijelog vapna sirine 3,5 mm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije A. SEKTOR B/2, Tablal - 1b. Ulomak freske dimenzija 7,7 x 7 x 3,2 cm, sa tri slojazbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 1,01 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac i sljunak); 2. sloj: debljine 1,6 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i mljevenu opeku; 3. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,6 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, komadice kvarca, sa dodatkom crvenog pigmenta, povrsina je dobro zagladena ostrim metalnim predmetom; slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga pompejanski crvena (crveni oker), drugi sloj je erne boje, crvena i crna polja odvojena linijom od bijelog vapna sirine 0,4 cm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije A. SEKTOR B/2, Tabla 1 - 4. Ulomak freske dimenzija 5 x 5,2 x 2,4 cm, sa cetiri sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: ostao samo u tragovima, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac i sljunak); 2. sloj: debljine 1 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak vapno i mljevenu opeku, usitnjeni vapnenac i kvarc; 3. sloj: debljine 0,5 cm, slicnog sastava kao prethodni sloj; 4. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,4 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, sitni komadici vapnenca, povrsina je zagladena i fino ispolirana; Slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga je erne boje, preko je premazana pompejanski crvena (crveni oker), crna i crvena polja razdvaja linija od bijelog vapna sirine 0,5 cm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije B. SEKTOR B/3, Tabla 1 - 5. Ulomak freske dimenzija 8 x 3,8 x 2,8 cm, sacuvana 3 sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 1 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac i sljunak); 2. sloj: debljine 1,2 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i mljevenu opeku; 3. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,6 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, komadice kvarca, sa dodatkom crvenog pigmenta, povrsina je dobro zagladena ostrim metalnim predmetom; slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga pompejanski crvena (crveni oker), drugi sloj je erne boje, crvena i crna polja odvojena linijom od bijelog vapna sirine 3,5 mm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije A. SEKTOR B/2, Tabla 2 - 1. Ulomak freske dimenzija 7,5 x 9,4 x 3,6 cm, s tri sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 2 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac i sljunak); 2. sloj: debljine 1cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i mljevenu opeku; 3. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,5 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, komadice kvarca, povrsina je dobro zagladena. Slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga pompejanski crvena (crveni oker) prevueena zutom (svijetlo oker) linijom sirine 3,5 mm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije B. SEKTOR B/3 Tabla 2 - 2. Ulomak freske dimenzija 9 x 7,2 x 4 cm, s tri sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 2 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac i sljunak); 2. sloj: intonaco - debljine 1,6 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i mljevenu opeku; 3. sloj: debljine 0,5 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, komadice kvarca, povrsina je dobro zagladena. Slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga pompejanski crvena (crveni oker) prevueena zutom (svijetlo oker) linijom sirine 3,5 mm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije B. SEKTOR B/3, Tabla 3 - 1. Ulomak freske dimenzija 9,5 x 8 x 3,4 cm, sacuvana 3 sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 1,4 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac, otisci od organskog materijala); 2. sloj: debljine 1,5 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno, nesto drobljene opeke; 3. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,5 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, komadici sitnog kvarca; slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga tamno crvena purpurna, preslojena zutom bojom (svijetlo oker); crvena i zuta polja bez linije koja ih razdvaja; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije A. SEKTOR B/2. Tabla 3 - 4. Ulomak freske dimenzija 8,2 x 6 x 2 cm, sacuvana 4 sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 0,6 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (otisci organskog materijala, vapnenac, mrvljena opeka); 2. sloj: debljine 0,8 cm, slican prethodnom sloju, ali sa sitnijim agregatom i manje pljeve; 3. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,5 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno i kvarc; 4. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,5 cm, sastav: vapno, prosijani pijesak, kvarc, crveni pigment; slikano u fresco teh.; na roza podlozi (intonaco) - sloj svijetlo oker boje; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije A. SEKTOR B/2. Tabla 3 -6. Ulomak freske dimenzija 14 x 10,4 x 3,2 cm, sacuvana 4 sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 1,2 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (otisci organskog materijala, vapnenac, mrvljena opeka); 2. sloj: debljine 1 cm, slican prethodnom sloju, ali sa sitnijim agregatom i manje pljeve; 3. sloj: debljine 0,5 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno i mrvljenu opeku; 4. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,5 cm, sastav: vapno, prosijani pijesak, kvarc; slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga je tamno crvena - purpurna, prevueena tanka zuta linija (svijetlo oker) sirine 0,5 cm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije A. SEKTOR B/2. Tabla 3 - 7. Ulomak freske dimenzija 7 x 5,5 x 2,5 cm, sacuvana 3 sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 1 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac, otisci od organskog materijala); 2. sloj: debljine 1 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno, nesto drobljene opeke; 3. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,5 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, komadici sitnog kvarca; slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga oker crvena, preko koje tece tanka zuta (svijetlo oker) linija sirine 0,5 cm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije A, SEKTOR B/2. Tabla 4 - 1. Ulomak freske dimenzija 5,6 x 5,9 x 2,3 cm, sacuvana 3 sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 0,8 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac, otisci organskog materijala); 2. sloj: debljine 1 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno; 3. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,6 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, veliku kolicinu sitnog kvarca; slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga oker crvena, drugi sloj je tirkizno zelene boje, razdvojene tankom bijelom linijom sirine 0,5 cm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije B. SEKTOR B/3. Tabla 4 - 2. Ulomak freske dimenzija 7 x 5,9 x 3,3 cm, sacuvana 4 sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 0,8 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (otisci organskog materijala, vapnenac, mrvljena opeka); 2. sloj: debljine 1,3 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno, mljevenu opeku u velikoj kolicini i vapnenac; 3. sloj: debljine 0,6 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, usitnjeni vapnenac - znatno sitniji nego u prethodnom sloju i mrvljenu opeku; 4. sloj: intonaco nanesen u 3 sloja: 1. sloj: debljine 0,2 cm, 2. sloj: debljine 0,2 cm - premazan crnom bojom i 3. sloj: debljine 0,1 cm, ukupno 0,5 cm, sva tri sloja su istog sastava: vapno, prosijani pijesak, kvarc; slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga je erne boje, a preslojava fresku koja je takoder bila erne boje, preko su polja tirkizno zelena i oker crvena, razdvojena tankom bijelom linijom sirine 0,5 cm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije B. SEKTOR B/3. Tabla 5 - 1. Ulomak freske dimenzija 7,7 x 5,5 x 1,9 cm, sacuvana 3 sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 0,9 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac); 2. sloj: debljine 0,5 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i mljevenu opeku; 3. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,5 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, velika kolicina sitnog kvarca, sa dodatkom crvenog pigmenta; slikano u kombinaciji fresco i secco tehnike; kompozicija: podloga blijedo crvena, drugi sloj je sive boje, preko sive boje povueena tanka crna linija sirine 3 mm; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije C. Tabla 5 - 2. Ulomak freske dimenzija 4,6 x 5 x 3,1 cm, sacuvana 4 sloja zbuke: 1. sloj: debljine 1,2 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno i agregat (drobljenu opeku, vapnenac); 2. sloj: debljine 0,8 cm, sadrzi: kremeni pijesak, vapno, mljevenu opeku i vapnenac - krupnije nego u prethodnom sloju; 3. sloj: debljine 0,7 cm, sadrzi: prosijani pijesak, vapno, usitnjeni vapnenac i nesto kvarca; 4. sloj: intonaco - debljine 0,5 cm, sadrzi: vapno, prosijani pijesak, kvarc; slikano u fresco tehnici; kompozicija: podloga je erne boje, pospricana zelenom i svijetlo oker bojom, vjerojatno ulomak podzida - imitacija mramora; iz urusenja na podrucju prostorije C.SEKTOR B/3.

T. 4.

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Frescos catalog
Table 1 - 1a- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 8 x 6,3 x 2,1 cm, preserved 3 layers of wall plaster: 1 layer; 1 cm thick, contains; quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (crushed brick, limestone); 2nd layer: 0,6 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and ground brick; 3rd layer: Monaco - 0,5 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, big quantity of tiny quartz; painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: the base is Pomepeian red (red ochre), the second layer is black; red and black fields are separated by a 3,5 mm wide line of white mortar; from the cave-in in the area of room A. SECTOR B/2. Table 1 - 1b- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 7,7 x 7 x 3,2 cm, with tree layers of wall plaster: 1st layer: 1,01 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (crushed brick, mortar and gravel); 2nd layer: 1,6 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and ground brick; 3rd layer: intonaco - 0,6 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, pieces of quartz with the addition of red pigment; the surface is well burnished using a sharp metal object; painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: the base is Pompeian red (red ochre), the second layer is black; red and black fields are separated by a 0,4 cm wide line of white mortar; from the cave-in in the area of room A. SECTOR B/2. Table 1 - 4- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 5 x 5,2 x 2,4 cm with four layers of wall plaster: 1 s t layer: remained only in traces, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (crushed brick, mortar and gravel); 2nd layer: 1 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and ground brick, fragmented mortar and quartz; 3rd layer: 0,5 cm thick, of similar composition as the previous layer; 4th layer: intonaco - 0,4 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, tiny pieces of limestone, the surface is burnished and finely polished; painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: black base with a Pompeian red (red ochre) smeared over it, black and red fields are separated by a , 0,5 cm wide line of white mortar; from the cave-in in the area of room B. SECTOR B/3. Table 1 - 5- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 8 x 3,8 x 2,8 cm; preserved 3 layers of wall plaster: 1 s t layer: 1 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (crushed brick, mortar and gravel); 2nd layer: 1,2 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and ground brick; 3rd layer: intonaco - 0,6 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, pieces of quartz with the addition of red pigment; the surface is well burnished using a sharp metal object; painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: the base is of Pomepeian red (red ochre) colour, the second layer is black; red and black fields are separated by a 3,5 mm wide line of white mortar; from the cave-in in the area of room A. SECTOR B/2. Table 2 - 1- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 7,5 x 9,4 x 3,6 cm with three layers of wall plaster: 1 s t layer: 2 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (crushed brick, limestone and gravel); 2nd layer: 1 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and ground brick; 3rd layer: intonaco - 0,5 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, pieces of quartz; the surface is well burnished. Painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: the base is Pompeian red (red ochre) coated with a 3,5 mm wide yellow (light ochre) line; from the cave-in in the area of room B. SECTOR B/3, Table 2 - 2- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 9 x 7,2 x 4 cm, with three layers of wall plaster: 1 s t layer: 2 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (ground brick, mortar and gravel); 2nd layer: intonaco - 1,6 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and ground brick; 3rd layer: 0,5 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, pieces of quartz; the surface is well burnished. Painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: the base is Pompeian red (red ochre) coated with a 3,5 mm wide yellow (light ochre) line; from the cave-in in the area of room B. SECTOR B/3, Table 3 - 1- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 9,5 x 8 x 3,4 cm, preserved 3 layers of wall plaster: 1 s t layer: 1,4 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (crushed brick, limestone, imprints of organic material); 2nd layer: 1,5 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar, some crushed brick; 3rd layer: intonaco - 0,5 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, pieces of tiny quartz; painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques, composition: the base is dark red - crimson, overlaid with yellow colour (light ochre); red and yellow fields without a line separating them; from the cave-in in the area of room A. SECTOR B/2. Table 3 - 4- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 8,2 x 6 x 2 cm, preserved 4 layers of wall plaster: 1 s t layer 0,6 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (imprints of organic material, mortar, ground brick); 2nd layer: 0,8 cm thick, similar to the previous layer, but with tinier aggregate and less chaff; 3rd layer: intonaco - 0,5 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar and quartz; 4th layer: intonaco - 0,5 cm thick, composition: mortar, sifted sand, quartz, red pigment; painted in the fresco technique; on a pink base (intonaco) - light ochre layer; from the cave-in in the area of room A. SECTOR B/2. Table 3 - 6- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 14 x 10,4 x 3,2 cm, preserved 4 layers of wall plaster: 1 s t layer: 1,2 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (imprints of organic material, limestone, ground brick); 2nd layer: 1 cm thick, similar to the previous layer, but with tinier aggregate and less chaff; 3rd layer: 0,5 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar and ground brick; 4th layer: intonaco - 0,5 cm thick, composition: mortar, sifted sand, quartz; painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: the base is dark red - crimson, a 0,5 cm wide yellow line (light ochre) smeared over it; from the cave-in in the area of room A. SECTOR B/2, Table 3 - 7- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 7 x 5,5 x 2,5 cm, preserved 3 layers of wall plaster: 1 s t layer: 1 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (crushed brick, mortar, imprints of organic material); 2nd layer: 1 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar, some crushed brick; 3rd layer: intonaco - 0,5 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, pieces of tiny quartz; painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: the base is ochre red, with a 0,5 cm wide yellow (light ochre) line running over it; from the cave-in in the area of room A. SECTOR B/2. Table 4 - 1- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 5,6 x 5,9 x 2,3 cm, preserved 3 layers of wall plaster: 1 s t layer: 0,8 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (crushed brick, limestone, imprints of organic material); 2nd layer: 1 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar; 3rd layer: intonaco - 0,6 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, large amount of tiny quartz; painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: the base is ochre red, the second layer is of turquoise green colour, separated by a 0,5 cm wide white line; from the cave-in in the area of room B. SECTOR B/3. Table 4 - 2- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 7 x 5,9 x 3,3 cm, preserved 4 layers of wall plaster: 1 st layer: 0,8 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (imprints of organic material, limestone, ground brick); 2nd layer: 1,3 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar, ground brick in large amounts and limestone; 3rd layer: 0,6 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, fragmented limestone - much tinier than in the previous layer, and ground brick; 4th layer: intonaco - applied in 3 layers: 1 st layer: 0,2 cm thick, 2nd layer: 0,2 cm thick - smeared over by black colour and 3rd layer: 0,1 cm thick; total 0,5 cm, all three layers have the same composition: mortar, sifted sand, quartz; painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: the base is of black colour and overlays the fresco which was also of black colour, there are turquoise green and ochre red fields over it, separated by a 0,5 cm wide white line; from the cave-in in the area of room B. SECTOR B/3. Table 5 - 1- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 7,7 x 5,5 x 1,9 cm, preserved 3 layers of wall plaster: 1 s t layer: 0,9 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (crushed brick, limestone); 2nd layer: 0,5 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and ground brick; 3rd layer: intonaco - 0,5 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, big quantity of tiny quartz with the addition of red pigment; painted in the combination of fresco and secco techniques; composition: the base is pale red, the second layer is grey, a 3 mm thick black line is smeared over the grey colour; from the cave-in in the area of room C. Table 5 - 2- Fragment of a fresco of dimensions 4,6 x 5 x 3,1 cm, preserved 4 layers of wall plaster: 1 st layer: 1,2 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar and aggregate (crushed brick, limestone); 2nd layer: 0,8 cm thick, contains: quartz sand, mortar, ground brick and limestone - larger than in the previous layer; 3rd layer: 0,7 cm thick, contains: sifted sand, mortar, fragmented limestone and some quartz; 4th layer: intonaco - 0,5 cm thick, contains: mortar, sifted sand, quartz; painted in the fresco technique; composition: the base is black, sprinkled with green and light ochre colour, probably a fragment of the baseboard - imitation marble; from the cave-in in the area of room C. SECTOR B/3.
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98

Prostorija A Druga skupina fresaka (T.3.) U podnozju sjevernog lica zida 9 nadeni su ostaci fresaka izblijedjele zute boje, sto odgovara ulomcima oker zute, purpurno crvene boje i raznim kombinacijama tih dviju boja koji su, vrlo brojni, pronadeni u urusenju sa sjeverne i juzne strane ovog zida. Na vise fragmenata podloga je purpurno crvene boje, preko koje je u secco tehnici, prevucena kistom sirine 0,7 cm linija oker zute boje. Nije sigurno da li je linija tekla u horizontalnom ili u vertikalnom smjeru. Dva fragmenta podijeljena su u vise zona sastavljenih od vise slojeva boje. Podloga je nacinjena prskanjem purpurno crvene i oker zute boje na bijeloj pozadini - u maniri 1. pompejanskog stila, kada se podzid oslikava tako da se prskanjem vise boja po podlozi dobiva dojam povrsine mramorne ploce. Druga zona bila je premazana punom purpurnom bojom, preko koje je bila prevucena oker zuta linija, a preko nje opet tanka, bijela linija sirine 0,3 cm. Sve je tvorilo koncept u dvije zone, jednu s imitacijom mramorne ploce i drugu, purpurno crvenu plohu, koje su sa tri paralelne linije razlicite sirine i boje bile odijeljene jedna od druge (T.3-5). Nadeno je i vise komada purpurno crvene boje, koja je bila u jednom dijelu premazana oker zutom bojom, a na temelju toga moze se pretpostaviti da je sjeverno lice zida 9 imalo podzid zute boje, s gornjim plohama u purpurno crvenoj boji. Prostorija B Prva skupina fresaka (tabla 2) Na istocnom licu zida 11, u podnozju sjevernog dijela zida nadene freske izblijedjele oker crvene boje, sto odgovara velikoj kolicini ulomaka fresaka iz urusenja iste boje. U urusenju su nadeni i ulomci s podlogom crvene boje, preko koje je prelazila tanka linija zute boje, sirine 0,5 cm u secco tehnici. Na temelju tih ulomaka ne moze se utvrditi da li je ta linija tekla vertikalno ili horizontalno i kakva je

and a layer of turquoise green over it were located in the cave-in. The joint between red and green was covered with a 0,5 cm wide white separation line made in the secco technique using white mortar. Room C (T.5.) The frescos located on the eastern face of wall 6 were grey without any visible decoration or motif (T. 5-3) Two very faded fragments were found in the cave-in east of wall 6. Their background was red coated with grey colour. There was a 0,3 cm wide black line running over it (T. 5-1). Not far from there, a dark, almost black fragment was found, with the so-called imitation marble, such as usually appeared in the zone of the baseboard, and it was made with sprinkled ochre yellow and green dots of 0,5 cm in diameter (T. 52). Husbandry Buildings 35 m to the south from the residential husbandry complex, two mutually perpendicular walls preserved only in the foundations were located. The walls were founded on the solid rock, they were about 60 cm wide, built out of large, roughly hewed stone blocks; in some places traces of wall plaster were noticed on them. The wall extending in the direction west - east was researched along the length of 6,50 m (in the width of the excavation) and it exceeds the borders of the excavation, while the wall extending in the direction north - south was researched along the length of 3 m and it can be presumed that it had once extended further to the north. The connection between this complex of walls and the residential - husbandry complex has not been cleared because the wall disappears on the stretch which would be connecting them, and no remains of it have been found, not even in the foundations. However, the orientations of the two unities are completely the same, so that wall 3 is parallel to wall 9, and they are 38 m distant from each other (Groundplan 2). There were no remains of floors or fragments of frescos or wall plaster found in the area around these walls, and we can therefore presume that these walls belonged to a series of smaller, simpler rooms which served as workshops, storehouses or stables, i.e. they were part of the ancillary farm spaces. To the west from these walls, at the position of trench 4 from the year 2005, three more walls which exceed the borders of the trench were found. They had been built out of bigger irregularly placed unworked stone blocks without traces of wall plaster, arranged in two rows with a fill made of earth and tiny stones between. The third wall had been built out of a number of horizontally laid rows of roughly worked stone blocks. All three walls were parallel and placed densely one beside the other in the width of 2,50 m and it could be said that they were forming a part of some stone construction rather than walls of a building. Unfortunately, we do not have enough information

28. Pogled s istoka na sondu 4 iz 2005.g s kamenom konstrukcijom od tri zida, paralelno slozena jedan uz drugog. View of trench 4 from the year 2005 from the east, with the stone construction of three walls, parallel to each other.

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bila koncepcija zidne slike. Na sjevernom lieu zida 15 sacuvane freske bile su toliko izblijedjele da se nije mogla raspoznati ni osnovna boja. Prostorija B Druga skupina fresaka (T.4) Sjeverno od prolaza, u urusenju unutar prostorije B, nadeno je nekoliko ulomaka s tirkizno zelenom bojom. Na nekoliko ulomaka tirkizna je boja preslojila svijetlo roza intonaco, zatim crnu podlogu i na nekoliko ulomaka crvenu podlogu vecina tih ulomaka je blago zaobljena, pa se moze pretpostaviti da su vrata bila obrubljena tirkizno zelenom bojom koja je prelazila preko crnih, crvenih i bijelih ploha na zidu. U urusenju je pronadeno nekoliko ulomaka s pompeji crvenom podlogom, preko koje je bio premazan sloj tirkizno zelene boje. Spoj izmedu crvene i zelene bio je prekriven bijelom linijom razdvojnicom sirine 0,5 cm nacinjenoj u secco tehnici bijelim vapnom. Prostorija C (T.5.) Freske nadene na istocnom lieu zida 6 - bile su sive boje bez vidljivog ukrasa ili motiva (T.5-3). U urusenju istocno od zida 6 nadena su dva ulomka vrlo izblijedjela. Pozadina je bila crvena, preko koje je bila prevueena siva boja. Preko je tekla tanka linija erne boje, siroka 0,3 cm (T 5-1). Nedaleko je pronaden ulomak tamne, gotovo erne boje s tzv. imitacijom mramora, kakva se obicno javljala u zoni sokla ili podzida, a bila je izvedena prskanim oker zutim i zelenim tockama promjera 0,5 cm (T.5-2). Gospodarske zgrade A 35 m juzno od stambeno - gospodarskog kompleksa otkrivena su dva medusobno okomita zida, sacuvana samo u temeljima. Zidovi su temeljeni na zivoj stijeni, sirine oko 60 cm, gradeni od vecih, grubo tesanih kamenih blokova, a mjestimicno su na njima uoceni tragovi zbuke. Zid smjera zapad - istok istrazen je u duzini 6,50 m (u sirini iskopa) i prelazi granice iskopa, a zid smjera sjever - jug istrazen je u duzini od 3 m, a moze se pretpostaviti da se nekada sirio dalje na sjever. Veza izmedu tog sklopa zidova i izmedu stambeno-gospodarskog kompleksa nije razjasnjena, jer na potezu koji bi ih povezivao zid se gubi, a njegovi ostaci nisu nadeni ni u temeljima, no orijentacija dviju cjelina je potpuno jednaka, tako da je zid 3 paralelan sa zidom 9, a medusobno su udaljeni 38 m (Tloris 2). U podrucju oko tih zidova nisu pronadeni ostaci podova, kao ni ulomci fresaka i zbuke, pa mozemo pretpostaviti da su ti zidovi pripadali nizu manjih, jednostavnih prostorija koje su sluzile kao radionice, skladista ili staje, odnosno da su bill dio pomocnih gospodarskih prostora. Zapadno od tih zidova, na polozaju sonde 4 iz 2005. g. pronadena su jos tri zida, koji prelaze
29

at our disposal to be able to determine in more detail the size and purpose of this construction. The connection between this complex and the husbandry part is not clear because the stretch which would be connecting them has not been researched, and the orientation of this unity is different from that of all the other located walls. The width of the stone construction might indicate the access road used for the access to the farm, however, too small an area has been researched to get to any certain conclusions. Middens Three pits were located within the researched area of the Roman farm property: J 9, J 18 and J 20 (Groungplan 2) two of which had served as middens, and one, situated immediately by the central residential - husbandry building, might have served as a drainage canal connected with a faecal pit in one phase, and later, after the conversion and widening of the building towards the north, it lost its primary function and started to be used as a midden. In the narrowest part of the researched area29, 8,50 m south of the two mutually perpendicular walls belonging to the ancillary husbandry buildings, and equally distant from the stone construction made of three parallel walls, a bigger midden - J 9 was researched. The size and shape of the pit as a whole have not yet been determined because it partly extends outside the researched area, and the excavated part is 3,50 m wide, while the deepest part of the pit is 70 cm deep. It seems that a pit had been dug in red subsoil for the deposit of waste material, without additional work, and it had been filled with darker loose earth with numerous potsherds of rough and fine ceramics, bones and roof tiles. The second midden - J 20 (fig. 29) was situated 10 m to the south from the central residential husbandry building30. One part of it was integrated into a crack, a 50 cm deep natural oval recess in the solid rock, while in the southern part it was artificially fenced in with roughly worked - carved stone blocks arranged in two parallel rows without use of connective material. The dimensions of the pit were 2 x 1,50 m and it was filled with dark loose earth in which numerous fragments of the roof materials were found - roof tiles (tegulae) and imbrices, as well as one semicircular stone segment of a column. As for the ceramic material, some potsherds of amphorae were located, as well as numerous potsherds of fine and rough kitchen ceramics; a very large number of sherds of various ceramic oil lamps should be singled out among other things. As for the metal finds, one iron key, a part of a small chain made of finely plaited bronze wire, a bronze needle, a few iron nails and some fragments of an iron tool were found in the midden. Beside the abovementioned finds, quite a number of animal bones and a few shells of dye murex and oysters were also found in the fill.

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29. Pogled s juga na otpadnu jamu SJ20. View of the midden from the south. Layer 20.

30. Pogled s istoka na otpadnu jamu SJ18. View of the midden from the east. Layer 18.

granice iskopa. Gradeni su od vecih, nepravilno polozenih neobradenih kamenih blokova bez tragova zbuke, poslaganih u dva reda medu kojima je bila ispuna od zemlje i sitnog kamenja. Treci zid graden je od vise vodoravno polozenih redova, grubo obradenih kamenih blokova. Sva tri zida bila su paralelna i postavljena gusto jedan do drugoga u sirini od 2,50 m i prije bi se moglo reci da su tvorili dio neke kamene konstrukcije nego zidove objekta. Nazalost, ne raspolazemo s dovoljno podataka da bismo mogli poblize ustanoviti velicinu i namjenu te konstrukcije. Veza izmedu tog sklopa i gospodarskog dijela nije jasna jer potez koji bi ih povezivao nije istrazen, a orijentacija te cjeline drukcija je negoli orijentacija svih ostalih pronadenih zidova. Sirina kamene konstrukcije mogla bi eventualno upucivati na prilazni put, kojim se dolazilo do imanja, no istrazena je premala

Immediately by the central residential husbandry building, by the northern perimetral wall of the building, there was a big pit31 - J 18 (fig. 30), which partly lay in a big natural crack of about 2,50 m in diameter and the depth of 0,40 m32, and was partly artificially buried into the solid rock in the shape of an irregular elongated canal extending from the round crack to the recess under the perimetral wall 7, where it probably merged with the central building. The joint between the researched architecture and this canal was not found, so it can be presumed that it had been in function before the extension of the building to the north and before building of the perimetral wall 7, in an earlier construction phase of the building which could not be researched entirely due to the architecture above it. In an earlier phase of the building, the recess chiselled in the rock might have served as a drainage canal connecting the building with the midden, while in a later phase, during the expansion of the building to the north the canal got out of the function and the big natural crack continued to be used as a midden, judging by the material found in it. It is possible that this pit was fenced by rough stone blocks in two parallel rows without connective material in the northern part, where the rock naturally descended, which is why the pit was not completely closed. The pit was filled with dark loose earth with a lot of building material, from semi-worked stone blocks and column segments to numerous potsherds of tegulae and imbrices, Roman ceramics and glass and some animal bones. We can conclude from the abovementioned that natural cracks in solid rock were used as middens, if necessary additionally built using roughly worked stone blocks without connective material, or artificially buried into the rock, either by altering natural pits or by digging out completely new ones. Judging by the content of these pits fill, all three served as waste pits, and on the basis of the analysis of this material it can be concluded that they started to be used for this purpose very early, at the very beginning of existence of the farm property in Boskina, i.e. the beginning of the 1 st century. There are no late Roman or newer finds in these pits. Fence Wall of the Property A wall (fig. 31) oriented equally as the rest of the buildings on the property, in the direction northwest - southeast, was found 48 m north of the architectural complex; however, it was built in the technique of drystone, with two outer faces composed of big unworked or semi-worked stone blocks without wall plaster and filled up with small broken stones inside. The wall was about 1 m wide; it was researched only in the width of the excavation, i.e. 6,50 m, but it surely continues to the east and west, outside the borders of our excavation. Taken into consideration the scarcity of information we have at our disposal, we can only presume that this is a small part of the northern fence- and defensive wall, the type that such groups of buildings often had, primarily for keeping

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povrsina da bi se doslo do bilo kakvih sigurnih zakljucaka. Otpadne jame Unutar istrazenog prostora rimskog imanja pronadene su tri jame: J 9, J 18 i J 20 (Tloris 2), dvije su sluzile kao otpadne jame, a jedna, koja je bila smjestena neposredno uz sredisnji stambenogospodarski objekt, moguce da je u jednoj fazi sluzila kao odvodni kanal spojen s fekalnom jamom, a kasnije, pri prenamjeni i prosirenju objekta prema sjeveru, izgubila je svoju prvotnu funkciju i pocela je sluziti kao otpadna jama. U najjuznijem dijelu istrazenog prostora,29 8,50 m juzno od dva zida okomita jedan na drugi, koji su pripadali pomocnim gospodarskim zgradama i jednako toliko udaljena od kamene konstrukcije, sacinjene od tri paralelna zida, istrazena je veca otpadna jama - J 9. Velicina i oblik jame u cijelosti jos nisu utvrdeni, jer se jednim dijelom pruza izvan istrazenog prostora, a otkopani dio sirok je 3,50 m, a najveca dubina jame iznosi 70 cm. Izgleda da je za pohranu otpadnog materijala iskopana jama u crvenoj zemlji zdravici, bez dodatne dorade, a bila je ispunjena rahlom zemljom tamnije boje s vecom kolicinom ulomaka grube i fine keramike, kostiju i tegula. Druga otpadna jama - J 20 (si. 29), nalazila se 10 m juzno od sredisnjeg stambeno-gospodarskog objekta.30 Jednim dijelom bila je uklopljena u skrapu, prirodno ovalno udubljenje u zivoj stijeni, dubine 50 cm, a s juzne strane bila je umjetno ogradena grubo obradenim - priklesanim kamenim blokovima slozenim u dva paralelna reda, bez upotrebe vezivnog materijala. Jama je bila velicine 2 x 1,50 m i zapunjena tamnom rahlom zemljom u kojoj je nadena velika kolicina ulomaka krovne grade - tegula i imbreksa i jedan kameni polukruzni segment stupa Sto se tice keramickoq materijala nadeni su ulomci amfora, brojni ulomci fine i grube rimske kuhiniske keramike a medu inim treba izdvojiti mnogobrojne ulomke vise raznovrsnih keramickih lucerni. Metalne nalaze u jami cine jedan zeliezni kliuc dio lancica od fino pletene broncane zice broncana igla nekoliko zelieznih cavala i ulomci zeljeznog alata Osim navedenih nalaza u zapuni je nadeno dosta zivotinjskih kostiju, nekoliko ljustura puza volka i skoljke kamenice. Neposredno uz sredisnji stambeno-gospodarski obiekt uz sieverni Derimetralni zid zarade nalazila se velikaiama31 - J 18 (sl 30) koia ie jednim dijelom lezala u velikoj prirodnoj skrapi promjera oko 2 50 m i dubine oko 0 40 m 32 a diielom ie bila umjetno ukopana u zivoj stijeni u obliku nepravilnog duguljastog kanala koji se protezao od okrugle skrape do udubljenja ispod Derimetralnoa zida 7 adie se vieroiatno SDaiao sa sredisnjom zgradom Spoj izmedu istrazene arhitekture i toa kanala niie Dronaden Da se moze pretpostaviti da ie bio u unkciji prije neqo sto se zgrada prosirila prema sjeveru i prije izgradnje
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the cattle gathered and protected from wild beasts, but also because of the constant danger of attacks by or robberies. This wall might have been built synchronously with the rest of the buildings at the property, seen that they are orientated in the same way, but considering the building style it might have stood here even before the construction of the property as a wall belonging to some pre-Roman settlement. The already existing pre-Roman structures which had all the characteristics that a fence-and defensive wall was supposed to have, were often used during the construction of properties like this (SMITH 1997 249) The proof that a prehistoric settlement was near are potsherds of prehistoric ceramics and home daub discovered in the vicinity of this wall. Conclusion Three architectural unities were located and researched in the excavated part of the locality of Boskina- the central residential - husbandrv Dart to the south from it part of the ancillary husbandry premises and part of the access road and most to the north part of the fence wall of the property The discovered remains of the architecture confirm that it is the matter of a big complex of a Roman villa rustica built during the period of the Early EmDire i e at the beainnina of the 1 st centurv The finds show that the complex was in use throughout the 1 st and 2nd centuries and that the villa was altered and expanded several times during its existence. Within the framework of the whole comDlex architectural remains of the residential - husbandry complex are best preserved. The walls were built of stone and covered with frescos- thev were separating the researched area into four rooms,

31

P o g i e d s istoka na o g r a d n i zid

imanja. View of the fence wall of the property from the east.

Jama niie u ciielosti istrazena jer ulazi pod istocni profil iskopa pa nisu siqurne niezine konacne dimenziie

The pit was not researched entirely because it enters under the eastern profile of the excavation so its final dimensions are not certain

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perimetralnog zida 7, u ranijoj gradevinskoj fazi objekta, koju nije bilo moguce u cijelosti istraziti zbog arhitekture koja ju je preslojila. Moguce je da je udubina isklesana u stijeni, u ranijoj fazi objekta, sluzila kao odvodni kanal kojim je objekt bio spojen s otpadnom jamom, a u kasnijoj fazi, prilikom prosirenja objekta prema sjeveru, kanal je izgubio funkciju, a velika prirodna skrapa, sudeci prema materijalu nadenom u njoj, i nadalje koristena kao otpadna jama. Moguce je da je i ta jama bila ogradena grubim kamenim blokovima u dva paralelna niza bez vezivnog materijala, na sjevernom dijelu, gdje se stijena prirodno spustala, zbog cega jama nije bila potpuno zatvorena. Jama je bila zapunjena tamnom rahlom zemljom s dosta gradevinskog materijala, od polu-obradenih kamenih blokova i segmenata stupa do mnogobrojnih ulomaka tegula i imbreksa, rimske keramike i stakla i nesto zivotinjskih kostiju. Prema svemu navedenome moze se zakljuciti da su za otpadne jame koristene prirodne skrape u zivoj stijeni, koje su po potrebi dogradivane s grubo obradenim kamenim blokovima, bez vezivnog materijala ili su ih umjetno ukopavali u stijenu, bilo da su tako doradivali prirodne jame ili dubili potpuno nove. Sudeci prema sadrzaju zapune tih jama, sve tri bile su otpadne, a na temelju analize tog materijala, moze se zakljuciti da su pocele sluziti za tu namjenu vrlo rano, od pocetka postojanja imanja u Boskini, odnosno od pocetka 1. st. U tim jamama nema nalaza kasne antike i mladih nalaza. Ogradni zid imanja 48 m sjeverno od arhitektonskog kompleksa naden je zid (si. 31) orijentiran jednako kao i ostali objekti na imanju, u smjeru sjeverozapad jugoistok, ali graden u tehnici suhozida, sa dva vanjska lica zida slozena od velikih neobradenih ili poluobradenih kamenih blokova bez zbuke i unutrasnjosti zasipanom sitnim kamenom lomljenkom. Zid je bio sirine oko 1 m, u duljinu je istrazen samo u sirini iskopa od 6,50 m, ali je sigurno da se nastavlja na istok i zapad, izvan granica naseg iskopa. S obzirom na malu kolicinu podataka kojima raspolazemo, mozemo samo pretpostaviti da je to mali dio sjevernog ogradnog i zastitnog zida, kakav su takve skupine gradevina cesto imale, prvenstveno da bi zadrzali stoku na okupu i zastitili ih od divljih zvijeri, kao i zbog stalne opasnosti od napada ili pljacki. Taj zid mogao je biti izgraden istovremeno s ostalim objektima na imanju, s obzirom na to da su jednako orijentirani, a mogao je tu stajati i prije izgradnje imanja, kao zid koji je pripadao nekom predrimskom naselju s obzirom na stil zidanja. Prilikom gradnje takvih imanja cesto su se koristene vec postojece, predrimske strukture, koje su imale sve karakteristike kakve je trebao imati jedan ogradni i obrambeni zid (SMITH 1997, 249), a da je u blizini bilo prapovijesno naselje, potvrduju ulomci prapovijesne keramike i kucnog Ijepa koji su, vrlo brojni bill pronadeni u okolici toga zida.

three of which were of husbandry character, while one belonged to the residential part of the building. The floors made of mortar and small tiles arranged in the fishbone motif - opus spicatum are preserved in the interior of the building, and during the research in the cave-in layer a big quantity of stone mosaic cubes was found, of bigger or smaller dimensions, as well as large ceramic mosaic cubes proving that the major part of the floor surface had been decorated with mosaics. The majority of finds from this complex indicates the farm activity: big weights, fragment of a big stone mortar, waterproof protrusions on the wall, as well as the floors of the opus spicatum type. Some elements also suggest the water reservoir with the purification system. Based on the architectural finds it is hard to say whether the building was a single-story house or had an upper floor, however, we have to take into consideration that at the time of its occurrence, at the beginning of the 1 st century, such villas usually had the conception of single-story houses and only some of their parts were built with upper floors, mostly residential premises or the ones intended for the survey of the production process (BEGOVIC, SCHRUNK 2003, 99). Based on the extension of walls and conversion of the spatial conception, three phases of building alterations can be distinguished. In the first phase the building was somewhat smaller and according to the remains of the roof material located in a big quantity in the layer of the cave-in (roof tiles with stamps of the Pansiana type factory), it can be dated to between the end of the 1 st century B.C. and the mid 1 st century. In the second phase the building was expanded to the north, new outer and partition walls were built, and the old northern outer wall was knocked down. New floors were built on a higher level in relation to the old ones and in another technique, adapted to the new purpose of the space. Taken into consideration the dating of stamps on the roof tiles from the layer of the cave-in, this adaptation might have occurred in mid 1 st century. The construction period of the 3rd phase led to a new architectural conception of the space, the wall from the second phase was knocked down and the new partition wall was built, expanding one room at the expense of the other. It can be presumed from the find of a big quantity of stone and ceramic mosaic cubes that, in this phase, the building got new mosaic floors made in the combination of stone and ceramic cubes which can often be found at the turn of the first and the second century. It is possible that the final adaptation of the building occurred in this period, which is corroborated by the finds of the roof tiles with the stamp of the L PETRA AVI type. Since the locality was only partly researched, it is hard to get to some certain conclusions in this phase. What is known so far is that a Roman villa rustica from the 1 st and beginning of the 2nA century with large residential - husbandry spaces, ancillary spaces and a fence wall stood in this place. Due to the fact that the architecture continues outside

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Zakljucak Na iskopanom dijelu lokaliteta Boskina bile su otkrivene i istrazene tri arhitektonske cjeline: sredisnji stambeno-gospodarski dio, juzno od toga dio gospodarskih pomocnih prostorija i prilaznog puta i najsjevernije dio ogradnog zida imanja. Otkriveni ostaci arhitekture potvrduju da je rijec o velikom kompleksu rimske vile rustike koja je tu sagradena u ranocarskom razdoblju, odnosno pocetkom 1. st. Nalazi pokazuju da je kompleks bio u funkciji kroz 1. i 2. St., te da je tijekom svojega postojanja u nekoliko navrata preuredivan i nadogradivan. U okviru cjelokupnog kompleksa, arhitektonski ostaci stambeno-gospodarskog sklopa najbolje su sacuvani. Zidovi su bili gradeni od kamena i prekriveni freskama, a pregradivali su zdanje na cetiri prostorije - tri su imale gospodarsku namjenu, a jedna je pripadala stambenom dijelu zgrade. U unutrasnjosti zgrade sacuvane su podnice od zbuke i od malih plocica slozenih u motivu riblje kosti - opus spicatum, a prilikom istrazivanja u sloju urusenja nadena je velika kolicina kamenih mozaickih kockica, vecih i manjih dimenzija, kao i vece keramicke mozaicke kocke koje su svjedocile da je unutar objekta veca povrsina poda bila ukrasena mozaicima. Vecina nalaza iz tog sklopa potvrduje gospodarsku djelatnost: veliki utezi, ulomak velikog, kamenog tarionika, vodonepropusne istake na zidu, te podnice tipa opus spicatum, a neki elementi sugeriraju i na sabiraliste za vodu sa sistemom za prociscavanje. Na temelju arhitektonskih nalaza tesko je reci dali je zgrada bila prizemna ili je imala kat, no mora se uzeti u obzir da su u vrijeme njezina postanka, pocetkom 1. st, takve vile bile koncipirane najcesce kao prizemnice, a tek pojedini njihovi dijelovi gradeni su na kat, uglavnom stambeni ili prostori za nadgledanje procesa proizvodnje (BEGOVIC, SCHRUNK 2003, 99). Na temelju dogradnje zidova i preinake koncepcije prostora, mogu se razluciti tri faze pregradnje prostora. U prvoj fazi zgrada je bila ponesto manjeg opsega, a po ostacima krovne grade nadene u velikoj kolicini u sloju urusenja tegula, sa zigovima tvornice tipa Pansiana, moze se datirati od kraja 1. st. pr. Kr. do polovine 1. st. U drugoj fazi objekt je prosiren prema sjeveru, gradeni su novi vanjski i pregradni zidovi, a stari sjeverni vanjski zid je srusen. Nove podnice gradene su na visoj razini u odnosu na one stare i u drugoj tehnici, prilagodene novoj namjeni prostora. S obzirom na dataciju zigova na tegulama iz sloja urusenja, ta adaptacija mogla bi padati u sredinu 1. st. Gradevinsko razdoblje 3. faze imalo je novu arhitektonsku koncepciju prostora, srusen je zid iz druge faze i sagraden novi pregradni zid, kojim je prosirena jedna prostorija naustrb druge. Prema nalazu velike kolicine kamenih i keramickih mozaickih kocki, moze se pretpostaviti da je u toj fazi objekt dobio nove podnice od mozaika u kombinaciji kamenih i keramickih kocki, kakve su se cesto javljale na razmedu prvog i drugoga stoljeca. Moguce je da je u to vrijeme izvedena posljednja adaptacija objekta, sto potkrepljuju i

the researched area, it is still unknown what size was this property, what kind of concept the buildings and the space inside the property had, what kind of production took place here and to what extent. The answers to these and many other questions cannot be found before the future systematic research of this locality.

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SMALL FINDS
Beside the fragments of tegulae and imbrices, a few finds of stone construction elements were also found: fragments of bases, capitals and shafts of columns; fragments of frescos and mosaic cubes in cave-ins; sherds of fine and rough ceramics and glass; bronze and iron finds; three Roman coins; three stone weights, a fragment of a stone mortar and a fragment of a whetstone. Most of the archaeological small finds were located in sector B, in which some residential or residentialhusbandry remains of the villa were located as well. The majority of finds were located mostly in the archaeological stratigraphic layers 1 33 and 2 (earth strata mixed with the remains of construction cave-ins and some stones), and in a few smaller natural cracks filled with earth mixed with stones. The possible midden was researched directly by wall 7/B, i.e. by its northern face. Ceramic Finds - Early Roman Period Ivana Harasa The finds are preserved in a very fragmented form. None of the vessels are preserved entirely, and only a few of them were possible to reconstruct. Potsherds of rims, bottoms, and handles and the ones with decorations which could not be classified as a particular type of ceramics were singled out. Thin-walled ceramics It belongs to the group of the finest Roman table ceramics in which the small vessels with thin walls served as drinking vessels. Such ceramics had been manufactured in moulds, and the vessels were never of big dimensions, due to the thinness of the walls. The thin-walled ceramics regularly appears together with the Padan type sigillata in the period of Roman conquests. It was manufactured in northern Italic workshops and appeared as an import as early as at the times of Augustus and Tiberius. The peak of the production is dated to the Claudio-Flavian period, and the end of the production was the 2nd half of the 2nd century. It is presumed to have been manufactured in some provincial workshops as well, for instance Siscia, Emona, Stenjevec (PLESNICAR 1971, 117-119, PLESNICAR-GEC 1977, 13-15, 23-24, ISTENIC, DASKIEWICZ, SCHNEIDER, 2003, 84, 90). A decoration executed in the technique of little wheels in rows is very frequent. In Emona this decoration does not appear until the time of Claudius (PLESNICARGEC 1977, 23). Potsherds of the thin-walled ceramics from Boskina34 are not big enough for the precise designation of the vessel type. They probably

32. Ulomci keramike tankih stijenki. (T.26-10). Sherds of thin-walled ceramics. (T.2610).

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nalazi tegula sa zigom tipa L PETRA A V I S obzirom na to da je lokalitet samo djelomicno istrazen, tesko je u ovoj fazi bilo doci do sigurnih zakljucaka. Za sada je poznato da se na tome mjestu nalazila rimska vila rustika iz 1. i pocetka 2. st. s vecim stambeno-gospodarskim prostorima, pomocnim prostorima i ogradnim zidom, a posto se arhitektura dokazano nastavlja izvan istrazenog prostora, jos se ne zna kojih je opsega bilo to imanje i kako su bile koncipirane zgrade i prostor unutar imanja, kakva se proizvodnja tu odvijala i u kojem opsegu. Odgovore na ova i jos mnoga druga pitanja mogu dati tek buduca sustavna istrazivanja toga lokaliteta.

POKRETNI NALAZI
Uz ulomke tegula i imbreksa pronadeno je i nekoliko nalaza kamenih gradevinskih elemenata: ulomci baza, kapitela i tijela stupova; ulomci fresaka i kockice mozaika u urusenjima; ulomci fine i grube keramike i stakla; broncani i zeljezni nalazi; tri rimska novca; tri kamena utega te ulomak kamenog tarionika i brusa. Najvise arheoloskih sitnih nalaza pronadeno je u sektoru B, u kojem su otkriveni i stambeni odnosno stambeno-gospodarski ostaci vile. Najvise nalaza pronadeno je uglavnom u arheoloskim stratigrafskim slojevima SJ 1 33 i SJ 2 (slojevi zemlje pomijesani sa ostacima gradevinskih urusenja i ponesto kamena), te u nekoliko prirodnih manjih skrapa zapunjenih zemljom pomijesanom s kamenjem. Moguca otpadna jama istrazena je 33. Ulomci case tankih stijenki. (T.6neposredno uza ZID 7/B, tj. uz njegovo sjeverno 3,5). lice. Sherds of a thin-walled cup. (T.6-3,5). Keramicki nalazi - rana antika Ivana Harasa Nalazi su sacuvani vrlo fragmentarno. Ni jedna posuda nije sacuvana u cijelosti, a za samo nekoliko posuda bilo je moguce izvesti rekonstrukcije. Izdvojeni su ulomci oboda, dna, rucki, te ulomci s ukrasima koje je bilo moguce svrstati u odredeni tip keramike. Keramika tankih stijenki Pripada grupi najfinije rimske stolne keramike u kojoj su posudice tankih stijenki sluzile za pice. Takva keramika bila je proizvodena u kalupima, a zbog male debljine stijenki posude nikada nisu bile vecih dimenzija. Keramika tankih stijenki redovito se pojavljivala uz sigilatu padanskog tipa u vrijeme rimskih osvajanja. Proizvodila se u sjevernoitalskim radionicama, a kao import se u provincijama pojavljuje vec od Augusta i Tiberija. Vrhunac proizvodnje datira se

belong to small semicircular bowls, cups or oval drinking vessels, some of which had one or two handles. All the sherds are grey. The sherd of a small handle (T.7-2) has the analogy in the Pola necropolis on Marss Field, grave 29/3 (MATIJASIC 1991, 118) and the small foot of a vessel from Boskina (T.6-5) is similar to the vessel from Ptuj published by J. Istenic (ISTENIC 1999, 106, 51:2) as a shape imported into Poetovio. Such ceramic products made of grey clay with darker glazing had been used since the 2nd half of the 1 st century, especially since the Flavian period. They are specific for the area of northern Italy with the border regions (Istria belongs there too) where they were a diversified and frequent find, so it is presumed that, beside the import, vessels manufactured in local workshops were used as well (STARAC 1997, 188-189). Imitation terrae sigillatae Imitation terrae sigillatae had been appearing ever since the beginning of the 1 st century, since Julio-Claudian times, when Italic imported examples were imitated in the provincial production in the whole area of the Empire. Such cheap imitations appeared parallel to the import and local attempt of the production of sigillata (VIKIC-BELANIC 1962/1963, 109; BRUKNER 1981, 29). It is possible to assign these two sherds to this category of ceramics. The ceramics was made of poorly purified clay with poorly executed reddish-brown opaque glazing which comes off easily (T.18-5). This potsherd might belong to a shallow vessel. The potsherd made of well purified clay with a reddish-brown glossy glazing of unequal density which comes off easily (T.20-12) might belong to a conical drinking vessel. A. Starac designates the ceramics made of orange clay with red glazing without gloss or with low gloss located in the area of Pula, as group t. of sigillata produced in northern Italy. He says that their shapes are mostly imitation of Aretine examples. He dates the small drinking vessels with vertical walls to the 1 st and 2nd century, shallow bowls to the 2nd and 3rd century (STARAC 1997, 187,188). Beside this group of ceramics, at Boskina also appears some poorly refined ceramics of ochreorange colour tempered with fine sand and of very poorly executed red glazing which comes off easily in layers. A few potsherds were found, among which three potsherds of a rim (fig. 35, T.19-4, T.20-6) and a potsherd of a bottom (T.20-7) can be singled out. These potsherds belong to smaller vessels, probably drinking vessels, and judging

34. Ulomak posude, imitacija terrae sigillatae. (T.18-5). Sherd of a vessel, imitation terrae sigillatae. (T.18-5).

Sloj zemlje pomijesan s gradevinskim urusenjem i kamenom u kvadrantu B 4, sjeverno od stambenog objekta datiran je 14C metodom u 1. pol. 1. st. (calAD 9+29). Datacija 14C izradena je u Leibniz Labor fur Alterbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat u Kielu (KIA-30006, BP 2006+26). Skracena kalibracija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveucilistu u Kolnu. Earth stratum mixed with the construction cave-in and stone near PN 6 (fragmented ceramic pot) located in quadrant B4, north of the residential building, was dated using the 14C method into the 1st half of the 1st century (calAD 9+29). 14C dating has been made in Leibniz Labor fur Alterbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat in Kiel (KIA-30006, BP 2006+26). The shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration has been made at the Cologne University.
34

Pronadeni su uglavnom u SONDI 4/ 2005-06 i u sektoru B1 / SJ 20.

They were mostly located in trench 4/ 2005-06 and in sector B1 / layer 20.

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u klaudijevsko-flavijevsko razdoblje, a prestala se proizvoditi u drugoj polovini 2.st. Pretpostavlja se da su je izradivale i provincijske radionice, primjerice Siscia, Emona, Stenjevec (PLESNICAR 1971, 117-119, PLESNICAR-GEC 1977, 13-15, 23-24; ISTENIC, DASKIEWICZ, SCHNEIDER 2003, 84, 90). Bio je cest ukras izveden tehnikom kotacica u redovima. U Emoni se takav ukras javio tek za Klaudija (PLESNICAR-GEC 1977, 23). Ulomci keramike tankih stijenki s Boskine34 nedovoljno su veliki za odredivanje tocnog tipa posude. Pripadaju vjerojatno polukruznim zdjelicama, odnosno salicama i ovalnim casama, medu kojima su neke imale i jednu ili dvije ruckice. Svi ulomci sive su boje. Ulomak ruckice T.7-2 ima analogiju u nekropoli Pole, na Marsovu polju, grob 29/3 (MATIJASIC 1991, 118), a nozica posude s Boskine T.6-5 slicna je posudi iz Ptuja koju je objavila J. Istenic (ISTENIC 1999, 106, 51:2), i to kao oblik koji je u Poetovio uvozen. Takvi keramicki proizvodi od sive gline s tamnim premazom upotrebljavani su od 2. pol. 1.St., pogotovo od flavijevskog razdoblja. Specificni su za podrucje sjeverne Italije s granicnim regijama kojima je pripadala i Istra, gdje su raznovrsan i cest nalaz, pa se pretpostavlja da su uz uvoz koristene i posude izradene u lokalnim radionicama (STARAC 1997, 188,189). Imitacije terrae sigillatae Imitacije terrae sigillatae javljale su se vec od pocetka 1st., od julijevsko-klaudijevskog vremena, kada su se italski importirani primjeri imitirali u provincijskoj proizvodnji na cijelom podrucju Carstva. Takve jeftinije imitacije javljale su se paralelno s importom i lokalnim pokusajem proizvodnje sigilate (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1962/1963, 109; BRUKNER 1981, 29). Pronadena su dva ulomka koja je moguce svrstati u tu grupu keramike. Keramika je izradena od slabije prociscene gline s losije izvedenim crvenosmedim mat premazom koji se lako skida (T.18-5). Taj ulomak mozda pripada plitkoj zdjeli. Ulomak izraden od bolje prociscene gline sa crvenosmedim sjajnijim premazom nejednake gustoce koji se lako skida (T.20-12) mozda pripada konicnoj casi. A. Starac odreduje keramiku od narancaste gline sa crvenim premazom bez sjaja ili niskog sjaja, pronadenu na podrucju Pule u grupu t. sigilate sjevernoitalske proizvodnje. Navodi da su im oblici uglavnom imitacija aretinskih uzora. Male case okomitih stijenki datira u 1st., konicne case u 1 i 2.st., plitke zdjele u 2. i 3.st. (STARAC 1997, 187,188). Uz tu grupu keramike na Boskini javlja se i slabije prociscena keramika oker narancaste boje s primjesama finog pijeska i vrlo lose izvedenim crvenim premazom koji se lako ljusti u slojevima. Pronadeno je nekoliko ulomaka medu kojima se
Iskrolisnik - na engleskom feldspar \\\ njemacki feldspat. Croatian - iskrolisnik, German - Feldspat.
36

by the fabrication, they are close to the group of imitations of sigillate products and could be dated to the 1 st and 2nd century as well. Rough Cooking Ceramics Pots They belong to the most frequent type of cooking utensils. They have been designated according to the preserved parts of rims which are very fragmented, and a few fragmented flat bottoms. The difference in baking can be seen in the colour and in the cross-sections. Almost all of them are tempered with sand and quartz, some even with calcite, brick or feldspar.35 The outer wall is usually black or dark grey, brown or orange. The so-call household ceramics in black colour tempered with a lot of quartz sand is mentioned by R. Matijasic36 in his research of villae rusticae near Vodnjan. The ceramics of a rougher texture tempered with sand, quartz, brick and chaff appeared in almost all Roman localities. It was partly made on a potters wheel and partly shaped by hand (VIKIC-BELANIC 1975, 25). The potsherds of pots (T.8-7 and T.18-12) remind of the local prehistoric Histrian tradition. The finds analogous to T.8-7 have been located in Pula during the research near the Istrian Archaeological Museum (STARAC 1997, 159, 207-T.VII/5), and on the necropolis on Marss Field in grave 139 (MATIJASIC 1991, 146, gr 139,3). The potsherds T.11-2 and T.18-12 might be showing the prehistoric influence in the moulding of the rim. The potsherds of pots with twisted rim, although very fragmented, belong to the typical Roman provincial stone inventory according to their texture, and can be dated to the 1 st and 2nd century. Lids Potsherds of lids were found in a small number and are very fragmented. A brownish-grey one with rougher texture which had enough elements for the reconstruction was singled out. This lid (T.88) has leaning, slightly subsided sides with a round and a little narrowed edge and a plug-like handle. It was manufactured on a potters wheel and finished by hand. The texture is tempered with quite a lot of sand and small stones. A few plug like handles of lids with notches on the inside are preserved (BRUKNER 1981, 43, T 129/8,9). The potsherds from Boskina T.12-11 and T.17-11 have a rough surface because they were made of rougher clay tempered with a lot of sand and quartz stones. The potsherd of a lid T.27-11 is somewhat thicker in the cross-section. The preserved potsherds of edges are very small, and they probably belonged to the same type of lids (T.6-6, T.17-13,14, T.20-15). The potsherds of lids from Boskina can be dated approximately to the 1st - 2nd century. Similar lids in Celje have also been dated to the 1 st - 2nd century (VOGRIN 1991, 33).

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35. Ulomak keramike sa losijim crvenim premazom. Sherd of ceramics with poorly executed red glazing.

36. Ulomak grubljeg keramickog lonca tamne boje. (T.11-5). Sherd of a rougher ceramic pot of dark colour. (T.11-5).

37. Ulomak keramickog lonca s prapovijesnim utjecajem. (T. 8-7). Sherd of a ceramic pot with a prehistoric influence. (T. 8-7).

U rezultatima zastitnog sondiranja iz 1987.g. kod Vodnjana - Sv.Lucija prilikom kojih je ubicirana rimska villa rustica sa ostacima tijeska za masline (R. MATIJASIC 1989, 120).

In the results of the rescue sondage from 1987 near Vodnjan - Sv. Lucija during which a Roman villa rustica was ubicated with the remains of a press for olives (MATIJASIC 1989, 120).

Until ed-2

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mogu izdvojiti tri ulomka oboda (si. 35; T.19-4; T.20-6) i ulomak dna (T.20-7). Ti ulomci pripadaju manjim posudama, vjerojatno casama, a po nacinu izrade bliski su grupi imitacije sigilatnih proizvoda i mogli bi se takoder datirati u 1. i 2.st. Gruba kuhinjska keramika Lonci Najcesci su tip kuhinjskog posuda. Odredeni su prema dijelovima sacuvanih oboda, koji su vrlo fragmentirani, te ponekom fragmentiranom ravnom dnu. Razlicitost u pecenju ocituje se u boji i presjecima. Gotovo svi sadrzavaju primjese pijeska i kvarca, a neki i kalcita, opeke i iskrolisnika.35 Vanjska stijenka je najcesce crna ili tamnosiva, smeda i narancasta. Tzv. kucansku keramiku erne boje s mnogo primjesa kvarcnog pijeska spominje i R. Matijasic36 u istrazivanjima villae rusticae kod Vodnjana. Keramika grublje fakture s primjesama pijeska, kvarca, opeke i pljeve javlja se na gotovo svim antickim lokalitetima. Radena je djelomicno na loncarskom kolu, a djelomicno je oblikovana rucno (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1975, 25). Ulomci lonaca T.8-7 i T.18-12 podsjecaju na lokalnu prapovijesnu histarsku tradiciju. Nalazi analogni T.87 pronadeni su u Puli u istrazivanjima kod Arheoloskog muzeja Istre (STARAC 1997, 159, 207-T.VII/5), te na nekropoli na Marsovu polju u grobu 139 (MATIJASIC 1991, 146, gr. 139,3). Ulomci T.18-12 i T.11-2 u profilaciji oboda pokazuju mozda prapovijesni utjecaj. Ulomci lonaca izvijenog oboda, iako vrlo fragmentirani, po fakturi pripadaju tipicnom rimskom provincijalnom keramickom inventaru, i mogu se datirati u 1-2.st. Poklopci Ulomci poklopaca pronadeni su u manjem broju i vrlo su fragmentirani. Izdvojen je jedan smedo sive boje, grublje fakture, koji je imao dovoljno elemenata za rekonstrukciju. Taj poklopac (T.8-8) ima kose, lagano ulegnute stranice s oblim, malo suzenim rubom i cepastu drsku. Izraden je na kolu i doraden rucno. U fakturi ima dosta primjesa pijeska i sitnih kamencica. Sacuvano je nekoliko cepastih rucki poklopaca koji s unutarnje strane imaju udubljenje (BRUKNER 1981, 43, T 129/8,9). Ulomci s Boskine T.12-11 i T.17-11 hrapave su povrsine jer su izradeni od grublje gline s dosta primjesa pijeska i kvarcnih kamencica. Ulomak poklopca T.27-11 je malo debljeg presjeka. Sacuvani ulomci rubova vrlo su mali, a najvjerojatnije su pripadali istom tipu poklopca (T.6-6, T.20-15, T.17-13, 14). Ulomci poklopaca s Boskine okvirno se mogu datirati u 1-2.st. Slicni poklopci u Celju datirani su takoder u 1-2.st. (VOGRIN 1991, 33). Plitki tanjur/pladanj Pronaden je ulomak plitkog tanjura ili pladnja ravnog dna s tankim stajacim prstenom koji se nalazi blize rubu, koji je imao dovoljno elemenata da se nacini rekonstrukcija. Faktura mu je grublja s primjesama sitnog pijeska. Po narancastocrvenoj

Shallow Vessel/Tray A potsherd of a shallow plate or tray with a flat bottom and a thin standing ring located nearer to the edge, with enough elements for the reconstruction, was found. Its texture is rougher and tempered with tiny sand. Its orange colour reminds of the colour of the African sigillata {sigillata chiara) (T.10-7). Pompeian Plate In the period of the Early Empire, Pompeii and Campania mass produced vessels intended for export, for example deep plates with dark red glazing, usually called red Pompeian plates. They have flat bottoms that change into round edges at a sharp angle. The red glazing is only on the inside of the vessel. They have been discovered all over the Empire and are dated to the 1st century; the earliest examples to the very beginning of the 1 st century. Their texture is grain-like, dark reddish-brown, sometimes with tiny black spotty temper which proves that the clay they were made of originates from the volcanic area. Real Pompeian plates, but also the poor quality ones, were manufactured in the same centres. At the Adriatic, classical Pompeian red plates were located near Glavat on the island of Mljet as part of a shipment, in the vicinity of the small island of Gusteranski near Zirje and near Palagruza. According to the location of these finds, it is possible to trace the route of the Pompeian vessels through which they were arriving from southern Italy to the Adriatic (JURISIC 2000, 29,30). This kind of finds is also frequent in the inland. It seems that they were mostly manufactured for the eastern market. The main trade direction was starting from the Adriatic ports, and from there the transport continued into the inland (JURISIC, 2000, 49). The plate from Boskina, (T.19-1) is very fragmented, and it used to contain enough elements for reconstruction. It has a flat bottom, with the engraved graphics of a lot of pointed engravings on the outside. It is reddish-brown tempered with a lot of sand, tiny quartz and tiny black temper. On the inside it has a glossy glazing of red ochre colour37, which comes off easily. It was found in the possible midden of the villa (layer 18), which was situated immediately by wall 7/B in sector B 3/4. The analogies for this type of plate are known near Pula, in Pecina on the hill-fort near Premantura, where a Pompeian type plate has been located as well (STARAC 1999, 112, 123, 140-t. VII/54). Aegean Type Vessels They are a frequent find in the whole Mediterranean region as a type of good quality cooking vessels. It has been proved that the Aegean type vessels were manufactured in the region of Asia Minor in the Roman Phocaeia, and it is also presumed that the production was taking place in Attica or the islands of the Aegean Sea. The finds of such ceramics in graveyards,

38. Rekonstruirani keramicki poklopac. (T. 8-8). Reconstructed ceramic lid. (T. 8-8).

39. Rekonstruirani plici tanjur ili pladanj. (T. 10-7). Reconstructed shallow plate or tray. (T. 10-7).

40. Rekonstruirani tanjur Pompejanskog tipa. (T. 19-1). Reconstructed plate of the Pompeian type. (T. 19-1).

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boji podsjeca na boju africke sigilate (sigillata chiara) (T.10-7). Pompejanski tanjur U ranocarsko vrijeme Pompeii i Campania masovno su proizvodili posude namijenjeno izvozu, primjerice i duboke tanjure s tamnocrvenim premazom koji se obicno nazivaju crveni pompejanski tanjuri. Ravnog su dna koji prelazi pod ostrim kutom u oble rubove. Crveni premaz nalazi se samo na unutarnjoj strani posude. Pronalazeni su diljem Carstva i datiraju se u 1.st., a najraniji primjerci na sam pocetak 1.st. Faktura im je zrnata, tamno crvenosmeda, pokatkad sa sitnim crnim mrljastim primjesama koje dokazuju da glina od koje su proizvedeni potjece s vulkanskog podrucja. U istim su centrima proizvodeni pravi pompejanski tanjuri, ali i oni losije kvalitete. Na Jadranu su pronadeni klasicni crveni pompejanski tanjuri kod Glavata na Mljetu kao dio brodskog tovara; blizu otocica Gusteranski kod Zirja i kod Palagruze. Prema smjestaju tih nalaza moguce je pratiti put pompejanskog posuda koji je vodio iz juzne Italije do Jadrana (JURISIC 2000, 29,30). Takvi nalazi su cesti i u unutrasnjosti. Izgleda da su bili proizvodeni uglavnom za istocno trziste. Glavni pravac trgovine polazio je iz jadranskih luka, otkud se dalje transportiralo u unutrasnjost (JURISIC 2000, 49). Tanjur s Boskine, (T.19-1) vrlo je fragmentiran, a sadrzavao je dosta elemenata za rekonstrukciju. Ravnog je dna, na kojem se s vanjske strane nalazi urezani grafit od vise siljastih ureza. Crvenosmede je boje s dosta primjesa pijeska, sitnog kvarca i sitnih crnih primjesa. Na unutrasnjoj strani ima sjajni premaz od crvenog okera37 koji se lako ljusti. Pronaden je u mogucoj otpadnoj jami vile (SJ 18), koja se nalazila neposredno uza zid 7/B u sektoru B 3/4. Analogije za takav tip tanjura poznate su u blizini Pule, u Pecini na gradini kod Premanture, gdje je takoder pronaden tanjur pompejanskog tipa (STARAC 1999, 112,123,140-T. VII/54). Posude egejskog tipa Kao tip kvalitetnijeg posuda za kuhanje vrlo su cest nalaz na cijelom Mediteranu. Dokazano je da se posude egejskog tipa proizvodilo na podrucju zapadne Male Azije u rimskoj Phocaei, a proizvodnja se pretpostavlja i u Atici, ili na otocima Egejskog mora. Brojni su nalazi takve keramike u grobljima, naseljima i lukama uz istocne jadranske otoke38 i obalu.39 Cesti su nalazi i u Istri (Pula, Sorna, Katoro, a u unutrasnjosti Kringa i Buzet). Nalazi su dokumentirani i u Sloveniji (Rodik,

settlements and ports near the eastern Adriatic islands38 and the coast39 are numerous. The finds are also frequent in Istria (Pula, Sorna, Katoro, and in the inland, Kringa and Buzet). The finds have been documented in Slovenia as well (Rodik, Hrusica, Ljubljana and Grosuplje). Three shipwrecks of Roman ships loaded with such vessels (near Punta Sv. Ivana in Peljeski Kanal, near Palmizana on the Pakleni Otoci and Nerezina on the north-eastern coast of Losinj) bear witness of the direction of the mercantile water-way used for transport of such products of mass production along our coast. In the area of the western Adriatic and nearer to the inland, the finds in the graves of Aquileia, Oderzo, Voghenzi and Ravenna etc. are frequent. They also appear in western Italy, southern France and by the northwestern African coast. The types of vessels are bowls, small pots, jugs with threefoliate mouths, and pans which come in three sizes, and larger cooking vessels coming in two sizes. The Aegean type ceramics is dated to the 1 s ' and 2"" century (ISTENIC, SCHNEIDER 2000, 341-343, JURISIC 2000, 3438). The fragmented finds from Boskina belong to pots and vessels of relatively thin walls, with a wide leaning mouth and a sharp edge between the upper part and the round bottom, and two symmetrically placed irregularly moulded ribbon like handles. M. Jurisic mentions that some bowls could have had one handle or even none (JURISIC 2000, 35) (T.9-7). A few potsherds of ceramics at Boskina belong to pots (T.26-12). Judging by the cross-sections and sizes of fragments it can be concluded that the vessels come in different sizes. The finds were located in quadrants A 2 (layer 1 and layer 9), B 1 (layer 1, layer 20), B 2 (layer 1), a lot in B 3 (layer 1) and TRENCH 4/2005 (layer 1) (T.8-6, T.15-2,3,4,11, T.17-12, T.20-9,10, T.235, T.27-9). The potsherds are made in the range from yellowish-red to light brown and grey colour, some tempered with tiny sand. The vessels (pots and smaller pots with round bottoms) are shallowly ribbed in the lower parts on the outside and on the inside. According to some opinions there might have been local manufacture or imitation of types of ribbed pots in more than one workshop on the eastern Adriatic coast, because of the thin greyish-brown glazing which exists here but is missing in case of finds from Knossos and Athenian Agora (ISTENIC 1988, 107). It has been proved lately, as a result of extensive macroscopic chemical and mineralogical analyses that small ribbed pots of the Aegean type were

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41. Ulomak gornjeg dijela keramicke posude Egejskog tipa. (T.15-2). Sherd of the upper part of an Aegeantype ceramic vessel. (T.15-2).

42. Ulomak rucke keramicke posude Egejskog tipa. (T. 9-7). Sherd of a handle of an Aegean-type ceramic vessel. (T. 9-7).

U laboratorijskom izvjescu Prirodoslovnog laboratory HRZ-a, od 8.11.2006.g., koje je sastavio D.Mudronja, prof. geologije, donose se rezultati analize sastava crvene boje premaza. Pigmenti uzorka analizirani su rengenskom fluorescentnom spektroskopijom. Crveni pigment odreden je kao crveni oker (zeljezni oksid Fe203nH20), a osim zeljeza u tragovima dokazan je udio Mn, Ti, K, Ca i Si (elementi iz rude iz koje se dobiva ovaj pigment ). Dokazano je i udjel Cu, Zn,Cr i P u tragovima. The laboratory report by the Natural Science Laboratory of the HRZ from 8 November 2006, made by geologist D. Mudronja, gives the analysis results of the red colour of the glazing. The pigments of the sample was analysed using the x-ray fluorescent spectroscopy The red pigment was designated as red ochre (iron oxide Fe2O3nH2O), and besides the iron in traces, the presence of Mn, Ti, K, Ca and Si was also proved (elements from the mineral this pigment is obtained from). The presence of Cu, Zn, Cr and P in traces was also proved.
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Mljet, Pasman, Murter, llovik, Unije, Brijuni (JURISIC 2000; ISTENIC, SCHNEIDER 2000)

Mljet, Pasman, Murter, Ilovik, Unije, Brijuni (JURISIC 2000; ISTENIC, SCHNEIDER 2000)
39

Satric, Smokvice, Kumenat, Zadar, Nadin, Nin, Biljane Donje, Bribir, Velika Mrdakovica (JURISIC 2000; ISTENIC, SCHNEIDER 2000).

Satric, Smokvice, Kumenat, Zadar, Nadin, Nin, Biljane Donje, Bribir, Velika Mrdakovica (JURISIC, 2000; ISTENIC, SCHNEIDER 2000).

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Hrusica, Ljubljana i Grosuplje).Tri brodoloma antickih brodova natovarenih takvim posudama (kod Punte sv. Ivana u Peljeskom kanalu, kod Palmizane na Paklenim otocima i Nerezina na sjeveroistocnoj obali Losinja) svjedoce o smjeru trgovackog plovnog puta kojom su takvi proizvodi u masovnoj serijskoj proizvodnji stizali duz nase obale. Na podrucju zapadnog Jadrana i blize unutrasnjosti cesti su nalazi u grobovima Akvileje, u Oderzu, Voghenzi, Ravenni, ltd. Pojavljuju se i u zapadnoj Italiji, juznoj Francuskoj i uz obalu sjeverozapadne Afrike. Tipovi posuda su zdjele, loncici, vrcevi s trolisnim uscem i tave, koji postoje u tri velicine i vece posude za kuhanje i koje se pojavljuju u dvije velicine. Keramika egejskog tipa datira se u 1. do 2. stoljece (ISTENIC, SCHNEIDER 2000, 341-343; JURISIC 2000, 34-38). Fragmentirani nalazi s Boskine pripadaju loncima i zdjelama razmjerno tanjih stijenki sa sirokim kosim uscem i ostrim rubom izmedu 43. Ulomak donjeg dijela keramicke gornjeg dijela i oblog dna koji imaju dvije posude Egejskog tipa. (T. 20-9). Sherd of the lower part of an Aegean- simetricno postavljene, nepravilno profilirane type ceramic vessel. (T. 20-9). vrpcaste ruckice. M. Jurisic spominje da su neke zdjele mogle biti i s jednom ruckom, ili cak bez rucki (JURSIC 2000, 35), (T.9-7, T.20-8). Nekoliko ulomaka keramike s Boskine pripada loncima (T.26-12). Prema presjecima i velicinama fragmenata moze se zakljuciti da su posude razlicitih velicina. Nalazi su pronadeni u kvadrantima A 2 ( SJ 1 i SJ 9), B 1 ( SJ 1, SJ 20), B 2 (SJ 1), mnogo u B 3 ( SJ 1) i SONDI 4/2005 ( SJ 1), (T.8-6, T.15-2,3,4,11, T.17-12, T.20-9,10, T.23-5, T.27-9). Ulomci su od zutocrvene do svijetlosmede i sive boje, neki imaju primjese sitnog pijeska. Na donjim dijelovima posude (lonci i manji lonci oblog dna) su izvana i iznutra plitko narebrene. Postoje misljenja o mogucoj lokalnoj proizvodnji ili kopiranju tipova narebrenih loncica u vise radionica na istocnojadranskoj obali, zbog tankog sivosmedeg premaza koji postoji na njima a na nalazima iz Knossosa i s atenske Agore nedostaje (ISTENIC 1988, 107). U novije vrijeme, kao rezultat opseznih makroskopskih kemijskih i mineraloskih analiza potvrdeno je da su narebreni loncici egejskog tipa izradivani u domacim radionicama Emone (ISTENIC, SCHNEIDER 2000. 345, Fig. 3-4,5,6; ISTENIC, DASKIEWICZ; SCHNEIDER 2003, 84, 89, Fig.3-4,5,6). Zanimljivo je da su posude egejskog tipa pronadene i u spaljenim grobovima u nekropoli Rodik u Sloveniji, 44. Rekonstruirana manja keramicka koji najvjerojatnije pripadaju starosjediocima a zdjelica. (T. 10-5). Reconstructed smaller ceramic bowl. datirani su u 2.pol.1.st. i 2.st. (ISTENIC 1998,99). (T. 10-5). Na podrucju Pule takoder postoje nalazi keramike egejskog tipa i tu ih A. Starac datira od 1. do 3.st. STARAC 1999, 112, T. VIM/83, f T. XI/90), a pronadeni su i u nekro poli na Marsovu polju (MATIJASIC 1991, 121, gr. 39/1). (A.

manufactured in the domestic workshops of Emona (ISTENIC, SCHNEIDER 2000, 345, Fig 34,5,6, ISTENIC, DASKIEWICZ, SCHNEIDER 2003, 84,89, Fig.3-4,5,6). It is interesting that Aegean type vessels have also been located in the burned graves of the necropolis of Rodik in Slovenia, probably belonging to indigenous inhabitants, and have been dated to the 2nd half of the 1 st century and the 2d century (ISTENIC, 1998,99). In the area of Pula there are also some finds of Aegean type ceramics (STARAC 1999, 112), dated by A. Starac to between the 1st and the 3rd century (STARAC 1999, 112, T.VIII/83, T.XI/90), and they have been found in the necropolis on Marss Field as well (MATIJASIC 1991, 121, gr. 39/1). Bowls A small round bowl has been reconstructed (T.10-5), which somewhat reminds of thin-walled ceramics because of its form, only shallower. It is orange with traces of brown glazing. Potsherds of the upper part of a large bowl with flared rim, related to mortars by shape (T.15-1) have been found. Its texture is rougher with a prominent moulded rib on the transition of the rim towards the body. Such type of bowl is characteristic of the period of the 2nd half of the 1st century and the 2nd century (BRUKNER 1981, 154, T.93). In the area of Pula, on the hill-fort near Premantura, analogous vessels with flat bottom have been found (STARAC 1999, 112, T.X/87, XI/58, XII/94). There is also a variant of a rough bowl of the same texture but somewhat different profile at Boskina, (T.27-10). It also has a straight flaring rim, in this case shorter and without the moulded rib. This fragment of the bowl is somewhat similar to a little bit rougher fragment of a bowl (T.7-5), also with a straight flaring rim with quite a lot of sand and tiny stones in the texture. A small sherd with a flaring rim (T.17-10) probably belonged to a bowl of rougher texture as well, related to mortar in terms of shape, with the presumption that the rim was inclining downwards. The potsherd of a bowl of similar texture and of moulding with a thinner rib, but somewhat thinner walls, can be included in the type of bowls that relate to mortars in terms of shape (T.7-4). Round bowls with short straight flaring rim also contain tiny quartz and sand in their texture. The edge of the rim finishes in a round way against the outer wall of the vessel. The colour varies from orange-dark grey to dark grey. The dark brown glazing is well preserved on the inner side of one sherd. (T.15-8) Potsherds of big vessels, probably of Mediterranean origin, belong to bigger vessels and remind of mortars by the shape too. The walls are thicker, red to reddishbrown, of rougher texture and with a lot of large and small quartz stones. A smaller potsherd (T.2614) could have belonged to a moulded plastic rib of a vessel, situated on the lower side of bigger vessels, and a bigger potsherd (T.27-4) is part of the rim with a prominent rib towards the inner wall of the vessel. Plates or Bowls with Red Glazing

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Zdjelice/ Zdjele Rekonstruirana je mala obla zdjelica (T.10-5), koja donekle oblikom podsjeca na keramiku tankih stijenki, ali je plica. Narancaste je boje s tragovima smedeg premaza. Pronadeni su ulomci gornjeg dijela vece zdjele razgrnutog oboda, oblikom srodne tarionicima (T.15-1). Grublje je fakture sa istaknutim profiliranim rebrom na prijelazu oboda prema tijelu. Takav tip zdjela karakteristican je za razdoblje 2. pol. 1. st. i 2.st. (BRUKNER 1981,154, T.93). Na podrucju Pule, na gradini kod Premanture pronadene su analogne posude, koje su imale ravno dno (STARAC 1999, 112, T X/87, XI/58, XII/ 94). Na Boskini postoji i varijanta grube zdjele iste fakture, ali malo drukcijeg profila (T.27-10). Ima takoder razgrnuti ravni obod, u torn primjeru obod je kraci i bez profiliranog rebra. Tom fragmentu zdjele donekle je slican i malo grublji fragment zdjele (T.7-5), takoder ravno razgrnutog oboda s dosta pijeska i sitnih kamencica u fakturi. Manji ulomak izvijenog oboda (T.17-10) vjerojatno je takoder pripadao nekoj zdjeli grublje fakture oblikom srodnoj tarioniku, uz pretpostavku da je obod bio nagnut nadolje. I ulomak zdjele slicne fakture i profilacije sa tanjim rebrom, no malo tanjih stijenki mozemo uvrstiti u grupu zdjela oblikom srodnih tarionicima (T.7-4). Oble zdjele kratkog razgrnutog ravnog oboda takoder sadrze sitni kremen i pijesak u fakturi. Rub oboda se oblo zavrsava prema vanjskoj stijenci posude. Boja varira od narancastotamnosive do tamnosive. Na unutrasnjoj strani jednog ulomka dobro je sacuvan tamnosmedi premaz (T.15-8). Ulomci velikih posuda, vjerojatno mediteranskog podrijetla, pripadaju vecim posudama i oblikom takoder podsjecaju na tarionike. Stijenke su deblje, crvene do crvenosmede boje grublje fakture sa mnogo krupnih i sitnih kvarcnih kamencica. Manji ulomak (T.26-14) mogao je pripadati profiliranom plasticnom rebru posude, koji se nalazio na donjoj strani vecih posuda, a veci ulomak (T.27-4) dio je oboda s naglasenim rebrom prema unutarnjoj stijenci posude. Tanjuri ili zdjele sa crvenim premazom Pronadeno je i nekoliko ulomaka dubljih tanjura ili zdjela, od slabije prociscene gline, koji su na vanjskoj i unutrasnjoj strani imali lose izveden crveni premaz koji se lako skida. Buduci da su vrlo fragmentirani, tesko ih je detaljnije tipoloski odrediti (T.20-5). Na vanjskoj strani te zdjele/ tanjura tragovi su vise plicih vodoravnih ureza. Vrsti vece zdjele pripada i ulomak oble zdjele s finim pijeskom u fakturi. Na vanjskoj strani je fini ciglastonarancasti premaz, a na kratkom izvucenom obodu ovalnog presjeka su tragovi tamno smedega do crnoga premaza (T.23-4). Ulomak donjeg dijela vece zdjele bikonicnog presjeka (T.20-13) ciji je oblik tesko odrediti, izraden je od slabije pro ciscene narancaste gline sa ostacima blijedocrvenog premaza na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj strani. Dubljem tanjuru ili obloj zdjeli pripada ulomak (T.10-6) sa zaobljenim rubom. Stijenka je deblja, grublje fakture s mnogo pijeska i iskrolisnika. Na unutarnjoj strani sacuvan je crveni premaz slabije kvalitete. Taj ulomak podsjeca zbog svojih

A few potsherds of deep plates or bowls of poorly refined clay, with a poorly executed red glazing that comes off easily, both on the outside and on the inside, were also located. Since they are very fragmented, they are hard to designate typologically in more detail (T.20-5). On the outside of this bowl/plate, there are traces of a number of shallow horizontal engravings. A fragment of a round bowl with fine sand in the texture also belongs to the type of bigger bowls. A fine brick-orange glazing is on the outside, and on the short protruding rim with oval cross-section there are traces of dark brown to black glazing (T.23-4). A potsherd of the lower part of a bigger bowl with carinated cross-section (T.20-13) whose shape is hard to designate, was made of poorly purified orange clay with the rests of a pale-red glazing on the outside and on the inside. A potsherd (T.10-6) with a round edge belongs to a deeper plate or a round bowl. The wall is thicker, of a rougher texture with a lot of sand and feldspar. A red glazing of poor quality is preserved on the inside. This potsherd reminds of the earlier mentioned Pompeian plates because of its characteristics, and it might represent their rough imitation. Censers The shape belongs to a wider vessel on a foot with a widened base; this type of vessel is Italic by origin and it is a very frequent find. Their mass manufacture in Panonia started as early as the 2nd century, for instance in Ptuj, Varazdinske Toplice, Sisak. They appear with different combinations of decorations, there are almost no two equal ones. It is mostly presumed that these vessels are of cult character or that they might have been used for illumination (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1962/1963, 108, 109). One potsherd of a rim, which can be brought into connection with this type of vessels, was also found. It is a potsherd of a rim (T.11-8) with plastic undulated decoration executed with fingers; only the upper wavy ribbon is preserved. It was made of rougher ceramics with a lot of tiny sand. A very fragmented upper part of a vessel would belong to the second censer; it continues into the foot (T.19-3) with its smaller part. Its fabrication is rougher, with a lot of sand and small stones in the texture. It is orange-brown with traces of burning on the inside. Jugs A jug of rougher fabrication with a lot of calcite and quartzite is very fragmented (T.11-9). Its upper part and the handle are somewhat better preserved, as well as its lower part (T.11-10). Judging by the texture, it can be dated to the 1 st - 2nd century. Another fragmented jug with almost bifid handle (T.11-11) also had such texture. Among other finds, a few other potsherds of handles of different sizes and textures might also belong to jugs, one

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45. Ulomak keramicke zdjele oblikom slicne tarioniku. (T.15-1). Sherd of a ceramic bowl similar to mortar by shape. (T.15-1)..

46. Ulomak grublje keramicke posude sa crvenim premazom na unutarnjoj strani. (T.10-6). Sherd of a rougher ceramic vessel with red glazing on the inside. (T.106).

47. Gornji dio fragmentirane keramicke kadionice. (T.19-13). Upper part of a fragmented ceramic censer. (T.19-13).

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karakteristika na vec spomenute pompejanske tanjure; mozda je primjerak njihove grublje imitacije. Kadionice Oblik pripada siroj posudi na nozi s prosirenim postoljem - ta vrsta posude italskog je podrijetla i vrlo je cest nalaz. U Panoniji su izradivane vec od 2. st. u velikom broju, primjerice u Ptuju, Varazdinskim Toplicama, Sisku. Pojavljuju se s razlicitim kombinacijama ukrasa, gotovo ne postoje dva ista primjerka. Uglavnom se za te posude smatra da su kultnog karaktera ili su mogle f biti koristene za rasvjetu (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1962/1963, 108,109). Pronaden je jedan ulomak oboda koji se moze dovesti u vezu s tim tipom posude. Rijec je o ulomku oboda (T.11-8) s plasticnim valovitim ukrasom izvedenim prstima, a sacuvana je samo gornja valovita traka. Izraden je od grublje keramike s dosta sitnog pijeska. Drugoj kadionici pripadao bi vrlo fragmentirani gornji dio posude, koji se manjim dijelom nastavlja u nogu (T.19-3). Grublje je izrade, s mnogo pijeska i kamencica u fakturi. Narancastosmede je boje s tragovima gorenja na unutarnjoj strani. Vrcevi Vrc grublje izrade s mnogo kalcita i kvarcita vrlo je fragmentiran (T.11-9). Malo mu je sacuvaniji gornji dio s ruckom, te donji dio (T.11-10). Prema fakturi moze se datirati u 1 - 2. st. Takve fakture bio je i drugi fragmentirani vrc s gotovo bifidnom ruckom (T.11-11). Medu ostalim nalazima vrcevima mozda pripada i nekoliko ulomaka rucki razlicitih velicina i faktura, zatim jedan ulomak oboda i ulomak dna. Moguce je i to da su neke medu tim posudama imale dvije rucke, a mogle bi pripadati i manjim amforicama. Donjem dijelu vrca ili pehara (T.1716) pripada ulomak s malo prosirenim prstenastim dnom oker boje grublje fakture sa slabim ostacima smedeg premaza i sire postavljenim okomitim trakastim urezima. Ulomcima ruckica razlicitih profilacija pripadaju nalazi T.7-11, T.9-2,4,6, T.2613. Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude mozda pripada vrcu. Obod je valovito profiliran, tanje stijenke, grublje fakture (T.11-6). Balzamarij Pronaden je jedan fragmentirani vrat keramic kog balzamarija (T.14-4) sa sacuvanim manjim dijelom oblog, blago izvijenog oboda i suzenjem na prijelazu u tijelo. Narancaste je keramike, grublje fakture. Za keramicke balzamarije u Emoni, Lj. Plesnicar Gee navodi da se javljaju u najranijim razdobljima rimske okupacije poznato je nekoliko nalaza u naseobinskim slojevima i grobovima Emone a datirani su u sredinu 1.st. i prvu polovinu 2. st. (PLESNICAR-GEC 1977, 59). Keramicki balzamariji pronadeni su i na podrucju Pule. A. Starac datirala je one bombastoga tijela i ravnoga dna, koje su pronadene kod Herkulovih vrata od 1. do ranog 3. st, a one na visokoj nozici s Vodnjanske ceste u 1.

potsherd of a rim and one of a bottom. It is possible that some of these vessels had two handles, and they could belong to small amphorae. A potsherd with a somewhat widened ring-like bottom in ochre colour and of rougher texture with weak rests of a brown glazing and widely placed vertical ribbon-like engravings belongs to a lower part of a jug or a goblet (T.17-16). Finds T.7-11, T.92,4,6, T.26-13 belong to a handles of a different profilations. The potshered of the upper part of a vessel might belong to a jug. The rim is wavymoulded, with thin walls and rough texture (T.116)Balsamary One fragmented neck of a ceramic balsamary (T.14-4) with a preserved small part of a round slightly twisted rim and a narrowing on the transition to the body was found. It is of orange ceramics and rougher texture. Lj. Plesnicar Gee states that the ceramic balsamaries in Emona appear in the earliest period of the Roman occupation; a few finds in dwelling layers and graves of Emona are known and dated to the middle of the 1 st and first half of the 2nd century (PLESNICAR-GEC 1977, 59). The ceramic balsamaries were found in the area of Pula as well. A. Starac dated the ones with bomb-like bodies and flat bottom, located by Herculess gate, to between the 1 st and the early 3rd century, and the ones on the high foot from Vodnjanska road to the 1 st century B.C. (STARAC 1997, 190). Ceramic Lamps In the beginning, the earliest examples in the Italian region were hand-made, and in the 1 st century B.C. their manufacture in moulds began. With the mass production in a two-part mould the lamps became cheaper and therefore more available, so that they are a very frequent find. The moulds were made of clay, stone or plaster. After the pressing of clay into the moulds and drying, a glazing for reduction of porosity of clay was applied on the lamps before baking, and later it became more of an aesthetic element (CELESTIN 1901, 22-23, DAUTOVA-RUSEVLJAN, 1970, 147; VIKIC-BELANCIC 1976, VII; STARAC 1991/1992, 6,7,18; BRADARA 1998, 104; BUZOV 2006, 168). The production in the provinces starts with imported moulds, and later the moulds are manufactured in domestic workshops as well, where almost all types of lamps were going to be imitated starting from the period of the Early Empire (BUZOV 2006, 170). Relief (Volute) Type Lamps This type of lamps appeared since the 1 st century B.C. and was coming in a few variants. The relief decoration is usually situated on the disc, and different motifs are shown: flora, fauna, mythological illustrations, masks, erotic scenes, and cult and everyday objects. The disc is edged with one or more ring-like grooves (VIKICBELANCIC 1976, VIII-XIV, STARAC 1991/1992, 1115). Among the finds at Boskina, some very

48. Gornji dio fragmentiranog keramickog vrca. (T.19-1). Upper part of a fragmented ceramic jug. (T.19-1).

49. Fragmentirani vrat keramickog balzamarija. (T.14-4). Fragmented neck of a ceramic balsamary. (T.14-4).

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st.pr.Kr. (STARAC 1997, 190). Keramicke svjetiljke U pocetku su najraniji primjerci na podrucju Italije izradivani rukom, a u 1.st.pr.Kr. pocela je njihova proizvodnja u kalupima. Masovnom izradom u dvodijelnom kalupu svjetiljke su postale jeftinije i time dostupnije, te su stoga vrlo cest nalaz. Kalupi su bili glineni, kameni ili od gipsa. Nakon utiskivanja gline u kalupe i susenja, na svjetiljke se prije pecenja nanosio premaz koji je smanjivao poroznost gline, a kasnije je postao vise estetski element (CELESTIN 1901, 22-23; DAUTOVA-RUSEVLJAN, 1970, 147; VIKICBELANCIC 1976, VII; STARAC 1991/1992, 6-7, 18; BRADARA 1998,104; BUZOV 2006,168). Proizvodnja u provincijama zapocela je uvoznim kalupima, a kasnije su kalupi izradivani i u domacim radionicama, gdje su se od ranocarskog doba imitirali gotovo svi tipovi svjetiljki (BUZOV 2006, 170). Svjetiljke reljefnog (volutnog) tipa Takve svjetiljke pojavile su se od 1.st.pr.Kr. u nekoliko varijanti. Reljefni ukras se najcesce nalazi na disku, a prikazani su razliciti motivi: flora, fauna, mitoloski prikazi, maske, erotski prizori, kultni i svakodnevni predmeti Disk je obrubljen s jednim ili vise prstenastih zljebova (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1976, VIIl-XIV; STARAC 1991/1992, 11-15). Svjetiljkama volutnog tipa medu nalazima s Boskine pripadaju vrlo fragmentirani ulomci diskova: ulomak (T.14-3) - s dijelom reljefa zivotinje i ulomak (T.22-7) s nejasnim reljefnim prikazom; te ulomci nosova (T.14-1, T.16-14, T.19-6,7). Svjetiljke s uglatim volutnim gorilom - tip Loeschke I, nastale su pocetkom 1.st.pr.Kr. u Rimu prema helenistickom uzoru iz juzne Italije, a vec pocetkom 1.st. jihova je proizvodnja prosirena na brojne radionice sjeverne Italije ukljucujuci i okolicu Akvileje. Ne treba iskljuciti i mogucnost lokalne proizvodnje u Istri. Opcenito se datiraju u 1. i 2. st kad su oovucene iz uDorabe a u nekroDolama Pule javljaju se uz novae 3 st (STARAC 1991/1992 11 12 STARAC 1999 112 113 T XII/99 101)' Ulomci T.16-4 i T.14-l'pripadaju tipu Loeschke I (mozda variiantama Loeschke lb i Loeschke 1c) VIKIC-BELANCIC 1976 VIII-IX) 'za svjetiljke tipa Loeschke I b A Sta'rac navodi da su medu najrasirenijim tipovima svjetiljki u naseobinskim sloievima Pule (STARAC 1997 189) Fraamentirani ulomak nosa (T.19-7) vjerojatno takoder pripada tipu Loeschke I. Za ulomak nosa svjetiljke (T.196) tesko je zbog njegove fragmentiranosti reci Dodsieca li na ravni nos ili Dak na nos u obliku pacjeg kljuna. Svjetiljka s nosom u obliku pacjeg kliuna iz Pule kod Herkulovih vrata datira se neposredno nakon osnutka koloniie i u augusteisko razdoblje (STARAC 1997 190 191 t XIV 2 Ulomci svjetiljki volutnog tipa s Boskine pronadeni su u maniim skrapama koie su mozda mogle sluziti kao otpadne jame (SJ 20 i SJ 25) i u otpadnoi iami sjeverno uz ZID 7/B (SJ 18) a jedan u sloiu s uruseniem (SJ 1) Vecinom su mekse fakture oker bo e bez premaza ili sa slabijim premazom

fragmented sherds of discs belong to the volute type lamps: sherd (T.14-3) - with a part of animal relief and sherd (T.22-7) with unclear relief representation; and the sherds of noses (T.14-1, T.16-14, T.19-6,7). The lamps with the angular volute burner - Loeschke I type, were made at the beginning of the 1st century B.C. in Rome after the Hellenistic example from southern Italy; already at the beginning of the 1 st century their production was extended to numerous workshops of northern Italy, including the surroundings of Aquileia. A possibility of local production in Istria should not be excluded either. They are generally dated to the 1st and 2nd century, when they are withdrawn from use, and in the necropolises of Pula they appear beside the coins from the 3rd century (STARAC 1991/1992, 11-12; STARAC 1999, 112-113, T.XXII/ 99, 101). Sherds (T.16-14) and (T.14-1) belong to the Loeschke I type (T.16-14 - maybe Loescheke lb, and T.14-1 Loeschke 1c) (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1976, VIII-IX). A. Starac states that lamps of the Loeschke I b type are among the most wide-spread types of lamps in the dwelling layers of Pula (STARAC 1997, 189). The fragmented sherd of a nose (T.19-7) probably also belonged to the Loeschke I type. Due to the fragmentation, it is hard to say whether the fragment of the nose of a lamp (T.19-6) reminds of a straight nose or a nose shaped as a duck beak. The lamp with the nose shaped like a duck beak, from Pula near Herculess gate, is dated to the time immediately after the foundation of the colony and to the Augustan age (STARAC 1997 190 191 TXIV2) The potsherds of volute type lamps from Boskina were found in small cracks which might have served as middens (layer 20 and layer 25) and in the midden north of WALL 7/B (laver 18) and one also in the laver with the cave-in (layer 1). They are mostly of soft texture ochre colour without glazing or with poor glazing. Firmlampen The lamps of the firmlampen type have a relief stamp of the workshop at the bottom. The sherds from Boskina belong to the Loeschke IX and X types and four of the preserved sherds of the bottom also have the rests of the stamp. The sherd (T.7-12) has the stamp CRES(CE)/S at the bottom. CRESCE/S is a shorter variant of the name of the master of the art of ceramics Crescens and appears in a large number of small distant northern Italic workshops which were at their peak from the neriod of Traian to Antonines i e from the end of the 1sMo the end of the 2nd century. It has been confirmed that such lamps were produced in Aouileia Forli and Celie The imitations were manufactured until the'beginning of the 4* century especially in Panonia and Dalmatia (STARAC 1999 115 116) The analogy for such stamp can be found in the region of Pula for instance in the cave at the hill-fort near Premantura (STARAC 1999 153 TXVI/133) Two sherds of the bottom with the inscription FORTIS (T.16-6) belona to the next starrm Larrms with such starrms are the most popular of all Roman lamps The centre of the production was in the region

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50. Ulomci svjetiljke reljefnog tipa. (T.16-14). Sherds of a relief-type lamp. (T.1614).

51. Ulomci svjetiljke reljefnog tipa sa ostacima prikaza zivotinje. (T.14-3). Sherds of a relief-type lamp with remains of an animal representation. (T.14-3).

52. Ulomak dna Firmalampen s natpisom CRESCES. (T.7-13). Sherd of a bottom of a Firmlampen with the inscription CRESCES. (T.713).

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53. Ulomci dna Firmalampen s natpisom FORTIS. (T.16-6). Sherds of a bottom of a Firmlampen with the inscription FORTIS. (T.16-6).

Firmalampen Svjetiljke tipa firmalampen na dnu imaju reljefni radionicki pecat. Ulomci s Boskine pripadaju tipovima Loeschke IX i X, a medu sacuvanim ulomcima dna, na cetiri se nalaze i ostaci pecata. Ulomak (T.7-13) na dnu ima pecat CRES(CE)/S. CRESCE/S je kraca varijanta osobnog imena majstora-keramicara Crescens i pojavilo se ponajvise u manjim udaljenim sjevernoitalskim radionicama, koje su bile najaktivnije u razdoblju od Trajana do Antonina, tj. od kraja 1. do kraja 2. stoljeca. Potvrdeno je da su takve svjetiljke proizvodene u Akvileji, Forliju i Celju. Imitacije su izradivane i do pocetka 4.St., pogotovo u Panoniji i Dalmaciji (STARAC 1999, 115-116). Analogiju za takav pecat nalazimo na podrucju Pule, primjerice u pecini na gradini kod Premanture (STARAC 1999, 153:T.XVI/133). Sljedecem pecatu pripadaju dva ulomka dna sa natpisom FORTIS (T.16-6). Svjetiljke s takvim pecatom najpopularnije su medu svim rimskim svjetiljkama. Centar proizvodnje bio je na podrucju Veneta, kod Modene ili Padove. Pocele su se proizvoditi u 1st., a poslije su kopirane u brojnim italskim i provincijalnim radionicama, tako da se datiraju cak do 5.st. (BRADARA 1998, 106; STARAC 1999, 116). Analogije za taj tip su brojne, a navodimo nalaz pronaden kod Foruma u Puli (BRADARA 1998, 146, T. X/3). Kalupi za firmalampen s pecatom FORTIS koji pripadaju Lekanijevoj radionici gdje su izradivane replike tog tipa, pronadeni su u Fazani (STARAC 1991/1992, 8). Manji ostatak dna svjetiljke sa natpisom LVC...(?) (T.16-4) mozda bi se mogao povezati s majstorom Luciusom, ciji je pecat pronaden na svjetiljkama u Mursi , Bakru, Poetoviu (CELESTIN 1901, 30-31), a B. Vikic-Belancic za njega navodi da je izradivao samo tip Loeschke X, te da je sjevernoitalskog podrijetla i datira ga u 2.st. u vrijeme od Antonina do Komoda (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1971, XXXIV, XXXVII). Na posljednjem ulomku fragmentiranog dna s natpisom (T.16-1) nalazi se samo prvo slovo, za koje nismo sigurni treba li ga citati kao S (?) , ili pak, kao C....(?). Svjetiljke tipa Loeschke X karakterizira otvoreni kanalic izmedu diska i nosa. Nastale su vjerojatno vec pocetkom 1.st. u radionicama sjeverne Italije (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1981, 49-70). Datiraju se do kasnog 4.St., a u nekim sredinama i do 6.st. Proizvodile su se u mnogim italskim, a od 2.st. i provincijalnim radionicama. Nalazi kalupa iz Fazane i s Vizule dokaz su njihove proizvodnje u Istri (STARAC 1991-1992,13; STARAC 1999, 115; MATIJASIC 1998, 373-375). Tome tipu pripadaju i ulomci T.14-7, T.16-5,7,8,9,10,11,13, T.22-6, T.25-9. Najbolje je sacuvano vise ulomaka (T.165) svjetiljke tipa Loeschke X, za koju mozemo reci da je imala dvije40 usice na ramenu. Nalazi analogni torn ulomku pronadeni su uz Forum u Puli (BRADARA 1998,145: T.IX/1) i u Pecini na gradini kod Premanture (STARAC 1999, 153:T XVI/131). Za razliku od prethodnog tipa, svjetiljke tipa Loeschke IX imaju uski zatvoreni kanalic izmedu

of Veneto, near Modena and Padua. Their manufacturing started in the 1 st century, and were later copied in numerous Italic and provincial workshops, they are therefore dated to as late as the 5th century (BRADARA 1998, 106; STARAC 1999, 116). The analogies for this type are numerous, and we are quoting a find located near the Forum in Pula (BRADARA 1998, 146, T. X/3). The moulds for the firmlampen with the stamp FORTIS belonging to Lecaniuss workshop where replicas of such type were manufactured, have been found in Fazana (STARAC 1991-1992, 8). A small rest of a bottom of a lamp with the inscription LVC...(?) (T.16-4) might be connected with master Lucius, whose stamp has been found on the lamps in Mursa, Bakar, Poetovio (CELESTIN 1901, 3031), and B. Vikic-Belancic says about him that he was manufacturing only the Loeschke X type, that he was of northern Italic origin and dates him to the 2nd century at the time from Antonines to Comodus (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1971, XXXIV, XXXVII). On the last sherd of a fragmented bottom with the inscription (T.16-1) there is only the first letter, for which we are not sure whether it should be read as S (?), or C....(?). The lamps of the Loeschke X type are characterised by a small open canal between the disc and the nose. They probably emerge as early as the beginning of the 1 s t century in the workshops of northern Italy (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1981, 49-70). They are dated up to the late 4th century, and in some environments even until the 6th century. They were manufactured in a big number of Italic workshops and from the 2nd century on, in the provincial ones as well. The finds of the mould from Fazana and Vizula are a proof of their production in Istria (STARAC 19911992,13; STARAC 1999, 115; MATIJASIC 1998, 373-375). The sherds (T.14-7, T16.5,7,8,9,10.11,13, T.22-6, T.25-9) also belong to this type. The best preserved ones were the sherds (T.16-5) of a lamp of the Loeschke X type, for which we can say that it had two40 eyes on the shoulder. The finds analogous to this potsherd have been found by the Forum in Pula (BRADARA 1998, 145, T.IX/1) and in the Pecina at the hill-fort near Premantura (STARAC 1999, 153, T.XVI/131). Unlike the previous type, the Loeschke IX type lamps either have a small narrow closed canal between the disc and the nose, or they do not have any (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1971, XXX-XXXI). This type had also been appearing from the beginning of the 1 st century, and lasted until the first half of the 3rd century at the latest (STARAC 1991/1992, 14). A sherd of a nose (T.25-6) from Boskina belongs to this type. Due to the fragmented state it is not sure whether the remaining retouched sherds (T.6-2, T.14.-2, T.16-2,3,12,15) belong to the Loeschke IX or Loeschke X type. The colours vary from orange to grey and the sherds were mostly made without glazing.

54. Ulomci Firmalampen tipa Loeschke X. (T.16-5). Sherds of a Loeschke X type Firmlampen. (T.16-5).

A. Starac, pak, spominje da tip Loeschke IXcesce ima dvije usice, a Loeschke X tri usice (STARAC 1991/1992, 14). A. Starac says that the Loeschke IX type mostly has two and Loeschke X three eyes (STARAC 1991/ 1992, 14).

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Amphorae Josip Visnjic A substantial amount of material located during the rescue archaeological works at Boskina consisted of the sherds of amphorae. Since they were mostly small sherds of these otherwise big vessels, in the majority of cases they were hard to designate as a particular type. The designation could be performed on the basis of scarce sherds Amfore of rims, handles and bottoms of vessels.41 Ceramic vessels of amphora type were intended Josip Visnjic Znatnu kolicinu materijala pronadenog za for transport of different kinds of products, vrijeme zastitnih arheoloskih radova na Boskini primarily wine (amphorae vinariae) and oil cinili su ulomci amfora. Kako su to manji ulomci, te (amphorae olearie), but others as well, like for inace velike posude, uglavnom je tesko opredijeliti example garrum, muria or halex (VRSALOVIC 1974, odredeni tip. Odredivanje se moglo ciniti na osnovi 58). As for this kind of material, the examples malobrojnih ulomaka oboda, rucki i dna posuda.41 located at Boskina mostly belong to the standard Keramicke posude tipa amfora bile su repertoire of Istrian archaeological sites. In terms namijenjene prijevozu razlicitih vrsta proizvoda, of time, they correspond to the period of duration ponajprije vina (amphorae vinariae) i ulja (amphoraeof the villa and serve primarily for the transport of olearie), ali i drugih npr. garrum, muria ili halex wine and oil, which were the main products of the (VRSALOVIC 1974, 58). Primjeri pronadeni na Roman Istria (MATIJASIC, 1998, 466). A few sherds Boskini vecinom pripadaju standardnom stand out by their characteristics and represent repertoaru istarskih nalazista kada je rijec o toj an exception in terms of dating and origin, and vrsti materijala. Vremenski se podudaraju s once again prove weaker activity that was going razdobljem trajanja vile i sluzile su poglavito on in this position during the late Roman period. 55. Dio oboda amfore (T.14-5). transportu vina i ulja koji su bili glavni proizvodi The most frequent type of amphorae in Istria Part of a rim of an amphora (T.14-5). anticke Istre (MATIJASIC 1998, 466). Nekoliko and the whole region of the Adriatic is Lamboglia ulomaka odudara svojim karakteristikama i iznimka 2 (JURISIC 2000, 6; MATIJASIC 1998, 384), so su u pogledu datacije i podrijetla, te jos jednom that finding of a sherd of a rim and handle which potvrduju slabiju aktivnost koja se na torn polozaju can be attributed to this very type of amphorae odvijala tijekom kasne antike. does not come as a surprise. Chronologically, they Najcesca vrsta amfore u Istri i na cijelom appear earlier than any other located type of podrucju Jadrana je Lamboglia 2 (JURISIC 2000, amphorae from Boskina and belong to the earliest 6; MATIJASIC 1998, 384), pa stoga ne iznenaduje phase of this site. The end of their use might have pronalazak ulomka oboda i rucke koji se mogu preceded the beginnings of the villa; however it is pripisati upravo torn tipu amfora. Kronoloski, one well known that amphorae were used for the su se pojavile najranije medu pronadenim tipovima secondary purpose as well, so that the time of use might as well be prolonged. The Lamboglia 2 type amfora s Boskine, te su ubrojene u najstariju fazu tog nalazista. Prestanak njihove uporabe mozda amphorae were intended for transport of wine and nd bi i prethodio pocecima vile, no poznato je da su appear at the end of the 2 century B.C. remaining st amfore koristene i u sekundarne svrhe, pa se in use almost till the end of the 1 century B. C. vrijeme uporabe moze i prolongirati. Amfore tipa (RADIC-ROSSI 2004, 45; CARAVALE, TOFFELETI Lamboglia 2 bile su namijenjene prijevozu vina, a 1997, 104; LAMBOGLIA 1955). Their basic pojavile su se potkraj 2.st.pr.Kr. i bile su u uporabi characteristics are an egg-like belly with the sve do potkraj Lst.pr.Kr. (RADIC-ROSSI 2004, 45; biggest diameter in the lower third, cylindrical neck which occupies one third of the total height CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 104; LAMBOGLIA 1955). Njihove osnovne karakteristike su jajolik together with the opening and the massive handles trbuh s najvecim promjerom u donjoj trecini, which are round in the cross-section, (STARAC 1995, 137; CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 104: cilindricni vrat koji zajedno s otvorom i masivnim LAMBOGLIA 1995, 137). The characteristic of this ruckama okruglim u presjeku, zauzima jednu trecinu ukupne visine (STARAC 1995, 137: type of amphorae is the thickened opening with a CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 104; LAMBOGLIA vertically lowered wall and a lowered lower part 1955, 137). Karakteristika tog tipa amfora je i (STARAC 1995, 137), which was found on the masivni, zadebljani otvor s okomito spustenom already mentioned potsherd of a rim (T.14-5), and stijenkom i spustenim donjim dijelom (STARAC one located potsherd corresponds to the described characteristics of handles (T.25-1). 1995, 137), sto nalazimo na vec spomenutom ulomku oboda (T.14-5), a opisanim
Zahvaljujem dr.sc.Mariju Jurisicu na savjetima prilikom obrade tog materijala. I would like to thank dr.sc.Mario Jurisic for the advice during the study of this material.

diska i nosa ili ga uopce nemanju (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1971, XXX-XXXI). Taj tip takoder se pojavio na pocetku 1.st.; a potrajao je najkasnije do prve polovine 3.st. (STARAC 1991/1992, 14). Pripada mu ulomak nosa (T.25-6) s Boskine. Za ostale obradene ulomke (T.6-2, T14-2, T.162,3,12,15) zbog fragmentiranosti nije sigurno pripadaju li tipu Loeschke IX ili Loeschke X. Boje variraju od narancaste do sive, a ulomci su uglavnom izradeni bez premaza. Kao zanimljivost valja navesti da veliki broj ulomaka, cak 17, potjece iz otpadne jame SJ 20.

As an interesting thing, it should be mentioned that numerous sherds, even 17 of them, come from the midden (layer 20).

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karakteristikama rucki odgovara jedan pronadeni ulomak (T.25-1). Nasljednik prethodno opisanog tipa su amfore poznate u literaturi pod imenom Dressel 6A (pojavljuju se i pod imenima Au.38, ER 5, P&W CI.8). Pocele su se proizvoditi potkraj Lst.pr.Kr. i javljale su se kroz cijelo 1.st. Kao i prethodni tip, namijenjene su prijevozu i skladistenju vina, te su jedan medu najucestalijim tipovima pronadenim na Jadranu (STARAC 1991, 92; 1995, 139-140; 1998, 52; CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 108, JURISIC 2000, 11). Na jednom medu pronadenim ulomcima oboda (T.22-5) prepoznajemo karakteristicno, okomito zadebljanje te vrste amfora. Ostale karakteristike su im naglasena i snazna noga masivnog korijena, najveci opseg u donjoj trecini trbuha i masivne rucke okruglog presjeka. Ulomci bifidnih ruckica najcesce su pronalazeni dijelovi amfora s Boskine (T.6-4, T.7-8, T.8-1,5, T.9-3,5, T.19-8). Pripadaju tipu DRESSEL 2-4 amfora (Au.5, ER 4, Ha.66, Call.2, Cam.182, Ost.LI, 59. Bifidna rucka amfore. (T.9-5). L&W CI.10), koje osim spomenutih ruckica odlikuje Bifid handle of an amphora. (T.9-5). cilindricno tijelo sa siljastom nozicom i tanki prstenasti obod. Proizvodile su se od sredine Lst.pr.Kr. do kraja 1.st. i bile su namijenjene transportu vina (A. STARAC 1998, 52,53; CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 107). Cilindricna noga s prosirenim donjim dijelom (T.25-8) takoder se moze pripisati torn tipu amfora. Tanke narebrene rucke i konveksna dna koja za vecinu amfora nemaju karakteristicnu nogu, cine seriju tipova amfora ravnog dna, koje su se pocele proizvoditi potkraj 1.st. Najstarije amfore iz te kategorije su one tipa Dressel 28 (Au.9, P&W CI.31). Koristene su za prijevoz i skladistenje vina ili ribe. Karakteriziraju ih ravno dno i tanke narebrene rucke, kojima odgovaraju dva ulomka s karakteristicnim 57. Dno amfore. (T.25-8). narebrenjima pronadena na Boskini (T.6-7,8). Bottom of an amphora. (T.25-8). Takve amfore proizvodene su od pocetka 1.st. do 2.st. (CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 135, JURISIC 2000, 17,18). Pod zapadnim utjecajima, amfore ravnog dna, poznate pod nazivom Forlimpopoli, pocinju se proizvoditi u Italiji tijekom 1.st. i proizvode se do 3.st. Karakterizira ih jajoliko tijelo sa sirokim ramenima, izduzeni cilindrican vrat, zadebljani otvor, tanke, narebrene rucke i dno bez noge, a koristile su se za prijevoz vina (CARAVALE, TOFFELETI, 1997, 109, JURISIC, 2000, 20-21). Amforama tipa Forlimpopoli pripadaju ulomak narebrene rucke (T.9-1), te ulomak konveksnog dna (T.10-9). Karakteristican predstavnik amfora namijenjenih prijevozu ulja na istarskim nalazistima je amfora tipa Dressel 6B, a pripisuje im se i epitet Istarskih amfora. Izradivane su u Istri i sjevernoj Italiji od 1.st. do polovine 2.st. U Istri je njihova 58. Dio rucke amfore. (T.9-1). Part of a handle of an amphora. (T.9- proizvodnja potvrdena u Fazani i Loronu, a poznata su i imena pojedinih vlasnika radionica, npr. Kalvija 1). Krispinila i Lekanije Bas (MATIJASIC 1998, 380; A. STARAC 1995, 144, 145). Zahvaljujuci cinjenici da se na njima pojavljuju pecati s imenima careva od Vespazijana do Hadrijana, u mogucnosti smo pratiti kronoloski razvoj oboda tih amfora. Teznja

The heirs of the abovementioned type are amphorae known in the literature as Dressel 6A (they also appear under the names of Au.38, ER 5, P&W CI.8). Their manufacturing starts at the end of the 1 st century B.C. and they appear throughout the whole 1 st century. Just like the previous type, they were intended for the transport and storing of wine, and represent one of the most frequent types located on the Adriatic (STARAC, 1991, 92; 1995, 139-140; 1998, 52; CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 108; JURISIC 2000, 11). On one of the discovered potsherds of a rim (T.22-5) we can recognize the characteristic vertical thickening of this type of amphorae. The other characteristics are a strong and emphasised foot of a massive root, the biggest circumference in the lower third of the belly and the massive handles with round cross-section. Sherds of bifid handles are the most frequently found parts of amphorae from Boskina (T.6-4, T.78, T.8-1,5, T.9-3,5, T.19-8). They belong to the DRESSEL 2-4 type of amphorae (Au.5, ER 4, Ha.66, Call.2, Cam. 182, Ost.LI, L&W CI.10), which beside the abovementioned handles have a characteristic cylindrical body with a pointed foot and a thin ring-like rim. They were manufactured from mid 1st century B.C. to the end of the 1 st century and were intended for transport of wine (A.STARAC 1998, 52,53; CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 107). The cylindrical foot with a widened lower part (T.258) can also be attributed to this type of amphorae. Thin ribbed handles and convex bottoms without the foot characteristic of the majority of amphorae represent the series of types of Amphorae with flat bottom, whose production started at the end of the 1st century A.D. The oldest amphorae from this category are the Dressel 28 type ones (Au.9, P&W CI.31). They were used for transport and storage of wine or fish. They are characterised by a flat bottom and thin ribbed handles to which correspond two potsherds with characteristic ribs located at Boskina (T.6-7,8). Such amphorae were produced from the beginning of the 1 st century to the 2nd century (CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 135; JURISIC 2000, 17,18). Under the western influence, the flat-bottomed amphorae known as Forlimpopoli start to be produced in Italy during the 1 st century and are produced until the 3rd century. They are characterised by an egg-like body with wide shoulders, a cylindrical neck, thickened opening, thin ribbed handles and a bottom without a foot; they were used for the transport of wine (CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 109; JURISIC 2000, 20-21). A sherd of a ribbed handle (T.9-1) and a sherd of a convex bottom (T.10-9) belong to the Forlimpopoli type of amphorae. The characteristic representative of amphorae intended for the transport of oil at the Istrian archaeological sites is the Dressel 6B type amphora which has the epithet of Istrian amphora. They are manufactured in Istria and northern Italy from the 1 st to mid 2nd century. In Istria, their production has been proved in Fazana and Loron, and the names of some of the

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za pojednostavljenem oblika iskazana je kroz nezadebljane i nenaglase, koso prosirene otvore u vrijeme Hadrijana (A. STARAC 1995, 143,144). Ulomak oboda pronaden na Boskini (T.6-1) odgovara karakteristikama amfora Dressel 6B upravo iz te kasnije faze. Slicne karakteristike oboda s kasnim amforama tipa Dressel 6B pokazuju amfore s Ijevkastim otvorom. Proizvodene su od druge polovine 1.st. do polovine 4.st. Karakterizira ih visoki izvijeni vrat s otvorom bez ruba, u obliku lijevka, sto prepoznajemo na dva pronadena ulomka (T.10-1, T.27-1). Tijelo im ima izduzeni jajoliki oblik, nozica je posve nenaglasena, a rucke su razmjerno kratke. lako postoji slicnost izmedu tih i kasnijih tipova amfora Dressel 6A, Starac pretpostavlja da su amfore s Ijevkastim otvorom nastale u neovisnoj proizvodnji, te da su sluzle transportu ulja (A. STARAC 1995, 145,146), a Jurisic smatra da su sluzile transportu vina (JURISIC 2000, 22). Kao sto vidimo, do sada prikazani ulomci pripadaju amforama koje se vremenski podudaraju s trajanjem vile, a oprimjeruju uglavnom uobicajene tipove, ne samo za istarsko podrucje nego i sire jadransko. Nekoliko ulomaka odudara od te glavne skupine kako svojom vremenskom datacijom od 3. do 5.st., tako i svojim podrijetlom s podrucja Afrike. To nas ne iznenaduje ako imamo u vidu sve vise africkih amfora u kasnijem carskom razdoblju na torn podrucju (CIPRIAN, CARRE 1989, 489), sto svjedoci o intenzivnom izvozu iz tih provincija u druge dijelove Carstva (CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997). Dva ulomka oboda koji, iako se medusobno ne mogu spojiti, evidentno pripadaju istoj posudi (T.26-1,5), svojim karakteristikama i strukturom upucuju na africko podrijetlo. Na to nas upucuje vrat amfore koji se odmah nakon prijelaza iz oboda pocinje siriti, zatim struktura koja je puna sitnog kalcitnog pijeska i njezina smeda boja. To ih jasno razlikuje od ostalih pronadenih ulomaka. Najvjerojatnije je rijec o amfori tipa Africana I (Africana piccola, Beltran 57, Ostia IV, Keay III, P&W 33) ili Africana II (Africana grande, Beltran 56, Ostia III, Keay IV-VII, P&W 34). Toj skupini pripada i ulomak rucke s karakteristicnim srcolikim presjekom (T.23-10), koji se najvjerojatnije moze pripisati africkim cilindricnim amforama (KEAY XXV, 1-3), koristenim za prijevoz ribljih preradevina i ulja (CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 146; JURISIC 2000, 57). Kako je vec spomenuto, to potvrduje slabiju aktivnost na torn polozaju u kasnoj antici, sto je posvjedoceno i nalazima manje kolicine ulomaka keramickih posuda koji se datiraju u isto razdoblje. Pojedini ulomci nisu se mogli tipoloski opredijeliti, a to se ponajprije odnosi na noge (T.10-8, T.18-10,11, T.23-1,2, T.26-15) i ulomke masivnih, u presjeku okruglih rucki koje mogu pripadati amforama Lamboglia 2, Dressel 6A ili Dressel 6B (T.18-1, T.22-1, T.23-3), ali i na obode (T.7-1). Velika raznolikost tipova amfora koje su koristene za razlicite namjene, njihova kronoloska stupnjevitost ali i razlicitost njihova podrijetla

proprietors of workshops are known, e.g. Calvius Crispinil and Lecanius Basus (MATIJASIC 1998, 380; A. STARAC 1995, 144,145). Thanks to the fact that they had stamps with the names of emperors from Vespasian to Hadrian, we are able to follow the chronological development of these amphoraes rims. The tendency of shape simplification led to non-thickened and nonemphasised, obliquely widened openings in the time of Hadrian (A. STARAC 1995, 143,144). A potsherd of a rim located at Boskina (T.6-1) corresponds to the characteristics of the Dressel 6B type of amphorae, exactly from this later phase. Similar characteristics of the rim to the late Dressel 6B type amphorae are shown by the amphorae with the funnel-shaped opening. They were produced from the second half of the 1 st century to the mid 4th century. They are characterised by a high twisted neck with an opening without edge, in the shape of a funnel, which can be recognised on two located potsherds (T.10-1, T.27-1). Their bodies have the elongated egg-like shape, the foot is entirely unemphasised, and handles relatively short. Although there is certain similarity between these and the later Dressel 6A types of amphorae, Starac supposes that the amphorae with a funnel-like opening emerged in the independent production and were used for the transport of oil (A. STARAC 1995, 145,146), while Jurisic considers that they were used for the transport of wine (JURISIC 2000, 22).

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Part

59. Dio oboda amfore. (T.27-1). of a rim of a n amphora. (T.27-

1).

As we can see, the sherds presented so far belong to amphorae which correspond in terms of time with the duration of the villa, and mostly represent usual types, not only for the Istrian region, but also for the wider Adriatic region. A few potsherds stand out of this main group, both by their time dating from the 3rd to the 5th century and by their origins from the African territory. It does not surprise us if we have in mind the more and more present African amphorae in the later 60. Dio oboda amfore. (T.26-1). imperial period in this area (CIPRIAN, CARRE 1989, Part of a rim of an amphora. (T.26489), which proves the intense export from these 1). provinces into the other parts of the empire (CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997). Two potsherds of a rim which, although not possible to be connected with each other, evidently belong to the same vessel (T.26-1,5), indicate African origins by their characteristics and structure. These origins are indicated by the neck of the amphora which starts to widen immediately after the transition from the rim, as well as by the structure full of tiny calcite sand and the brown colour of the amphora. It is most probably the matter of the Africana I type of amphora {Africana piccolo, Beltran 57, Ostia IV, Keay III, P&W 33) or Africana II {Africana grande, Beltran 56, Ostia III, Keay IV-VII, P&W 34). A sherd of a handle with a characteristic heartshaped cross-section (T.23-10), which can probably be attributed to African cylindrical amphorae (KEAY XXV, 1-3) used for transport of fish products and oil (CARAVALE, TOFFELETI 1997, 146; JURISIC 2000, 57) also belongs to

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61. Dio tegule s rupom za pricvrscivanje. Part of a tegula with a hole for fastening.

this group. As we have already mentioned, this confirms weaker activity in this position in the late Roman period, which has been proved by the finds of a small quantity of potsherds of ceramic vessels dated to the same period. Some of the potsherds could not be classified typologically, which refers primarily to the feet (T.10-8, T.18-10,11, T.23-1,2, T.26-15) and sherds of massive handles, round in the crosssection, which could belong to the Lamboglia 2, Dressel 6A or Dressel 6B (T.18-1, T.22-1, T.23-3) amphorae, but also refers to rims (T.7-1). A big diversity of types of amphorae used for various purposes, their chronological grades as well as the variety of their origins indicate the vivid activity that was going on in this position throughout the whole period of its duration, even after the end of the intense activity of the complex. One part of the located material of amphorae corresponds to the packaging of the goods exported from this locality, but another part certainly belongs to the goods arriving in the villa, Tegule i imbreksi i.e. goods imported for the purpose of undisturbed Josip Visnjic Tijekom zastitnih arheoloskih iskopavanja na development of life. Most of the amphorae show the characteristics polozaju Boskina pronadena je veca kolicina krovnih opeka - tegula {tegula). Njih 28 na sebi je of the amphora vinaria, while just a minor part represents amphorae olearie. This can lead to the imalo otisnute pecate proizvodaca.42 conclusion that the primary function of the villa Pojam tegule oznacava pravokutne ili trapezoidne keramicke ploce, na cijim se dvjema was wine production; however, one should be duzim stranicama nalaze poviseni rubovi. Njihova careful with such conclusions, most of all because namjena je pokrivanje krova, pri cemu se only a small part of the villa has been researched, upotrebljavaju zajedno s imbreksima (imbrices), and also because of the fact that no convincible koji imaju izduzeni oblik i polukruzni profil. Tegulae proofs of such a hypothesis have been found. A big quantity of located sherds of amphorae su slagane na drvenu krovnu konstrukciju, tako da im se poviseni rubovi koji su usmjereni indicate the agrarian character of the complex, vertikalno dodiruju, a tegule iz gornjeg reda which can correspond only to that kind of djelomicno prekrivaju one iz reda ispod njih. Po function, due to its position in the inland of the tome se moze zakljuciti da su slagane od ruba krova peninsula, in the fertile fields far from urban prema vrhu. Da bi se sprijecilo prodiranje vode na centres. mjestima na kojima se tegule dodiruju povisenim rubovima, preko njih su postavljani imbreksi. Hrbat Tegulae and Imbrices krova bio je takoder pokriven imbreksima koji su Josip Visnjic bili spojeni zbukom. During the rescue archaeology excavations in Tegule su koristene i za gradnju grobnih the position of Boskina, a big quantity of roof konstrukcija, kao podovi, za niveliranje terena, za tiles - tegulae was found. 28 of them had 42 izradu tesera mozaika (MARDESIC 2006, 101), a manufacturers stamps pressed on them. na Boskini su u sekundarnoj uporabi posluzile za The notion of a tegula denotes rectangular or gradnju pregradnog zida. trapezoid ceramic tiles, with elevated edges on Tehniku pokrivanja krova tegulama Rimljani su two longer sides. Their purpose was to cover the preuzeli od Grka, koji su keramicke ploce za tu roof, whereby they were used together with the namjenu upotrebljavali jos od II. tisucljeca pr.Kr. imbrices which have elongated shape and Kod Plinija nalazimo podatak da je tegule izumio semicircular profile. Tegulae are put together on a Grk Cinyra, sin Agrippe, s otoka Cipra, ali ne wooden roof frame in such a way that their spominje kada se to dogodilo (Plinije, VII, 56, 195). vertically directed elevated edges touch and the Do 6.st.pr.Kr. tegule, koje su tada vec imale tegulae from the upper row partly cover the ones povisene rubove, upotrebljavane su zajedno s from the row underneath. We can conclude from it that they used to be put together from roof edge imbreksima i u Italiji (BRODRIBB 1987, 5). Rubovi tegula pojavljuju se u razlicitim to its top. In order to prevent the breakthrough of varijacijama oblika i debljina. Na Boskini, svi water in places where tegulae touch with their primjerci imaju visinu od 5,5 do 7 cm, a visina ruba elevated edges, imbrices are placed over them. najcesce iznosi malo vise od debljine tijela tegule. The spine of the roof was also covered with
Zahvaljujem dr.sc. Robertu Matijasicu na savjetima prilikom obrade materijala. I would like to thank dr.sc.Robert Matijasic for the advice during the investigation of the material.

posvjedocuje zivu aktivnost koja se odvijala na torn polozaju kroz sve vrijeme njegovog trajanja, cak i nakon prestanka intenzivnog funkcioniranja kompleksa. Dio pronadenog materijala amfora odgovara ambalazi robe koja se izvozila s tog lokaliteta, ali dio zasigurno pripada i robi koja je stizala do vile, odnosno robi koja se uvozila za potrebe nesmetanog odvijanja zivota. Vecina amfora pokazuje karakteristike amphora vinaria, a tek manji dio su amphorae olearie. To nas moze navesti na zakljucak da je primarna funkcija vile bila proizvodnja vina, no s takvim zakljuccima treba biti oprezan, ponajprije zato sto je istrazen manji dio vile, te i zato sto nikakvi uvjerljiviji dokazi za takvu pretpostavku nisu pronadeni. Velika kolicina pronadenih ulomaka amfora naznacuje agrarni karakter kompleksa, koji svojim polozajem u unutrasnjosti poluotoka, u plodnim poljima daleko od gradskih centara, moze odgovarati jedino takvoj funkciji.

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Gotovo svaka tegula ima jedinstven rub i po debljini i po profilaciji, pa se cini da je njihova izrada ovisila o pojedinom radniku, odnosno da nisu postojali standardi za njihovu izradu (T.3). Sve tegule morale su imati zarezani dio povisenog ruba s gornje strane i zljebove s donje strane, postavljene na njihovim suprotnim kutovima. To je bilo nuzno da bi ploce mogle dobro prileci jedna uz drugu. Zljebovi su preklapali zarezane rubove tegule iz donjeg reda pa se prema njihovoj duzini moze vidjeti koliko su se preklapale. Prema primjerima s Boskine, to bi iznosilo od 5,5 do 7,5 cm (T.4, T.5). Zamjecuje se da su rubovi na mjestima na kojima se nalaze zljebovi zadebljani i da gube formu koju imaju na ostatku tegule.

imbrices which were connected by mortar. The tegulae were used for building grave constructions, e.g. floors, for levelling of the terrain, for making the tesserae of mosaics (MARDESIC 2006, 101), while at Boskina they served for the secondary purpose for building the partition wall. The technique of covering roofs with tegulae was taken over by the Romans from the Greek, who had been using ceramic tiles for this purpose ever since the 2nd millennium B.C. Plinius gives us the information that tegulae have been invented by the Greek Cinyra, son of Agrippa from the isle of Cyprus but he does not say when (PLINIUS VII, 56, 195). By the 6th century B.C. the tegulae, which Kako tegule ne bi skliznule s krova, neke od already had elevated edges by then, were used in njih su morale biti pricvrscene cavlima za krovnu Italy together with imbrices (BRODRIBB 1987, 5). konstrukciju. Najvjerojatnije su u pitanju bile The edges of tegulae appear in different tegule iz najnizeg reda. Tijekom istrazivanja na variants of shapes and thickness. At Boskina, all Boskini pronaden je jedan primjer koji je na sebi the examples are from 5,5 to 7 cm high and the imao kruznu rupu namijenjenu vjerojatno toj height of the edge is usually somewhat bigger funkciji. Rupa ima promjer od 0,9 cm, a kako je than the thickness of the body of the tegula. Almost rijec o manjem ulomku, ne moze se reel kako je bila every tegula has a unique edge both in terms of postavljena na samoj teguli (si. 61). Uobicajen thickness and of moulding, so it seems that their promjer rupa za cavle iznosio je 0,7 cm, a rupe su manufacture depended on the individual worker, radene prije pecenja (BRODRIBB 1987, 10), sto se i.e. that there were no standards for their vidi i na nasem primjerku. Na osnovi te cinjenice manufacture (T.3). All the tegulae had to have an moze se zakljuciti da su neki standardi u vezi s etched part of the elevated edge on the upper side postavljanjem tegula, sto se odnosilo i na and a groove on the lower side, placed in the proizvodnju razlicitih vrsta tegula, morali postojati. opposite corners of the tegula. This was necessary Pronaden je jos jedan ulomak tegule s rupom for the tiles to fit well against each other. The nacinjenom na jednak nacin, s tim da njen promjer grooves were overlapping the etched edges of iznosi 1,6 cm i pitanje je da li je koristena za istu tegulae from the lower row, so it can be seen from funkciju. their length how much they were overlapping. Imbreksi su u pravilu tanji negoli tegule. Oni su According to the examples from Boskina, it would takoder postavljani tako da jedni preklapaju druge be from 5,5 to 7,5 cm (T.4, T.5). It can be noticed ali da je pritom jedna strana uvijek uza. Na Boskini that the edges are thickened in places where nisu pronadeni cijeli primjerci, a prema Brodribbu grooves are placed and that the form they have on prosjecna duzina im je bila oko 40 cm, sirina na the rest of the tegula is lost. uzem dijelu 13,5 cm, na sirem dijelu 17,5 cm, visina Some of the tegulae had to be fixed by nails to na uzem dijelu 7 cm, a na sirem dijelu oko 9 cm the roof frame in order not to slide from the roof. (BRODRIBB 1987, 26). Za tegule su bili prievrsceni These were most probably the ones from the zbukom sto jasno pokazuju neki medu pronadenim bottom row. During the research at Boskina, an primjercima na Boskini (si. 62) example with a round hole probably intended for lako je velicina tegula bila propisana this function was found. The hole has a diameter modularnim zahtjevima uobicajenim u rimskom of 0,9 cm and since it is a smaller fragment, we gradevinarstvu, koja je iznosila 1,5 stopa sirine i 2 cannot tell in which way it was located on the stope duzine, tj. 44 x 59 cm, njihova velicina varira, tegula itself (fig. 61). The usual diameter of holes pa tako postoje znatna odstupanja i razlike: 30 x for nails was 0,7 cm, and the holes were made 45 cm, 22 x 43 cm, 35 x 44 cm, 31 x 57 cm, 28 x 43 before baking (BRODRIBB 1987, 10), cm... Te razlike nastale su zbog procesa susenja which can be seen from our example, too. tijekom kojeg se glina steze, i to sve do 20 % Based on this fact, it can be concluded (MATIJASIC 1989, 62). Pronalazenje veceg broja that there had to be some standards cijelih tegula znatno bi olaksalo proucavanje i related to the arrangement of the osvijetlilo mnoga jos i sada nejasna pitanja. Na tegulae, which referred to the Boskini je pronaden jedan primjerak tegule koja se production of different types of na osnovi sakupljenih ulomaka mogla rekonstru- tegulae as well. Another fragment irati. Rijec je o teguli tipa Pansiana iz vremena cara with a hole made in the same way Kaligule (si. 63) koja je imala dimenzije malo vece was found, but in this case the od prosjecnih (46,2 x 61,2 cm). diameter of the hole is 1,6 cm and Pecati su oznake radionica u kojima su it is questionable whether it had izradivane tegule, a utiskivali su se pomocu matrica been used for the same purpose. As a rule, imbrices are koje se pojavljuju u dvije varijante: drvene matrice u kojima su slova bila urezana i koje su ostavljale thinner than tegulae. They pecat s izbocenim slovima i udubljenim poljem koje were also placed in such a

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62. Rub tegule s tragovima vezivanja vapnom. Edge of a tegula with traces of fastening by mortar.

63

Rekonstruirana tegula

CCAESARPNS. (T.2-13).

Reconstructed tegula CCAESARPNS.

(T.2-13).

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64. Dio tegule s kruznim utorima. Part of a tegula with circular grooves.

je dobro naznaceno, te metalne matrice na kojima su slova izbocena i tanka, sto na teguli ostavlja pecat s udubljenim slovima bez polja. Postoje i rijetki primjeri pecata s urezanim slovima unutar udubljenog polja (MATIJASIC 1987, 503-504). Osim samih pecata, na tegulama se pojavljuju i druge vrste oznaka. One su izvodene utiskivanjem jednog Hi vise prstiju u jos svjezu glinu, te su se tako dobivale razlicite forme. Na tegulama pronadenim na Boskini nalazimo otiske u obliku vise koncentricnih polukrugova, tocaka ili linija povucenih okomito na pecat (si. 64). Poznate su i druge vrste oznaka koje su pokatkad i slozenijega uzorka. lako nije ponudeno konacno objasnjenje, najvjerojatnije je rijec o oznakama majstora koji su izradivali proizvode, mozda radi kontrole od strane vlasnika radionice (MATIJASIC 1987, 505). Na tegulama nalazimo i otiske sapa macaka i manjih pasa koji su na njima ostavljali svoje tragove kada bi prelazili preko jos vlaznih tegula koje su se susile. Primjere till slucajnih otisaka nalazimo i na Boskini (si. 65). Osim same proizvodnje tegula, bila je razvijena i trgovina tim proizvodima. Moze se govoriti o postojanju razvijenog trzista koje je pokrivalo podrucje srednjeg i sjevernog Jadrana (Picenum, Umbrija, Emilija, Akvileja, Istra, Liburnija pa sve do Dalmacije) na kojem su se pojavljivali jednaki proizvodi. Glavni proizvodni centri nalazili su se na podrucju juzno od delte Pada i na akvilejskom podrucju. Proizvodi cetiriju radionica dominirali su tim trzistem {Pansiana, Q. Clodius Ambroius, Solonas i A. Faesoni Af.) i pojavljivali su se na svim spomenutim podrucjima, a svi ostali proizvodaci zastupljeni su u znatno manjem opsegu (MATIJASIC 1987, 509). Trgovina se na torn podrucju odvijala morem, sto se moze argumentirati rasprostranjenoscu till tegula samo uz obalu i u neposrednom zaledu. Vazan razlog koristenja brodskog transporta bila je cijena koja je bila znatno povoljnija negoli cijena transporta kopnenim putom. Takoder, vazan cimbenik bilo je i lakse rukovanje proizvodima, odnosno manja mogucnost lomova prilikom transporta brodom (MATIJASIC 1985, 294). lako do sada nisu radene kemijske analize strukture tegula, vec se po izgledu mogu razlikovati dvije vrste proizvoda: proizvodi crvenkaste boje koji su se proizvodili na podrucju Padske nizine i proizvodi zuckaste boje koji su se proizvodili u okolici Akvileje (MATIJASIC 1989, 62). Ne treba odbaciti mogucnost da je i na drugim podrucjima postojala lokalna proizvodnja, mozda manjih kolicina tog proizvoda. Ukoliko pokusamo izracunati broj tegula koji je bio potreban da se prekrije iskopana povrsina stambene zgrade na Boskini, potrebno je uzeti u obzir dimenzije zgrade (12,6 x 6,5 m) i nagib krova, uz pretpostavku da iznosi uobicajenih 22,5 kod antickih gradevina (DETONI, KURENT 1963, 27). Jednostavnim matematickim radnjama mozemo doci do broja tegula potrebnih da se prekrije tolika povrsina.

65. Dio tegule s otiskom sape psa. Part of a tegula with an imprint of a dog foot.

way that they were overlapping each other so that one side was always narrower. No intact examples were found at Boskina, and according to Brodribb, their average length was about 40 cm, width in the narrower part 13,5 cm, in the wider part 17,5 cm, height in the narrower part 7 cm, while in the wider part it was about 9 cm (BRODRIBB 1987, 26). They were connected to the tegulae by mortar, which is well illustrated by some examples found at Boskina (fig. 62). Although the size of the tegulae was prescribed by modular requirements customary in Roman building construction, which were 1,5 feet in width and 2 feet in length, i.e. 44x 59 cm, their size varies, so that there are significant deviations and differences: 30 x 45 cm, 22 x 43 cm, 35 x 44 cm, 31 x 57 cm, 28 x 43 cm... These differences occur due to the drying process during which clay constricts up to 20% (MATIJASIC 1989, 62). The discovery of a large number of entire tegulae would considerably facilitate the research and lighten many still unclear questions. An example of a tegula that was possible to reconstruct on the basis of gathered fragments, was found at Boskina. It was a tegula of the Pansiana type from the time of emperor Caligula (fig. 63) and it had somewhat bigger dimensions than average (64,2 x 61,2 cm). Stamps, which represent the marks of the workshops in which tegulae were manufactured, were pressed using matrices in two variants: wooden matrices with engraved letters which left the stamp with protruding letters and a welldefined recessed field and metal matrices on which the letters were protruding and thin, which left a stamp in the tegulae with engraved letters without a field. There are rare examples of stamps with engraved letters within the recessed field (MATIJASIC 1987, 503,504). Besides the stamps there are other kinds of marks on tegulae, too. They were made by pressing one or more fingers into the still wet clay in order to obtain different forms. On the tegulae located at Boskina we can find prints in the shape of many concentric semicircles, dots or lines drawn perpendicularly to the stamp (fig. 64). Other kinds of marks are known too, and they sometimes have complicated patterns. Although no final explanation has been offered it is probably the matter of the marks of the master craftsmen manufacturing the products, maybe for the purpose of control by the proprietors of the workshop (MATIJASIC 1987, 505). On the tegulae we can see footprints of cats and smaller dogs who left them while crossing over them while they were still wet and drying. We can find examples of these accidental prints at Boskina as well (fig. 65). Besides the mere production of tegulae, their trade was also developed. We can talk about the existence of a developed market covering the area of the central and northern Adriatic (Picenum, Umbria, Emilia, Aquileia, Istria, Liburnia and all the way to Dalmatia) in which equal products appear. The main production centres were situated in the area south of the delta of the river Po and in the Aquileian region. The products by four workshops

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Potrebno je najprije dobiti duzinu jedne stranice dvostresnog krova, sto dobivamo primjenom formule x = 6,30 / cos 22,5 (gdje je 6,30 m polovina sirine zgrade). Dobivamo rezultat 6,85, odnosno duzina jedne stranice krova iznosi 6,85 m. Uzmemo li u obzir standardnu velicinu tegula od 44 x 59 cm i njihovo preklapanje od prosjecno 6 cm, dobivamo cetverokute dimenzija 44 x 53 cm. Daljnjim radnjama dolazimo do podatka da na povrsinu krova od 6,5 x 6,85 m stane 193,5 tegula standardne velicine. Kada to pomnozimo sa dva, dobivamo konacan broj od 387 tegula koji se nalazio na torn dijelu ville. Medu tegulama pronadenim na podrucju stambene zgrade, njih 16 imalo je pecate. To bi otprilike znacilo da je na 24,18 tegule dolazio po jedan pecat. Naravno, kako za odredeni broj pecata nije sigurno mjesto pronalaska, ta brojka je zasigurno nesto manja. Dobiveni podaci samo su pretpostavka jer nemamo sigurne podatke u vezi s krovnom konstrukcijom.

dominate this market (Pansiana, Q. Clodius Ambroius, Slonas and A. Faesoni Af.) and appear in all the abovementioned regions, while all the other manufacturers are represented in a much smaller number (MATIJASIC 1987, 509). The trade in this area was going on by sea, which can be explained by the expansion of these tegulae only along the coast and in its immediate hinterland. An important reason for using ship transport was the price which was much more acceptable than the price of the land transport. An important factor was easier handling of products, i.e. lesser chances of breaking during the transport by ship (MATIJASIC 1985 294) Although no chemical analyses of the structure of tegulae have been carried out so far, already by the appearance, two kinds of products can be distinguished: reddish products manufactured in the area of the Padan valley and the yellowish ones manufactured in the surroundings of Aquileia (MATIJASIC 1989, 62). The possibility that the local production of a smaller quantity of this Tipovi tegula i uvjeti njihova pronalaska product might exist should not be excluded. Kako smo vec naveli, tijekom iskopavanja, medu If we try to calculate the number of tegulae velikom kolicinom ulomaka tegula pronadeno je i necessary to cover the excavated surface of the 28 tegula koje su na sebi imale otisnute pecate residential building at Boskina, we should take proizvodaca. Rijec je o tri tipa pecata: Pansiana into consideration the dimensions of the building (pecati u nekoliko varijanti), L. PETR A V I i (12,6 x 6,5 m) and the inclination of the roof, with C.L.FVLL. Medu njima se trinaest pecata odnosi the hypothesis that it was the usual 22,5 like in na pecate tipa Pansiana, 12 na tip L PETR AVI, a Roman buildings (DETONI, KURENT 1963, 27). dvije na tip C.L.FVLL, a jedan se pecat ne moze We can calculate the number of tegulae necessary atribuirati. to cover such surface using simple mathematic Tegule su bile rasporedene u dvije zone, one operations. koje su pronadene na podrucju luksuzne stambene First of all it is necessary to find the length of zgrade i one pronadene malo juznije na podrucju one side of the two-eaves roof, which can be done gospodarskog zdanja. Na podrucju stambene applying the formula x = 6,30 / cos 22,5 (where zgrade vecinu su cinili pecati tipa L. PETR AVI, 6,30 m is half the width of the building). The result koji su - svi - pronadeni na tome mjestu. Osim njih, we get is 6,85, so the length of one side of the tu su pronadene i tri tegule s pecatom Pansiana, roof is 6,85 m. te jedna tegula s pecatom C.L.FVLL. Svi ostali If we take into consideration the standard size primjerci Pansiana i jedan primjerak C.L.FVLL of the tegulae of 44 x 59 cm and their overlapping pronadeni su na podrucju gospodarske zgrade. of an average of 6 cm, what we get are quadrangles Za neke pecate uvjeti pronalaska nisu sigurni jer of dimensions 44 x 53 cm. The further actions su pronadeni tijekom naknadnog pregleda tegula. lead us to the information that it takes 193,5 standard size tegulae to cover the surface of a roof of 6,5 x 6,85 m. If we multiply this with two, PECATI S TEGULA PRONAOENIH NA BOSKINI we get the final number of 387 tegulae in this part SWBEffi G0SP0CBRSKA NE0DREDEN0 UKUPN0 of the villa. ZGRACft ZGRACft Among the tegulae located in the area of the PANSIANA 3 7 3 is residential building, 16 of them had stamps. It LPETR AVT 12 12 ould mean that one stamp came on approximately CF L L VL 1 1 2 w Nedeiinirano 1 1 every 24,18 tegulae. Of course, since a certain number of stamps do not have a certain finding UKUPN0 16 8 4 28 p|aCe7 this number must be smaller. The obtained data represent just a hypothesis because we do not have certain information regarding the roof frame. PANSIANA Tegule koje na sebi nose pridjev PANSIANA Types of Tegulae and najucestalija su vrsta pecata na podrucju sjeveConditions of their Location rnog i srednjeg Jadrana, pa ne cudi velika kolicina As we have already mentioned, during the pronadenih primjeraka na Boskini. Medu svim excavation, among a big amount of sherds of pronadenim pecatima na podrucju Istre na njih tegulae, 28 of them had stamps of the otpada 38 % (MATIJASIC 1985, 296). manufacturers pressed into them. There were three Grupu pecata s elementom PANSIANA, R. types of stamps: Pansiana (a few variants of Matijasic podijelio je na devet tipova i sezdeset i stamps), L. PETR AVJ and C.L.FVLL. Thirteen of

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these relate to the Pansiana type stamps, 12 to L.PETR AVI type, two to C.LFVLL type, while one stamp cannot be attributed. The tegulae were arranged in two zones: the ones located in the area of the luxury residential building and the ones located somewhat more to the south in the area of the husbandry complex. In the area of the residential building, most of the stamps were of the L. PETR AVI type, all found in this place. Except them, three tegulae with the Pansiana stamp were located here as well, and one with the stamp C.LFVLL All the other examples of Pansiana and one C.LFVLL were located in the area of the husbandry building. The conditions of the location of some stamps are not certain because they were located during the subsequent examination of the tegulae. STAMPS FROM THE TEGULAE FOUND AT BOSKINA
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PANSIANA L PETR AVT CLFVLL Undefined 3 12 1 HUSBANDRY BUILDING 7 UNDESIGNATED TOTAL

66. Dio tegule s pecatom PANSI. (T.212). Part of a tegula with the stamp PANSI. (T.2-12).

1 dvije varijante. Rasprostranjene su od Picenuma, 1 1 Emilije, Venecije, Istre pa sve do Dalmacije (MATIJASIC 1983, 962). Kako je rijec o najpotpu- TOTAL 28 16 8 4 nijoj tipologiji tih pecata, upravo je ona koristena pri analizi primjeraka pronadenih na Boskini. PANSIANA Kao najvjerojatniji osnivac tvornice Pansiana The tegulae bearing the attribute of PANSIANA spominje se Gaj Vibije Pansa (C Vibius Cf.Cn. Pansa Caetronianus) posljednji konzul republike, are the most frequent type of stamps in the area of izabran 44.g.pr.Kr., a poginuo 43.g.pr.Kr. u bitci the northern and central Adriatic, so that a big kod Modene u kojoj se borio protiv M. Antonija quantity of examples located at Boskina do not (GREGORUTTI 1886, 220). Nakon pogibije, nje- come as a surprise. They make 38% of all the gova imanja najvjerojatnije su presla u drzavni fisk, stamps found in the Istrian region (MATIJASIC, 43 a nakon toga u carsko vlasnistvo. Tako se od vre- 1985, 296). The group of stamps with the PANSIANA mena Augusta (27.g.pr.Kr. - 14.g.) poceo javljati zig Pansiana bez drugih atributa. Izmedu prvog element has been divided by R. Matijasic into nine vlasnika, u cije vrijeme proizvodnja nije bila jako types and sixty-two variants. They are spread from razvijena (tegule s njegovim imenom se rijetko Pecanum, Emilia, Venice and Istria to Dalmatia nalaze, i to samo na podrucju usca Pada i Istre; (MATIJASIC, 1983, 962). Since it is the matter of njegovo ime se javlja u obliku Pansae Vibi) i the most complete typology of these stamps, it is Augustova pecata treba smjestiti rijedak pecat Q. exactly the one used for the analysis of the C. P. Pansiana. Nakon Augusta svaki je vladar uz examples located at Boskina. Gaius Vibius Pansa (C Vibius C.f.C.n. Pansa pridjev Pansiana dodavao i svoje ime. Zahvaljujuci Caetronianus), the last consul of the republic is tome, tegule iz tvornice Pansiana, za razliku od ostalih, mogu se tocno kronoloski definirati. Tako mentioned as the most probable founder of the Tiberi Pansiana pripada Tiberiju (14 - 37.g.), C Pansiana factory. He was appointed consul in the year 44 B.C. and was killed in 43 B.C. in the battle Caesaris Pansiana Kaliguli (37 - 41.g.), Tiberi Claudi Pansiana Klaudiju (41 - 54.g.), Neronis Claudi of Modena, in which he fought against M. Anthony Pansiana Neronu (54 - 68.g.), jedan poznati zig za (GREGORUTTI, 1886, 220). After his fall, his koji je nesigurno citanje (IMP GALB PANS) pripada property was probably taken over by the state fisc Galbi (68 - 69.g.) i Vespasiani Caesaris Pansianaand after that became the imperial property. This cam Vespazijanu. Nakon toga prestala je primjena is why in the period of Augustus (27 B.C. - 14 pridjeva Pansiana na pecatima s tegula A.D.) the Pansiana stamp without other attributes starts to appear. A rare stamp Q. C. P. Pansiana (MATIJASIC 1989, 63-64). should be placed between the firs proprietor, in Pecati tipa Pansiana pronadeni na Boskini mogu whose time the production was not very well se datirati u razdoblje vladavine careva od Augusta developed (tegulae with his name are rarely found, do Kaligule (27.g.pr.Kr. - 41.g.). only in the area of the delta of the river Po and in Jedini primjerak koji se moze datirati u vrijeme Istria, his name appears as Pansae Vibi) and the vladavine cara Augusta je pecat PANSI... (T.2-12) stamp of Augustus. After Augustus, each ruler puts (MATIJASIC 1983, 964-969)." his name by the adjective Pansiana. Thanks to that, Podatak je iznesen prije dosta vremena pa je do danas statistika vjerojatno ponesto izmijenjena, ali noviji podaci nam nisu dostupni. This information has been presented a long time ago, and the statistics is probably somewhat changed, but newer data are not available to us.

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U vrijeme vladavine cara Tiberija mogu se datirati tri pecata: dva s natpisom TIPANS... (T.2-9,11) i jedan s natpisom ...ANSIAN (T.2-1). Taj posljednji, iako bez vidljivih oznaka bilo kojeg od careva, moze se datirati upravo u vrijeme Tiberija jer samo na pecatu Tl PANSIANA nailazimo na takve ligature (MATIJASIC 1983, 969-973).45 Posljednji u nizu careva cije se ime pojavljuje na pecatima s Boskine je Kaligula. Vremenu njegove vladavine moze se pripisati pet pecata: prvi na kojem se tek djelomicno vide slova CC....(T.2-3), drugi s natpisom C.C...(T.2-7), treci s natpisom C CAE P...(T.2-5), cetvrti s natpisom ...AR.PANSI (T.2-8) koji je osobito zanimljiv jer se cini da ne spada ni u jednu od poznatih varijanti tog tipa pecata, te peti s natpisom C CAESAR PANS (T.213) (MATIJASIC 1983, 973-Q76)/6 Kako smo vec naveli, ne postoji analogija za pecat s natpisom ...AR.PANSI. Naime, najblize analogije nalazimo na pecatu C.CAESAR.PANSI (tip V 1.), no kako vidimo slova AR su povezana ligaturom sto kod naseg primjerka nije slucaj. Drugi primjer blizak nasem je C.CAESAR.PANS (tipV 2.), no ponovno vidimo razlike u tome sto su slova AN povezana ligaturom i u tome sto nedostaje posljednje slovo I. S tim bi se broj varijanti pecata nastalih u vrijeme vladavine Kaligule popeo na trinaest. Do sada su iz doba njegove vladavine bili poznati pecati: C.CAESAR.PANSI, C.CAESAR.PANS, C CAE PANSIANA, C CAES PANSIAN, C CAE PANSJAN,_C.PANSIAN, P.ANS.CAE, C.PANSIANA, C.PANSIANA, C.PASI.A.NA, C PASI.ANA, C.PASIANA (s lituusom). Titula [Caes]AR pojavljuje se jos na pecatima Klaudija, Nerona i Vespazijana, no takoder bez analogija s tim pecatom. Datacija ostalih pronadenih pecata Pansiana govori u prilog datiranja u vrijeme Kaligule. Ulomak tegule sa zadnjim dijelom pecata istih karakteristika (...PANSI) nalazimo u arheoloskoj zbirci u Vidu pokraj Metkovica (MARDESIC 2006, 108, si. 23), no kako je rijec o manjem dijelu pecata nije bila odredena tipoloska pripadnost tog pecata. Osim tegula koje mozemo sigurno datirati, imamo i nekoliko ulomaka za koje to nije moguce. Ulomak pecata s natpisom NA (T.2-10) iza kojeg se pojavljuje augurski stap (lituus) koji bi mogao spadati u tipove III 6. (August), IV 7. (Tiberije) ili V 11. (Kaligula), sto opet odgovara dataciji onih za koje smo sigurni. Pecat s natpisom ANA (T.2-4) moze spadati u tip II (Q. C. P. PANSIANA), u razdoblja vladavine Augusta, Tiberija, Kaligule ali i Nerona. Pecat s natpisom ....SI (T.2-6) mogao bi pripadati tipovima proizvedenim u vrijeme vladavine careva Tiberija, Kaligule ili Nerona, no ponovno se ne moze nista sa sigurnoscu

the tegulae from the Pansiana factory can be chronologically accurately defined, unlike the others. So the Tiberi Pansiana belongs to Tiberius (14 - 37 A.D.), C. Caesaris Pansiana to Caligula (37 - 41 A.D.), Tiberi Claudi Pansiana to Claudius (41-54 A.D.), Neronis Claudi Pansiana to Nero (5468 A.D.), one known stamp for which the reading is uncertain (IMP GALB PANS) belongs to Galba (68-69 A.D.) and Vespasiani Caesaris Pansiana to emperor Vespasian. The use of the adjective Pansiana on stamps of tegulae ceases after that (MATIJASIC 1989, 63-64). Pansiana type stamps located at Boskina can be dated to the period of the rule of emperors from Augustus to Caligula (27 B.C. - 41 A.D.) The only example that can be dated to the period of the rule of the emperor Augustus is the stamp PANSI... (T.2-12) (MATIJASIC, 1983, 964969).44 During the rule of the emperor Tiberius, three stamps can be dated: two with the inscription TIPANS... (T.2-9,11) and one with the inscription ...ANSIAN (T.2-1). The later one, although without visible marks of any of the emperors, can be dated exactly to the time of Tiberius because only on the Tl PANSIANA stamp can such ligatures be found (MATIJASIC, 1983, 969-973).45 The last one in the series of emperors whose name appears on stamps from Boskina is Caligula. Five stamps can be attributed to the time of his rule: the first is the one on which we can only partly see the letters CC....(T.2-3), the second one has the inscription C.C...(T.2-7), the third the one C CAE P ...(T.2-5), the fourth ...AR.PANSI (T.2-8) 67. Dio tegule s pecatom TIPANSI. which is especially interesting because it seems (T.2-11). that it does not belong to any of the known variants Part of a tegula with the stamp of this stamp type, and the fifth has the inscription TIPANSI. (T.2-11). C CAESAR PANS (T.2-13) (MATIJASIC, 1983, 973976).46 As we have already mentioned, there is no analogy for the stamp with the inscription ...AR.PANSI. Namely, we can find the closest analogy on the stamp C.CAESAR.PANSI (type V 1), however, as we can see, the letters AR are connected by a ligature, which is not the case in our example. The second example close to ours is C.CAESAR.PANS (type V 2), but we can also see the difference in the fact that the letters AN are linked by a ligature and the last letter I is missing. Together with this, the number of stamp variants from the period of Caligulas rule would come to thirteen. The following stamps from the time of his rule have been known so far: C.CAESAR.PANSI, C.CAESAR.PANS, C CAE PANSIANA, C CAES PANSIAN, C CAE PANSIAN, C.PANSIAN, P.ANS.CAE, C.PANSIANA, C.PANSIANA, C.PASI.A.NA, C 68. Dio tegule s pecatom AR.PANSI. PASI.A.NA, and C.PASIANA (with lituus).
(T.2-8). Part of a tegula with the stamp AR.PANSI. (T.2-8).

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Po njegovoj klasifikaciji ovaj pecat bi spadao u tip III i mogao bi odgovarati varijantama: 1., 3., 4., 6., 7., 8., 9., 11. ili 12. According to his classification, this stamp would belong to type III and could correspond to the variants: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 or 12.
45

Prva dva pecata mogu odgovarati tipu IV, varijantama: 1., 3., 5., 7., 8., 9., 12., 14., 16., a treci jedino tipu IV, varijanti 6. Prva dva primjera mogu pripadati tipu V, varijantama 1 do 5, treci tipu V, varijantama 3 ili 5, a peti pripada tipu V, varijanta 2.

The first two stamps can correspond to type IV, variants: 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, and the third one only to type IV, variant 6.
46

The fist two examples might belong to type V, variants 1 to 5, the third one to type V, variants 3 or 5, and the fifth one belongs to type V, variant 2

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69. Dio tegule s pecatom NA lituusom. (T.2-10). Part of a tegula with the stamp NA and a lituus. (T.2-10).

zakljucivati na osnovi tako malog ulomka. Posljednji pecat je s natpisom ...NS...(T.2-2) i moze imati brojne varijante. Sve tegule koje se mogu atribuirati tvornici Pansiana crvene su boje. To bi najvjerojatnije znacilo da potjecu s podrucja Padske nizine. Zanimljiv je i podatak koji govori da se tegule tipa Pansiana ne nalaze u okolici Akvileje, a one tipa Q CLODI AMBROSI ne pronalaze se u Padskoj nizini. To bi moglo znaciti da se Pansiana proizvodila upravo u dolini Pada, a Q CLODI AMBROSI u okolici Akvileje te da su obje tvomice imale monopol na svom podrucju. Oba tipa pecata pronalaze se na cijelom ostalom srednjem i sjevemom jadranskom podrucju i datiraju se u priblizno isto razdoblje (MATIJASIC 1983, 987,988).

70. Dio tegule s pecatom LPETRAVT.

(T.1-4).
Part of a tegula with the stamp LPETRAVT. (T.1-4).

The title [Caes]AR appears already on the stamps of Claudius, Nero and Vespasian, but also without analogy to this stamp. Dating of other located Pansiana stamps supports dating to the period of Caligula. A sherd of a tegula with the last part of the stamp with the same characteristics (...PANSI) can be found in the archaeological collection in Vid near Metkovic (MARDESIC 2006, 108, fig. 23), but since it is the matter of a smaller part of a stamp, typological belonging of this stamp has not been designated. Besides the tegulae that we can date with certainty, there are also a few sherds for which it is not possible. The sherd of a stamp with the inscription NA (T.2-10) after which an augural stick (lituus) appears, which could belong to types LPETRAVT III 6 (Augustus), IV 7 (Tiberius) or V 11 (Caligula), Tegule s pecatom LPETRAVT ( L Petroni again corresponds to the dating of those we are Avitiana ili mozda L. Petroni Aviti) (ZACCARIA, certain about. ZUPANCIC 1993, 146) znatno su slabije The stamp with the inscription ANA (T.2-4) rasprostranjene negoli one proizvedene u tvornici could belong to type II (Q.C.P. PANSIANA) in the Pansiana. Naime, za sada su pronadene samo na periods of rule of Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula, podrucju sjevemog Jadrana, od Akvileje, preko but also Nero. Trsta do Istre. Broj objavljenih primjera je uistinu The stamp with the inscription ....SI (T.2-6) skroman, pa s podrucja Istre potjece svega sedam could belong to types manufactured in the period primjeraka, sto je svrstalo te pecate u skupinu of the rule of the emperors Tiberius, Caligula or rijetkih. Do sada su pronadeni na Brijunima, Puli, Nero, but again, nothing can be concluded with Nezakciju i Trstu (GREGORUTTI 1888, 381; GNIRS certainty on the basis of such a small sherd. 1910, 13; GNIRS 1911, 30; MATIJASIC 1987, 164The last stamp has the inscription ...NS...(T.2169). 2) and it can presume a very big number of variants. U postojecoj literaturi navodi se veci broj tipova All the tegulae which can be attributed to the pecata s pridjevom Avitiana, sto nas navodi na Pansiana factory are red. This would probably zakljucak da je tvornica postojala kroz duzi mean that they originate from the area of the Padan vremenski period u kojem je mijenjala vlasnike, valley. The information telling that the Pansiana odnosno zakupce. Jedan medu tim vlasnicima bio type tegulae cannot be found in the surroundings je i L. Petroni. Tako se navode: Tiberi Vetti Aviti 47 of Aquileia is also interesting, while the ones of Q (CIL V, 8110, 159; CIL III, 3214, 16; GREGORUTTI CLODI AMBROSI type cannot be found in the 1888, 208) kojeg Gregorutti navodi kao Padan valley. This could mean that Pansiana was najvjerojatnijeg osnivaca tvomice, Vetti Avitiana manufactured in the Padan valley itself and Q Fructus servus 48 (CIL V, 8110, 160; CIL III, 3214; CLODI AMBROSI in the surroundings of Aquileia GREGORUTTI 1888, 206), Luci Petroni Avitiana 49 and that both factories have the monopoly in their (CIL V, 8968, 13; GREGORUTTI 1888, 145), Cai respective areas. Both stamp types are found in Petroni Apri Epidiae Avitiana 50 (CIL V, 8110, 16; the whole remaining area of the central and GREGORUTTI 1888, 144), Valerie Magnae northern Adriatic and are dated approximately to Epidiana Avitiana 51 (CIL V, 8110, 152; the same period (MATIJASIC 1983, 987,988). GREGORUTTI 1888, 201; BOLTIN-TOME 1974, 226), Cai Procilli Cassi Avitiana 52 (CIL V, 8110, LPETRAVT 121; GREGORUTTI 1888, 152), Marci Juli Stalli The tegulae with the LPETRAVT ( L Petroni Avitiana 53 (CIL V, 8968, 9; CIL V, 8110, 237; Avitiana or perhaps L Petroni Aviti) (ZACCARIA, GREGORUTTI 1888, 98), C. Barbi Avitiana 54 ZUPANCIC 1993, 146) stamp are much less spread (GREGORUTT11888, 23), Sexti Barbi Avitiana Frugi than the ones manufactured in the factory of 55 (CIL V, 8110, 131; GREGORUTTI 1888, 18), Pansiana. Namely, they have been located only in figulina Avitiana Frugi Secundi 56 (CIL V, 8110, 212; the region of the northern Adriatic so far, from GREGORUTTI 1888,17), figulina Titti Avitiani 57 Aquileia, over Trieste to Istria. The number of (GREGORUTTI 1888, 19), Cai Juli African! Avitiana published examples is really modest, so only seven 58 (CIL V, 8110, 97; GREGORUTTI 1888, 97). examples originate from the Istrian region, which Nazalost nikakva kronologija za tegule tipa Avitiana classified these stamps into the rare group. So far do sada nije nacinjena. Svi primjerci pronadeni su they have been located on Brijuni, Pula, Nezakcij iskljucivo na podrucju sjevemog Jadrana osim prva and Trieste (GREGORUTTI 1888, 381; GNIRS dva koji su pronadeni jos i u Splitu, odnosno Saloni 1910, 13; GNIRS 1911, 30; MATIJASIC 1987, 164(GREGORUTTI 1888, 395-396). 169). A large number of stamp types with the Tegule s pecatima LPETRAVT pronadene za vrijeme iskopavanja na Boskini pokazuju adjective Avitiana are quoted in the existing uniformnost u svom izgledu. To se odnosi na boju, literature, which leads to the conclusion that the

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debljinu tegula, slicnosti zarezanih dijelova na factory existed through a longer period of time in kutovima tegula, ali jednako tako i na oblik i velicinu which it was changing proprietors, i.e. lease samih slova na pecatima. Razlike u velicini slova holders. One of those proprietors was L. Petroni. od 0,2 cm zanemarive su te mozemo zakljuciti da So, the following are quoted: Tiberi Vetti AvitF su nacinjeni istom matricom. (CIL V, 8110, 159; CIL III, 3214, 16; GREGORUTTI, Sve tegule su zuckaste boje, slova su udubljena, 1888, 208) quoted by Gregorutti as the most dosta duboka i tanka. Osim pecata na tim tegulama probable founder of the factory, Vetti Avitiana pronalazimo i druge oznake. Tako na tri primjera Fructus servus"8 (CIL V, 8110, 160; CIL III, 2314; nalazimo brazdu okomito povucenu na pecat, GREGORUTTI, 1888, 206), Luci Petroni Avitiana** polukruznu brazdu kao i jednu s dvije kruzne rupice (CIL V, 8968, 13; GREGORUTTI 1888, 145), Cai ispod pecata, sve nacinjene utiskivanjem prstima Petroni Apri Epidiae Avitiana50 (CIL V, 8110, 16; u jos svjezu glinu. Najvjerojatnije je rijec o GREGORUTTI 1888, 144), Valerie Magnae oznakama samih radnika tvornice, a utiskivane su Epidiana Avitiana5' (CIL V, 8110, 152; nakon pecatiranja jer su uvijek postavljene u GREGORUTTI 1888, 201; BOLTIN-TOME odredenom pravilnom odnosu (T.1-1,2,3,4,5). 1974, 226), Cai Procilli Cassi Avitiana52 Kako su sve tegule tog tipa pronadene na (CIL V, 8110, 121; GREGORUTTI 1888, podrucju stambene zgrade, a tegule tipa Pansiana 152), Marci Juli Stalli Avitiana53 (CIL uglavnom na podrucju gospodarskog zdanja i u V, 8968, 9; CIL V, 8110, 237; manjem broju na podrucju stambene zgrade, te u GREGORUTTI 1888, 98), C Barbi otpadnim jamama, sto upucuje na njihovo Avitiana5' (GREGORUTTI odbacivanje, moze se doci do zakljucka da su tegule 1888, 23), Sexti Barbi LPETRAVT iskoristene prilikom jedne od sanacija Avitiana FrugP5 (CIL V, 8110, koja bi kronoloski slijedila nakon koristenja tegula 131; GREGORUTTI 1888, 18), figulina Avitiana tipa Pansiana. Takoder, s obzirom na veliku kolicinu Frugi SecundF6 (CIL V, 8110, 212; GREGORUTTI 7 1 . Dio tegule s pecatom LPETRAVT. (T.1-6). te vrste tegula koja dominira na dijelu stambene 1888, 17), figulina Titti AvitianF (GREGORUTTI Part of a tegula with the stamp 56 zgrade, one bi odgovarale posljednjoj fazi 1888, 19), Cai Juli Africani Avitiana (CIL V, 8110, LPETRAVT. (T.1-6). koristenja tog kompleksa. Uzimajuci u obzir 97; GREGORUTTI 1888, 97). Unfortunately no cinjenice da ostali materijal pronaden na Boskini chronology has been made so far for the tegulae odgovara razoblju 1. i 2. st., zatim da pronadene of Avitiana type. All the examples have been located tegule tipa Pansiana pokrivaju veci dio prve exclusively in the region of the northern Adriatic polovine 1. St., vrijeme djelovanja tvornice Avitiana except for the first two which have been located u vlasnistvu L. Petronia moze se okvirno odrediti in Split, that is Salona, too (GREGORUTTI 1888, u drugu polovinu 1. ili 2. st. 395,396). Spomen porodice Petronija nalazimo u koloniji The tegulae with the LPETRAVT stamps found Tergeste, gdje su za vrijeme vladavine cara Trajana during the excavations at Boskina show uniformity obnasali senatorske duznosti (STICOTI 1951, 33- in their appearance. This refers to the colour, 36; STARAC 1999b, 107), a clanove te porodice thickness of tegulae, similarity of etched parts in nalazimo i na podrucju Istre, juznije od Trsta the corners of the tegulae, but also to the shape (KRIZMAN 1991, 69), gdje su se pojavljivali u and size of the very letters on the stamps. The razdoblju od Flavijevaca do Trajana (MATIJASIC differences in size of the letters of 0,2 cm are 1998, 55). Taj period odgovarao bi i vremenu kada negligible, so we can conclude that they had been su se tegule s tim pecatom pojavile na Boskini. made using the same matrix. Kako je do sada u Istri objavljeno tek sedam All the tegulae are yellowish, the letters are pecata tog tipa, novih dvanaest primjeraka recessed, quite deep and thin. Except the stamps, pronadenih na Boskini znatno povecava njihov on these tegulae we can find other marks as well. broj. Tako bi prema podacima koje je jos 1985.g. So, for example we can see a slash drawn 72. Dio tegule s pecatom LPETRAVT. objavio Matijasic (MATIJASIC 1985, 296), taj tip perpendicularly to the stamp, a semicircular slash (T.1-5). tegula popunio prazninu izmedu cetiri dominantna and one with two small circular holes under the Part of a tegula with the stamp tipa tegula (Pansiana, Q. Clodius Ambroius, Solonas stamp, all made by pressing of the fingers into the LPETRAVT. (T.1-5). i A. Faesoni At) i svih ostalih koji su pronadeni u still wet clay. They are most probably marks of the znatno manjem broju (najvise 8 primjeraka). Podaci workers of the factory impressed after the su se do danas zasigurno promijenili, ali oni nisu stamping because they are always placed in a
HB.VETJi.AVIT
,8

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_\/E.AVTiFRVS L.PETR.AVT CPEIROM-AP RI>EPI Di AV VALERI AE. MAGNAE. EPJ Di AV C.PR.CASSI AVT MIVLSTALLAVT C.B.AVT S.B.AV Ti.FRV F.AVIIFRVS F.TJi AV Ti C.IVLI.AF RIC AVT

19 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

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124

73. Dio tegule s pecatom C.L.FVLL. (T.1-14). Part of a tegula with the stamp C.L.FVLL (T.1-14).

74. Dio tegule s pecatom C.L.FV. (T.1-13). Part of a tegula with the stamp C.L.FV. (T.1-13).

certain regular relation to it (T.1-1,2,3,4,5). Since all the tegulae of this type were located in the area of the residential building, and the tegulae of the Pansiana type mostly in the area of the husbandry complex and in a smaller number in C.L.FVLL the area of the residential building and in the Posljednji medu pronadenim pecatima na middens, which indicates that they had been Boskini je najslabije zastupljen, sa samo dva discarded, it can be concluded that the LPETRAVT primjera, ali i najslabije poznat. Prema dosada tegulae were used during one of the repair phases, objavljenim podacima u Istri su pronadena tek dva which would follow chronologically after the primjerka tog pecata, i to jos davne 1905.g. u period of use of the Pansiana type tegulae. Also, Nezakciju (PUSCHI 1905, 265; MATIJASIC 1987, with regard to a big quantity of this kind of tegulae 168). E. Zerbinati spominje taj pecat u svom radu dominating in a part of the residential building, (ZERBINATI 1993, 108) i povezuje ga s pecatom they would correspond to the last phase of the LFVLLONI koji se moze naci na podrucju Friulia i use of this complex. Taking into consideration Istre (PUSCHI 1905, 296; GREGORUTTI 1888, 95; the facts that the remaining material located at MATIJASIC 1987, 168). On daje mogucnost da je Boskina corresponds to the period of the 1 st and kod pecata C.L.FVLL rijec o dvojici vlasnika the 2nd century, and that the located Pansiana type tvornice koji su u rodu, pa bi se citao kao C(ai) tegulae cover the major part of the first half of the L(uci) Full(oniorum?) (ZERBINATI 1993, 108). 1 st century, the time of activity of the Avitiana Na oba pronadena primjerka pronalazimo factory in the ownership of L Petroni might be dodatne oznake iznad pecata. Rijec je designated approximately as the second half of polukrugovima ili eventualno krugovima. Na prvom the 1 st or 2nd century. primjeru nalazi se jedna brazda (T.1-14), a na The mentioning of Petronis family can be found drugom pet brazda postavljenih koncentricno (T.1- in the colony of Tergeste, where they were 13). Jednake oznake nalazimo i na nekim drugim performing senatorial duties during the rule of pronadenim primjercima tegula s tim pecatom emperor Traianus (STICOTI 1951, 33-36; STARAC (ZERBINATI 1993, 110), pa mozda mozemo 1999b, 107), and the members of this family can govoriti o uobicajenoj dekoraciji koja se ponavlja also be found in the area of the Istrian peninsula, iznad pecata ili je mozda i tu rijec o oznakama south of Trieste (KRIZMAN 1991, 69), where they radnika. appear in the period of Flavians until Trajan (MATIJASIC 1998, 55). This period would Zakljucak correspond to the time when tegulae with this Pecati na tegulama pronadeni tijekom stamp appear at Boskina. iskopavanja na Boskini jos su jedan dokaz cestih Since only seven stamps of this type have been adaptacija i sanacija tog zdanja kroz cijeli period published in Istria so far, the twelve new examples njegova postojanja. Kako je iskopan tek manji located at Boskina considerably increase their segment kompleksa, nemoguce je donositi number. So, according to the information konacne zakljucke. Ipak, u kombinaciji s ostalim published by Matijasic (MATIJASIC 1985, 296) nalazima moze se reel da je kompleks funkcionirao already in 1985, this type of tegulae would fill the kroz 1. i 2.st. i u torn je razdoblju izvedeno nekoliko space between the four dominant types of tegulae sanacija krovista. {Pansiana, Q. Clodius Ambroius, Solonas and A. Prvu fazu postojanja kompleksa pratile bi tegule Faesoni Af.) and all the rest found in a much smaller tipa Pansiana koje se prema pronadenim primjerima number (8 examples at the most). The data have mogu datirati od kraja Lst.pr.Kr. do polovine 1.st. surely changed by now, but the systematisation Cini se da je u torn periodu kroviste nekoliko puta has been made for them. For the final conclusions sanirano ili se kompleks nadogradivao, s obzirom of this kind, it would be necessary to check the da je rijec o tegulama izradivanim za vladavine tri finds from numerous Roman localities researched cara. Prema tome tegule tipa PANSIANA cinile bi in the last twenty or so years. prvu fazu, drugu bi cinile tegule tipa TIBERI PANSIANA, a trecoj bi skupini pripadale tegule tipa C.L.FVLL C. CESARI PANSIANA. To bi znacilo da je posljednja The last of the discovered stamps at Boskina is adaptacija s tegulama tipa Pansiana obavljena the least represented one, with only two examples, potkraj cetvrtog i pocetkom petog desetljeca 1.st. but also the least known one. According to the Posljednja faza u obnavljanju krovista na torn information published so far, only two examples objektu odgovarala bi koristenju tegula tipa L PETR of this stamp were found in Istria, and that was AVT, i to samo za obnavljanje krovista stambenog long ago, in 1905 in Nezakcij (PUSCHI 1905, 265; zdanja. Zasto su promijenjene vrste tegula? Na to MATIJASIC 1987, 168). E. Zerginati mentions this bi se pitanje mogla ponuditi dva odgovora. Prvi, stamp in his work (ZERBINATI 1993, 108) da su promjene nastale poradi povoljnije cijene ili connecting it with the stamp LFVLLONI which can lakseg nacina nabavljanja, pa bi se njihova be found in the area of Friuli and Istria (PUSCHI, uporaba mogla podudarati vec s pocetkom petog 1905, 296; GREGORUTI 1888, 95; MATIJASIC, desetljeca 1. St., pa sve do kraja funkcioniranja 1987, 168). He gives the possibility that in the vile. Drugi bi odgovor bio taj da se tegule tipa case of the stamp C.L.FVLL it is the matter of two Pansiana vise nisu mogle naci na trzistu, pa bi to proprietors of the factory who were related, so it

sistematizirani. Za konacne zakljucke te vrste bilo bi potrebno provjeriti nalaze s mnogih antickih lokaliteta istrazivanih posljednjih dvadesetak godina.

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znacilo da su te tegule koristene u posljednje dva desetljeca 1. st. ili u 2.st. Ako uzmemo u obzir cinjenicu da su se tegule tipa Pansiana mogle naci na podrucju Istre sve do prestanka njihove proizvodnje, kao i to da su najrasprostranjenija vrsta tegula na podrucju Jadrana uopce, to nas upucuje na zakljucak o njihovoj povoljnoj cijeni i dostupnosti. Pridodamo li tome i pretpostavku da bi se prilikom sanacije krovista upotrebljavale tegule istog proizvodaca, poradi istih dimenzija i karakteristika, teorija o datiranju na kraj 1.st. cini se realnijom. Tegule tipa C.LFVLL, na osnovi kolicine i polozaja njihova pronalaska nije moguce datirati. Treba istaci da tegule tipa L PETR AVI nisu koristene za pokrivanje gospodarskog zdanja. To se moze zakljuciti na osnovi razlike u boji. Naime, na prvi pogled vidi se razlika u boji izmedu njih i ostale dvije skupine. One su zute boje a druga su dva tipa crvene boje. Zute tegule nisu pronadene na podrucju gospodarskog zdanja a na prostoru stambene zgrade pronadene su pomijesane sa crvenim ali u prevladavajucem broju. To bi otprilike znacilo da je kompleks prvi put pokriven u vrijeme Augusta, a u vrijeme Tiberija i Kaligule izvedene su jos najmanje dvije adaptacije ili nadogradnje. Najvjerojatnije potkraj 1.st. ili tijekom 2.st. izvedena je jos jedna znatnija sanacija krovista, prilikom koje su iskoristene tegule tipa L PETR AVI, ali su djelomicno zadrzane i starije tegule. Da li bi tegule tipa C.LFVLL spadale u period izmedu koristenja prethodno spomenuta dva tipa tegula ili nakon posljednje spomenute adaptacije, nismo u mogucnosti odgovoriti. Treba jos napomenuti da se, osim zutih i crvenih tegula za koje su pronadeni adekvatni pecati, pronasla i manja kolicina tegula svijetlo crvene boje s dosta primjesa koje nisu dale ni jedan pecat. Uz jos jedan nedesifrirani pecat na crvenoj teguli (T1-15), one pokazuju da se na nalazistu mogu ocekivati jos i drugi tipovi pecata. Na kraju se moze reci kako je tim iskopavanjima prosireno nase znanje o tegulama koristenim u Istri. To se odnosi na tegule tipa L PETR AVI kojih je samo na torn lokalitetu pronadeno vise negoli je ukupni broj do sada objavljenih s podrucja Istre, a jednako broju svih do sada objavljenih s podrucja sjevernog Jadrana. Posebno znacajan nalaz je do sada nepoznata varijanta pecata Pansiana, sto pokazuje da je nase znanje cak i kad je rijec najbolje poznatim tipovima tegula nepotpuno. Stakleni nalazi Ivana Harasa Staklene posude pripadale su u kategoriju luksuznijeg kucnog posuda. Sluzile su za serviranje i spremanje tekucina i hrane. Prekretnicu u nacinu proizvodnje stakla, izum pipe za puhanje u 2. pol. Lst.pr.Kr. obicno se pripisivalo Sirijcima. Taj pronalazak omogucio je uzlet u proizvodnji stakla, masovniju i laksu proizvodnju. Sirijsko staklo iz Sidona bilo je veoma kvalitetno i izradivano vec u 1.st., kada su uz Rim najvazniji proizvodni centri postali Pompeii i Aquileia, cije proizvode namijenjene sirokom trzistu karakterizira

would be read as C(ai) L(uci) Full(oniorum?) (ZERBINATI 1993, 108). We can find additional marks above the stamp in cases of both discovered examples. It is the matter of semicircles or possibly circles. There is one slash on the first example(T.1-14), and five on the second one, concentrically placed (T.113). The equal marks can be found on some other discovered examples of tegulae with this stamp (ZERBINATI 1993, 110), so we can talk about the usual decoration repeating itself above the stamp or maybe the marks of the workers. Conclusion The stamps on tegulae located during the excavations at Boskina are another proof of frequent adaptations and improvements of this complex throughout the whole period of its existence. Since only a minor segment of the complex has been excavated, it is impossible to make final conclusions. However, in the combination with other finds, it could be said that the complex functioned through the 1 st and the 2nd century and had a few improvements of the roof frame. The first phase of the existence of the complex would be accompanied by the Pansiana type tegulae, which can be dated, according to the located examples, from the end of the 1 st century B.C. to mid 1 st century A.D. Seen that these are tegulae manufactured during the rule of three emperors, it seems that the roof frame was improved more times during that period or that the complex was altered. According to that, the PANSIANA type tegulae would make the first phase, TIBERI PANSIANA type tegulae the second, while the C. CESARI PANSIANA type tegulae would belong to the third group. This would mean that the last adaptation with the Pansiana type tegulae was performed at the end of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth decade of the 1 st century. The last phase in the repair of the roof frame on this building corresponds to the use of the L PETR AVI type tegulae, but only for the reparation of the residential building roof frame. Why was the type of tegulae changed? There are two possible answers to this question. The first is that the reason was more acceptable price or easier way of purchase, so that their use could start already at the beginning of the fifth decade of the 1 st century, and last until the end of the functioning of the villa. The second one would be that the Pansiana type tegulae could not be found on the market any more, which would mean that this type of tegulae were used in the last two decades of the 1 st century or in the 2nd century. If we take into consideration the fact that the Pansiana type tegulae could be found in the area of Istria until the end of their production, as well as that they are the most widespread type of tegulae in the region of the Adriatic in general, it leads to the conclusion about their acceptable price and availability. If we add to this the hypothesis that the tegulae by the same manufacturer were used during the improvement of the roof frame, because

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75. Ulomak dna lijevane staklene posude. (T.27-5). Sherd of a bottom of a cast glass vessel. (T.27-5).

r^

76. Ulomak staklenog balzamarija. (T.19-5). Sherd of a glass balsamary. (T.19-5).

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77. Nataljeno dno staklene case. (T.18-6). Fused bottom of a glass cup. (T.186).

raznovrsnost oblika i kvaliteta (CALVI 1969, 1518, DAMEVSKI 1976, 62-63). Ubrzo su osnovane lokalne radionice u provincijama. Te su vec na pocetku imitirale uvozne proizvode, pa je vrlo cesto tesko odrediti porijeklo proizvoda. Najraniji importi na podrucju Hrvatske potjecu iz sjevernoitalskih radionica, iz Akvileje koja je bila razvijen proizvodni centar i cije su radionice uz skupocjene proizvode izradivale i jeftinije proizvode namijenjene sirem trzistu (DAMEVSKI 1976, 63). Pretpostavke o postojanju lokalnih radionica na istocnoj jadranskoj obali donosi I. Fadic (FADIC 1985, 116), koji navodi dosad ustanovljene radionice u Saloni, Sisciji, i u Liburniji: Iader, Aenona, Asseria, Argyruntum, Scardona (FADIC 2004, 102). Lokalnu proizvodnju stakla na istocnoj jadranskoj obali potvrduje i velika kolicina nalaza grube staklene sirovine, pronadene u brodolomu kod rta Glavat kod Mljeta (FADIC 2004 ,96). lako je juzna Istra bogata kremenim pijeskom, potrebnim za proizvodnju stakla, zasad nije moguce potvrditi i lokalnu proizvodnju stakla u Istri (MATIJASIC 1998, 389-391). Proizvodi izradeni lijevanjem Stakleni nalazi s Boskine vrlo su fragmentirani i stoga se mogu samo okvirno tipoloski i datacijski odrediti. Najranijim nalazima pripadaju ulomci (T.22-4) - manje tamnozelene zdjelice i (T.27-5) debljeg dna tamnoplavog tanjura. Takve jednobojne posude intenzivnih boja bile su lijevane u visedijelnim kalupima, a nakon lijevanja doradene su i obrusene. Profilacijom imitiraju aretinsku keramiku i srebrno posude julijevsko-klaudijevskog doba i valja ih datirati u 1. pol. 1.st. (LAZAR 2003, 29). Malo kasnije proizvodile su se i lijevane posude od namjerno obezbojenog stakla koje su bili posljednji oblici nastali tehnikom lijevanja. Ulomci (T.8-3 i T.25-2) pripadaju plicim tanjurima koji su oblikom vrlo slicni pladnjevima. Takve u kalup lijevane posude datiraju se u 1.St., moguce prvu polovinu 1.st. (LAZAR 2003, 43,44). Proizvodi izradeni puhanjem Balzamariji Pronadena su tri ulomka balzamarija cjevastog tipa, kojima je ukupna duljina vrata nepoznata. Sluzili su za spremanje mirisnih ulja i pomasti. Ulomci (T.26-6 i T.23-8) pripadaju vjerojatno istom tipu sa stozastim tijelom i suzenjem na prijelazu tijela u vrat, a ulomak (T.19-5) vise je kapljicastog tijela, i mogao bi biti malo raniji te ga valja datirati od 1. do u prvu polovinu 2.st. (LAZAR 2003,175, 178,SI. 50,8.6.1.). Ulomke T.26-6 i T.23-8 moguce je datirati u 2.st. (KOSCEVIC 2003, 89; LAZAR 2003, 175,178, SI. 50,8.6.2.; BULJEVIC 2004, 8587; ETTINGER-STARCIC 2006, 246). Case Ulomci case s ulegnucima (T.25-5) pripadaju obliku koji je izvorno puhan, a na vrucem su staklu stvorena najcesce cetiri ulegnuca. Sacuvani su samo dno i vrlo mali dio tijela. Tu casu mozda je moguce datirati u vrijeme od druge pol. 1. do prve pol. 2.st. (LAZAR 2003, 96, SI. 32, 3.5.1., 97). Slicna

of the same dimensions and characteristics, the theory of dating to the 1 st century seems more realistic. sThe C.L.FVLL type tegulae are impossible to date on the basis of the quantity and position before their discovery. It should be emphasised that the L PETR AVI type tegulae were not used for covering of the husbandry complex. It can be concluded on the basis of the difference in colour. Namely, the difference in colour between them and the remaining two groups can be seen at first sight. They are yellow, while the other two types are red. Yellow tegulae have not been located in the area of the husbandry complex, while in the area of the residential building they were found mixed with the red ones, but in a prevalent number. This would more or less mean that the complex had been covered for the first time in the time of Augustus, and had at least two more adaptations or additions in the time of Tiberius and Caligula. Most probably at the end of the 1 st or during the 2nd century A.D. another significant improvement of the roof frame was made, during which the L PETR AVI type tegulae were used, but the older tegulae were also partly kept. We are not able to answer whether the C.L.FVLL type tegulae would belong to the period between the usages of the two abovementioned tegulae types or after the last mentioned adaptation. It should also be mentioned that besides the yellow and red tegulae for which adequate stamps have been found, a small quantity of bright red tegulae with a lot of tempers were found, but did not give any stamps. Together with another undeciphered stamp on a red tegula (T.1-15), they show that more stamp types can be expected at this archaeological site. Finally, it can be said that these excavations have broadened our knowledge about tegulae used in Istria. This refers to the L PETR AVI type of tegulae, which in this locality alone, were found in a bigger number than the total number of the ones from the Istrian area published so far, and equal to the number of all those published so far from the area of the northern Adriatic. The previously unknown variant of the Pansiana stamp is a particularly significant find, showing that our knowledge is incomplete even regarding the best known types of tegulae. Glass Finds Ivana Harasa Glass vessels used to belong to the category of luxurious household dishware. They were used for serving and storing liquids and food. The turning point in glass production, the invention of the blowpipe in the second half of the 1 st century B.C., has usually been accredited to the Syrians. The invention led to an increase of glass production through an easier mass production. The Syrian glass from Sidon was of a top quality and was present as early as the 1 st century, when, alongside Rome, Pompeii and Aquileia became important production centres, whose widely marketed products were characterised by a variety

78. Ulomak manje staklene posude. (T.26-2). Sherd of a smaller glass vessel. (T.26-2).

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casa pronadena je u grobu 551 u Emoni (PLESNICAR-GEC 1972, gr. 351, t. XCIII,9). Nekoliko ulomaka pripada casama zadebljanog oboda (T.10-2, T.18-3, T.23-11, T.26-4, T.27-6). Takav obod cest je od kraja 1.st. i od 2. st. (LAZAR 2003, 18, 19/2a). Ulomak case (T.18-6) pripada tipu s nataljenim dnom, a dno (T.7-7) casi s prstenastim nataljenim dnom. Sto se tice vrsta dna, zastupljeni su i nataljeno trakasto (cjevasto) dno (T.26-8) i varijacija s blago spljostenom prstenastom nogom (T.10-4). Case s prstenastom nogom s Boskine moguce je datirati u 2.st. (LAZAR 2003, 103, 3.6.1.). Posudama proizvedenim od namjerno obezbojenog stakla pripada ulomak ravnog oboda cilindricne case ili zdjele59 (T.26-3), koji je ukrasen dvama horizontalno urezanim vodoravnim tankim pojasevima i ulomak ravnog oboda case ili zdjelice (T.18-4). Bezbojno staklo pocelo se proizvoditi u posljednjoj trecini 1. st., a namijenjeno je za bolje stolne proizvode (LAZAR 2003, 24). Lonci / spremisne posude Obicno su cetverokutnog ili kuglastog oblika s kratkim vratom ili bez njega, a sluzili su za spremanje hrane (LAZAR 2003, 25,26), a kao urne u grobovima cest su nalaz, primjerice na Campus Martius u Puli (MATIJASIC 1991). Ulomcima vecih lonaca pripadaju dijelovi oboda (T.7-6,10, T.103). Takve vece lonce iz Akvileje M.Buora datirao je u 1. i 2. st. (BUORA 2004, 197-209), a I. Lazar takve je oblike datirala u 2. pol. 1.st. i u 2.st. (LAZAR 2003, 163 -165). Ulomak oboda (T.25-3), moguce pripada manjem loncu kvadraticnog presjeka, koji je mogao posluziti za spremanje razlicitih namirnica. Zdjelice Ulomak manje svijetlo zelene posude pripada slobodno puhanoj zdjelici lagano izvijenog ruba (T.26-2), konicnog ili bikonicnog presjeka, a mozda je mogla sluziti i kao casa.60 Ulomak ravnog dna s nataljenom nogom zakosenog presjeka (T.18-8) i ulomak omphalos dna s nataljenom prstenastom nogom (T.26-7) mozda su mogli pripadati manjim plitkim zdjelicama s prstenastom nogom i zadebljanim uscem (LAZAR 2003, 69, 2.3.2.). Boca Ulomak ravnog dna (T.18-9) i ulomak tijela (T.18-2) vjerojatno pripadaju vecoj kvadraticnoj boci, obliku koji se proizvodio puhanjem u kalup ili slobodno puhao i doradivao. Datiraju se u drugu polovinu 1.st. i u 2.st. (LAZAR 2003, 147-152). Nekoj boci mogao je pripadati i blago narebreni ulomak trakaste rucke (T.17-8).

of shapes and quality levels (CALVI 1969, 15-18; DAMEVSKI 1976, 62,63). Soon, local workshops were founded in provinces. At the beginning, they imitated imported products, so it is very often difficult to determine the origin of a product. The earliest imports to the Croatian territory were from north Italian workshops, from Aquileia, which was a strong production centre, and whose workshops produced widely marketed cheaper products, alongside luxurious items (DAMEVSKI 1976, 63). I. Fadic (FADIC 1985, 116) makes a supposition on the existence of local workshops on the east Adriatic coast, and lists the so far determined workshops in Salona, Siscia, and Liburnia: Iader, Aenona, Asseria, Argyruntum, Scardona (FADIC 2004, 102). The local glass production on the east Adriatic coast is also substantiated by a large amount of raw glass, found at the shipwreck by the cape Glavat near Mljet (FADIC 2004, 96). Although southern Istria is rich in quartz sand needed for glass production, it has not been possible so far to substantiate glass production in Istria (MATIJASIC 1998, 389-391). Products Made By Moulding The glass finds at Boskina are very fragmented and can therefore be only determined typologically and chronologically. Among the earliest finds there are sherds (T.22-4) - of small dark green bowls and T.27-5 of a thick base of a dark blue dish. These monochromatic vessels of intensive colours were poured into multi-part moulds, and after pouring were finished and burnished. With its profilation they imitate the Aretine ware and the silverware of the Julio-Claudian era, and are to be dated to the first half of the 1 st century (LAZAR 2003, 29). Somewhat later cast vessels of intentionally decoloured glass were produced and they represent the latest shapes made in the moulding technique. The sherds T.8-3; and T.252 belong to shallow dishes similar to platters in shape. These vessels, which were moulded into casts, are dated to the 1 st century, possibly the first half of the 1 st century (LAZAR 2003, 43,44). Products made by blowing Balsamaries Three sherds of tubular balsamaries were found, whose total length of neck is unknown. They were used for storing aromatic oils and unguents. The sherds T.26-6 and T.23-8 probably belong to the same type, with a cylindrical body and a narrowing at the transition between the body and the neck, while the sherd T.19-5 has a tearshaped body, could be older and is to be dated to the 1 st century, to the first half of the 2nA century ( LAZAR 2003, 175,178, SI.50,8.6.1.). The sherds T.26-6 and T.23-8 can be dated to the 2nA century.

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79. Ulomak staklenog vrca. (T.22-2). Sherd of a glass jug. (T.22-2).

Ako je rijec o zdjelici, imala bi analogije u Slovenj Gradecu, tu autorica datira analogni nalaz u 2. polovinu 1. i 2. st. (LAZAR 2003, 79, 2.5.2., 81), a analogije za casu postoje u Celju I Sempeteru, datirane takoder u 2. pol. 1st. (LAZAR 2003, 89, 3.2.3.). If this was a small bowl, there would be analogies in Slovenj Gradec. This is where the author dates an analogue find to the second half of the 1 s t and to the 2 nd century (LAZAR 2003, 79, 2.5.2., 81), while there are analogies for the cup in Celje and Sempeter, dated also to the second half of the 1 s t century (LAZAR 2003, 89, 3.2.3.).
i0

Bikonicna casa s prstenastom nogom datira se u 2.st. (LAZAR 2003, 103, 3.6.3., 104).

The bi-conic cup with an annular foot is dated to the 2nd century (LAZAR 2003, 103, 3.6.3., 104).

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Vrc Na ulomku gornjeg dijela vrca cilindricnog vrata s nepravilnim okruglim otvorom (T.22-2) sacuvan je gornji polozaj rucke. Tijelo mu je bilo vjerojatno stozastog oblika. Takvi vrcevi datiraju se od sredine do 2. pol. 1. St. (LAZAR 2003, 126, 127, 5.1.1.), odnosno do pocetka 2.st. (MANDRUZZATO, MARCANTE 2005, 84, si.157). Svi ulomci stakla, pronadeni na Boskini, mogu se datirati u 1. i 2. St., a zanimljivo je kako dosta nalaza potjece iz sonde 4, velicinom vrlo male. Metalni nalazi Robert Cimin Metalni nalazi na nalazistu Boskina cine manji dio pokretnih arheoloskih nalaza. Vecinom je rijec o zeljeznim predmetima, a nekoliko je predmeta izradeno od bronce. No, i taj relativno mali broj predmeta daje nam jasniju sliku o raznim djelatnostima kojima su se bavili stanovnici rimske vile u Boskini. Pronaden je gradevinski materijal, dijelovi rimske nosnje, obrtnicki alati i dijelovi kucnog inventara itd.61 Najveci dio metalnih predmeta pronadenih na rimskoj vili Boskina cine zeljezni cavli i klinovi razlicitih dimenzija (T.13-6-12, T.17-2-6). Vise od 20 pronadenih primjeraka masivnog je pravokutnog presjeka i plosnate glave. Svi su izradeni kovanjem pa stoga ne cudi sto pokazuju nejednolikost u velicini i obliku. Takove je cavle, a vjerojatno i ostale zeljezne predmete, izradivao kovac u samoj rimskoj vili. Prve kovane cavle na istocnu jadransku obalu donijeli su Grci, a njihova upotreba razvijala se za Rimljana (KLISKIC 2002, 507). Veci su cavli i klinovi koristeni pri povezivanju drvenih greda krovne konstrukcije i nekih drugih uporabnih predmeta izradenih od drva (npr. namjestaj, razne kutije i kovcezi), a manji su cavli koristeni pri spajanju manjih drvenih predmeta ili prilikom potkivanja konja (MATIJASIC 1997, 402; KLISKIC 2002, 507). Vrlo slicni cavli pronadeni su na vise nalazista u Hrvatskoj, primjerice u: Andautoniji (Scitarjevo-Zupna livada, PINTARIC 2007, 16, kat.67-68), Turopoljskom lugu pokraj Zagreba (KNEZOVIC, PINTARIC 2005, 21, kat.58) i Bubijevoj jami kod Barilovica (PERKIC 2002, 110, si.14-5). U nekropolama Ljubljane i Pule slicni cavli koristeni su pri vezivanju pokojnikova sanduka uz koje su polagani novci od Tiberija do Marka Aurelija (PETRU 1972, T.XII, 21-26; T.XIX, grob 138; T.XXVIII, grob 320; MATIJASIC 1991, T.3, Grob 7; T.2, Grob 3; T.5, Grob 9; T.27, Grob 66). Dakle, karakteristicni su za vrijeme 1-2. st. Osim cavala, pronadena je i jedna manja zakovica (T.17-7), tj. manji zeljezni cavao cetvrtastog presjeka, konicne glave i kratkog trna (MATIJASIC 1991, T.1, Grob 2-12).

(KOSCEVIC 2003, 89; LAZAR 2003, 175,178, Sl.50,8.6.2.; BULJEVIC 2004, 85-87; ETTINGERSTARCIC 2006, 246). Cups Sherds of cups with indentations T.25-5 belong to the shape that was originally blown, and there would usually be four indentations in the hot glass. Only the base and a very small part of the body were preserved. This cup could be possibly dated from the second half of the 1 st century to the first half of the 2nd century (LAZAR 2003, 96, SI.32, 3.5.1., 97). A similar cup was found in grave 551 in Emona (PLESNICAR-GEC 1972, gr.351, t. XCIII, 9). Several sherds belong to cups with a thickened rim (T.10-2, T.18-3, T.2311, T.26-4, T.27-6). This kind of rim is common from the end of the 1st and in the 2nd century (LAZAR 2003, 18, 19/2a). The cup sherd (T.18-6) belongs to the type with a base added by melting, and the base belongs to the (T.7-7) cup with an annular base added by melting. Among the base types there is also the striped (tubular) base added by melting (T.26-8) and a variation of it with a mildly flattened annular foot (T.10-4). The cups with annular feet from Boskina can be dated to the 2nd century (LAZAR 2003, 103, 3.6.1.). Among the vessels made of intentionally stainless glass there is also a sherd with a flat rim of a cylindrical cup or bowl59 (T.26-3), decorated with two horizontally carved thin strips, as well as a sherd of a flat rim of a cup or a small bowl (T.18-4). Stainless glass is produced from the last third of the 1st century, and was used for luxury dishware (LAZAR 2003, 24). Pots / Storage Vessels They are usually square or round with or without a neck, were used for storing food, (LAZAR 2003, 25,26), and are a common find in graves as urns, for instance at Campus Martius in Pula (MATIJASIC 1991). Among sherds of bigger pots there are parts of rims (T.7-6,10, T.10-3). These bigger pots from Aquileia were dated from the 1st to the 2nd century by M.Buora (BUORA 2004, 197 -209), and I. Lazar dates these shapes to the second half of the 1 st and to the 2nd century (LAZAR 2003, 163 -165). The sherd of the rim (T.25-3), could belong to a smaller pot of a square crosssection, which could be used for storing different supplies. Small Bowls The sherd of a smaller light-green vessel belongs to a free-blown small bowl with a mildly curved rim (T.26-2), with a conic or a bi-conic cross-section, and it might have been used as a glass.60 The sherd of a flat base with a foot added

80. Zeljezni kljuc. (T.13-14). Iron key. (T.13-14).

81. Zeljezni jednorezni noz s kruznom alkicom za vjesanje. (T.8-2). Iron one-blade knife with a circular ring for hanging. (T.8-2).

Zbog zabrinjavajuce cinjenice da su rimske vile u Hrvatskoj vecinom neobjavljene, odredenje pojedinih predmeta ucinit ce se na temelju usporedbe s nekim rimskim nekropolama. Vecina istrazenih rimskih vila u Istri i Dalmaciji objavljena je samo putem znanstvenih clanaka u raznim periodikama (Histria Antiqua, Opuscula Archaeologica, Diadora, Izdanja HAD-a, Arheoloski pregled, Vjesnik Arheoloskog muzeja u Zagrebu, Antichita altoadriatiche itd.), gdje je zbog ogranicenja broja stranica prikazana samo arhitektura i neki posebni nalazi. Because of the worrying fact that the Roman villas in Croatia have mostly been unpublished, the defining of individual objects will be done on the basis of comparisons with some Roman necropolis. Most of the researched Roman villas in Istria and Dalmatia have been published only in science articles in different periodicals (Histria Antiqua, Opuscula Archaeologica, Diadora, Izdanja HAD-a, Arheoloski pregled, Vjesnik Arheoloskog muzeja u Zagrebu, Antichita altoadriatiche etc.), where, due to the limited number of pages, only the architecture and some special finds were published.

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Pored cavala pronatJeni su i neki posebni nalazi koji nam upotpunjuju pricu o torn posjedu. U svijetu postoji opcepriznato misljenje da je sistem kljucanice i kljuca izumljen u vrijeme klasicne grcke kulture (oko 400.g.pr.Kr.). No, istina je drukcija. Grci i Rimljani taj su sistem, iako tada vrlo primitivan, preuzeli od starih Egipcana i Sumerana, a postoji i pripovijest koja potjece iz drevne Kine (DE BONO ur. 2005, 165). Prema torn su sistemu Rimljani razvili slozeniji sustav koji se sastoji od metalnog kljuca i najcesce drvene kljucanice (iako su izradivane i metalne). Upravo zbog materijala od kojeg su nacinjene, kljucanice su vrlo rijetki nalazi na rimskodobnim arheoloskim nalazistima. Za razliku od njih, kljucevi su najcesce izradivani od bronce, a neki su izradivani od zeljeza pa se stoga pronalaze u prilicno velikom broju. Vrlo su razlicitih oblika te je pokatkad vrlo tesko reci kakvog su oblika bile pripadajuce im kljucanice. Najraniji oblik rimskog kljuca sastoji se od zasuna na potezanje, a od 2.st. razvijani su sustavi kljucanica na dvostruko guranje i okretni, danasnji sustav (CARGO 2002, 551; PINTARIC, 2007, 17). Sukladno tome, postojale su i razlicite vrste kljuceva ovisno o vrstama kljucanica. Zeljezni kljuc pronaden na nalazistu Boskina (T.13-14, PN8) izravnu analogiju ima u selu Scitarjevo u blizini Zagreba (Andautonia). Rijec je o istom obliku: tijelo je pravokutnog presjeka s kruznom glavom i otvorom, te nastavak koji ulazi u kljucanicu pod pravim kutom s nekoliko zubaca (PINTARIC 2007, 1, kat.81).62 Pronaden je medu rijetkim zatvorenim cjelinama na cijelom nalazistu (Tloris 2, SJ20). Cini se da kljuc iz Boskine ima samo dva zupca, ali postoje naznake da je kljuc na torn dijelu odlomljen pa nisu sacuvani svi zupci. Vjerojatno je sluzio zatvaranju neke kljucanice na pokucstvu. Kljuc sa Zupne livade datira se u vrijeme 2-3.st., a sudeci po ostalim pokretnim arheoloskim nalazima na Boskini, taj bi kljuc bilo bolje datirati u 2.st. Gotovo identican pronaden je i u Emoni, gdje se datira u 1-2.st. (PETRU 1972, T.XCVI, 29), a slican kljuc pronaden je i u Bubijevoj jami kod Barilovica (PERKIC 2002, 110, sl.13-1) i Saloni (CARGO 2002, sl.4c, t.ll 4c). Kljucevi su u poimanju svijeta i vjere jednog rimskoga gradana imali vrlo specificnu, nama nepoznatu, ulogu. To nam pokazuje obicaj da su ih ljudi nerijetko sobom nosili na drugi svijet, kao sto se to moze vidjeti u Bubijevoj jami kod Barilovica (Karlovac) ili na ljubljanskim nekropolama (PETRU 1972, T.IX, 6, XCVI, 20-27; PLESNICAR-GEC 1972, T.CXVI-2; PERKIC 2002, 110, sl.13; DURMAN ur. 2006, 105). Moguce je rijec o vjerovanju prema kojem kljucevi otvaraju neka vrata u zagrobnom zivotu. To je vjerojatno poradi dvostrane uloge koju je kljuc imao (otvaranje / zatvaranje) i zato je znacio simbolicnu granicu izmedu zivota i smrti. Stoga rimska bozica podzemnog svijeta Hekata u ruci drzi kljuc (CARGO 2002, 551). Nalazi nozeva brojni su i vrlo se cesto pojavljuju u razlicitim varijantama i oblicima, bilo da je rijec o
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by melting and a slanted cross-section (T.18-8), and the sherd of the omphalos base with an annular foot added by melting (T.26-7) possibly belonged to smaller shallow bowls with an annular foot and a thickened narrowing (LAZAR 2003, 69, 2.3.2.). Bottle The sherd of a flat base (T.18-9) and the sherd of a body (T.18-2) probably belong to a bigger square bottle, in a shape produced by blowing into a mould or by free blowing and finishing. They are dated into the second half of the 1 st and into the 2nd century. (LAZAR 2003, 147-152). It is possible that the mildly corrugated sherd of the band-like handle belonged to a bottle (T.17-8). Jug On the sherd of the upper part of the jug with a cylindrical neck and an irregular round opening (T.22-2) The upper position of the handle has been preserved. The body was probably conical. These jugs are dated from the middle to the second half of the 2nd century (LAZAR 2003, 126, 127, 5.1.1.) i.e. to the beginning of the 2nd century (MANDRUZZATO, MARCANTE 2005, 84/sl.157). All glass sherds found at Boskina can be dated within the 1 s t and the 2nd century, and it is interesting that several finds come from trench 4, which is very small in size. Metal Finds Robert Cimin Metal finds at the Boskina site constitute a small part of small archaeological finds. Mostly they are iron artefacts, while a few of the artefacts are made of bronze. However, this relatively small number of artefacts gives us a clearer picture of the various activities that the inhabitants of the Roman villa in Boskina were undertaking. Construction materials parts of Roman clothing, craft tools, parts of household items, etc. have been found.61 The biggest part of metal artefact found at villa Boskina are iron nails and wedges of different sizes (T.13-6-12, T.17-2-6). More than 20 of the found artefacts have a massive rectangular cross-section and a flat head. They were all made by forging so it is not strange that they show differences in sizes and shapes. A blacksmith at the villa itself, made this kind of nails, and probably other iron artefacts as well. The first forged nails were brought to the east Adriatic coast by the Greeks, while their use was developed by the Romans (KLISKIC 2002, 507). Bigger nails and wedges were used for linking wooden beams of the roof structure and for some other wooden utilities (e.g. furniture, different boxes and chests), while the smaller ones were used for linking smaller wooden objects or for the shoeing of horses (MATIJASIC 1997, 402; KLISKIC 2002, 507). Very similar nails have been found at more sites in Croatia. They were found in:

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82. Obrtnicki zeljezni alati: dlijeto i svrdlo. (T.13-2,3).

Iron artisanal tools: chisel and drill.

(T.13-3,2).

Kljuc iz Scitarjeva ima osam zubaca.

The key in Scitarjevo has eight notches.

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83. Dio zeljezne potkove (T.18-7). Part of an iron horseshoe. (T.18-7).

rimskim urbanim ili ruralnim sredistima, vojnim taborima ili nekropolama. Vecinom su izradivani od zeljeza, kao i kljuc pronaden na Boskini (PN5). Sastoji se od jednoreznog kratkog sjeciva trokutastog presjeka i gotovo jednako duge, ali malo uze pravokutne drske koja zavrsava malom kruznom alkicom (T.8-2, PN5). Prava drska bila je izradena od nekog organskog materijala koji se do danas nije sacuvao, najvjerojatnije drva. Mala alkica sluzila je za ovjes, a zanimljiv je primjerak iz Ljubljane gdje se sacuvala prva karicica lanca na kojem je visio noz (PETRU 1972, T.LXXXIX, 11-12). Takvi tipovi nozeva nisu rijetki pa tako imamo analogiju i u Magdalensbergu, gdje se datira na pocetak Carstva, dakle 1.st. (DOLENZ 1998, 260, ME24). Osim tih nalaza sastavni dio inventara ruralnih arhitektura cine razni metalni alati, primjerice dlijeto i svrdlo (silo, T.13-2). Rijec je o obrtnickim alatima kojima se obraduju organski materijali, primjerice drvo ili koza. Ti organski materijali koristeni su u svakodnevnom zivotu. Tako je od koze uvijek izradivana obuca, itd. Dlijeto T.13-3 je koristeno tako da bi bilo usadeno u drvenu rucku po kojoj se potom udaralo cekicem ili se njime udaralo izravno po dlijetu. Buduci da je dlijetu s nalazista Boskina straznja strana vrlo suzena, pretpostavlja se da je ono izvorno bilo usadeno u drvenu drsku. Za vrlo slicna dlijeta paralela se pronasla u Ljubljani i Magdalensbergu (PETRU 1972, T.XLV,10, T.XC16-22; DOLENZ 1998, 202, W265). Zeljezno svrdlo T.13-2 pronadeno na Boskini ima oblik sipke s jednim zasiljenim krajem te gornjim osmerokutnim dijelom koji prelazi u donji koji je cetverokutan. Gotovo je identicno svrdlo pronadeno u Bubijevoj jami kraj Barilovica (PERKIC 2002, 110, SI.12-12), a vrlo slicno je i ono iz Magdalensberga (DOLENZ 1998, 181-182, W118). Pronadeno je jos nekoliko zeljeznih predmeta koji bi mogli biti neka vrsta alata ili njihovi dijelovi, a kojima je namjena za sada nepoznata (T.13-1). Pretpostavlja se da bi jedan medu njima mogao biti svojevrsno grebalo jer ima oblik slova L te mu je vanjska strana lagano zaostrena (T.13-4). Tako bi predmet mogao biti koristen prilikom obrade koze. Kao sastavni dio rimske nosnje pojavila se pojasna garnitura. Na Boskini je pronadena samo jedna veca zeljezna igla (T.13-5) koja je nekad zajedno s predicom cinila dvodijelnu pojasnu kopcu. Igla nije sacuvana u cijelosti, vec joj nedostaje odlomljeni krajnji dio kojim je bila pricvrscena na predicu. Vrlo slicne vece kopce pronalaze se u rimskom gradu Magdalensberg (DOLENZ 1998, 111, M287). Prilikom pronalaska zeljezne konjske potkove (T.18-7, PN3) javila se opravdana sumnja u njezinu starost i podrijetlo jer je nadena gotovo pri povrsini. Medutim, kada se pocistio sloj necistoce i korozije, na polovicno ocuvanoj potkovi osvanule su tri pravokutne rupe za cavle (posljednja se nalazi na mjestu loma). Kako je vec prije receno, stanovnici Boskine kovali su upravo takve cavle te su ih rabili u razne namjene. Medutim, arheoloska struka podijeljena je oko podrijetla i uporabe takovih potkova. Pojedini autori starije generacije (Rich, Gesner, Winckelmann) misljenja su da

Andautonia (Scitarjevo-Zupna livada, PINTARIC 2007, 16, cat.67,68), Turopoljski lug near Zagreb (KNEZOVIC, PINTARIC 2005, 21, kat.58) and Bubijeva jama near Barilovic (PERKIC 2002, 110, si.14-5). In the necropolis of Ljubljana and Pula similar nails were used for tying the caskets of the deceased, alongside which also coins were placed from Tiberius to Marcus Aurelius (PETRU 1972, T.XII,21-26; T.XIX, grave 138; T.XXVIII, grave 320; MATIJASIC 1991, T.3, Grave 7; T.2, Grave 3; T.5, Grave 9; T.27, Grave 66). Therefore, they were characteristic for the period from the 1st to the 2nd century. Apart from the nails, also a smaller rivet (T.17-7) was found, i.e. a smaller iron nail with a square cross-section, a conic head, and a short point (MATIJASIC 1991, T.1, Grave 2-12). Apart from the nails, also some special finds have been found, which complete the story of this property. There is a general understanding worldwide that the system of the lock and key was invented in the time of the classical Greek culture (around 400 years B.C.). The truth is, however, different. The Greeks and the Romans took the system over, although very primitive at the time, from the Ancient Egyptians and Sumerians, and there is also a story going back to the Ancient China (DE BONO ed. 2005, 165). Based on that system, the Romans developed a more complicated system composed of a metal key, and most commonly, a wooden lock (although metal ones were also made). Because of the materials they were made of, the locks represent very rare finds on the Roman archaeological sites. Unlike them, the keys were mostly made of bronze, and a certain number of them was made of iron, so they can be found in relatively large quantities. They are of very different shapes and it is sometimes hard to say what shape the respective locks had. The earliest form of the Roman key is a bolt, while from the 2nd century onwards, double bolts and the modern rotational system were developed (CARGO 2002, 551; PINTARIC, 2007, 17). In accordance with that, there were different types of keys, depending on the types of locks. The iron key found at the Boskina site (T.1314) has its direct analogy in the village of Scitarjevo near Zagreb {Andautonia). They have the same shape: the body has a square cross-section with around head and an opening, as well as the blade that enters the lock under a right angle with a few notches (PINTARIC 2007, 1, cat.81).62 It was found in one of the rare closed spaces at the whole site (Ditch 20). It seems that the Boskina key has only two notches, but there are indications that the key had been broken off at that point so that not all the notches were preserved. It was probably used for closing a lock on a piece of furniture. The key from the Zupna livada is dated to the period between the 2nd and the 3rd century, and judging from other small archaeological finds at Boskina, this key would be better dated to the 2nd century. An almost identical one was found at Emona where it is dated from the 1 st to the 2nd century (PETRU 1972, T.XCVI, 29), while a similar one was found at the Bubijeva jama near Barilovic (PERKIC 2002,

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Rimljani nisu poznavali konjsku potkovu vec su za to koristene samo svojevrsne nazuvke umjesto njih, tj. carape od organskog materijala. Suprotno njima, nesto mladi strucnjaci diljem Europe redovito objavljuju slicne potkove uz ostali rimski materijal iz vremena ranog Carstva. Kod njih su se nesuglasice javile u vezi s podrijetlom potkova, tj. oko pitanja da li su ih Rimljani preuzeli kao gotov proizvod od Kelta, germanskih pomocnih ceta u rimskoj vojsci, Jaziga ili turanskih naroda (VIKIC, WALTER 1955, 27; BUSULADZIC 2005, 250). Namece se i pitanje vremena preuzimanja jer neki znanstvenici negiraju upotrebu potkova prije ranog srednjeg vijeka, kada se posve razvijalo umijece kovackog obrta i konjogojstva. Medutim, u Kandiji pri Novom Mestu (Slovenija) u jednom prapovijesnom grobu iz 4.st.pr.Kr. uz prilozeno ratnicko oruzje pronadena je i jedna zeljezna potkova (VIKIC, WALTER 1955, 56, SI.18). Taj nalaz baca sjenu sumnje na teoriju potonjih autora sto se tice pojave potkove. Usprkos tome, postoji mogucnost da Rimljani svoje konje pocetkom Carstva nisu potkivali uvijek, vec samo kad bi teglecim konjima bilo ozlijedeno kopito. Broj potkova iz vremena kasnog Carstva i ranog srednjeg vijeka pokazuje da su potkove izradivane ovisno o velicini konja i njegovu sluzenju, te vremenskim uvjetima. Sve to moze se uociti i na primjerku iz Boskine (T.18-7). Ta polovicno sacuvana papucasta potkova izradena je kovanjem i najvjerojatnije je imala sest pravokutnih rupica za cavle, smjestenih blize nokatnom (najsirem) dijelu potkove. Noseca povrsina (gornja) horizontalna je, neravna i hrapava a prizemna (donja) suzuje se prema krakovima na kojima se jedva nazire plitki zlijeb za cavle. Svarci su prilicno niski i prizmaticno tupi, prema cemu bi se moglo zakljuciti da je pripadala konju koji je sluzio za prevozenje i teglenje tereta (VIKIC, WALTER 1955, 36). Vrlo slicna potkova pronadena je u Krizevcima, koja najvjerojatnije pripada potkovi straznje lijeve noge koristene u Ijetnom razdoblju. Na temelju usporedbe s Jacobijevom63 tipologijom iz Saalburga ona se datira u 2-3.st. pa nema razloga zasto i potkovu s Boskine ne bi isto datirali u jednako vrijeme (VIKIC, WALTER 1955, 36, Tab.ll,4). Za potkivanje konja potreban je tome odgovarajuci alat. Osim cekica kojim se kovani cavli pribijaju u kopito konja, kovacu je nuzno pri ruci imati klijesta kojima pridrzava potkovu. Istim se klijestima mogao kovac koristiti i pri kovanju potkove. Za pretpostaviti je da je upravo jedan zeljezni deformirani ulomak pronaden na Boskini cinio jedan krak plosnatih klijesta tipicnih za rimsko razdoblje (T.17-1). Vrlo slicna klijesta pronadena su u Magdalensbergu, gdje se datiraju u rano carsko doba, znaci 1-2.st. (DOLENZ 1998, 161, W9). Posebno zanimljiv metalni nalaz je broncani pleteni lancic (T.13-15, PN9). Izraden je od dvostrukog spleta tanke brocane zice, a na jednom se kraju medu spletom nalazi amorfni grumen

110, sl.13-1) and in Salona (CARGO 2002, sl.4c, t.ll 4c). In a Roman citizens perception of the world and religion, the keys had a very specific role, unknown to us. It is evident through the custom of taking the keys to the other world, as can be seen in Bubijeva jama near Barilovic (Karlovac) or in Ljubljana necropolis (PETRU 1972, T.IX, 6, XCVI, 20-27; PLESNICAR-GEC 1972, T.CXVI-2; PERKIC 2002, 110, si.13; DURMAN ed. 2006, 105). It is possible that it is based on the belief that the keys open some doors in the afterlife. It probably comes from the double role that the key has (opening/ closing), and because of which it represents the symbolic borderline between life and death. It is because of that fact that the Roman goddess of the Underworld, Hecate, holds a key in her hand (CARGO 2002, 551). The finds of knives are very numerous and commonly appear in different variations and shapes, whether it is a Roman urban or a rural centre, army camps or necropolis. They were mostly made of iron, like the one found at Boskina (T.8-2, PN5). It is composed of a simple short blade with a triangular cross-section and an almost equally long, but somewhat narrower square handle ending with a small round ring (T.8-2). The original handle was made of some organic material that was not preserved until today, most probably wood. The small link was used for hanging, and there is an interesting example from Ljubljana, where the first link of the chain on which the knife used to hang was preserved (PETRU 1972, T.LXXXIX, 11-12). This type of knives was not rare, so we have analogies also in Magdalensberg, where it is dated to the beginning of the Empire, therefore to the 1st century (DOLENZ 1998, 260, ME24). Alongside these finds, an integral part of the rural architectures are also different metal tools, like the chisel and the bore (T.13-2). They were craft tools used for working on organic material like wood or leather. These organic materials were used in everyday life. Shoes were always made of leather, etc. The chisel (T.13-3) was used inserted into a wooden handle, which was then hammered on, or it was used to directly hit the chisel with it. Because the chisel from Boskina has a much narrowed rear side, it can be assumed that it was originally inserted into a wooden handle. Very similar chisels have parallels in Ljubljana and Magdalensberg (PETRU 1972, T.XLV,10, T.XC,1622; DOLENZ 1998, 202, W265). On the other hand, an iron bore found in Boskina (T.13-2) is shaped as a rod with a pointed end, and an upper octagonal part that changes into the lower quadrangular part. An almost identical bore was found in Bubijeva jama near Barilovic (PERKIC 2002, 110, si.12-12), and the one from Magdalensberg is also very similar (DOLENZ 1998, 181-182, W118). Several other iron artefacts were found that could represent some kind of tools or their parts, but their use has so far remained

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84. Broncani pleteni lancic. (T.1315). Bronze plaited chain. (T.13-5).

Do danas je jedino L. Jacobi ii svom djelu Das Romerkastell Saalburg iz 1987.g. izradio podjelu antickih potkova. Until today, only L Jacobi in Das Romerkastell Saalburg from 1987 classified the antique horseshoes.

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85. Augustov as, 7.g.pr.Kr., PN2. Augustan as, 7 B.C., PN2.

zeljeza sto je najvjerojatnije preostatak zeljezne kruzne alkice. Analogija tome zamjetljiva je u blizini nase rimske vile, na pulskoj nekropoli, u jednom vrlo bogatom grobu (MATIJASIC 1991, T.23, Grob 63-4,5). Buduci da se u spomenutom paljevinskom grobu nalaze razni novci iz 1.pol.1.st. (redom od Augusta do Tiberija, Agripe i Klaudija) ne postoji razlog zasto i taj lancic ne bismo tako datirali. Takvi predmeti mogu biti koristeni u dvije slicne svrhe. Lancici se mogu aplicirati na keramicke posude visoke kvalitete (pogotovo na teru sigilatu, najvrijedniji oblik posuda) kojima nedostaju rucke. Na dvije strane posude postavljan je jedan lancic da bi se zahvaljujuci tome mogla nositi, a lancic je ujedno bio i dodatni ukras posudi. Drugi oblik koristenja tice se svjetiljki (uljanica), keramickih i broncanih (PETRU 1972, T.VIII, 11-12; T.XLIX, 23). To su posude kojima je osvjetljavan prostor te su im stoga stijenke bile zagrijavane. Kako korisnk ne bi dobio opekline, svjetiljka se ovjesavala najcesce o tri takva broncana lancica.64 Pogleda li se broj pronadenih ulomaka sigilatnog posuda (gotovo ga i nema) i keramickih svjetiljki na nalazistu Boskina (pronadena je veca kolicina ulomaka), dolazi se do zakljucka da je broncani lancic sluzio upravo tome. Zacuduje cinjenica da je lancic i danas nakon gotovo dvije tisuce godina lezanja pod zemljom vrlo savitljiv i gotovo funkcionalan. Prilicno je dobro ocuvana broncana vrlo tanka igla (T.13-13). Kako nema usicu kroz koju bi se provlacila nit za sivanje, najvjerojatnije je sluzila za vezanje odjece ili prilikom uredenja frizure. A postoji mogucnost da joj nedostaje gornji dio s cetvrtastom usicom, kao sto su primjerci iz Salone (IVCEVIC 2002, 475, 476, kat.1,3-6, si.1,3-6). Preostale metalne predmete cini tek nekoliko plocica (aplika) izradenih od tankog broncanog lima (T.19-9, T.20-11,14, PN7, PN12, PN13). Na jednoj medu njima nalazi se mala kruzna rupica (T.20-14) kojom je nalaz bio pricvrscen na drugi predmet, a druga plocica na sebi ima malu zakovicu (T.22-3). Novae Luka Bekic Prilikom iskopavanja vile na Boskini, pronadena su i tri primjerka rimskog novca. Sva tri lose su ocuvana i slabo citljiva, izlizana zbog duze upotrebe, a jedan ima cak i tragove kasnijeg prekivanja. Usprkos tome, bilo je dovoljno elemenata da se uspjesno odrede. Dva se mogu odrediti kao Augustovi kovovi 16. do 7. godine pr.Kr. a treci takoder prikazuje Augusta, ali to je posmrtni kov za cara Tiberija izmedu 22. i 30. g. Nalazi novca sukladni su sa ostalim pokretnim nalazima na Boskini. Neovisno o godini njihova kovanja, razvidno je da su duze vrijeme bili u upotrebi, barem do sredine 1.st. Upravo to razdoblje vrijeme je najveceg procvata nase vile, pa nije ni cudno da su tada izgubljeni ili odbaceni zbog istrosenosti i ostecenosti.
Najbolji nam je vec spomenuti primjer iz Pule. The already mentioned example from Pula can be used best here.

86. Augustov sestercij, 16.g.pr.kr.?, PN4. Augustan sesterce, 16 B.C.? PN4.

unknown (T.13-1). It is assumed that one of them could be a type of a comb, being L-shaped (T.134), and having a slightly sharpened outer side. The item could have been used when working with leather. As an integral part of the Roman costume, there is the belt set. At Boskina, only one bigger iron needle was found (T.13-5), which used to make, together with the belt pin, a two-part belt buckle. The needle was not preserved whole, but the end part that fastened it to the belt pin has been broken off. Very similar bigger buckles were found in the Roman town of Magdalensberg (DOLENZ 1998, 111, M287). When the iron horseshoe was found (T.18-7, PN3) there was some reasonable doubt in its age and origin, since it was found almost at the surface level. However, when the layers of dirt and corrosion were cleaned, the partially preserved horseshoe showed three square nail holes (the last one being at the point of the break). As it has been stated earlier, the inhabitants of Boskina forged exactly this type of nails and used them for different purposes. The archaeologists however have divided opinions in the origin and the use of this type of horseshoes. Some authors of the older generation (Rich, Gesner, Winckelmann) believe that the Romans were not familiar with horseshoes, but used certain types of hoof boots instead, i.e. socks made of organic materials. Unlike them, younger experts throughout Europe regularly publish horseshoes with other Roman material from the period of the early Empire. They disagree about the origin of the horseshoe, i.e. whether the Romans took over a finished product from the Celts, the Germanic auxiliary units in the Roman army, the lassi or the Turanic tribes (VIKIC, WALTER 1955, 27; BUSULADZIC 2005, 250). The question also rises regarding the time of the takeover, since a certain number of scientists deny the use of the horseshoe before early Middle Ages, when the crafts of horseshoeing and horse breeding were completely developed. However, in Kandija near Novo Mesto (Slovenia) in a prehistoric grave from the 4th century B.C., alongside weapons, there was also an iron horseshoe (VIKIC, WALTER 1955, 56, SI.18). This find casts a shadow of a doubt upon the theory of the latter authors regarding their appearance. In spite of that, there is a possibility that the Romans did not always shoe their horses at the beginning of the Empire, but only in cases of injured hoofs on working horses. The number of horseshoes from the later Empire and Early Middle Ages shows that the horseshoes were made intentionally, depending on the size of the horse and on its use, as well as the weather conditions. From the partially preserved horseshoe it is visible that it was made by forging and that it most probably had six square holes for nails placed closer to the hoof (the widest) part of the shoe (T.18-7). The bearing surface (the upper one) is horizontal, uneven, and rough, while the landing

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surface (the lower one) narrows toward its wings, where there is a barely visible shallow groove for the nails. The calkins are quite short and blunt in prism, which leads to the conclusion that the particular horse was used for transporting and pulling goods (VIKIC, WALTER 1955, 36). A very similar horseshoe was found in Krizevci, which most probably belongs to the horseshoe of the rear left leg, used in summertime. Based on the comparison with the Jacobis63 typology from Saalburg, it is dated to the period from the 2nd to the 3rd century, so there is no reason why the horseshoe from Boskina would not be dated to SI. 86. Boskina, Krvavici, A3, SJ1, PN 4. Augustus (27.g.pr.Kr.-14.g.). Roma. 16.g.pr.Kr.? the same period (VIKIC, WALTER 1955, 36, Tab.II,4). Ae 32-33 mm. Sestercij. Av.: [OB CIVIS SERVATOS] ? Some tools were needed for the shoeing of Natpis u vijencu. Nakon prekova udarena horses. Alongside the hammer, used to nail the kontramarka L.D forged nails into the horses hoof, the blacksmith Rv.: [CASINIVSCFGALLVS]IIIVIRA[AAFF] ? needs to have pliers at hand with which to hold the horseshoe. The same pliers could have been U sredini veliko S C used by the blacksmith during the forging of the (RIC I, 370, str. 69.?; ASTARTE V, 1999, 747?) C. Asinius Gallus bio je jedan od kovnicara (III horseshoe. It is to be assumed that one iron viri monetales), no moguce je da je rijec i o nekom deformed sherd found at Boskina was one part of drugom tresviru. Novac je jako prekovan, no cini the flat pliers typical for the Roman period (T.171). Very similar pliers were found in Magdalensse kako je rijec upravo o tom originalnom kovu. Prekov sadrzava samo jednu kontramarku, L.D, berg, where they are dated to the early Empire, st bez okvira, udarenu po sredini aversa. Kontramarka which means from the 1 to the 2nd century je zasad nepoznata, i treba naglasiti kako je vrlo (DOLENZ 1998, 161, W9). neobicno da je udarena u negativu, odnosno ne An especially interesting metal find is a bronze nalazi se u okviru.65 Namjena kontramarki inace plaited chain (PN9). It is made of a double plait of nije u cijelosti razjasnjena. U nekim slucajevima a thin bronze wire, and in the plait, at one end, kontramarkiranjem se sluzbeno produzavala there is a formless bit of iron, which is probably vrijednost novcu za vrijeme kasnijih vladara, ili bi the remains of the small iron ring (T.13-15). An se tako potpuno izlizanom novcu potvrdivala stara analogy to that can be seen also in the near ili davala nova vrijednost. Cesto se spominju imena distance from this Roman villa, at the necropolis vojnih postrojbi, koje bi vjerojatno takav novac in Pula, in a very rich grave (MATIJASIC 1991, upotrebljavale u novim provincijama. Medutim, T.23, Grave 63-4,5). Since in the mentioned postoje i brojni drugi prekovi, potpuno neiden- cremation grave there are different coins from the tificirani, koji mozda pripadaju raznim ljudima koji first half of the 1 st century (in order from Augustus su manipulirali vecom kolicinom novca - trgovcima, to Tiberius, Agrippa and Claudius) there is no obrtnicima, brodarima itd. Vjerojatno i nas pripada reason why this chain could not be dated so as toj skupini. well. These items can be used for two similar purposes. The chains can be applied to top-quality ceramic vessels (especially to terra sigillata as SI. 87. Boskina, Krvavici, B1, SJ25, PN 14. Augustus. Posmrtni kov u vrijeme Tiberiusa (14- most luxurious dishware), which have no handles. On two sides of the vessel, a chain is placed so 37.g.). Roma. 22-30.g. that the vessel can be carried, and it serves as an Ae 25-26 mm. As. additional decoration to the vessel as well. The Av.: [DIVUSAVGUSTVSPATER] other use is for the lamps (oil lamps), the ceramic Poprsje nalijevo. and the bronze ones (PETRU 1972, T.VIII, 11-12; Rv.: Oltar s dvojnim vratima. S I C . T.XLIX, 23). They are vessels used for lightning [PROVIDENT] (RIC I, 81, str.99; ASTARTE V, 1999, 755, 778; so that makes their walls heat up. In order not to burn the user, the lamp is usually hung on three SEAR 1974, 88, nr.424). of these bronze chains.64 If we look at the number Novac nosi lik Augusta, kojem je Tiberije u of the sherds found of the terra sigillata (there are posmrtnu cast dao otkovati ovaj As. hardly any) and of ceramic lamps at the Boskina site (a larger number of sherds was found), we Kameni nalazi can conclude that the bronze chain was used for Robert Cimin that purpose. A surprising fact is that the chain, Osim kamenih nalaza koji cine sastavne dijelove after almost two thousand years of lying under arhitekture jedne rimske vile, npr. razne baze
Od ranijih kontramarki poznate su mi samo dvije sa slovima u negativu. To su kontramarka s punciranim MM bez okvira na Kaligulinom sesterciju i TB C na republikanskom denaru, mozda za Tiberius Caesar? Te su kao i nasa udarene, a ne urezane, kakvih slucajeva takoder ima. Sve druge imaju slova u pozitivu. Among the earlier countermarks, I know only of two with the letters in the negative. It is the countermark with the punched frameless MM on a Caligula sestertius, and TB C on a republican denarius, possibly for Tiberius Caesar? These were, like ours, struck, and no t carved, and there are other cases like that. All others have the letters in the positive.

SI. 85. Boskina, Krvavici, B3, SJ8, PN 2. Augustus (27.g.pr.Kr.-14.g.). Roma. 7.g.pr.Kr. Ae 25-26 mm. As. Av.: [CAESARAVGVSTPONTMAXTRIBVNICPOT] Poprsje nadesno. Rv.: [PLVRIVSA]GRIPPAIIIVIRAAAFF U sredini veliko SC (RIC I, 427, str.75.; ASTARTE V, 1999, 752) P. Lurius Agrippa bio je jedan od kovnicara (III viri monetales), koji su se u doba Augusta jos potpisivali na novac.

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87. Tiberijev as, 22.-30.g., PN14. Tiberian as, 22-30 A.D., PN14.

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88. Veliki kameni uteg za vaganje robe, tezak 15 kg, odnosno 50 libri (quincessis). (T.21-1). Big stone weight for weighing goods, weighing 15 kg, i.e. 50 librae (quincessis). (T.21-1).

stupova itd., na nalazistu Boskina pronaden je i jedan manji dio pokretnih kamenih nalaza. Najvazniji nalazi zasigurno su utezi koji nam neposredno daju uvid u gospodarski karakter rimske vile. Naime, kroz gotovo cijelu ljudsku povijest, a tako i rimsko vrijeme, vaganje raznih stvari, robe i predmeta cinilo je jednu od presudnih radnji ili djelatnosti prilikom trgovine i razmjene dobara. Precizno vaganje bilo je presudno vazno kako bi gubici bili sto manji, a tu su radnju obavljali posebno odabrani ljudi. U Rimu su i tako na gradskoj trznici f postojali cinovnici koji su * kontrolirali tocnost vaga i f pripadajucih im utega kako f bi zastitili rimske gradane od * (ne)namjerne prevare. ' Rimljani su vrlo cesto na ' raznim uporabnim predmetima r prikazivali vaganje. Prikaze W nalazimo na novcu, npr.: Elagabalov novae (218-222.g.) ^ prikazuje bozicu Nemezu s vagom u desnoj i kopljem u lijevoj ruci, a gotovo jednak prikaz nalazimo i na Dioklecijanovu follisu (304-305.g.), gdje je umjesto Nemeze prikazana Aequitas-Moneta (CORTI 2001a, 167-168, Fig.9596). Prikazi vage vrlo su cesti i na razlicitim skulpturama. Spomenimo samo da se vaga cesce povezuje s likom Kairosa. Prikazivan je kao mladic bujne kose s cuperkom koji pazljivo motri vagu u ruci, cekajuci trenutak kad ce doci u ravnotezu, tj. povoljni polozaj i trenutak srece. Legenda govori da bi ga upravo u torn trenutku trebalo uloviti za cuperak i tako prigrabiti srecu. Najbolji primjer tog prizora u Hrvatskoj potjece iz Trogira; to je grcki reljef koji je zapravo svojevrsna varijacija Lizipova kipa iz 3.st.pr.Kr. (CAMBI 1988, 37-41; CAMBI 2002, 35, SI.28).55 Vaga prikazana na spomenutom grckom reljefu sastoji se od jarma (osovine) sa dva kraka na cijim se krajevima nalaze ovjeseni tanjuri koji primaju teret. Tako se na jednu stranu stavlja roba koja se vaze, a na drugu utezi. U rimsko se doba razvio drugi tip vage, a cinila ju je osovina na jednoj strani koje je bila zeljezna kuka57 o koju se ovjesavala roba za vaganje, a na drugoj strani bio je pomicni protuuteg najcesce izraden od bronce ili olova. Protuuteg se postavljao na odredenu udaljenost od sredista ovisno o tezini robe, a vrlo cesto bio je izraden u oblicju poprsja ' nekog bozanstva (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 202-208, 272). Varijantu te vrste oprimjeruje jednokraka vaga iz Siska (anticka Siscia)68 Izradena je od kvalitetne

the ground, is still very flexible and almost functional today. There is a relatively well-preserved very thin bronze needle (T.13-13). Since it has no eye through which the thread could be pulled, it was most probably used for tying clothes or making hairdos. There is also the possibility that the upper part with the square eye is missing, like in the examples from Salona (IVCEVIC 2002, 475, 476, kat.1,3-6, sl.1,3-6). The remaining metal items are a few small plaques made of thin bronze sheet (T.19-9, T.20-11,14, PN7, PN12, PN13). On one of them (T.20-14) there is a small round hole through which the item was attached to some other item, while the other plaque has a small ring on it (T.22-3). Money Luka Bekic During the excavations of the villa at Boskina, three pieces of Roman money were found. All three of them were poorly preserved and barely readable, worn off from prolonged use, and one of them even has marks of additional countermarking. In spite of that, there were enough elements for a successful definition. Two of them can be defined as Augustus mints from year 16 to 7 B.C., while the third one also shows Augustus, but this time as a commemorative issue in time of emperor Tiberius between years 22 and 30. The money finds correlate to other small finds at Boskina. Regardless of the year of their minting, it is visible that they were in use for a longer period, at least to the middle of the 1 st century. This is exactly the period of the greatest bloom of our villa, so it is no wonder that they were lost at that time, or thrown off for being worn out or damaged. Fig 85. Boskina, Krvavici, B3, SJ8, PN 2. Augustus (27 B.C. -14). Roma. Year 7 B.C Ae 25-26 mm. As. Av: [CAESARAVGVSTPONTMAXTRIBVNICPOT] Bust to the right.. Rv: [PLVRIVSA]GRIPPAIIIVIRAAAFF In the middle a big SC (RIC I, 427, str.75.; ASTARTE V, 1999, 752) P. Lurius Agrippa was one of the minters (III viri monetales), who at the time of Augustus still signed the money. Fig. 86. Boskina, Krvavici, A3, SJ1, PN 4. Augustus (27 B.C.-14). Roma. Year 16 B.C.? Ae 32-33 mm. Sestertius. Av: [OB CMS SERVATOS] ? Inscription in the wreath. After the restrike, it was countermarked L.D Rv: [CASINIVSCFGALLVS] 11IVIRA[AAFF] ?

89. Okrugli kameni uteg od pet libri (quincussis). (T.13-10). Round stone weight of five librae (quincussis). (T.13-10).

66 Trogirski reljef danas se cuva u samostanu sv. Nikole u Trogiru. Ubraja se medu ponajbolje grcke portrete (uz Apoksiomenosa) na istocnoj jadranskoj obali.

The bas-relief from Trogir is today kept in the monastery of St. Nicholas in Trogir. It is one of the top-quality Greek portraits (alongside Apoksiomenos) on eastern Adriatic coast.
67

Primjerci takovih zeljeznih kuka pronadeni su u Scitarjevu (PINTARIC 2007, 2, kat. 70-71). Nepoznat je pravi kontekst nalaza, a u Gradski muzej Sisak dopremljena je u kompletu sa ostalim medicinskim instrumentima.

Other specimens of such iron wires were found in Scitarjevo (PINTARIC 2007, 2, cat. 70-71).
58

The real context of the find is unknown, and the City museum of Sisak got it in a set with other medical instruments.

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bronce, a ocigledno je sluzila u Ijekarnicke svrhe. Funkcionirala je tako da se skracivanjem poluge u pravilnom omjeru prema mjestu ovjesa pri uporabi istih utega stvarao visi omjer, sto se ocitovalo razlicitim tezinama (GREGL 1983-1984, 176, T.11; GREGL 2006, 34, sl.7). Osnovna jedinica Rimljana pri mjerenju bila je libra i tezila 324-327,45 g. Razlika u tezini posljedica je vremena kada je jedinica koristena. Tako npr. u razdoblju od 1-3.st. libra je tezila 327,45 g, a poslije joj se tezina smanjila na 324 grama (4-6.St.). Libra je potom podijeljena na manje nominale, medu kojima su najvaznije bile uncia - 1/12 libre, i semis - 1/2 libre. K tome bila je i zbrajana, npr. dupondius - 2 libre te decussis u vrijednosti 10 libri. Vecini utega nakon izrade bila bi uklesana oznaka razmjerna broju libri sto je uvelike ubrzavalo proces vaganja robe. Tako je uteg s oznakom V trebao teziti pet libri ili 1,62-1,63 kg (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 274). Medutim, mramorni uteg iz Scitarjeva pronaden 2001. g. na Zupnoj livadi prilikom sustavnih arheoloskih iskopavanja69 pokazuje odstupanja. lako ima urezanu oznaku V (pet libri), tezak je 1,72 kg sto je za 0,10 kg teze od urezane oznake (PINTARIC 2007, 15, kat.br 47). Razlog odstupanja za sada je nepoznat, a postoji mogucnosti da ga treba traziti u materijalu od kojeg je izraden. Sto se tice manjih nominala libre, one se nisu oznacavale urezivanjem vec tockicama tako da broj tocaka oznacava odredeni dio libre. Tako je npr. semis oznacen slovom S od tockica oznacavao pola libre, a tri tockice znace triens iliti trecinu libre itd. Svi kameni utezi nisu bili istog oblika. Na podrucju srednje Italije (Modena, Bologna) pronadene su dvije osnovne vrste. Rijec je o okruglim kamenim utezima s ravnim gornjim i donjim dijelom ili o utezima stozastog oblika elipticnog presjeka i baze (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 283). Prilikom izrade nastojalo se da odredeni utezi imaju isti oblik po kojem su bili prepoznatljivi. Medutim, lokalna izrada donosila je iznimke: uteg iz Soliere ima oblik zetona (okrugao je i sferican), onaj iz Carpija je elipticnog asimetricnog oblika (postoji mogucnost da je nedovrsen, tj. poluproizvod) ili veliki uteg od 4 libre (quadrussis) iz Cognenta (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 285, Fig.207-5,7, Fig.208-7). No, utegu je osim oblika najvaznija ipak bila njegova tezina. Majstorima koji su ih izradivali to je zasigurno bilo vrlo tesko uskladiti zato sto svaki kamen nije iste tezine (i gustoce). Izravnu potvrdu za to daju nam sami utezi. Naime, posto bi se uteg oblikovao u zeljeni oblik, vrlo cesto trebalo je korigirati tezine jer je vrlo tesko bilo tocno procijeniti tezinu zavrsnog proizvoda. Regulacija je vrsena na dva nacina. Ako je uteg bio pretezak, otklesao bi se dio povrsine, a ako je bio prelagan, izdubila bi se rupa (razmjerna razlici u tezini) s donje strane utega i u nju bi se umetalo olovo. Busenjem takove rupe mogla se i smanjiti tezina (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 285, Fig.207-6).

In the middle a big S C (RIC I, 370, str. 69.?; ASTARTE V, 1999, 747?) C. Asinius Gallus was one of the minters (III viri monetales), but it could possibly be some other tresvir too. The coin was countermarked, but it seems to be this original described coin. The restrike contains only one countermark, L.D, frameless, struck in the middle of the obverse. The countermark is so far unknown and it should be pointed out that it is very unusual for it to be struck in the negative, i.e. it is not in the frame.65 The use of the countermarks has not completely been clarified. In some cases, countermarking officially prolonged the value of the money during the reigns of later leaders, or it would verify the old value, or give a new one to completely worn off coins. Often the names of military units are mentioned, that would usually be using that kind of money in new provinces. However, there are numerous other countermarks, completely unidentified, which may belong to different people who dealt with larger quantities of money tradesmen, craftsmen, shipmen, etc. Our coin probably belongs in this group as well. Fig. 87. Boskina, Krvavici, B1, SJ25, PN 14. Augustus. Commemorative issue in the period of Tiberius (14.-37.). Roma. 22.-30. Ae 25-26 mm. As. Av: [DIVUSAVGUSTVSPATER] Bust to the left. Rv: Altar with double doors. S I C . [PROVIDENT] (RIC I, 81, str.99.; ASTARTE V, 1999, 755, 778; SEAR 1974, 88, nr.424). The coin bears the figure of Augustus, to whose honour Tiberius had minted this As post mortem. Stone Finds Robert Cimin Apart the stone finds that are the integral part of the architecture of a Roman villa, like for example different column bases etc., at the Boskina site there was also a smaller part of small stone finds. The most important finds are the weights that give us a direct insight into the economic character of the Roman villa. Throughout almost all of the human history, as well as in Roman times, the weighing of different things, goods and items made one of the crucial activities during trades and barter. Precise weighing had a crucial importance to make the losses as little as possible, and it was done by specially appointed people. In Rome there were clerks at the market who controlled the accuracy of weighing scales and the respective weights in order to protect the Roman citizens from an (un)intentional shortweight. Very often, the Romans showed the weighing process on different objects. The images can be found on coins, for example: Elagabalus money (A.D. 218-222) displays the goddess Nemesis with a weighing scale in her right hand

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90. Manji kameni uteg od tri libre (tripondius). (T.25-7). Smaller stone weight of three librae (tripondius). (T.25-7).

39

Rijec je o utegu pronadenom u Scitarjevu (Zupna livada) 2001.g., vodi se pod inv.br. A-934.

t is a weight found in Scitarjevo (Zupna livada) in 2001, under the number A-934.

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91. Kameni tarionik za mljevenje zitarica. (T.19-10). Stone mortar for grinding cereals. (T.19-10).

Pronadeni utezi na nalazistu Boskina odgo/ varaju tipovima definiranim na podrucju srednje Italije. Sva tri izradena su od vapnenacke stijene kao i vecina iz okolice Modene. Tijekom probnih sondiranja u jesen 2005.g. pronaden je prvi uteg manjih dimenzija (T.25-7,PN1), a tijekom zastitnih istrazivanja pocetkom 2006.g. pronadena su jos dva. Najveci uteg (T.21-1, PN18) pripada tipu utega stozastog oblika s elipticnom bazom. Gornja strana mu je ravna, a na donjoj (uzoj) vidljivi su tragovi novih i starih lomova. Novi lomovi nastali su tijekom istrazivanja vile, a stari su najvjerojatnije nastali slucajno prilikom koristenja utega ili neposredno nakon njegova odbacivanja. Na gornjoj strani utega nalaze se ostaci dvije zeljezne zice pomocu kojih se uteg vjesao na vagu. Tezi 15005 g (oko 15 kg), a uzmemo li u obzir spomenuta ostecenja, najvjerojatnije je izvorno tezio 16372,5 g (16,37 kg), odnosno 50 libri {quincessis). Tako veliki utezi nisu neuobicajeni ni u Italiji, gdje se javljaju cak i tezi, npr. od 100 libri {centussis) kao primjerak iz Modene (CORTI 2001b, 360, kat. 45). Gotovo je identicnog oblika, samo mnogo manji, prvi pronadeni uteg (T.27-7). Na njemu su takoder uocljivi tragovi ostecenja, a izraden je od prilicno mekseg vapnenca pa mu je povrsina fino uglacana. Na gornjoj strani nalazi se ostatak jednog kraka zeljezne zice, a na odlomljenom je dijelu vidljiva mala kruzna rupa koja je pricvrscivala drugi krak koji nedostaje. Tezak je 830 g, a prvotno je vjerojatno tezio tri libre {tripondius) ili 982,35 g. Analogni mu je oblik pronaden Campogallianu u blizini Carpija (Italija), premda je taj osteceniji pa stoga tezi samo 731,7 g (CORTI 2001b, 359, kat. 43). Treci uteg (T.13-10, PN16) primjer je druge vrste kamenih utega. Okruglog je oblika s gornjom i donjom zaravnatom povrsinom. Na gornjoj strani nalazi se ostatak zeljezne zice i trag gdje je bio pricvrscen njen drugi krak. Na donjoj strani takoder se nalazi veci osteceni dio. Tezak je 1490 g, a prvotno je vjerojatno iznosio pet libri {quincussis) ili 1637,25 g. Direktnu paralelu ima u obliku i tezini primjerka iz Soliere (Italija), premda je taj izraden od tzv. crnog kamena (CORTI 2001b, 356, kat. 38). Naposljetku, namece se pitanje porijekla utega,

and a spear in the left, and almost the same image is found on Diocletians follies (A.D. 304-305), where instead of Nemesis there is Aequitas-Moneta (CORTI 2001a, 167-168, Fig.95-96). The images of weighing scales are very common on various sculptures as well. To mention only one case, the weighing scale is often associated with the figure of Kairos. He is displayed as a young man of luxuriant hair and a tuft, carefully observing the weighing scale in his hand, waiting for the moment when it balances, i.e. waiting for the favourable position and the moment of fortune. The legend says that at that very moment, he should be grasped by that tuft, grasping in that way the good fortune. The best example of that scene in Croatia is in Trogir, a Greek bas-relief, which is actually a variation of the Lyssipos sculpture from the 3rd century B.C. (CAMBI 1988, 37-41; CAMBI 2002, 35, SI.28).66 The weighing scale displayed at the abovementioned bas-relief is composed of an axis with two arms at the ends of which there are plates for the weight. So on one side the goods to be weighed is put, and on the other the weights. In the Roman times a different type of weighing scale is developed. It is composed of an axis with iron hooks on one side67 upon which the goods to be weighed are hung, and on the other side a movable weight usually made of bronze or lead. The weight is put at a certain distance from the centre, depending on the weight of the goods, and it can be very often made in the shape of a bust of some deity (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 202-208, 272). A variant of this type can be seen on the example of a one-armed weighing scale from Sisak (the antique Siscia). It is a top-quality product in bronze, and it was obviously used for pharmaceutical purposes. It functioned in the way that by shortening the lever in the appropriate proportion to the point of where the good is hung, when using the same weights, a higher proportion is created, manifested in different weights (GREGL 1983-1984, 176, T.1-1; GREGL 2006, 34, sl.7). The basic Roman weighing unit is a libra and it weighs 324-327,45 g. The difference in weight is the result of the period in which it was used. So for example, in the period from the 1 st to the 3rd century a libra weighed 327,45 g, while later it downsized to 324 grams (4th - 6th cent). The libra is then divided to smaller units like uncia, as 1/12 of a libra, semis as 1/2 of a libra, or added as dupondius - 2 libras, and decussis as 10 libras. After they were made, most weights had a carved sign in proportion to the number of libras, which speeded up the process of weighing significantly. So the weight with the sign V was supposed to weigh five libras, or 1,62-1,63 kg (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 274). However, the marble weight from Scitarjevo, which was found in 2001 on Zupna livada during systematic archaeological excavations,69 shows a deviation. Although it has a carved sign V (five libras), it weighs 1,72 kg, which is 0,10 kg more than the carved sign (PINTARIC 2007, 15, cat, no. 47). The reason of the deviation is so far unknown, and it

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gdje su izradivani i kada. Do danas nije poznata ni jedna radionica u Italiji i izvan nje, ali se po raznolikosti oblika cini da su postojale specijalizirane radionice smjestene najvjerojatnije u blizini velikih kamenoloma. Ne iskljucuje se pretpostavka da su poluproizvodi mogli biti prevozeni na neko drugo mjesto ili koji veci grad, gdje su dobili konacan izgled i gdje im je regulirana tezina. Dakako, u isto je vrijeme na manjem prostoru moglo istovremeno postojati nekoliko radionica (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001 288,289). Za utege pronadene na nalazistu Boskina postoji mogucnost da su proizvedeni u Istri, za sto bi bilo potrebno izvrsiti petrolosku analizu nalaza. U rimsko doba Ijekarnistvo nije bilo strucno usavrseno, a prve metalne instrumente u Hrvatsku donijeli su Grci kao rimski oslobodenici. U medicinske svrhe koristene su razne pincete, igle, klijesta i sonde za ispitivanje rana sto je pridonijelo razvoju kirurske djelatnosti (GREGL 1982, 176).70 S vremenom su ljudi otkrivali razlicite postupke u pripremi i uporabi lijekova. Pojedine su biljke kao lijek koristene u svom izvornom obliku, a druge su se morale drobiti i gnjeciti, kuhati i prociscavati. Biljke su tijestene kako bi se od njih dobio Ijekoviti sok, ili su susene i mrvljene u prah a potom kuhale u vodi ili masti. Za mrvljenje i mijesanje lijekova, ali i raznih boja i kozmetickih pripravaka sluzile su posebne posude, tarionici (lat. mortarum). Medutim, tarionik je k tome sluzio i za mljevenje zitarica i mahunarki u pripremanju hrane. U odnosu na namjenu, to su dvije osnovne vrste tarionika. Prvi su izradivani od boljeg kamena (vecinom od mramora), manjih su dimenzija i glatkih unutrasnjih strana s malim kljunom za izlijevanje sadrzaja. Drugi su izradivani od losijeg kamena (vrlo cesto od lokalnog vapnenca), a unutrasnja im je strana obicno prilicno hrapava, tj. nedovoljno uglacana zato sto nisu toliko koristeni (GREGL 1983-1984, 176,177). Osim od kamena, tarionici su izradivani od gline i metala, a postojali su i veliki drveni tarionici. Keramicki su tarionici masivne zdjele ravnog dna, manje-vise konicnog oblika sa sirokim obodom i izljevom. Unutrasnja povrsina relativno je gruba a to je posljedica koristenja (PINTARIC 2007, 14,15, kat.39-40). Treba spomenuti i tucalo ili tucak (lat. pistillum), sastavni dio tarionika. Vrlo je cesto izradivano u obliku cizme ili valjka npr. oni iz Varazdinskih Toplica, Hrtkovaca i Zadra (SUIC 1954, 59; GREGL 1983-1984, 176,177, T.2-4,5). Kameni tarionik (T.19-10, PN17) pronaden na nalazistu Boskina najvjerojatnije je sluzio drobljenju zitarica buduci da mu je unutrasnja strana neuglacana. Vrlo je ostecen te se sacuvao samo donji dio koji se sastoji od kruzne baze i donjeg dijela ovalnog recipijenta. Vidljivo je da je zapravo rijec samo o manjem dijelu veceg tarionika izradenog od vapnenacke stijene. Izuzev tri utega i tarionika izradenih od vapnenca, na nalazistu je pronaden kameni zglacani brus (PN19), izraden od boljeg i tvrdeg materijala. Predmet je sacuvan fragmentarno
70

is possible that the reason is in the material that it is made of. As for the smaller units, they were not marked by carving, but with dots, so that the number of dots stands for a certain portion of libra. So for example, semis marked S with dots stands for half a libra, and three dots stand for triens or a third of a libra, etc. All stone weights were not of the same shape. In the area of central Italy (Modena, Bologna) two basic shapes have been found. They are round stone weights with a flat upper or lower part, or they are conical weights with an elliptic crosssection and base (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 283). When they were made, it was important that certain weights have the same shape to make them recognizable. However, in local production there were exceptions: the weight from Soliera is in the shape of a token (round and spherical), the one from Carpi has an elliptic asymmetric shape (it is possible that it is unfinished, i.e. a half-product), or a big weight equal to five libras {quadrussis) from Cognento (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 285, Fig.2075,7, Fig.208-7). However, apart from the shape, the most important thing is its weight. To the craftsmen who made them it must have been very hard to standardise, simply because not all stones have the same weight (and density). A direct confirmation of that comes from the weights themselves. Namely, after the weight had been shaped into a desired from, very often corrections of its weight were needed, as it was difficult to precisely estimate the exact weight of a finished product. The regulation was done in two ways. If the weight was too heavy, a part of the surface would be chiselled off, and if it was too light, a hole would be drilled (proportionate to the difference in the weight) from the lower side of the weight and lead would be put in it. Drilling such a hole could also decrease the weight (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 285, Fig.207-6). The weights that were found at the site Krvavici-Boskina correspond to the types found in the area of central Italy. All three of them were made of limestone, like most of them from the area surrounding Modena. During the test exploratory trenching in the autumn of 2005, the first smaller weight was found (T.25-7, PN1), while during the salvage research in 2006 two others were found. The biggest weight (T.21-1, PN18) belongs to the conical type with an elliptic base. The upper side is flat, while on the lower one (the narrower one) there are visible signs of older and newer fractures. The newer fractures were made during the explorations of the villa, while the old ones were most probably made during the use of the weights or shortly after they were discarded. On the upper side of the weight, there are remains of two iron wires that were used to hang the weight on the scale. It weighs 15005 g (about 15 kg), and if we take into consideration the mentioned damages, it most probably originally weighed 16372,5 g

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92. Dio oboda kasnoantickog lonca.

(T.12-1).
Part of a rim of a late Roman pot (T.12-1).

O rimskim medicinskim instrumentima u nekoliko je navrata pisao Zoran Gregl.

Zoran Gregl wrote about Roman medical instruments in several instances.

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(sredisnji dio), a koristen je za ostrenje razlicitih metalnih ostrica, sto je uocljivo po prilicno potrosenim i zaglacanim vecim povrsinama (T.272). Moguce je da se upravo njime ostrio i pronadeni zeljezni noz na rimskoj vili. Takve nalaze nemoguce je samostalno datirati, jer su koristeni gotovo u neizmijenjenom obliku za sve vrijeme Rimskog Carstva. Keramicki nalazi - kasna antika Luka Bekic Usprkos tome sto se villa rustica na Boskini noze datirati u ranije rimsko razdoblje, otprilike od jocetka 1.do prve polovine 2.St., u istrazenim ;lojevima pronadeno je i ponesto mladih nalaza. U biti, rijec je iskljucivo o ulomcima keramickih josuda koje se mogu datirati u kasnoanticko azdoblje. Ulomci gotovo iskljucivo potjecu iz SJ1, Ddnosno sloja rusenja i zasipa gradevinskih Dstataka vile. Taj sloj razlicite je debljine, a prostire se preko gotovo cijelog arheoloski istrazenog podrucja. Mladi nalazi se uglavnom nalaze u sektoru B, odnosno okolo urusenja stambene zgrade i nad njim. Gotovo svi ulomci su usitnjeni pa nije bilo moguce pronaci posve pouzdane usporedbe, no prema opcim znacajkama nema sumnje kako je rijec o kasnoantickoj keramici. Pronadena keramika pripada gruboj, kucnoj kasnoantickoj izradi na loncarskom kolu. Pripisuje se romanskim starosjediocima i najcesce se nalazi na njihovim utvrdenim pribjezistima {refugium). U literaturi se opisuje kao jugoistocno alpska kucna keramika (BIERBRAUER 1987, 1988 i drugi).71 Na tablama su prikazani neki karakteristicni primjeri toga gradiva. Jedan dio keramickih nalaza karakteriziraju veca neprociscenost gline ili dodavanje raznih primjesa - sljunka, drobljenog kamena (vapnenca ili kvarcita). Posude mogu biti ukrasene visestrukim valovnicama ili nizom usporednih crta. Takoder je cest plitki metlicast ukras koji moze ici vodoravno, okomito ili u kombinaciji. Boje su u rasponu od svijetlo smede do erne, a mogu biti tanjih ili debljih stijenki (najcesce 5 do 10 mm). Ulomak T12-8 je primjer takve posude s visestrukom, pravilnom valovnicom. Valovnice su s vremenom pocele gubiti svoju pravilnost pa su im amplitude bivale jace i intervali cesci, a i sama izvedba valovnice postala povrsnija. Ulomak T12-4 pripada cestim loncima jugoistocno alpske keramike, s plitkim metlicastim ukrasavanjem (Invillino, BIERBRAUER 1987, t.11518; Tinje CIGLENECKI 2000, t.20-9; gg fe, Hemmaberg, RODRIGUEZ 1997, R t.8-3; itd.). Veci udjel medu kasnoj k antickim posudama cine i erne porozne posude (rupi-

93. Dio oboda kasnoantickog lonca. (T.12-4). Part of a rim of a late Roman pot (T.12-4).

94. Dio trbuha vece kasnoanticke spremisne posude. (T.12-7). Part of a belly of a late Roman storing vessel. (T.12-7).

caste) koje svoj izgled

duguju dodacima glini koji su propali prilikom pecenja. Poroznost kasnoantickih i ranoslavenskih posuda jos nije potpu-

(16,37 kg), i.e. 50 libras [quincessis). Weights of this size are not unusual in Italy either, where there were some even heavier ones, for example 100 libras [centussis), like the example from Modena (CORTI 2001b, 360, cat. 45). Almost identical in shape, but much smaller in size, was the first weight that was found (T.25-7). It also has visible signs of damage, and it was made of somewhat softer limestone, so its surface is finely burnished. On the upper side, there is the remaining part of one end of an iron wire, and on the fractured part, a small round hole is visible which tied the other missing end. It weighs 830 g, and originally it probably weighed three libras [tripondius) or 982,35 g. The analogy in the shape is found in Campogalliano near Carpi (Italy) although that one is more damaged and weighs only 731,7 g (CORTI 2001b, 359, cat. 43). The third weight (T.13-10, PN16) represents a different type of stone weights. It is round and has both the upper and the lower side flat. On the upper side, there are remains of an iron wire and the marks of where the other part was fastened. On the other side there is also a bigger damaged part. It weighs 1490 g, while it originally probably weighed five libras [quincussis) or 1637,25 g. A direct parallel in shape and weight is in the example from Soliera (Italy), although that one was made of the so-called black stone (CORTI 2001b, 356, cat. 38). Finally, the question of the origin of the weights is raised, where they were made and when. Until today, not one workshop in Italy or abroad has been discovered, but because of the variety of shapes, it seems that there were specialised workshops probably in the vicinity of bigger quarries. We cannot exclude the assumption that the half-products were transported to a different place or a bigger town where they were finished and where their weight was regulated. Naturally, at the same time there could have been several workshops in a smaller area (CORTI, PALLANTE, TARPINI 2001, 288,289). For the weights found at the Boskina site, there is a possibility that they were made in Istria, which would require a petrologic analysis of the finds. In Roman times, the pharmacies were not expertly perfected, and the first metal instruments were brought to Croatia by the Greeks, set free by the Romans. For medical purposes, different tweezers, needles, pliers and wound probes were used, which greatly contributed to the development of surgical skills (GREGL 1982, 176).70 With time, people discovered different procedures in preparing and using the medicines. While some herbs were used as a medicine in their original form, others had to be ground and crushed, cooked and filtered. Herbs were crushed in order to get medicinal liquids, while others were dried and crushed to powder and then were cooked in water or oil. The grinding and mixing of medicines, but also of different dyes and cosmetic products was done in a special vessel called a

Sudostalpinen Hauskeramik, suedostalpinen Gebrauchskeramik...

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no rijesena. Sto se tice kasnoantickih posuda, opcerasireno misljenje je da rupice potjecu od primjesa drobljenog kamena vapnenca slabije kvalitete, koji nije bio otporan na visoke temperature prilikom pecenja. Uglavnom nisu ukrasene, ali neke imaju spletove usporednih vodoravnih linija. Karakteristicne su i linije na unutrasnjim stijenkama posuda, osobito na unutarnjem dijelu vrata. Takve posude poznate su s brojnih nalazista u Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj, Italiji pa i Madarskoj. Ta tehnika izrade posuda datira u razdoblje od druge polovine 4.st. do 6.st. U tu grupu spadaju ulomci T12-1,2,3,4,5,6. T12-6 klasican je primjer lonaca te grupe s naglim prelaskom iz ramena u vrlo razvraceni obod posude. Obodi su uglavnom ravni. No obodi mogu biti ili lagano zasiljeni kao T12-3,5. U tu grupu trebalo bi ubrojiti i ulomak velike spremisne posude, T12-7, pitosa, na povrsini kojega su zamijetljive brojne rupice, a u prijelomu komadici drobljenog vapnenca. Pitosi s plasticnom trakom ukrasenom jagodicama prstiju nisu novost. Nasem primjerku je po obliku vjerojatno srodan cjelovit primjerak s nalazista Brijuni - Kastrum, no taj je izraden drugom tehnikom. Kastrumski primjerak datira se u 5 - 6.st. (MARUSIC 1987, sl.6-1, 83). Srodnost s prethodnom grupom iskazuju oblici poput T12-2, koji ima vise sacuvanih kamencica negoli rupica kao i 179, koji se po obliku posve moze ukljuciti u poroznu keramiku. Samo radi fakture i neuredne izrade, treba spomenuti i dio keramickog predmeta nejasne namjene, T12-9, premda zasad ne moze biti datiran. Ta tri spojena ulomka cine cjelinu nekog ravnog, rucno izradenoga predmeta s rubom. Nacinjen je bez upotrebe kola, od neprociscene gline bez dodavanja primjesa. Drugi ulomci, koji se ne mogu spojiti u tu cjelinu, pokazuju da je predmet mjestimice bio i znatno debljih stijenki. S obzirom na prepaljenu gradu, mozemo predmijevati da je to dio neke peci ili pokretnog ognjista. U zbirci kasnoanticke keramike s Boskine nisu zastupljene raskosnije, uvezene kasnoanticke posude, naprimjer africke uljanice, kasna terra sigillata i slicno. Dosad opisane predmete mozemo datirati u razdoblje od polovine 4.st. do najkasnije u 6.st. Izvan toga kasnoantickog skupa treba spome nuti dvije posude (jedna je restaurirana u cijelosti) koje bi se mogle datirati u ranosrednjo-vjekovno razdoblje. Rijec je o dijelu manjeg lonca T20-2 i vecem loncu T20-1, oba nadena u povrsinskom sloju urusenja (SJ1) sjeverno od stambene zgrade - u medusobnoj neposrednoj blizini. Manji neukrasen lonac u cijelosti je bio izraden rucno, bez pomoci loncarskog kola. Taj ulomak nema odlike kasnoantickih romanskih posuda, vec nosi biljege izrade i oblika doba seobe naroda, lako moguce ranoslavenske. S obzirom da takvih nalaza s podrucja sjevernog Jadrana nije mnogo objavljeno, tesko je pronaci neke paralele. Slicni su nalazi poznati iz sv.Sofije u Dvigradu (MARUSIC 1976, 58 t.XXXIV-1) te neobjavljeni s Polacina kod Ferenaca ili Osora.72 Druga posuda je rekonstruirani lonac T20-1.

mortar (lat. mortarum). However, except for these purposes, the mortar was used also for grinding cereals and leguminous plants for the preparation of food. Those are two basic types of mortars according to their use. The first ones were made of stones of a better quality (mostly marble), smaller in size, and smooth on the inside with a small beak for pouring the contents. The others were made of lower quality stones (very often local limestone), and on the inside they are usually quite rough, i.e. not burnished enough simply because they were not used so much (GREGL 1983/1984, 176,177). Apart from the stone, mortars were also made of clay and metal, and there were also big wooden mortars. Ceramic mortars are ceramic vessels with a flat bottom, more or less conical in shape, with a wide edge and rim. The inside is relatively rough, as a direst result of constant use (PINTARIC 2007, 14,15, kat.39-40). Also the pestle should be mentioned (lat. pistillum), as an integral part of the mortar. Very often it was made in the shape of a boot or a cylinder, like for example the ones from Varazdinske toplice, Hrtkovci and Zadar (SUIC 1954, 59; GREGL 1983/1984, 176177, T.2-4,5). The stone mortar (T.19-10, PN17) found at the Boskina site was most probably used for crushing cereals, since the inside is not burnished. It is very damaged, and only the lower part has been preserved, which is made of a round base and the lower part of an oval recipient. It is visible that it is only a smaller part of a bigger mortar made of limestone. Apart from the three weights and the mortar made of limestone, a stone burnished whetstone was found (T.27-2), made of a better and harder material. The object was preserved in fragments (the central part), and it was used for sharpening different metal blades, which is visible on larger surfaces that have been polished and worn out. It is possible that it was used to sharpen the iron knife, which was found at the Roman villa. These finds are impossible to be dated independently, since they were used in almost unchanged form during the whole duration of the Roman Empire.

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95. Dio oboda kasnoantickog lonca. (T.12-3). Part of a rim of a late Roman pot. (T.12-3).

Ceramic Finds - Late Antique Luka Bekic

Despite the fact that villa rustica at Boskina can be dated to an earlier Roman period, approximately from the beginning of the 1st to the middle of the 2nd century, in the researched layers there were also some younger finds. In fact, they are most ceramic vessel sherds that can be dated to the late antiquity. Almost all of these sherds come from Layer 1, which is the layer of the cave-in and the filling in of the structural remains of the villa. This layer varies in thickness and spreads almost over the whole archaeologically researched area. The younger ones are mostly in sector B, i.e. around and above the cave-in of the residential building. Almost all sherds have been fragmented so it was not possible to find definite parallels, but according to general characteristics, there is no doubt that it is late antiquity ceramics. The ceramics that was

96. Dio keramicke peci?. (T.12-9). Part of a ceramic stove?. (T.12-9).

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Takoder je neukrasen i bez tragova izrade na brzovrtecem kolu, odnosno s tragovima modeliranja prstima. Od prethodnoga primjerka razlikuje se osim po velicini i po tome sto, cini se, oponasa kasnoanticke lonce jugoistocno alpske kucne keramike, barem prema izvedbi vrata i oboda Dosude. Usprkos tome sto je posuda vjerojatno naknadno gorjela, oblik i nacin izrade toliko su Drimitivni da je taj lonac nemoguce uvrstiti medu osnoanticke izvornike koji su u Istri redovito -adeni na kolu. Pitanje datacije te dvije posude se asad sa sigurnoscu ne moze ustanoviti; medutim, /rlo vjerojatno je rijec o 7. Hi pocetku 8. st. Taj uzorak kasnoanticke keramike, mali u ;veukupnom postotku ranorimske keramike na 3oskini, te njegov stratigrafski biljeg mogu se Drotumaciti na dva nacina. Prva mogucnost je da je neki dio vile u 4.st. ponovno naseljen, no ne 97. Dio manjeg ranosrednjovjekovnog onaj koji smo istrazili. Tu mogucnost mozda ce lonca. (T.20-2). potvrditi nastavak istrazivanja vile sljedecih Part of a smaller early medieval pot. godina. (T.20-2). Druga, meni uvjerljivija mogucnost je da je od 4.St., (ili prije), zapocelo opseznije koristenje napustene vile kao kamenoloma. Moguce za potrebe novih kasnoantickih naselja u okolici, kojih je nesto zapadnije zabiljezeno mnogo (guranska i buranska polja). Tada su pljackasi kamena mogli 98. Rekonstruirani veci i ostaviti svoje razbijene posude u sloju urusenja ranosrednjovjekovni lonac. (T.20-1). Reconstructed bigger early medieval zgrada. Nadalje, u zbirci kasnoanticke keramike s Boskine nisu zastupljene raskosnije, uvezene pot. (T.20-1). posude kao primjerice africke uljanice, kasna terra sigillata, novae, staklo i slicno. A to su inace razmjerno uobicajeni nalazi za kasnoanticka naselja

found belongs to the rough, homemade late antique ceramics made on the pottery wheel. It is ascribed to Roman natives and it can mostly be found on their fortified refugium. In literature it is described as southeastern Alpine homemade ceramics (BIERBRAUER 1987, 1988 and others).71 Some characteristic examples of this are shown in the tables. A part of the ceramic finds is characterised by impurity of the clay or the addition of substances - gravel, ground stone (limestone or quartz). These vessels can be decorated with multiple wave lines or a series of parallel lines. Very common was also a shallow brushed decoration that can be horizontal, vertical or combined. The colours vary from light brown to black, and can have thinner or thicker walls (mostly 5 to 10 mm). A specimen of such a vessel with a multiple regular wave line is sherd T12-8. The wave lines lose their regularity with time so the amplitudes become more pronounced, the intervals more frequent and the forming of the wave line more shallow. The sherd T12-4 belongs to the category of common pots of southeastern Alpine ceramics, with shallow brushed decorations (Invillino, BIERBRAUER 1987, t.115-18; Tinje CIGLENECKI 2000, t.20-9; Hemmaberg, RODRIGUEZ 1997, t.8-3; etc.). A bigger part of the late antique vessels are also black porous vessels that look like that due to the additives to the clay that decayed during the baking. The porosity of the late antique and the early Slavic vessels has not been completely solved. As for the late antique vessels, it is generally believed that the holes come from the addition of crushed limestone of a lower quality, which was not resistant to higher temperatures during baking. They are mostly not decorated, but some of them have got plaits of parallel horizontal lines. Also characteristic are the lines on the inner walls of the vessels, especially on the inner part of the neck. These vessels are known from numerous sites in Slovenia, Croatia, Italy, and even Hungary. This technique of making vessels is dated to the period from the second half of the 4th century to the 6th century. In this group there are sherds T121,2,3,4,5,6. T12-6 is a classic example of a pot from this group with a sharp transition from the shoulders to a very neckless rim of the vessel. The rims are mostly flat. However, the rims can also be slightly pointed, like in T12-3,5. In this group there should also be put the sherd of a big recipient, T12-7, pithos. On this specimen there are numerous holes on the surface, while in the fracture there are visible bits of ground limestone. Pithoi with a plastic band decorated with fingertips are nothing new. To our specimen there is a probable analogy in the wholesome specimen from the site Brijuni - Kastrum, but the latter one was made using a different technique. The specimen from Kastrum is dated to the 5th - 6th century (MARUSIC 1987, sl.6-1, 83). The analogy with the previous group is shown in forms like T12-2, which

Neobjavljeni nalazi; zahvaljujem kolegama Ranku Starcu i Fini Juros-Molardin na uvidu u nalaze. Unpublished finds, I thank my colleagues Ranko Starac and Fina Juros-Mofardin for the insight to the finds.

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has more preserved stones than holes, like T7-9, which by its form can be seen as a part of the porous ceramics. Because of the texture and an untidy workmanship, a part of a ceramic object of an unclear purpose should be mentioned here, T129, although so far it can not be dated. These three matched sherds make a whole unit of a flat, handmade object with an edge. It was made without using the wheel, of unpurified clay without additives. Other sherds, which can not be matched Arheozooloska analiza animalnih kostanih into this unit, show that the object partly had ostataka i zubi thicker walls. Considering the burnt texture, we - Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic can assume that it was a part of an oven or a mobile U ukupnom uzorku od 430 ostataka kostiju i hearth. zuba zivotinja s arheoloskog lokaliteta Boskina The late antique ceramic collection from uocava se izrazita fragmentiranost, sto se ocituje Boskina does not have any more luxurious, time da je 22,79% uzoraka odredeno kosturno, imported ceramic late antique vessels, like for odnosno 20,86% uzoraka i kosturno i takso- example, African lamps, late terra sigillata and nomski, i to kako slijedi (Grafikon 1.). similar. The so far mentioned objects can be dated U skupinu malih prezivaca ubrojeni su kostani to the period from the middle of the 4- century to fragmenti ovaca {Ovis aries L.) i koza {Capra hircus the latest into the 6th century. L), a u skupinu velikih prezivaca kostani fragmenti Apart from this late antique collection, two other goveda (Bos sp.) i jelena obicnog (Cervus elaphus vessels should be mentioned (one of them being L.) koji zbog ostecenja, a time i nedovoljno completely restored) which could be dated to early anatomskih pokazatelja, nisu mogli biti tocnije Middle Ages. It is a part of a smaller pot T20-2 and taksonomski odredeni. Stoga su fragmenti ptica a bigger pot T20-1, both found in the surface uvrsteni u skupinu Aves sp layer of the cave-in (LayeM) north from the Jednako tako, fragmenti kostanih ostataka i residential building - in a direct vicinity from each zubi goveda oznaceni su kao Bos sp. zato sto zbog other. izrazite fragmentiranosti nije bilo moguce obaviti The smaller undecorated pot was completely osteometrijsku analizu a time ni odrediti pripadnost handmade, without using the pottery wheel. This divljem (Bos primigenius) ili domacem (Bos taurus) sherd has no characteristics of late antique Roman govedu vessels, but bears the marks of the workmanship U tabelarnom prikazu kosturne odredbe prema and characteristics of the period of the migrations skupinama zivotinja (Tablica 1.) nisu prikazana 4 of peoples, very possibly early Slavic. Taking into kosturna elementa ptica medu kojima su consideration that not many of such finds from determinirane 2 gavranove kosti (os coracoides) i the area of the eastern Adriatic have been 2 piska (os tarsometatarsale) published, parallels are difficult to find. Similar Prema tablici 1 razvidno je da je najveci broj finds are known from Sv.Sofija in Dvigrad ocuvanih ostataka zubi, sto je prilifino uobicajeno (MARUSIC 1976, 58 t.XXXIV-1) and the na arheoloskim lokalitetima, jer su zubi zahvaljujuci unpublished ones from Polacine near Ferenci or visokom udjelu anorganskih tvari (u zubnoj caklini Osor.72 96%) najtvrdi dio tijela i mogu u zemlji ostati The other vessel is a reconstructed pot T20-1. ocuvani duze negoli kosti. Epifize dugih kostiju It is also undecorated and with no marks of it takoder su malo bolje ocuvane zato sto su dijafize being made on a fast rotating wheel, that is with manje otporne i od njih zaostaju komadici koje se marks of it being modelled with fingers. It differs moze determinirati samo kao fragmente dugih from the latter specimen, except in size, also in kostiju, pa se uglavnom iskljucuju iz analiza. that it imitates late antique pots of the southeastern Na fragmentu desne bocne kosti velikog Alpine homemade ceramics at least in the form of prezivaca, neposredno uz zglobnu casicu kuka the neck and the rim of the vessel. In spite of the (acetabulum), vidljiv je kratak i sirok zasjek, koji je fact that the vessel probably caught fire later on, najvjerojatnije nastao kao posljedica udarca vecim the form and the workmanship are so primitive ostrim predmetom (npr. sjekiricom), a radi that this vessel can be listed among the late odvajanja straznjeg ekstremiteta od trupa, sto se antique originals that were usually made on the ubraja u tzv. primarno mesarenje (primary wheel in Istria. The issue of dating these two butchery) vessels can not be so far resolved, but it is very Urezi ostrim predmetima nadeni su na epifizama probably the 7- or the beginning of the 8* century. dugih kostiju, pogotovo na distalnoj epifizi This specimen of late antique ceramics, small nadlakticne kosti (si. 99), sto upucuje na dezarti- in the overall portion of early Roman ceramics at kulaciju u lakatnom zglobu, odnosno komadanje Boskina, and it stratigraphic stamp, can be prednjeg ekstremiteta na manje dijelove, sto se interpreted in two ways. The first possibility is smatra tzv. sekundarnim mesarenjem (secondary that a part of the villa was inhabited again in the butchery) 4th century, but not the part we explored. We might Nesto su bolje ocuvani ostaci zdjelicnih kostiju, find the confirmation of this possibility during the

i vile. To bi se moglo opravdati postavkom da su pljackasi bili siromasni ili da takve vrednije predmete na svoj kamenolom nisu ni donosili. Dvije ranosrednjovjekovne posude zasad se tesko mogu preciznije datirati. Po svemu sudeci mogu potjecati iz 7. ili 8.st. Njihov pronalazak zasad se ne moze tumaciti drukcije nego u vezi s kratkotrajnim boravkom ljudi na prostoru rusevina vile, mozda nekog manjeg slavenskog roda koje je tuda prolazilo sa svojim stadom.

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Grafikon 1. Taksonomska odredba animalnih ostataka s lokaliteta Boskina Chart 1. Taxonomical specification of the animal remains from the site Krvavici.

Tablica 1. Odredba kosturnih elemenata prema skupinama zivotinja s lokaliteta Boskina Table 1. Specification of the skeletal elements according to the groups of animals from the site Krvavici.

i to prvenstveno acetabulum, odnosno zglobna casica kuka i ostaci donje celjusti. Gornji clanci prstiju takoder su nesto ocuvaniji primarno zahvaljujuci svojoj gradi, jer su to relativno kratke kosti koje su oblozene zbitom kostanom tvari (substantia compacta), pa je zapravo neuobicajeno sto u tom uzorku nema vise zapescajnih (ossa carpi) i zastopalnih (ossa tarsi) kostiju i clanaka prstiju (phalanges). Uz ostatke zivotinja i ptica pronadeni su i ostaci morskih puzeva i skoljaka: - 3 ljusture skoljaka koje pripadaju porodici Ostreidae (ostrige, kamenice); - 5 kucica ili fragmenata kucica morskih puzeva koje pripadaju porodici Muricidae (bodljikavi volci); - 1 ljustura skoljke koja vjerojatno pripada porodici Nuculidae (orascic);

continuation of the exploration of the villa in the following years. The other, in my opinion, a more probable possibility, is that from the 4th century (or earlier), the abandoned villa was more thoroughly used as a quarry. Possibly for the needs of the new late antique settlements in the vicinity, which were noted many in the area somewhat to the west (the fields of Guran and Buran). Then the stone robbers could have left their broken vessels in the layer of the cave-in of the buildings. Further, in the collection of the late antique ceramics from Boskina there are no more luxurious, imported ceramic late antique vessels, like for example, African lamps, late terra sigillata, coins, glass and similar. And those are relatively common finds for late antique settlements and villas. This could be argued with the hypothesis that the robbers were poor, or that they did not bring such objects of value to their quarry. Two early medieval vessels can hardly be dated precisely for now. On all accounts, they could originate from the 7th or the 8th century. Their discovery can not be so far interpreted as other than a short-term stay of people at the remains of the villa, possibly a smaller Slavic tribe passing through with their herd. Archaeozoologic Analysis of Animal Bone Remains and Teeth Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic In the complete sample of 430 bone remains and teeth of the animals from the archaeological site Boskina there is a prominent fragmentation visible in that fact that 22,79% of specimens was defined skeletally, i.e. 20,86% of specimens both skeletally and taxonomically, as follows (Chart 1): In the group of small ruminants there are bone fragments of sheep (Ovis aries L.) and goats (Capra hircus L ) , and in the group of large ruminants there are bone fragments of cattle (Bos sp.) and deer (Cervus elaphus L.) that, because of the damage, and therefore a lack of anatomical indicators, could not have been more precisely taxonomically specified. For the same reason the bird fragments were put in the group Aves sp. Also, the bone remains fragments and the teeth of the cattle were marked as Bos sp. because the pronounced fragmentation made the osteometric analysis impossible, and as well the specification whether they belonged to the wild (Bos primigenius) or the domesticated (Bos taurus) cattle. In the table showing the bone specifications according to the groups of animals (Table 1) 4 bone elements of birds are not shown, out of which two raven bones were determined (os coracoides) and two jays (os tarsometatarsale). From table 1 it is visible that the largest number of the preserved remains is that of the teeth, which is quite common on archaeological sites, because the teeth, for the high proportion of inorganic substance (96% in the enamel) is the hardest part of the body and can stay in the ground preserved longer than the bones. The epiphyses of the long

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- 4 fragmenta morskog puza koji vjerojatno pripadaju istom puzu ali se zbog fragmentiranosti i ostecenosti ne moze reel o kojoj porodici morskih puzeva je rijec; - 2 fragmenta skoljke ili morskog puza koji se zbog velike fragmentiranosti i ostecenosti ne mogu poblize determinirati. S obzirom na navedeno, proistjece da je koristeno govede meso i meso malih prezivaca, uz znacajan udio svinjskoga mesa a nalazi kostanih ostataka jelena obicnog i divlje svinje upucuju na to da su se ondasnji stanovnici rimske vile bavili i lovom. Nalazi ostataka morskih puzeva i skoljaka potvrduju to da su takoder koristeni u ishrani. Na temelju nesrastenih epifiza fragmenata kostiju svinja (Sus sp.), procijenjeno je da su bile mlade od jedne, odnosno dvije godine. Epifizna linija zamjetljiva na nadlakticnoj kosti divlje svinje pokazuje da je bila u dobi od oko 1,5 godine (si. 105). Na temelju distalne epifize bedrene kosti goveda, gdje je vidljiva epifizna linija, dob je procijenjena na 3,5 - 4 godine. Osteometrijska vrijednost najvece sirine te epifize (Bd= 76,60 mm) upucuje da je rijec o zenskoj zivotinji. Ako se uzme u obzir da je najvjerojatnije rijec o kasnozrelom tipu goveda, pretpostavlja se da se tijekom zivota mogla oteliti 2 - 3 puta. lako je vjerojatno da su konji sluzili za rad, na fragmentima distalnih dijelova ekstremiteta nema patoloskih promjena na temelju kojih se to moze dokazati. Jednako tako, na ostacima kostiju konja nema rezova ni ostalih tragova izglobljavanja i mesarenja koji bi upucivali da je za ishranu ljudi koristeno njihovo meso.

ZAKLJUCAK Ivana Harasa, Luka Bekic

Medu najstarije nalaze na Boskini ubrojeni su jedan kremeni nozic i ulomci prapovijesne keramike koja pripada u stariju fazu srednjeg broncanog doba Istre, a manji dio mogao bi odgovarati zavrsnoj fazi ranijeg broncanog doba. Tragovi naseobinskih objekata koji bi odgovarali tim fazama nisu uoceni na dosad istrazenom podrucju, ali se po svemu sudeci nalaze u neposrednoj blizini trase plinovoda. To prapovijesno nalaziste ipak je vrlo zanimljivo i upucuje na postojanje manjih naselja koja nisu bila osigurana masivnim kamenim bedemima. Osobitosti tih manjih rastrkanih prapovijesnih naselja arheologija tek treba istraziti i uklopiti u sliku prilicno dobro poznatih vecih gradinskih naselja. Sljedece razdoblje naseljavanja tog nalazista pocelo je u vrijeme dolaska Rimljana. Teritorij istarskog poluotoka bio je u doticaju s rimskom civilizacijom vec u republikansko doba. Nakon uspjeha u ratovima protiv Histra i razaranja Nezakcija, 178 - 177. g.pr.Kr., Rimljani su uveli svoju upravu, te se moze pretpostaviti da u to vrijeme pada prva faza kolonizacije, kada je domacem stanovnistvu oduzet najveci dio plodnog zemljista i pretvoren u ager publicus (ZANINOVIC 1995, 151). Druga faza kolonizacije uslijedila je oko

bones are also somewhat better preserved, as the diaphyses are not as resilient, and from them only small fragments are left which can only be determines as long bone fragments, so they are commonly excluded from the analyses. On the fragment of the right hip bone of a large ruminant, right next to the hipbone socket, the acetabulum, a short wide cut is visible, most probably made as a result of a strike with a larger sharp object (e.g. a small axe), for the purpose of separating the rear extremities from the body, the so-called primary butchery. The cuts made with sharp objects were found on the epiphyses of the long bones, especially on the distal epiphysis of the humerus (Image 1), pointing to a disarticulation in the elbow, i.e. cutting the front extremities to smaller pieces, considered the so-called secondary butchery. The remains of the pelvis are somewhat better preserved, primarily the hipbone socket, the acetabulum, and the remains of the mandible. The upper finger bones are also somewhat better preserved, primarily because of their structure, as they are relatively short bones a composite bone substance (substantia compacta), so it is quite unusual that in this sample there are not more wrist bones (ossa carpi), ankle bones (ossa tarsi), and finger bones (phalanges). Alongside the remains of the birds and the animals, there were also remains of snails and shells: - 3 seashells from the family of Ostreidae (oyster); - 5 shells or shell fragments of snails from the family of Muricidae (Haustellum brandaris, spinydye murex); - 1 seashell probably from the family of Nuculidae; - 4 fragments of snail shell probably belonging to the same one, but the family can not be determined because of the fragmentation or damage; - 2 fragments of seashells or snail shells that can not be further determined because of heavy fragmentation and damage. Taking into consideration all of the above, it is obvious that the main source of meat were cattle and small ruminants, with a significant portion of pigs, while the bone remains of deer and wild boar indicate that the inhabitants of the Roman villa hunted as well. The finds of the remains of the snails and seashells indicate their contribution to the nutrition. Based on the not fully grown epiphysis of the fragments of the pig bones (Sus sp.), it has been estimated that they were younger than one, or two years. The epiphysis line visible on the humerus of the wild boar indicates that it was about 1.5 years old (fig. 99). Based on the distal epiphysis of the femur of the cattle where the epiphysis line is visible, the age was estimated to 3.5 4 years. Osteometric value of the widest point of this epiphysis (Bd= 76,60 mm) indicated a female. If we take into consideration that it was probably a late maturing

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99. Nadlakticna kost divlje svinje s lokaliteta Boskina; A - urez ostrim predmetom, B - dio epifizne linije. Humeri of two pigs from the locality of Boskina; A - engraving made using a sharp object, B - part of the epiphyseal line.

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type of cattle, it is assumed that it could have brought forth a calf 2- 3 times during the span of a lifetime. Although it is probable that horses were used as working animals, the fragments of the distal parts of the extremities show no pathological changes based on which it could be proved. Also, the remains of the bones of horses show no cuts or other marks of butchering that would indicate that the meat was used as food.

CONCLUSION Ivana Harasa, Luka Bekic

Among the oldest finds at Boskina there is also a small flint knife and sherds of prehistoric ceramics which belong to the older phase of the middle bronze age of Istria, and a smaller part could belong to the last phase of the early bronze age. Remains of settlements corresponding to these phases have not been discovered in the area that has been researched so far, but according to all accounts, it is in the direct vicinity of the gas pipeline. This prehistoric site is nevertheless very interesting and demonstrates the existence of smaller settlements that were not secured with massive stone defence walls. The characteristics of these smaller prehistoric scattered settlements are yet to be researched and fitted into the framework of the relatively well-know larger hillfort settlements. The next phase of settlement on this site starts with the coming of the Romans. The territory of the Istrian peninsula encounters the Roman civilization as early as the Republican era. After the failures in the wars against the Histrians, and the destruction of Nezakcij (Nesactium), 178 - 177 B.C., the Romans implement their administration. It can be assumed that the first phase of the colonization can be dated to this period, when the largest proportion of fertile ground was taken away from the local people and transformed into ager publicus (ZANINOVI6 1995, 151). The second phase of the colonization starts at about the year 159 B.C. and the quenching of the Istrian rebellion, when probably early communities of Roman citizens were formed (conventus civium Romanorum). The founding of the colony in Pula at the site of the existent native port and trades settlement happened probably in Caesars time, during whose dictatorship a geodetic division of fertile ground was planned, and when Pola, Nesactium and Parentium were fitted into a unique centuriation network (STARAC 2000, 164-178). After the victories of Octavianus in the east, the third phase of a more intense colonization started, when probably the colonies73 and municipiums were formed, with the corresponding centuriation of fertile grounds. The best parts of the fertile ground in the vicinity of the sea and the fields in the surroundings of Pola ended up as the private property of Octavianus74 and his closest associates and friends, while the remaining properties are taken over by the local

100. Iskopavanje u sektorima B i C. Velik problem za arheolosku ekipu predstavljalo je masivno korijenje hrastova. Excavation in sectors B and C. Massive oak roots represented a big problem for the archaeological team.

101. Iskopavanje u kvadrantu B3. Kako prilikom istrazivanja nisu koristeni strojevi bilo je potrebno angazirati veci broj kopaca. Excavation in quadrant B3. Since no machines were used during the excavation, more excavators were needed.

159.g.pr.Kr. i gusenjem histarske pobune, kada su vjerojatno formirane rane zajednice rimskih gradana (conventus civium Romanorum). Osnivanje kolonije u Puli na mjestu postojeceg domorodackog luckog i trgovackog naselja datirano je u doba Cezara, za vremena cije diktature je planirana geodetska podjela obradivog zemljista na centurije, pri cemu su Pola, Nesactium i Parentium uklopljeni u jedinstvenu centurijacijsku mrezu (STARAC 2000, 164-178). Nakon Oktavijanovih pobjeda na istoku uslijedila je treca faza pojacane kolonizacije, kada su vjerojatno osnovane kolonije73 i municipiji uz odgovarajucu centurijaciju plodnih povrsina. Tada su veliki dijelovi najboljih plodnih zemljista u blizini mora i plodna polja u okolici Pole zavrsili kao privatni posjedi Oktavijana74 i najblizih mu suradnika i prijatelja, a preostale posjede zaposjeli

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su lokalni honestiores, tj. vlasnici prostranih imanja koji su obnasali vodece duznosti u gradovima (ZANINOVIC 1995, 151; 1991,83-85; STARAC 1995, 133). Nakon tog internog koloniziranja premjerene su i limitirane povrsine u katastrima kolonija Pole, Parentiuma i Tergeste (ZANINOVIC 1991, 73). Puli je kao koloniji pripadao velik ager naglasenog poljoprivrednog i stocarskog karaktera, koji je obuhvacao naseljene mnogobrojne ruralne lokalitete, rimske villae rusticae, pogotovo u zapadnom i juznom dijelu agera. R. Matijasic spominje oko 300 takvih lokaliteta na podrucju Istre iz razdoblja od 1-3.st., medu kojima se oko 200 nalazi u ageru Pole i Parentiuma (MATIJASIC 1998, 115, 305, 465). Kada je u doba vladavine Augusta i nasljednika zavladao mir i napredak, poljoprivredna proizvodnja odvijala se upravo na takvim imanjima sa stambenim i gospodarskim dijelom. Proizvodilo se za vlastite potrebe, a visak je zavrsavao na trzistu. Plinije Stariji spominje Istru hvaleci kvalitetu njezinih proizvoda npr. maslinova ulja, koje se preko Akvileje izvozilo u susjedne pokrajine: Norik, Panoniju, sjevernu Italiju (MATIJASIC 1998, 469). Od Pule prema Nezakciju i dalje prema Liburniji vodila je vazna rimska cesta, koja je prolazila blizu danasnjih naselja Marcane i Barbana, a morala je postojati i vicinalna mreza putova koja je vodila prema plodnoj unutrasnjosti povezujuci gradove s okolicom i glavnu cestu s poljoprivrednim podrucjima (MATIJASIC 1988, 12,85). Spominjuci devet nalazista s antickim ostacima na podrucju Marcane i njene okolice, kojih se dio nalazi u jednom pravilnijem potezu, K. Bursic-Matijasic i R. Matijasic sugeriraju na eventualno postojanje anticke ceste na torn podrucju, koje je tada moglo biti gusce naseljeno (K. BURSIC-MATIJASIC, R. MATIJASIC 1998, 14,15). Toponim Marcana ubraja se u skupinu predijalnih toponima, potjece iz antickog razdoblja, sto je dokaz da je to podrucje u antici bilo gusce obiljezeno objektima ruralne arhitekture (MATIJASIC 1988, 74-76; MATIJASIC 1998, 456). Nalazima koji odreduju pocetak rimskog naseljavanja na Boskini pripadaju tri numizmaticka nalaza, medu kojima su dva rimska novca otkovana potkraj Lst.pr.Kr. (August), a jedan pocetkom l.st.(Tiberije). Tegule s pecatima daju nam takoder prilicno tocan vremenski okvir intenzivne pocetne izgradnje te vile. To su tegule tipa Pansiana izradene u vrijeme Augusta, Tiberija i Kaligule. Prema nalazima krovne grade, mogle bi se razlikovati cetiri faze objekta, tocnije cesti popravci krovista: 1. faza od kraja Lst.pr.Kr. do pol. 1.st. (August), 2. i 3. faza oko cetvrtog/petog desetljeca 1.st. (za Tiberija i Kaligule) i posljednja faza potkraj
73

honestiores, i.e. the owners of large estates who held the most important duties in the towns (ZANINOVIC 1995, 151; 1991, 83-85; STARAC, 1995, 133). After this internal colonization, also the grounds in the cadastres of the colonies Pola, Parentium and Tergesta were measured and limited (ZANINOVIC 1991, 73). Pula as a colony had a big ager of a pronounced agricultural and herding character, which was densely inhabited by a great number of rural local places, the Roman villae rusticae, especially in the western and the eastern part of the ager. R. Matijasic mentions about 300 such places in the territory of Istria dating from the period from the 1st to the 3rd century, out of which about 200 are in the ager of Pola and Parentium (MATIJASIC 1998, 115, 305, 465). In times of peace and prosperity under Augustus and his heirs, the main agents of agricultural production were these manufacture estates i.e. complexes with residential and husbandry parts. They produced for their own needs, and the surpluses ended up on the markets. Pliny the Elder mentions Istria praising the quality of its products like olive oil that was exported through Aquileia to the neighbouring provinces: Noricus, Panonia, northern Italy (MATIJASIC 1998, 469). From Pula to Nesactium and further towards Liburnia, there was an important Roman road, passing through todays localities of Marcana and Barban, and there had to be a vicinal network of roads leading to the fertile interior, linking the towns with the surroundings and the main road to the agricultural areas (MATIJASIC 1988, 12,85,). Mentioning nine sites with antique remains in the area of Marcana and its surroundings, a part of which is in a straight line, K. Bursic-Matijasic and R. Matijasic, suggest a possible existence of an antique road in this area, which could have been densely settled (K. BURSIC-MATIJASIC, R. MATIJASIC 1998, 14,15). The toponym Marcana belongs to the group of owners toponyms, originating in the antiquity, which is evidence to the fact that this area was then more densely populated with rural architecture (MATIJASIC 1988, 74-76; MATIJASIC 1998, 456). Among the finds that determine the beginning of the Roman colonization at Boskina, there are three numismatic finds, out of which two Roman coins minted at the end of the 1 st century B.C. (Augustus), and one a the beginning of the 1 st century (Tiberius). The roof tiles with stamps also provide us with a quite precise time frame of the intense initial construction of the villa. They are roof tiles of the Pansiana type produced in the times of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula. According to the finds of the roof structure we

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U literaturi se navode razlicita misljenja oko vremena osnutka kolonije u Puli: izmedu 46-42.g.pr.Kr. (MATIJASIC 1998) I 46-45.g.pr.Kr. (STARAC 2000, 178, 216).

In literature there are different opinions on the time of the founding of the colony of Pula: from 46 to 42 B.C. (MATIJASIC, 1998) and 46 to 45 B.C. (STARAC 2000, 178, 216). " Kao pretpostavljeni carski posjedi pogodni za uzgoj maslina I vinove loze, spominju se plodna Valturska polja, polja oko Sisanske ceste, oko Medulinske ceste, Liznjana, Stinjana I Rovinja, mozda Brijuni, a na podrucju parentinskog agera Vabriga I Loron, te okolica Novigrada I Umaga (STARAC 1995, 143). As the assumed emperors estates appropriate for the cultivation of olives and vines, there are the fertile Valtura fields, the fields around the Sisan road, the Medulin road, Liznjan, Stinjan and Rovinj, possibly Brijuni, in the area of the parentine ager Vabriga and Loron, and the surroundings of Novigrad and Umag (STARAC 1995, 143).

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102. Iskopavanje u sektorima B i A. Radovi su zbog kratkog vremenskog roka cesto provodeni i u vrlo nepovoljnim vremenskim uslovima. Excavation in sectors B and A. The works were often performed in very unfavourable weather conditions due to rather short time limit.

103. Dio nalazista podijeljen na sektore tijekom istrazivanja. Part of the archaeological site divided into sectors during the research.

1.st. ili u 2.st. Nekoliko faza odrazava se i u arhitektonskim preinakama unutar prostorija u sredisnjem dijelu, sto nam dokazuju rusenje pregradnog zida i gradnja novoga, te i popravci nekih zidova. Time se nasa vila moze povezati s pocecima osnivanja kolonije Pola i ustrojavanjem centurijacijske podjele zemljista njezina agera. Ostali nalazi koji su pripadali stanovnicima vile datiraju do 2.st. Na zasad istrazenim dijelovima stambene i gospodarske zgrade nisu uoceni tragovi kasnijih gradnji, sto bi znacilo da je vila koristena neobicno kratko vrijeme. To ce se mozda izmijeniti daljnjim istrazivanjima. Istrazene su tri odvojene gradevinske cjeline. Sredisnji dio stambenog obiljezja s vise prostorija koji se siri na istok i zapad, zasad, neistrazeno je podrucje. Juzno od sredisnjega dijela pronaden je splet razlicitih zidova, slabije ocuvanih, koji su vjerojatno pripadali gospodarskim dijelovima

could distinguish four phases of the building, to be more precise, the frequent roof repair work: the first phase from the beginning of the 1 s t century B.C. to the middle of the 1 s t century (Augustus), the second and the third phase at the turn of the fourth to the fifth decade of the 1 st century (during Tiberius and Caligula), and the last one at the end of the 1 st century or the 2nd century. Several phases are reflected in the architectural changes within the rooms in the central part, which is evidenced by the demolishing of the partition wall and the building of a new one, as well as repairs. That reasonably connects our villa to the beginnings of the founding of the colony Pola and the structuring of the centuriation division of the grounds of its ager. The remaining finds, which belonged to the inhabitants of the villa, are dated to the 2nd century. On the parts of the residential buildings and the outbuildings that have been so far researched, no marks of later constructions were found, which would mean that the villa was used for an unusually short period of time. That might change during further researches. Three separate architectural units have been researched. The central residential part with several rooms spreading to the east and the west has so far remained not researched. To the south a complex of different walls, poorly preserved, which probably belonged to the outbuildings, was found. To the north, a possible fence wall of the villas yard has been discovered. Apart from the numerous details that have already been described in the text, it has not been so far possible to clearly determine the position and the layout of the buildings and the rooms. Among the ceramic finds some sherds can be distinguished as imported ceramics (some sherds of the thin-walled ceramics, a plate of the Pompeii type and the Egeian ceramics). Several sherds that imitate sigillata vessels could have been the products of local Roman manufacturing. A part of the local production are definitely also sherds of pots with prehistoric traditions, imitation of imported products, and all other rough ceramics, like pots, lids, mortars, bowls, etc. The 1 st century and the first half of the 2nd century are characterized by a strong import of Italic ceramics (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1962/1963, 89), and the main role of the mediator belonged to Aquileia (PLESNICAR-GEC 1977, 61), which was the economic and the administrative centre of the region. The direction of the colonization and the influence that Aquileia had over Istria are also evidenced by the fact that about 35% Aquileian family names are repeated in the inscriptions in Istria (KRIZMAN 1991, 41). Based on the findings so far, glass products were imported from Aquileia, while all the oil lamps were probably local products. A larger number of amphorae sherd intended for storing wine indicate a possible export product from Boskina. Apart for the wine and oil production, this locality is also suitable for cattle herding as well. The conditions are not good

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imanja. Na sjeveru je istrazen moguci ogradni zid dvorista vile. Osim brojnih pojedinosti vec opisanih u tekstu, zasad nije moguce jasno odrediti polozaj i raspored zgrada i prostorija. Medu keramickim nalazima mozemo pojedine ulomke izdvojiti kao uvoznu keramiku (neki ulomci keramike tankih stijenki, tanjur pompejanskog tipa i egejska keramika). Nekoliko ulomaka imitacija sigilatnog posuda mogli su biti proizvodi lokalne rimske proizvodnje. Lokalnoj proizvodnji sigurno pripadaju i ulomci lonaca s prapovijesnim tradicijama, imitacija uvoznih proizvoda i sva ostala gruba keramika, npr. lonci, poklopci, tarionici, zdjele itd. Upravo za 1.st. i prvu polovinu 2.st. karakteristican je jaki import italske keramike (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1962/1963, 89), a glavnu ulogu posrednika imala je Akvileja (PLESNICAR-GEC 1977, 61), koja je bila ekonomsko i upravno srediste regije. 0 pravcu kolonizacije i utjecaju Akvileje na Istru svjedoci i podatak da se cak oko 35% akvilejskih porodicnih imena ponavlja na natpisima iz Istre (KRIZMAN 1991, 41). Stakleni proizvodi su po sadasnjim saznanjima uvozeni iz Akvileje, a sve su uljanice vjerojatno lokalni proizvodi. Na moguci izvozni proizvod s Boskine upucuje nas veci broj ulomaka amfora namijenjenih cuvanju vina. Taj je polozaj bio pogodan ne samo za vinarstvo i maslinarstvo nego i za stocarstvo. Za ratarstvo tu nije bilo dobrih uvjeta. Poneke zeljezne alatke upucuju i na stanovitu obrtnicku proizvodnju i popravke izvrsene na imanju. 0 gospodarskoj aktivnosti na vili i stvaranju odredene kolicine proizvodnih viskova svjedoce nam kameni utezi za vaganje robe. No ako prihvatimo da ie vila napustena u 2 st i vise nije naseljena namece se pitanje koliko je'taj polozaj sa svojim karakteristikama bio ekonomski isplativ Mozda tu na kamenitom podruciu pulskoa agera nije bilo dovoljno uvjeta za napredak pa je stoga polozaj i napusten. No sve to mora ostati tek kao pretpostavka, jer je istrazivanje vile tek zapocelo. Kasnoanticka keramika koja se mjestimice nalazi u sloievima urusenia sredisnie zarade stratiarafski se ne moze povezati s obitavanjem u'njoj. Cini se da su ti malobrojni nalazi svjedoci koristenja stare vile kao kamenoloma u razdoblju kasne antike. U to doba Dulski ie aaer Donovno usilieno naseljavan - izbjeglicama iz poharanih rimskih Drovinciia npr iz Panoniie i Norika Nekadasnii gospodarski prostori vila dobili su stambenu namjenu postajuci mala naselja. Ova vila mozda niie imala takvu sudbinu ali ie cini se koristena kao izvor kamena za gradnju'nekog naselja na drugome mjestu. Dva ranosrednjovjekovna lonca razbijena na istome mjestu mogla bi svjedociti o kratkotrajnom boravku nekoa slavenskoa roda koii ie tada ios vidliive ostatke vile izabrao za prenociste Nad vilom nisu otkriveni nikakvi mladi nalazi a toponim Boskina svjedoci da ie ta cestica duze vrijeme bila zaraStena Sumom. Ova rimska vila bila je posve arheoloski nepoznata do izgradnje plinovoda. Arheolozi su

enough for agriculture here. Some iron tools indicate also a certain craft manufacture, as well as repair work being done on the estate. The stone weights for the weighing of goods indicate the economic activities at the villa and the creation of a certain amount of surpluses. However, if we accept the fact that the villa was abandoned in the 2nd century, and was not inhabited afterwards, the question is raised of how profitable the location of the villa really was. Perhaps here, on the stony area of Pulas ager there were not enough conditions for progress, so the location was abandoned. But it must all still remain an assumption, as the research of the villa has only just started. The late antique ceramics partly found in the layers of the cave-in of the residential building can not be stratigraphically connected to the occupation of the villa. It seems that those few finds are witnesses to the use of the villa as a quarry in the period of late antiquity. At that time the ager of Pula was forcibly inhabited again with refugees from the devastated Roman provinces like Pannonia and Noricum. The old outbuildings of the villa are now used for residential purposes and become small villages. This villa might not have had such a destiny, but it seems to have been used as a source of stone for the construction of a Roman settlement somewhere else. Two early medieval pots broken at the same spot, could evidence the short-term staying of a Slavic tribe there, who chose the then visible remains of the villa as a place to spend the night. No younger finds have been discovered above the villa and the toponvm Boskina indicates that this plot was covered with woods for a longer period of time. This Roman villa had been completely archeologically unknown until the construction of the gas pipeline. The responsible approach of the archaeologists lead to protective archaeological research that, in spite of the small

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104. Predstavnici tvrtke Plinacro cesto su obilazili nalaziste i sa zanimanjem slusali o rezultatima istrazivanja. Representatives of the Plinacro company often visited the archaeo logical site and showed great interest in the results of the research.

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odgovornim pristupom zasluzni za provedbu arheoloskih istrazivanja, koja su, unatoc maloj istrazenoj povrsini, donijela vrlo vrijedne podatke. Takoder je u dogovoru s investitorom postignuto i suzavanje radnog pojasa plinovoda, cime je gradevinski iskop smanjen sa 15 na 6,5 metara. Time je velika povrsina sklopa vile ostala neostecena strojevima i sacuvana za buduca istrazivanja. Tijekom izgradnje trase plinovoda, nadalje je stalno arheoloski nadzirano, kako bi se steta na ostacima vile sto vise smanjila (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d). To pokazuje kako se pravilnim pristupom moze pomiriti neumitna izgradnja drzavne infrastrukture i zastita kulturnih dobara.

size of the area researched has brought very valuable information. Also, in accordance with the investor, the working diameter of the gas pipeline has been narrowed down, which reduced the construction trench from 15 to 6.5 metres. So a large area of the villa complex remained undamaged by machines and preserved for future research. The construction of the gas pipeline was constantly archaeologically supervised to reduce the damage on the remains of the villa to its minimum (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d). This proves that the correct approach can find a compromise between the unquestionable construction of public infrastructure and the preservation of the cultural heritage.

KATALOG CATALOGUE
Tabla 1. Pecati s tegula 1- Ulomak tegule velicine 11,2 x 13,2 x 2,9 cm, s natpisom: ...TRAVT. Slova su udubljena, zadnja tri slova povezana su ligaturom. Prvo slovo je djelomicno vidljivo. Ispod slova E i T, okomito na pecat povucena je ravna brazda nacinjena prstom u svjezoj glini, sirine 1 cm i sacuvane duzine 4,8 cm. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata: 4,8 x 1,7 cm. Tegula je zute boie 2- Ulomak tegule velicine 27,1 x 14 x 3 cm, s natpisom: ..ETRAVT. Slova su udubljena, zadnja tri slova povezana su ligaturom Ispod slova E i T . , okomito na pecat ide ravna brazda nacinjena prstom u svjezoj glini, sirine 1 cm i sacuvane duzine 3,1 cm. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata: 6,1 x 1,7 cm. Tegula je zute boje. 3- Ulomak tegule velicine 16,5 x 15,5 x 2,9 cm, s natpisom: ..ETRAVT. Slova su udubljena, zadnja tri slova povezana su ligaturom. Ispod slova E i T, okomito na pecat povucena je ravna brazda nacinjena prstom u svjezoj glini, sirine 1 cm i sacuvane duzine 3,3 cm. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata: 6 x 1,6 cm. Tegula je zute boje. 4- Ulomak tegule velicine 28 x 24,4 x 3,2 cm, s natpisom- LPETRAVT Slova su udubljena zadnja tri slova povezana su ligaturom. Ispod pecata d a su udubljenja kruznog oblika, nacinjena prstom u svjezoj glini. Velicina pecata: 8,8 x 1,8 cm. Promjer udubljenja: 1 cm. Tegula je zute boje. 5- Ulomak tegule velicine 18,5 x 12,1 x 3,2 cm, s natpisom: LPETRA. Slova su udubljena. Izmedu prva dva slova nalazi se tocka na sredini visine slova. Ispod slova E i T, okomito na pecat povucena je ravna brazda nacinjena prstom u svjezoj glini, sirine 1 cm i sacuvane duzine 3,8 cm. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata: 7 x 1,6 cm. Tegula je zute boje 6- Dva ulomka tegule velicine 21,2 x 19 x 3,3 + 16,5 x 18 x 3,3 cm koja se spajaju, s natpisom: LPETRAVT. Slova su udubljena, zadnja tri slova povezana su ligaturom. Velicina pecata:9,1 x 1,6 cm. Tegula je zute boje. 7- Ulomak tegule velicine 9 x 11,2 x2,9 cm, s natpisom: ...TRAVT. Slova su udubljena, zadnja tri slova su povezana ligaturom. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata: 5,7 x 1,8 cm. Tegula je zute boje. Table 1 Tegulae stamps 1- sherd of a tegula of dimensions 11,2 x 13,2 x 2,9 cm, with the inscription: ...TRAVT. The letters are recessed; the last three are connected by a ligature. The first letter is partly visible. Under the letters E and T, perpendicularly to the stamp, a straight slash made by finger in wet clay is running; '* is 1 cm wide and 4>8 cm lon9 in tne Preserved Part- Th* dimensions of the preserved part of the stamP: 4<8 x 1<7 cm- The te9ula is Vellow2" Sherd of a te9ula of dimensions 27>1 x 14 x . h h inscriotion- ETRAVT The letters 3 n l *^ et J h ee\ /0 n b |igature Under the |etters E and T perpendicuily tQ the stamP; a straight slash macfe fy finger ;J wet C|ay is running; it is 1 cm wide and 3,1 cm long in the preserved part. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are: 6,1 x 1,7 cm. The tegula is yellow. 3- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 16,5 x 15,5 x 2,9 cm, with the inscription: ..ETRAVT. The letters are recessed; the last three letters are connected by a ligature. Under the letters E and T, Perpendicularly to the stamp, a straight slash made bV fin9er in wet claV is runnin^ i l is 1 cm wide and of the preserved part of the stampl are: 6 x 1,6 cm. 3<3 cm ^ in the Preserved Par The dimensions The tegula is yellow. 4- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 28 x 24,4 x 3;2 cm with the insCription: LPETRAVT. The |etters are recessed; the |ast three letters are connected by a ligature. Under the stamp there are two round recesses, made by finger in wet clay. The dimensions of the stamp are: 8,8 x 1,8 cm. The diameter of the recess: 1 cm. The tegula is yellow. 5- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 18,5 x 12,1 * 3,2 cm, with the inscription: LPETRA.. The letters are recessed. Between the first two letters, there is a point at the centre of the height of the letters. Under the letters E and T, perpendicularly to the stamp, a straight slash made by finger in wet clay is running; it is 1 cm wide and 3,8 cm long in the preserved part. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp: 7 x 1,6 cm. The tegula is yellow. 6. Tw0 sherds of a tegu|a of dimensions 21,2 x 19 x 3;3 + 16>5 x 18 x 3;3 cm which connect with each other, with the inscription: LPETRAVT. The letters are recessed; the last three letters are

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8- Ulomak tegule velicine 12,7 x 11,5 x 3 cm, s natpisom: AVT. Slova su udubljena i povezana ligaturom. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata: 2,9 x 1,6 cm. Tegula je zute boje. 9- Ulomak tegule velicine 16 x 14 x 2,9 cm, s natpisom: LPETR... Slova su povezana ligaturom. Izmedu prva dva slova nalazi se tocka na sredini visine slova. Posljednje slovo je djelomicno vidljivo. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata:5,8 x 1,7 cm. Tegula je zute boje. 10- Ulomak tegule velicine 9,5 x 9,8 x 2,9 cm, s natpisom: ...TRAVT. Slova su udubljena, zadnja tri slova povezana su ligaturom. Prvo slovo je djelomicno vidljivo. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata: 4,4 x 1,6 cm. Tegula je zute boje. 11- Ulomak tegule velicine 13,6 x 17,2 x 3,1 cm, s natpisom: ...TRAVT. Slova su udubljena, zadnja tri slova povezana su ligaturom. Prva dva slova vide se djelomicno. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata: 5 x 1,7 cm. Tegula je zute boje. 12- Ulomak tegule velicine 6,7 x 14 x 3 cm, s natpisom: ...TRA.. Slova su udubljena. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata: 3,8 x 1,6 cm. Tegula je zute boje. 13- Ulomak tegule velicine 10,6 x 12 x 2,8 cm, s natpisom: C.L.FVL. Slova su izbocena unutar udubljenog polja. Izmedu slova C i L, te L i F nalazi se znak interpunkcije trokutastog oblika na sredini visine slova. Posljednje slovo se vidi djelomicno, dok se donji rub polja ne vidi. Iznad pecata vidi se pet polukruznih brazda. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata: 5,2 x 1,4 cm. Visina slova: 1,3 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak pronaden na podrucju gospodarskog zdanja. 14- Ulomak tegule velicine 17 x 18 x 3,1 cm, s natpisom: C.LFVLL Slova su izbocena unutar udubljenog polja. Izmedu slova C i L, te L i F nalazi se znak interpunkcije trokutastog oblika, na sredini visine slova. Iznad pecata se nalazi dio polukruzne brazde. Velicina pecata: 6,4 x 1,5 cm. Visina slova: 1,3 cm. Tegula je prekrivena tankim slojem zbuke. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak pronaden na podrucju stambene zgrade 15- Ulomak tegule crvene boje velicine 10,7 x 9,1 x 3,1 cm, s dijelom pecata velicine 4,5 x 1,8 cm. Pecat nije moguce desifrirati zbog ostecenja. Ispod pecata su ostaci dvaju polukruznih brazda. Tabla 2. Pecati s tegula 1- Ulomak tegule velicine 9,5 x 12,5 x 2,6 cm, s natpisom ...ANSIAN. Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Zadnje slovo vidljivo tek djelomicno. Prvo i drugo AN povezani su ligaturom. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 6,5 x 3 cm, visina slova 2 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak pronaden na podrucju gospodarskog zdanja. 2- Ulomak tegule velicine 4,7 x 4,5 x 1,7 cm, s natpisom: ...NS... Udubljeno polje se ne vidi, a slovo N je vidljivo tek djelomicno. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 2,1 x 2,8 cm, visina slova 2,8 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak pronaden na podrucju gospodarskog zdanja. 3- Ulomak tegule velicine 12,8 x 14,4 x 3 cm, s

connected by a ligature. The dimensions of the stamp are: 9,1 x 1,6 cm. The tegula is yellow. 7- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 9 x 11,2 x 2,9 cm with the inscription: ...TRAVT. The letters are recessed, the last three connected by a ligature. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp: 5,7 x 1,8 cm. The tegula is yellow. 8- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 12,7 x 11,5 x 3 cm> with the inscription: AVT. The |etters are recessed and connected by a ligature. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are: 2,9 x 1,6 cm. The tegula is yellow. 9- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 16 x 14 x 2,9 cm, with the inscription: LPETR... The letters are connected by a ligature. Between the first two letters there is a point at the centre of the height of the letters. The last letter is partly visible. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are: 5.8 x 1,7 cm. The tegula is yellow. 10- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 9,5 x 9,8 x 2.9 cm, with the inscription: ...TRAVT. The letters are recessed; the last three are connected by a ligature. The firs letter is partly visible. The djmensions of the preserved part o1'the stamp are: 4,4 x 1,6 cm. The tegula is yellow. 11- sherd of a tegula of dimensions 13,6 x 17,2 x 3,1 cm, with the inscription: ...TRAVT. The letters are recessed; the last three are connected by a ligature. The first two are partly visible. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are: 5 x 1,7 cm. The tegula is yellow. 12- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 6,7 x 14 x 3 cm, with the inscription: ...TRA.. The letters are recessed. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are: 3,8 x 1,6 cm. The tegula is yellow. 13- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 10,6 x 12 x 2,8 cm, with the inscription: C.L.FVL. The letters are protruding within a recessed field. Between the letters C and L, and L and F, there is a triangular punctuation mark at the centre of the height of the letters. The last letter is only partly visible, while the lower edge of the field is not visible. Five semicircular slashes are visible above the stamp. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are: 5,2 x 1,4 cm. The height of the letters: 1,3 cm. Tne tegula is red. The sherd was located in the area of the husbandry complex. 14" Sherd of a te9ula of dimensions 17 x 18 x 3,1 cm, with the inscription: C.L.FVLL. The letters are protruding within a recessed field. Between the letters C and L, and L and F, there is a triangular punctuation mark, at the centre of the height of the letters. Above the stamp there is a part of a semicircular slash. The dimensions of the stamp are: 6,4 x 1,5 cm. The height of the letters: 1,3 cm. The tegula is covered with a thin layer of mortar. The tegula is red. The sherd was located in the area of the residential building. 15- Sherd of a red tegula of dimensions 10,7 x 9,1 x 3,1 cm, with a part of a stamp of dimensions 4,5 x 1,8 cm. The stamp is impossible to decipher due to the damage. Beneath the stamp there are rests of two semicircular slashes. Table 2. Tegulae stamps. 1- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 9,5 x 12,5 x 2,6 cm with the inscription: ...ANSIAN. The letters are protruding, within a recessed field. The last

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natpisom: CC... Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Slova su djelomicno vidljiva. U nastavku vidljiv vrh jos jednog slova, najvjerojatnije P. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 6,6 x 2,4 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak pronaden na podrucju gospodarskog zdanja. 4- Ulomak tegule velicine 8,4 x 10,1 x 2,7 cm, s natpisom ....ANA. Tegula je crvene boje. Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 6,8 x 2,1 cm. Slova su tek djelomicno vidljiva. 5- Ulomak tegule velicine 11,3 x 15,4 x 3,2 cm, s natpisom: CCAFP.... Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Slova su vidljiva djelomicno. AF su povezani ligaturom. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 7,8 x 2,6 cm, visina slova 2 cm. Tegula je

sz^zSrprona en na podru u ^:ZnZj^:^sz^

6 Ulomak tegule velicine 14,8 x 11,4 x 3,1 cm, |f red' ,The sherd was located in the area of the T S T a topla of dimensions 8,4 x 10,1 x 2J with the in9scription: ANA The tegula is red. The |etters are prJtruding> within a recessed fie|d. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are 6,8 x 2,1 cm. The letters are only partly visible. 5- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 11,3 x 15,4 x 3,2 cm, with the inscription: CCAFP.... The letters are protruding, within a recessed field. The letters are only partly visible. AF are connected by a "feature. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are 7,8 x 2,6 cm, the height of the letters is 2 cm- The te9ula is red- The sherd was located in the area of the husbandry complex. 6- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 14,8 x 11,4 x 3,1 cm, with the inscription: SI. The letters are protruding, within a recessed field. Letter S is on,v part|y visib|e. The dimensions of the preserved part 0 f the stamp are 2 x 2,6 cm, the height of the letters is 2,2 cm. The tegula is red. The sherd was located in the area of the residential building. 7- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 16,2 x 18,4 x 3,4 cm, with the inscription: C C . . . The letters are protruding, within a recessed field. Between the letters, there is a round punctuation mark. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are 5 x 2>8 cm>the hei9ht of the letters is 2>2 cm- The tegula is red. The sherd was located in the area of the residential building. 8- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 21,5 x 14,8 x 2,9 cm, with the inscription: ...AR.PANSI. The letters are protruding, within a recessed field. The punctuation mark between R and P is triangular. The letters on the stamp are very compact, so that all the letters touch at the lower parts, and the final N, S and I touch at the upper edges too. In the parts where they do not touch with their lower parts, the letters are connected by a thin line which is only 1 mm wide. The dimensions of the Preserved part of the stamp are 8,8 x 2,7 cm, the h ^ h t f th* liters is 1,9 cm. The tegula is red. The sherd is covered with a thin layer of mortar. 9- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 15 x 13,2 x 2,4 cm with the inscription: TIPANS... The letters are protruding, within a recessed field. The first two letters are only partly visible. The dimensions
|

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letter is only partly visible. The first and the second AN are connected by a ligature. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are 6,5 x 3 cm, the height of the letters is 2 cm. The tegula is red. The sherd was located in the area of the husbandry complex. 2- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 4,7 x 4,5 x 1,7 cm, with the inscription: ...NS... The recessed is not visib|e; and |etter N is on,v part|y visib|e. M6 The dimensions of the visible part of the stamp are 2,1 x 2,8 cm, the height of the letters is 2,8 cm. The tegula is red. The sherd was located in the area of the husbandry complex. 3- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 12,8 x 14,4 x 3 cm, with the inscription: CC... The letters are protruding, within a recessed field. The letters are Partly visible. In the continuation, visible top of

s natP som: SI. Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Slovo S vidi se tek djelomicno. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 2 x 2,6 cm, visina slova 2,2 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak pronaden na podrucju stambene zgrade. 7- Ulomak tegule velicine 16,2 x 18,4 x 3,4 cm, s natpisom : C C . . . Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Izmedu slova je znak interpunkcije kruznog oblika. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 5 x 2,8 cm, visina slova 2,2 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak pronaden na podrucju stambene zarade 8- Ulomak tegule velicine 21,5 x 14,8 x 2,9 cm, s natpisom: ...AR.PANSI. Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Znak interpunkcije izmedu R i P je trokutastog oblika. Slova na pecatu su izrazito zbijena tako da se sva slova dodiruju donjim dijelovima, a zavrsni N, S i I dodiruju se i gornjim rubovima. Na onim mjestima na kojima se slova ne dodiruju donjim dijelovima, povezana su tankom crtom sirokom svega 1 mm. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 8,8 x 2,7 cm, visina slova 1,9 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak je prekriven tankim sloiem zbuke 9- Ulomak'tegule velicine 15 x 13,2 x 2,4 cm, s natpisom: TIPANS... Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Prva dva slova vide se polovicno. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 11,3 x 2,8, visina slova 2,1 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak pronaden na podrucju stambene zgrade. 10- Ulomak tegule velicine 14,8 x 9,1 x 2,7 cm, s natpisom NA. Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Iza zadnjeg slova je litius (augurski Stop). Slovo N je tek djelomicno vidljivo. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 5,7 x 3 cm, visina slova 2 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak pronaden na podrucju gospodarskog zdanja. 11- Ulomak tegule velicine 22,3 x 16,1 x 2,9 cm, s natpisom: TIPANS... Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 10,9 X 2,9 cm, visina slova 2,2 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Ulomak pronaden na podrucju gospodarskog zdanja. 12- Ulomak tegule velicine 12,9 x 7 x 2,9 cm, s

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natpisom: PANSI... Zadnje slovo vidljivo napola. Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja. Velicina sacuvanog dijela pecata 9 x 3,3 cm, visina slova 2,3 cm. Tegula je crvene boje. Pronaden na podrucju stambene zgrade. 13- Rekonstruirana tegula s natpisom CCAESARPANS. Slova su izbocena, unutar udubljenog polja, AE su povezani ligaturom. Tegula je crvene boje. Velicina pecata 13,7 x 2,9 cm, visina slova 2,2 cm. Velicina rekonstruirane tegule 46,2 x 61,2 cm. Tabla 3. Oblici povisenih rubova tegula Tabla 4. Oblici povisenih rubova tegula. Tabla 5. Oblici povisenih rubova tegula. Tabla 6. A2 - SJ9. 1- Ulomak lagano zadebljanog oboda amfore. Glina je svijetlo crvenkasta s primjesama kalcitnog pijeska. 2- Ulomak ramena firmalampen s profiliranim prstenom i usicom. Tvrda faktura sa sitnim pijeskom. Narancasta do sivosmeda keramika. A2, SJ9. 3,5- Ulomak fragmentirane nozice posude tankih stijenki od fino prociscene sive gline s primjesama iznimno finog pijeska. Nozica je u obliku niske suplje stopice sa omphalos dnom. Istoj posudi (salica) pripadaju vjerojatno i tri fragmenta tijela koji se medusobno ne spajaju a iste su fakture sa ostacima sjajnocrnog premaza koji je bolje sacuvan na unutarnjoj strani. Na dva veca fragmenta koncentricni urezi, a na manjem ostaci barbotinskog ukrasa. A2, SJ9. 4- Ulomak bifidne rucke amfore. Glina je narancasta s primjesama sitnog pijeska. 6- Ulomak donjeg dijela poklopca tanjeg presjeka s kosim zaobljenim rubom. S unutarnje strane blagi tragovi izrade na kolu. Narancastosmede boje, grublje fakture s mnogo sitnog i krupnog kalcita. A2, SJ9. 7- Ulomak tanke narebrene rucke. Glina je narancasta s primjesama kalcitnog pijeska. 8- Ulomak tanke narebrene rucke. Glina je narancasta s primjesama kalcitnog pijeska. Tabla 7. A3 - SJ1 / A5 - SJ1. 1- Ulomak zadebljanog oboda amfore s profilacijom ispod zadebljanja. Glina je crvena s primjesama sitnog pijeska. 2- Ulomak rebraste ruckice posude tankih stijenki. Glina iznutra svijetlo siva, izvana zbog pecenja tamno siva. S primjesama sitnijeg pijeska. A3, SJ1. 3- Ulomak oboda lonca. Blago izvijen i zadebljan. Narancasta do siva keramika s mnogo sitnih kamencica, mrvljene cigle i iskrolisnika u fakturi. A3, SJ1. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela zdjele oblikom slicne tarioniku, nesto tanjeg presjeka s profiliranim rebrom na prijelazu oboda prema unutrasnjoj

of the preserved part of the stamp are 11,3 x 2,8, the height of the letters is 2,1 cm. The tegula is red. The sherd was located in the area of the residential building. 10- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 14,8 x 9,1 x 2,7 cm with the inscription NA. The letters are protruding, within a recessed field. Behind the last letter there is a litius (augural stick). Letter N is only partly visible. The dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are 5,7 x 3 cm, the height of the letters is 2 cm. The tegula is red. The sherd was located in the area of the husbandry complex. 11- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 22,3 x 16.1 x 2,9 cm with the inscription: TIPANS... The letters are protruding, within a recessed field. Dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are 10,9 x 2,9 cm, the height of the letters is 2,2 cm. The tegula is red. The sherd was located in the area of the husbandry complex. 12- Sherd of a tegula of dimensions 12,9 x 7 x 2,9 cm, with the inscription: PANSI... The last letter only partly visible. The letters are protruding within a recessed field. Dimensions of the preserved part of the stamp are 9 x 3,3 cm, height of the letters 2,3 cm. The tegula is red. It was located in the area of the residential building. 13- Reconstructed tegula with the inscription CCAESARPANS. The letters are protruding, within a recessed field, AE are connected by a ligature. The tegula is red. The dimensions of the stamp are 13,7 x 2,9 cm, the height of the letters is 2,2 cm. The dimensions of the reconstructed tegula are 46.2 x 61,2 cm. Table 3. Tegulae end shapes. Table 4. Tegulae end shapes. Table 5. Tegulae end shapes. Table 6. A2 - SJ9. 1- Sherd of a slightly thickened rim of an amphora. Light reddish clay tempered with calcite sand. 2- Sherd of a shoulder of a firmlampen with a moulded ring and a small hole. Hard texture with tiny sand. Orange to greyish-brown ceramics. A2, Layer9. 3,5- Sherd of a fragmented foot of a thin-walled vessel made of well refined grey clay tempered with very fine sand. The foot has the form of a low hollow footprint with the omphalos bottom. Three fragments of a body that do not connect with each other but have the same texture, with the remains of glossy-black glazing which is better preserved on the inside, probably belong to the same vessel (cup). There are concentric engravings on two bigger fragments, and on the smaller one, there are remains of the barbotine decoration. A2, Layer 9. 4- Sherd of a bifid handle of an amphora. Orange clay tempered with tiny sand. 6- Sherd of the lower part of a lid of thinner cross-section with an angled rounded edge. On the inside slight traces of the manufacture on the wheel. Orange-brown, of rougher texture with a lot of tiny and large calcite. A2, Layer9.

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stijenci. Smede do tamno sive boje s dosta krupnijih kamencica i pijeska u fakturi. A3, SJ1. 5- Ulomak gornjeg dijela zdjele ravnog kratkog ruba, oblikom donekle podsjeca na tarionik. Smedosive boje s dosta kvarcnih kamencica i piieska u fakturi A3 SJ1 6- Ulomak oboda vece spremisne posude izvucen var^ pa presaJijeSTema ^ u ? S plavkastozelenkaste nijanse. Slobodno puhano. A > SJ13 7- Dno posude (vjerojatno casa) s prstenastom nataljenom nogom, prema tijelu se siri. Mnogo zracnih mjehurica, svijetlo zuckastozelenkasta boja, prozirno. Slobodno puhano. A3, SJ1. 8- Ulomak bifidne rucke amfore. Glina je narancasta 9- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s mnogo primjesa vapnenca, malo porozna, tvrde izrade. A5, SJ1. 10- Ulomak oboda velike spremisne posude. Obod izvucen van, zatim vracen. Gornji rub ravan, dosta debela stjenka. Prozirne plavkastozelenkaste nijanse, malo zracnih mjehurica. Tijelo ispod vjerojatno kuglasto. Slobodno puhano. A5, SJ1/5. 11- Ulomak deblje trakaste rucke sa tri blago profilirana uzduzna rebra. Narancaste boje, grublje fakture sa primjesama sitno mrvljene cigle i pijeska. A5 SJ1/5 12- Ulomak broncane zice, A5, SJ1. 13- Ulomak dna firmalampen. Narancasta keramika sa svijetlo smedim premazom. Firma CRES(CE)/S.A5, SJ1. Tabla 8. A4 - SJ1 / A2 - SJ1. 1- Ulomak amfore s bifidnom ruckom. Glina je narancasta s primjesama sitnog pijeska. 2- Zeljezni noz. PN5, A4, SJ1. 3- Ulomak oboda plitke zdjele. Prozirno, gotovo bezbojno. Vanjska strana brusena - paralelni tanki tragovi. Lijevano u kalupu. A4, SJ1. 4- Ulomak blago izvijenog ruba lonca gotovo ravnog vrha. Prema trbuhu ostriji lorn. Smedecrne boje s primjesom sitnih kamencica i pijeska u fakturi A4 SJ1 5- Dva'ulomka bifidne rucke amfore koja se spajaj, Glina je zuckastonarancasta s primjesama
P,

7- Sherd of a thin ribbed handle. Orange clay tempered with calcite sand. 8- Sherd of a thin ribbed handle. Orange clay tempered with calcite sand. _ _ laoie/. Ad D J I / AD D J I . 1" Sherd of a thickened rim of an amphora with ^ 3 ' ! ^ ^ thiCk6nin9- ^ ^ P 2 Sherd of a \Me6 handle of a thin.wa||ed vessel. Clay light grey on the inside, on the outside dark grey because of baking. Tempered with tiny sand A3 LayeM 3- Sherd of a rim of a pot. Slightly twisted and thickened. Orange to grey ceramics with a lot of tiny stones, ground brick and feldspar in the texture. A3, LayeM. 4- Sherd of the upper part of a bowl similar to a rtar by shape, of a somewhat thinner crosssection with a moulded rib at the transition of the rim towards the inner wall. Of brown to dark grey colour with a lot of larger stones and sand in the texture. A3, Layer1. 5- Sherd of the upper part of a bowl with a short straight rim, somewhat similar to a mortar by shape. 0 f brownish-grey colour with a lot of quartz st0nes and sand in the texture. A3, layer!. 6- Sherd of the rim of a larger storage vessel, drawn out, then folded back in, of a blue-greenish nuance, body spherical? Freely blown. A3, LayeM. 7- Bottom of a vessel (possibly a cup) with an annular foot added by melting, widening towards the body. Numerous air bubbles, light yellowQreenish colour, transparent. Freely blown. A3, LayeM. 8- Sherd of a bifid handle of an amphora. Orange clay. 9- Sherd of a vessel made on the wheel, with a lot of additives of limestone, a bit porous, hard. A5, Layer1. 10- sherd of the rim of a big storage vessel (urn). The rim drawn out, then returned. The upper edge flat, the wall quite thick. Transparent blue-greenish nuance, some air bubbles. The body probably spherical. Freely blown. A5, Layer1/5. 11- Sherd of a thicker ribbon-like handle with three slightly moulded longitudinal ribs. Of orange colour> of rougher texture tempered with finely Oround brick and sand. A5, LayeM/5. * Jcrf a ^ Z ^ S p e , Orange

6 Ulomak bikonicnog tijela posude egejskog ?e R r E lazin- 'nSCriptin tipa. S unutarnje strane vidljivi tragovi izrade na ( ' ' ' y ' kolu. Narancaste do sivosmede boje. Nesto sitnih Tab|e 8 A4. SJ1 / A2 - SJ1 kamencica i pijeska u fakturi. A2, SJ1. -,. sherd of an amphora with a bifid handle. 7- Ulomak okomito uvucenog ruba lonca Orange clay tempered with tiny sand. ojacan sa dva prstena, ispod kojih na ramenu je 2- Iron knife. PN5, A4, LayeM. niz kosih ureza. Narancastosmeda glina s 3- Sherd of a rim of a shallow vessel. Transprimjesama mnogo sitnih kamencica, pijeska i parent, almost colourless. The outer side whetted opeke u fakturi A2 SJ1 - parallel thin marks. Moulded. A4, LayeM. 8- Rekonstruirani poklopac kosih stranica s 4- Sherd of a slightly twisted edge of a pot oblim, malo suzenim zavrsetkom i cepastom with almost flat top. Sharper break towards the drskom. Stranice su lagano ulegnute. Tragovi belly- Brownish-black tempered with tiny stones plitkih utora od izrade na kolu a unutrasnjoj and sand in the texture- A4< LaVer15- Two sherds of a bifid handle of an amphora strani. Doraden rukom. Grublje fakture, smedosive connecting with each other. Yellowish-orange clay

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boje s dosta primjesa pijeska i sitnih kamencica. A2, SJ1. Tabla 9 B1 - SJ1 1- Ulomak trakaste, narebrene rucke amfore. Glina je crvenkasta, s primjesama sitnog pijeska. 2- Ulomak manje bifidne ruckice oker boje grublje fakture. B1, SJ1. 3- Ulomak koljenasto savijene bifidne rucke amfore. Glina je narancasta s primjesama sitnog pijeska. 4- Ulomak ruckice i dijela ruba posude. Gruba siva keramika s dosta pijeska i sitnog kalcita u fakturi. Uzduz ruckice dva plica ureza na gornjoj strani tvore tri paralelna rebra. B1, SJ1. 5- Ulomak bifidne rucke amfore. Glina je narancasta, iznutra crvenkasta, s primjesama sitnog pijeska 6- Ulomak rucke valovitog presjeka gornjeg ruba sa cetiri plica rebra nejednake velicine. Smedosiva keramika grublje fakture s dosta pijeska. B2, SJ1. 7- Trakasta rucka manje posude egejskog tipa. Siva keramika. B1, SJ20. Tabla 10. B1 - SJ1. 1- Ulomak oboda amfore bez zadebljanog ruba. Glina je narancasta sa sitnim pijeskom. 2- Ulomak usta staklene case zadebljanog ruba. Prozirno, gotovo bezbojno s blago zuckastom nijansom. Slobodno puhano. B1, SJ1. 3- Ulomak oboda vece spremisne staklene posude debljeg presjeka. Obod izvijen pa vracen i zataljen. Prozirna plavkasta nijansa. Slobodno puhano. B1, SJ1. 4- Ulomak dna staklene case s blago spljostenom prstenastom nogom. Nazire se stijenka tijela prema gore. Prozirne blijedo zuckaste boje. Slobodno puhano. B1, SJ1. 5- Rekonstruirana mala obla zdjelica, tanjih stijenki i prstenastoga dna. Nesto grublje fakture. Narancasta boja s tragovima smedeg premaza. B1, SJ 1. 6- Ulomak gornjeg dijela dubljeg tanjura ili zdjele deblje stijenke s oblo zavrsenim obodom. Narancasta keramika grube fakture s dosta pijeska i sitnih kamencica. Na unutarnjoj strani crveni mat premaz. B1, SJ1. 7- Rekonstruirani plitki tanjur ili pladanj ravnog dna s tankim stajacim prstenom koji se nalazi blize rubu. Obod je gotovo ravan, s blagim konicnim prelazom prema dnu. Narancastocrvena boja, grublje fakture sa sitnim pijeskom. B1, SJ1. 8- Cilindricna kratka noga amfore. Glina je narancasta s primjesama kalcitnog pijeska. 9- Ulomak konkavnog dna amfore. Glina je crvenkasta, s primjesama sitnog pijeska. Tabla 11 B1 - SJ1 1- Ulomak oboda lonca izvijenog konkavnog ruba. Sivocrne boje s dosta iskrolisnika u fakturi. B1, SJ1. 2- Ulomak oboda lonca sa zaobljenim izvijenim

tempered with sand. 6- Sherd of a carinated body of an Aegean type vessel. On the inside visible traces of the manufacture on the wheel. Orange to greyishbrown colour. Some tiny stones and sand in the texture. A2, Layer1. 7- Sherd of a vertically recessed edge of a pot supported with two rings, under which there is a series of angled engravings on the shoulder. Orange-brown clay with a large amount of temper of tiny stones, sand and brick in the texture. A2, Layer1. 8- Reconstructed lid with angled sides and a round, a little narrowed end and a plug-like handle. The sides are slightly recessed. On the inside traces of shallow grooves resulting from the manufacture on the wheel. Finished by hand. Of rougher texture, brownish-grey, quite tempered with sand and tiny stones. A2, Layer1. Table 9. B1 - SJ1. 1- Sherd of a ribbon-like, ribbed handle of an amphora. Reddish clay tempered with tiny sand 2- Sherd of a smaller bifid handle of ochre colour and of rougher texture. B1, Layer1. 3- Sherd of a knee-like bifid handle of an amphora. Orange clay tempered with tiny sand. 4- Sherd of a handle and of a part of the rim of a vessel. Rough grey ceramics with a lot of sand and tiny quartzite in the texture. Alongside the handle two shallower engravings on the upper side make three parallel ribs. B1, Layer1. 5- Sherd of a bifid handle of an amphora. Orange clay, reddish on the inside, tempered with tiny sand. 6- Sherd of a handle of undulated crosssection of the upper edge with four shallower ribs of unequal size. Brownish-grey ceramics of rougher texture with a lot of sand. B2, Layer1. 7- Ribbon-like handle of a smaller Aegean type vessel. Grey ceramics. B1, Layer20. Table 10 B1 - SJ1 1- Sherd' of a rim 'of an amphora without a thickened edge. Orange clay with tiny sand. 2- Sherd of a mouth of a cup with a thickened edge. Transparent, almost colourless with a mild yellowish nuance. Freely blown. B1, Layer1. 3- Sherd of a rim of a bigger storage vessel of a wider cross-section. The rim curved out then returned and molten. Transparent bluish nuance. Freely blown. B1, Layer1. 4- Sherd of the bottom of a cup with a mildly flattened annular foot. A part of the body wall visible towards the top. Transparent light yellowish nuance. Freely blown. B1, Layer1. 5- Reconstructed small round bowl with thin walls and a ring-shaped bottom. Of somewhat rougher texture. Orange colour with traces of a brown glazing. B1, Layer1. 6- Sherd of the upper part of a deeper plate or a bowl of thicker walls with a round-ending rim. Orange ceramics of rough texture with a lot of sand and tiny stones. On the inside opaque red glazing. B1, Layer1. 7- Reconstructed shallow plate or tray with a flat bottom and a thin standing ring placed nearer the edge. The rim is almost straight, with a slight

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rubom. Tamno sive boje s dosta sitnog iskrolisnika u fakturi. B1, SJ1. 3- Manji ulomak oboda lonca s naljepljenom trakom s ukrasom izvedenim stiskanjem prstima. Boja sivocrna s dosta sitnog pijeska i kamencica u fakturi. B1, SJ1. 4- Ulomak oboda lonca tanje stijenke. Blago izvijen s kosim zavrsetkom. Smedosive boje s dosta sitnih kamencica i pijeska u fakturi. B1, SJ1. 5- Ulomak lonca koso izvijenog oboda, ravnog vrha, s vanjske strane valovito profiliran. Vrat se koso siri prema dolje. Tamno sive boje s dosta sitnih kamencica i pijeska u fakturi. B1, SJ1. 6- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude tanje stijenke grublje fakture s valovito profiliranim obodom. SONDA 4 SJ2 7- Ulomak debljeg izvijenog oboda lonca. Svijetlo smede boje s nesto iskrolisnika. B1,SJ1.

conical transition towards the bottom. Orangered colour, of rougher texture with tiny sand. B1, LayeM. 8- Cylindrical short foot of an amphora. Orange claV tempered with calcite sand. 9- Sherd of a concave bottom of an amphora. Reddish clay tempered with tiny sand. Table 1 1 . B1 - SJ1. 1-Sherd of a rim of a pot with a curved concave edge. Gray /b,ack co,our with a ,ot of fe|dspar temper B1 LayeM 2- Sherd of a rim of a pot with a rounded twisted edge. Dark grey with a lot of tiny feldspar in the texture. B1, LayeM. 3- Small sherd of a rim of a pot with attached ribbon with a decoration executed by means of Pressing fingers. The colour is greyish-black with a lot of tinV sand and stones in the texture. B1>

vjeUr::r::r;f::s La^ of a rim of a*- MPO t. aw*

k e J i k e s primjesama finSg pij'eska. Na vrhu plasticni valoviti ukras izveden prstima. B1, SJ1. 9- Dio vrca izradene na brzovrtecem kolu s mnogo primjesa sitnog iskrolisnika i kvarcita. Izvana i iznutra tamnosive, a u prijelomu svijetlo smede boje. B1, SJ1. 10- Dno posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu s mnogo primjesa sitnog iskrolisnika i kvarcita. Izvana i iznutra tamno sive, a u prijelomu svijetlo smede boje. B1, SJ1. 11- Dio rucke posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu s mnogo primjesa sitnog iskrolisnika i kvarcita. Zl sme
l

^ ^ ^ ~ S : V 1 y ' y 5. Sherd of a pot with an angled twisted rim with a f,at top> on the outside mou|ded in an undulated way. The neck is widening downwards in a slanting way. Dark grey with a lot of tiny stones and sand in the texture. B1, LayeM. 6- Sherd of the upper part of a thin-walled vessel of rougher texture with undulating moulded rim. TRENCH 4, Layer2. 7- Sherd of a thicker pot rim. Light brown colour with a small ammount of feldspar temper. B1, !

b l i ^ i %T ' '

S V6

i '

' P ri i elm U SVii etl

Tabla 12. B1 - SJ1. 1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa veceg i manjeg vapnenca, grube izrade, izvana smede, u prijelomu i iznutra tamno smede boje. B1-zap, SJ1. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu (?), s mnogo primjesa veceg i manjeg kvarcita, izvana i u prijelomu erne a iznutra tamno smede boje. B1zap SJ1 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno (?) s doradom oboda na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kvarcita i veoma porozna, izvana i iznutra tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. B1-zap, SJ1. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s mnogo primjesa veceg i manjeg vapnenca, grube izrade, izvana smede, u prijelomu crvene a iznutra erne boje. B1, SJ1. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno (?) s doradom oboda na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kvarcita i veoma porozna, izvana i iznutra tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. B1-zap, SJ1. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s malo primjesa kvarcita, veoma porozna, erne boje. B1zaP; SJ1 7- Dio velike posude izradene prostorucno, nepravilne izrade, s tragovima modeliranja prstima. Neprociscene gline s mnogo primjesa vecih i manjih kvarcita koji se truse, porozna. Uglavnom

Lay 8- r1 Sherd of the upper edge of a conical vessel, probably a censer, made of rougher orange ceramics tempered with fine sand. At the top, plastic undulated decoration executed with fingers. B1, LayeM. 9. Part of a ug manufactured on a fast potters wheel with a large amount of temper of tiny feldspar and quartzite. On the outside and on the inside dark grey, light brown at the break. B1, LayeM. 10- Bottom of a vessel manufactured on a fast Potters wheel with a large amount of temper of tiny feldspar and quartzite. On the outside and on the inside dark grey, light brown at the break. B1, ^ manufactured \ p f Q a a e f J v ^ J Jnt^ ^ V p e r of ?iny feldspar^n3 quartzite On the ^ and 0 n the inside darkTey, light brown at the break B1 LayeM Table 12 B1 - SJ1 1- Sherd of a vessel made on a fast rotating wheel, with a lot of additives of bigger and smaller limestone, rough, brown on the outside, dark brown at the break point and on the inside. B1west, LayeM. 2- Sherd of a vessel made on a rotating wheel with a lot of additions of bigger and smaller quartz, on the outside and at the break point black, and on the inside dark brown. B1-west, Layer1. 3- Sherd of a handmade ? vessel with the rim

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erne boje. B1, SJ1. 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno (?), s mnogo primjesa sitnih kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. B1-zap, SJ1. 9- Dio peci (?), izracJene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, grube i nepravilne izrade, erne do smede boje, veoma prepaljeno. B1, SJ1. 10- Ulomak tijela lonca tanje stijenke s dubljim paralelnim vodoravnim urezima na vanjskoj strani, izvedenim cesljastim predmetom. Smede do sivocrne boje s malo finog iskrolisnika u fakturi. B1, SJ1. 11- Ulomak gornjeg dijela poklopca sa cepastom drskom, neravno izvedenom. Grublje fakture, smede do sive boje s dosta sitnih primjesa pijeska, mrvljene cigle i kamencica. B1, SJ1. 12- Dio tronosca izradenog prostorucno, neprociscene gline s primjesama kamencica, crvene boje. Tabla 13. B1 - SJ1. 1- Zeljezni predmet nejasne namjene. PN15, B1, SJ1. 2- Zeljezno svrdlo. B1, SJ1. 3-Zeljezno dlijeto. B1, SJ1. 4- Zeljezni kljuc. PN8, B1, SJ1. 5- Zeljezna igla pojasne kopce. B1, SJ1. 6- Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ1. 7- Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ1. 8- Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ1. 9- Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ1. 10- Kameni uteg, vapnenac, tezina 1490 g. PN16, B1, SJ1. 11- Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ1. 12- Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ1. 13- Broncana ukrasna igla. PN10, B1, SJ1. 14- Zeljezni kljuc. PN8, B1, SJ1. 15- Broncani pleteni lancic. PN9, B1, SJ1. Tabla 14. B1 - SJ2 / B1 - SJ25 / B2 - SJ8. 1- Ulomak uglatog nosa svjetiljke volutnog tipa. Meke fakture s primjesama finog pijeska. Svijetlo narancasta keramika sa tragovima narancastog premaza. B1, SJ2. 2- Ulomak ramena i tijela firmalampen s profiliranim prstenom na ramenu. Finija faktura. Svijetlo narancasta keramika. B1, SJ20. 3- Ulomak diska svjetiljke volutnog tipa. Ostaci reljefnog ukrasa, donji dio prikaza zivotinje okrenute nalijevo. Na ramenu tri koncentricna ureza. Mekse fakture. Oker keramika s tragovima svijetlo smedeg premaza. B1, SJ25 4- Fragmentirani vrat balzamarija s kratkim kosim, blago zaobljenim obodom. Vrat se suzava prema tijelu. Narancasta keramika grublje izrade. B1, SJ25. 5- Ulomak amfore s okomito zadebljanim otvorom. Glina je blijedozuta s primjesama sitnog pijeska. 6- Dva ulomka lonca izvijenog oboda iznutra kosog, izvana s blagim rebrom.Prema dolje blago se zaobljuje. Sivocrna boja sa sitnim pijeskom i kamencicima u fakturi, hrapave povrsine. B2-3,

finished on a fast rotating wheel, with additives of quartz and very porous, dark brown on the outside and the inside, and at the break point black. B1west, Layer1. 4- Sherd of a vessel made on the wheel, with a lot of additives of bigger and smaller limestone, rough, brown on the outside, red at the break point, black on the outside. B1, Layer1. 5- Sherd of a handmade ? vessel with the rim finished on a fast rotating wheel, with additives of quartz and very porous, dark brown on the outside and the inside, and at the break point black. B1west, Layer1. 6- Sherd of a vessel made on a rotating wheel, with quartz additives, very porous, black. B1-west, Layer1. 7- A part of a handmade vessel, irregular, with marks of finger modelling on the inside. Unpurified clay with a lot of additives of bigger or smaller crumbling quartz bits, porous. Mostly black. B1, Layer1. 8- Sherd of a handmade ? vessel with a lot of additions of smaller crumbling stones, light brown. B1-west, Layer1. 9- A part of a handmade stove?, unpurified clay, rough and irregular, black to brown, overburned. B1, Layer1. 10- Sherd of the body of a thin-walled pot with deeper parallel horizontal engravings on the outside, made using a comb-like object. Brown to greyish-black colour with some fine feldspar in the texture. B1, Layer1. 11- Sherd of the upper part of a lid with an irregularly made plug-like handle. Of rougher texture, of brown to grey colour with a large amount of temper of tiny sand, ground brick and stones. B1, Layer1. 12- A part of a trivet, handmade of unpurified clay, with additions of stone, red. Table 13. B1 - SJ1. 1- Iron artefact of unknown purpose. PN15, B1, Layer 1. 2- Iron bore. B1, Layer1. 3- Iron chisel. B1, Layer1. 4- Iron artefact of unknown purpose. B 1 , Layer1. 5- Iron needle of the belt buckle. B1, Layer 1. 6- Iron nail. B1, Layer1. 7- Iron nail. B1, Layer1. 8- Iron nail. B1, Layer1. 9- Iron nail. B1, Layer1. 10- Stone weight, limestone, weight 1490 g. PN16, B1, Layer1. 11- Iron nail. B1, Layer1. 12- Iron nail. B1, Layer1. 13- Bronze decorative pin. PN10, B1, Layer1. 14- Iron key. PN8, B1, Layer1. 15- Bronze plaited chain. PN9, B1, Layer1. Table 14. B1 - SJ2 / B1 - SJ25 / B2 - SJ8. 1- Sherd of an angular nose of a volute-type lamp. Of soft texture tempered with fine sand. Light orange ceramics with traces of orange glazing. B1, Layer20. 2- Sherd of a shoulder and a body of a firmlampen with a moulded ring on the shoulder.

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SJ8. 7- Ulomak ramena i nosa firmalampen s profiliranim prstenom koji se nastavlja na nos, na dijelom kanala prema nosu polovica rupice za zrak. Na ramenu usica s urezom. Tvrda faktura. Dijelom kalcificirano. Narancasta keramika. B2, SJ8. TahlalR B1 Sl2f) 1- Dva ul'omka" gornj'eg dijela posude oblikom slicni tarioniku. Izvucenog ravnog oboda s profiliranim rebrom prema unutrasnjoj stijenki posude. Na dijelu oboda nalijepljena sira plasticna traka s otiscima prstiju. Narancastosmede boje, grublje fakture s dosta kvarcnih kamencica i pijeska. B1, SJ20. 2- Ulomak gornjeg dijela vece posude egejskog tipa sa izvijenim kosim obodom. Na unutrasnjem dijelu tijela tragovi izrade na kolu. Narancasta do siva keramika B1 SJ20 3- Ulomak'gornjeg dijela vece posude egejskog tipa sa izvijenim kosim obodom. Na donjem dijelu oboda manji ostatak gornjeg dijela trakaste rucke. Na unutrasnjem dijelu tijela tragovi izrade na kolu. Narancasta do siva keramika. B1, SJ20. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude egejskog tipa sa izvijenim kosim obodom. Na donjem dijelu oboda manji ostatak gornjeg dijela trakaste rucke. Na unutrasnjem dijelu tijela tragovi izrade na kolu. Izvana siva, iznutra narancasta keramika, s dosta pijeska i sitnog iskrolisnika u fakturi. B1, SJ20. 5- Manji ulomak oboda lonca. Kraci izvijeni, blago konkavni obod, zaobljenog kraja. Prema vratu jedva naznaceno profilirano rebro. Sivosmeda keramika s dosta sitnog pijeska i kamencica u fakturi. B1, SJ20. 6- Dva ulomka oboda lonca. Koso izvijen obod, iznutra blago konkavan, a izvana blago valovit. Smeda keramika s primjesama sitnih kamencica i pijeska u fakturi. B1, SJ20. 7- Gornji dio lonca izvijenog oboda zaravljenog kraja. Sivocrne boje sa mnogo iskrolisnika u fakturi. B1, SJ20. 8- Dva ulomka gornjeg dijela zdjele izvucenog kratkog oboda. Obod je ravan, oblo se zavrsava prema vanjskoj stijenci posude. Narancastosive boje, grublje fakture s primjesama kvarca i pijeska. Na unutrasnjoj strani ostaci glatkog smedeg Dremaza B1 SJ20 9- Ulomak oboda lonca. Jace izvijen sa oblim zavrsetkom. Na manjem dijelu sacuvanog vrata ostatak profilacije. Blijedozuckaste do sive boje sa sitnom mrvljenom ciglom i kamencicima u fakturi. B1, SJ20. 10- Ulomak oboda posude stanjen pri vrhu, s urezanom linijom ispod otvora. Glina je svijetlo narancasta, iznutra crvenkasta, s dosta primjesa kalcitnog pijeska. 11- Ulomak izvijenog kosog, na kraju zaobljenog oboda vece posude egejskog tipa. S donje strane sacuvan pocetak trakaste rucke. Narancasta do siva keramika B1 SJ20 Tabla 16. B1 - SJ20. 1- Ulomak tijela i dna firmalampen. Sacuvan

Finer texture. Light orange ceramics. B1, Layer20. 3- Sherd of a disc of a volute-type lamp. Remains of a relief decoration, lower part of an animal turned left. On the shoulder three concentric engravings. Of softer texture. Ochre ceramics with traces of light brown glazing. B1, Layer25. 4- Fragmented neck of a balsamary with a short, angled, slightly rounded rim. The neck is narrowed 0 " \ ^ ^ e ceramics of rou9her ^ ^ of aTamphora with a vertically d J thickened Pa|e Pe||ow c| fe { tiny sand 6- Two sherds of a pot with a twisted rim, angled on the inside, slightly ribbed on the outside. Downwards slightly rounded. Greyish-black colour with tiny sand and stones in the texture, of rough surface. B2/3, Layer8. 7- Sherd of a shoulder and a nose of a firmlampen with a moulded ring continuing on the nose, on the part of the canal towards the nose half of a hole for the air- 0 n the shoulder sma" rin9 with an engraving. Harder texture. Partly calcified. Orange ceramics. B2, Layer8. Table 15. B1 - SJ20. 1- Two sherds of the upper part of a vessel simi|ar t 0 a mortar by shape; with a protruding straight rim with a moulded rib towards the inner wall of the vessel. A wide plastic ribbon with fingerprints attached to one part of the rim. Orangebrown colour, of a rougher texture with a lot of quartz stones and sand. B1, Layer20. 2- Sherd of the upper part of a bigger Aegean type vessel, with a twisted angled rim. Traces of the manufacture on the wheel on the inside of the body. Orange to grey ceramics. B1, Layer20. 3- Sherd of the upper part of a bigger Aegean type vessel, with a twisted angled rim. A smaller rest of the upper part of a ribbon-like handle on the lower side of the rim. On the inside of the body, traces of the manufacture on the wheel. Orange to grey ceramics B1 Layer20 4- Sherd of the upper part of an Aegean type vessel, with a twisted angled rim. On the lower part of the rim a smaller rest of the upper part of a ribbon-like handle. On the inside of the body traces of the manufacture on the wheel. On the outside grey, inside orange ceramics with a lot of sand and tiny feldspar in the texture. B1, Layer 20. 5- Small sherd of a rim of a pot. Shorter twisted, sli9ht|V concave rim< with a rounded end- HardlV indicated moulded rib towards the neck. Greyishbrown ceramics with a lot of tiny sand and stones in the texture. B1, Layer20. 6- Two sherds of a rim of a pot. Angled twisted rim, slightly concave on the inside, slightly undulated on the outside. Brown ceramics tempered with tiny stones and sand in the texture. B1, Layer20. 7- Uppe part of a pot with a curved rim and flatened edge. Gray/black ceramic with a lot of sand and stone temper. B1, Layer20. 8- Two sherds of the upper part of a bowl of a protruding short rim. The rim is straight, ending in a rounded way towards the outer wall of the vessel. Orange-grey of rougher texture tempered with

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clio prijelaza u nos. Faktura sa sitnim pijeskom. Svijetlo narancasta keramika s narancastosmedim premazom. Unutar tri urezane kruznice firma C... ili S (?). B1, SJ20. 2- Ulomak dna firmalampen. Tri koncentricna prstena. Narancasta keramika. B1, SJ20. 3- Dva ulomka dna firmalampen. Tri koncen tricna prstena. Oker keramika s tamno smedim premazom. B1, SJ20. 4- Ulomak dna firmalampen. Finija faktura. Svijetlo smeda keramika s tamnijom glazurom. Unutar tri urezane kruznice firma LV...(?). B1, SJ20. 5- Tri ulomaka gornjeg dijela firmalampen. Sacuvano rame s jednom usicom, profilirani prsten koji se nastavlja na nos, na kanalu prema nosu rupica za zrak, a na nosu otvor za fitilj. Tragovi gorenja na nosu. Finija faktura. Narancastosmeda keramika s tragovima crvenkastog premaza. B1, SJ20. 6- Dva ulomka dna firmalampen. Finija faktura sa sitnim pijeskom.Narancasta keramika. Firma FORTIS. B1, SJ20. 7- Ulomak ramena firmalampen sa diskom i prijelazom u nos s profiliranim rebrom. Sacuvan dio rupice za ulje na disku i rupice za zrak na prijelazu u nos. Sivosmeda keramika, u presjeku narancasta. B 1, SJ20. 8- Ulomak ramena firmalampen s profiliranim prstenom i prijelazom prema nosu. Na ramenu jedna usica. Svijetlo narancasta keramika. B1, SJ20. 9- Ulomak ramena i diska firmalampen. Na ramenu profilirani prsten i usica sa dva ureza. Na disku dio otvora za ulje? Grublje fakture. Mrljasta smedosiva keramika. B1, SJ20. 10- Ulomak prijelaza u nos firmalampen. Sacuvan dio profiliranog rebra i rupica za zrak. Narancasta keremika, u presijeku siva. B1, SJ20. 11- Ulomak diska i dijela ramena firmalampen s prijelazom u nos. Na ramenu profilirani prsten koji se nastavlja prema nosu. Na disku rupica za zrak (?). Faktura s finim pijeskom. Svjetlonarancasta keramika. B1, SJ20. 12- Ulomak ramena firmalampen s profiliranim prstenom. Narancasta keramika. B1, SJ20. 13- Ulomak ramena firmalampen sa diskom i prijelazom u nos na kojem je profilirano rebro. Narancasta keramika. B1, SJ20. 14- Dva ulomka diska i nosa svjetiljke volutnog tipa. Volute sacuvane kod spoja s tijelom. Vidljivi tragovi triju koncentricnih prstena i neprepoznatljivog prikaza, meke fakture. Oker keramika sa slabim tragovima smedeg premaza. B1, SJ20. 15- Ulomak ramena firmalampen s profiliranim prstenom i jednom usicom s urezom. Finije fakture. Narancasta keramika. B1, SJ20. Tabla 17. B1 - SJ20. 1- Dio zeljeznih plosnatih klijesta. B1, SJ20. 2-Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ20. 3-Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ20. 4- Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ20. 5- Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ20.

quartz and sand. On the inside rests of a smooth brown glazing. B1, Layer20. 9- Sherd of a rim of a pot. More twisted with a rounded end. On a smaller part of the preserved neck, rest of the moulding. Pale yellowish to grey colour with tiny ground brick and stones in the texture. B1, Layer20. 10- Sherd of a rim of a vessel, thinned at the top, with an engraved line under the opening. Light orange clay, reddish on the inside, with a large amount of temper of calcite sand. 11- Sherd of a twisted angled rim of a bigger Aegean type vessel, rounded at the end. The beginning of a ribbon-like handle preserved on the bottom side. Orange to grey ceramics. B1, layer 20. Table 16. B1 - SJ20. 1- Sherd of a body and a bottom of a firmlampen. Preserved part of the transition into the nose. Texture with tiny sand. Light orange ceramics with orange-brown glazing. Within three engraved circles inscription C... or S (?). B1, Layer20. 2- Sherd of a bottom of a firmlampen. Three concentric rings. Orange ceramics. B1, Layer 20. 3- Two sherds of a bottom of a firmlampen. Thee concentric rings. Ochre ceramics with a dark brown glazing. B1, Layer20. 4- Sherd of a bottom of a firmlampen. Finer texture. Light brown ceramics with darker glazing. Inside three engraved circles inscription LV...(?). B1, Layer20. 5- Three sherds of the upper part of a firmlampen. Preserved a shoulder with one small ring, moulded ring continuing on the nose, on the canal towards the nose a small hole for the air, on the nose opening for the fuse. Traces of burning on the nose. Finer texture. Orange-brown ceramics with traces of reddish glazing. B1, Layer 20. 6- Two sherds of a bottom of a firmlampen. Finer texture with tiny sand. Orange ceramics. Inscription FORTIS. B1, Layer20. 7- Sherd of a shoulder of a firmlampen with a disc and a transition into the nose with a moulded rib. Preserved part of a small hole for oil on the disc and a small hole for the air on the transition into the nose. Greyish-brown ceramics, orange in the cross-section. B1, Layer20. 8- Sherd of a shoulder of a firmlampen with a mouldedring and a transition towards the nose. On the shoulder one small hole. Light orange ceramics. B1, Layer20. 9- Sherd of a shoulder and a disc of a firmlampen. On the shoulder moulded ring and small hole with two engravings. On the disc part of the opening for oil(?). Of rougher texture. Stained brownish-grey ceramics. B1, Layer20. 10- Sherd of a transition into the nose of a firmlampen. Preserved part of a moulded rib and a hole for the air. Orange ceramics, grey in the crosssection. B1, Layer20. 11- Sherd of a disc and a part of the shoulder of a firmlampen with the transition into the nose. On the shoulder moulded ring continuing towards the nose. On the disc a small hole for the air (?). Texture with fine sand. Light orange ceramics. B1, Layer20.

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6-Zeljezni cavao. B1, SJ20. 7- Zeljezna zakovica. B1, SJ20. 8- Ulomak staklene trakaste blago narebrene rucke vece posude, vjerojatno boce. Prozirna zelenkasta nijansa. Slobodno puhano. B1, SJ20. 9- Ulomak gornjeg dijela keramicke posude tankih stijenki. Posuda cilindricnog (?) oblika s plitkom rebrastom profilacijom ispod oboda. Sacuvan crni premaz. B1, SJ20. 10- Manji ulomak debljeg ruba zdjele, mozda oblikom slicne tarioniku, moguce nakosen prema dolje. Sivocrne boje s dosta primjesa pijeska, kamencica i mrvljene opeke u fakturi. B1, SJ20. 11- Manji ulomak gornjeg dijela poklopca sa zaravnjenom cepastom drskom. Narancaste boje s dosta sitnog kalcita i pijeska u fakturi. B1, SJ20. 12- Ulomak bikonicnog tijela posude egejskog tipa. S vanjske i unutarnje strane vidljivi tragovi izrade na kolu. Narancaste do sivosmede boje. B1, SJ20. 13- Ulomak donjeg dijela poklopca sa zaobljenim rubom. S unutarnje strane vidljivi tragovi izrade na kolu. Narancaste do sivosmede boje, grublje fakture s mnogo sitnih kamencica i pijeska. B1, SJ20. 14- Ulomak donjeg dijela poklopca s malo zadebljanim zaobljenim rubom. S unutarnje i vanjske strane vidljivi tragovi izrade na kolu. Tamne smedosive boje sa sitnim kamencicima i pijeskom u fakturi. B1, SJ20. 15- Ulomak rebraste ruckice posude tankih stijenki mekse fakture. Svijetlo siva keramika, sa slabim tragovima crnog premaza. B1, SJ20. 16- Donji dio vrca ili pehara, ravnog, blago profiliranog dna. Oker keramika s nesto sitnog pijeska i kamencica. S vanjske strane pri dnu vodoravni urez, od kojeg se prema gore nastavljaju sire postavljeni okomiti tanji urezi. Slabi tragovi smedeg premaza. Ulomak rucke i sive posude grublje fakture sa mnogo sitnih kamencica i pijeska u fakturi. Uzduz izvedena dva paralelna ureza koja tvore tri rebra. Tabla 18. B2 - SJ1. 1- Ulomak amfore s ruckom ovalnog presjeka. Glina je narancasta s primjesama sitnog pijeska. 2, 9- Dva ulomka - koja se ne spajaju - kvadraticnog dna staklene boce (25 a) i brida (25 b). Prozirno zelenkastoplavkasta nijansa. Puhano u kalup. B2, SJ1. 3- Ulomak oboda case zadebljanog ruba. Bezbojno (dekolorirano) staklo. Slobodno puhano. B2, SJ1. 4- Ulomak oboda case ili zdjela ravnog oboda. Izvana bruseno? Prozirno (dekolorirano) staklo. Slobodno puhano. B2, SJ1. 5- Ulomak dna posude s fragmentiranim stajacim prstenom na vanjskoj strani i dva koncentricna ureza na unutarnjoj strani. Slabije prociscena glina okernarancaste boje. Premaz crvenosmedi mat, lako se skida. B2, SJ1. 6- Nataljeno dno case. Dno s prijelazom u tijelo. Prozirna svijetlo zutozelena nijansa. Malo zracnih

12- Sherd of a shoulder of a firmlampen with a moulded ring. Orange ceramics. B1, Layer20. 13- Sherd of a shoulder of a firmlampen with a disc and a transition into the nose with a moulded rib. Orange ceramics. B1, Layer20. 14- Two sherds of a disc and a nose of a volutetype lamp. Volutes preserved at the joint with the body. Visible traces of three concentric rings of unrecognisable representation. Of soft texture. Ochre ceramics with weak traces of brown glazing. B1, Layer20. 15- Sherd of a shoulder of a firmlampen with a moulded ring and one small hole with an engraving. Of finer texture. Orange ceramics. B1, Layer20. Table 17. B1 - SJ20. 1- A part of flat iron pliers. B1, Layer20. 2- Iron nail. B1, Layer20. 3- Iron nail. B1, Layer20. 4- Iron nail. B1, Layer20. 5- Iron nail. B1, Layer20. 6- Iron nail. B1, Layer20. 7- Iron rivet. B1, Layer20. 8- Sherd of a band-like mildly corrugated handle of a larger vessel, most probably a bottle. Transparent greenish nuance. Freely blown. B1, Layer20. 9- Sherd of the upper part of a thin-walled vessel. The vessel of cylindrical (?) shape with shallow ribbed moulding under the rim. Preserved black glazing. B1, Layer20. 10- Small sherd of a thicker edge of a bowl, probably similar to a mortar by shape, possibly angled downwards. Of greyish-black colour with a large amount of temper of sand, stones and ground brick in the texture. B1, Layer20. 11- Small sherd of the upper part of a lid with a levelled plug-like handle. Orange with a lot of tiny calcite and sand in the texture. B1, Layer 20. 12- Sherd of a carinated body of an Aegean type vessel. On the outside and on the inside visible traces of the manufacture on the wheel. Orange to greyish-brown colour. B1, Layer20. 13- Sherd of the lower part of a lid with a rounded edge. On the inside visible traces of the manufacture on the wheel. Orange to greyishbrown colour, of rougher texture with a lot of tiny stones and sand. B1, Layer20. 14- Sherd of the lower part of a lid with a little thickened rounded edge. On the inside and on the outside visible traces of the manufacture on the wheel. Of dark brownish-grey colour with tiny stones and sand in the texture. B1, Layer20. 15- Sherd of a ribbed handle of a thin-walled vessel of softer texture. Light grey ceramics with weak traces of black glazing. B1, Layer20. 16- Lower part of a jug or goblet of a flat slightly moulded bottom. Ochre ceramics with some tiny sand and stones. On the outside near the bottom, a horizontal engraving, from which widely placed, vertical, thinner engravings continue upwards. Weak traces of a brown glazing. Sherd of a handle and of a grey vessel of rougher texture with a lot of tiny stones and sand in the texture. Alongside run two parallel engravings making three ribs.

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mjehurica. B2, SJ1. 7- Dio zeljezne papucaste potkove s tri rupe. PN3, B2, SJ1. 8- Ulomak dna zdjelice s ravnim dnom s nataljenom nogom zakosenog presjeka prema van. Prozirne plavozelenkaste nijanse. Slobodno Duhano B2 SJ1 10- Siljaia noga amfore Glina je narancasta s
oiijdw
P

159 Table 18. B2 - SJ1. 1- Sherd of an amphora with a handle of oval cross-section. Orange clay tempered with tiny sand. 2, 9- Two not matching sherds of a square bottom of a bottle (9) and the ed9e (2)- Trans" Parent Oreen-bluish nuance. Moulded. B2, LayeM.
3_ s herd
Qf

a rjm

Qf

a cup w j th a thickened

r T l - S , cepasta n^ga amfore. Glina je crvena s primjesama kalcitnog pijeska. 12- Ulomak trbusastog lonca s oblim izvijenim rubom. Smeda do sivocrna boja s dosta sitnog iskrolisnika u fakturi. B2, SJ1. 13- Ulomak oboda lonca grublje izrade. Boja sivo do sivocrna. Mnogo iskrolisnika u fakturi. B2, SJ1. 14- Ulomak tijela lonca s vrlo plitkim paralelnim vodoravnim tankim urezima na vanjskoj strani, izvedenim cesljastim predmetom. Tamne sivosmede boje s dosta sitnog iskrolisnika u fakturi. B1, SJ1. Tabla 19. B3/4 - SJ18 / B3 - SJ8. 1- Rekonstruirani tanjur pompejanskog tipa. Ravnog dna i oblog ruba. Na dnu grafit od vise siljatih ureza, moguce slova. Crvenosmede boje s dosta pijeska, finog kvarca i sitnih crnih primjesa u fakturi. Na unutrasnjoj strani sjajni crveni premaz. B3/4, SJ18. 2- Ulomak tanje vrpcaste rucke, valovito uvijene. Prozirna zelenkasta nijansa. Slobodno puhano B3/4 SJ18 3- Fragmentirani gornji dio konicne posude, kadionice, koji se nastavlja nogom. Narancastosmeda keramika, s tragovima gorenja na unutarnjoj strani. Crne fakture s mnogo pijeska i sitnih kamencica. B4, SJ18. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela manje posudice tanke stijenke s vrlo kratkim, ravnim, prema van izvijenim obodom. Slabije prociscena glina svijetlooker boje s primjesama finog pijeska. Slabo izveden crvenonarancasti mat premaz u vise slojeva, koji se lako ljusti. B3/4, SJ18. 5- Ulomak balzamarija cjevastog tipa, ulomak tijela ima blago kapljasti oblik, prozirna plavkasta nijansa, malo zracnih mjehurica.Slobodno puhan. B3/4; SJ18 6- Ulomak nosa svjetiljke volutnog tipa.Tragovi gorenja. Oker keramika s tragovima smedeg premaza. B3/4, SJ18. 7- Ulomak nosa svjetiljke volutnog tipa. Fine fakture. Tragovi gorenja. Oker keramika s tragovima smedeg premaza. B3/4, SJ18. 8- Ulomak amfore s bifidnom ruckom. Glina je zuckastonarancasta s primjesama pijeska. 9- Broncana limena plocica. PN12, B3, SJ1. 10- Ulomak kamenog tarionika, vapnenac. PN17 B3 SJ8 Tabla 20 B3 - SJ1 1- Dijelovi posude izradene prostorucno, vrlo nepravilne izrade, s tragovima modeliranja prstima iznutra i naknadnog zaravnavanja izvana. Nepro-

en Rp'Tavlrf (de C0 ' U red) ^ ' ^ 4. Sherd 0 / a rim of a c or a bow| with a M edge. Whetted on the ouMtside? Transparent (decoloured) glass. Freely blown. B2, LayeM. 5- Sherd of the bottom of a vessel with a fragmented standing ring on the outside and two concentric engravings on the inside. Poorly refined clay of ochre-orange colour. The glazing is opaque reddish-brown, and comes off easily. B2, LayeM. 6- Cup bottom added by melting. Bottom with a transition to the body. Transparent light-yellowgreen nuance. Some air bubbles. B2, LayeM 7- A part of an iron horseshoe (having a shape of slipper) with three holes. PN3, B2, LayeM. 8- Sherd of a bottom of a bowl with a flat bottom and a foot added by melting of a slanted crosssection towards thg outer side. Transparent bluegreenish nuance. Freely blown. B2, LayeM. 10- Pointed foot of an amphora. Orange clay tempered with calcite sand. 11- Short plug-like foot of an amphora. Red clay tempered with calcite sand. 12- Sherd of a bulging pot with a round twisted ed9e- Brown t 0 greyish-black colour with a lot of tinV ^Idspar in the texture. B2, LayeM. 13- Sherd of a rim of a roughly mede pot. Grey to greyish-black colour. A lot of feldspar temper. B2, Layer1. 14- Sherd of the body of a pot with very shallow parallel horizontal thin engravings on the outside, made using a comb-like object. Dark greyish-brown with a lot of tiny feldspar in the texture B1 LayeM Table 19. B3/4 - SJ18 / B3 - SJ8. 1- Reconstructed plate of the Pompeian type. Of flat bottom and round edge. On the bottom graphics made of more pointed engravings, Possibly letters. Of reddish-brown colour with a lot of sand, fine quartz and tiny black admixtures in the texture. On the inside glossy red glazing. B 3-4, Layer18. 2- Sherd of a thinner band-like handle, curved. Transparent greenish nuance. Freely blown. B34, Layer18. 3- Fragmented upper part of a conical vessel, censer, continuing as a foot. Orange-brown ceramics with traces of burning on the inside. Of black texture with a lot of sand and tiny stones. B4, LayeM 8. 4- Sherd of the upper part of a smaller thinwalled vessel with very short, flat rim, twisted outwards. Less purified clay of light ochre colour tempered with fine sand. Poorly executed reddishorange opaque glazing in more layers, easily coming off. B3/4, Layer18. 5- Sherd of a tubular balsamary; the sherd of

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ciscene, porozne gline s primjesama vapnenca, masne povrsine. Izvana erne, narancaste, svijetlo i tamno smede, u prijelomu erne, a iznutra tamno smede do erne boje. Rekonstruirana u cijelosti. B3, SJ1, PN6. 2- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, vrlo nepravilne izrade, s tragovima modeliranja prstima iznutra. Neprociscene gline s mnogo primjesa vecih i manjih kvarcita koji se truse. Izvana svijetlo smede, u prijelomu narancaste a iznutra tamno smede do erne boje. B3, SJ1, PN6. 3- Dva ulomka lonca koso izvijenog profiliranog oboda. Narancastosmede boje s mnogo sitnih kvarcnih kamencica i finog pijeska u fakturi. B3, SJ1 4- Ulomak lonca koso izvijenog, valovito profiliranog oboda. Sivosmede boje s pijeskom i esto sitnih kamencica u fakturi B3 SJ1 5 Ulomak gornjeg dijela dubljeg tanju a ili zdjele a idiiizujeie s lose sacuvanim crvenim premazom izvana i iznutra. S vanjske i unutarnje strane posude plici tanji urezi. Narancasta keramika s nesto sitnog iskrohsnika u fakturi. B3, SJ 1. 6- Ulomak gornjeg dijela manje posudice s kratkim oblim obodom, blago izvijenim. Ispod oboda tragovi profilacije i vrlo plitkih, finih ureza. Slabije prociscena glina svijetlooker boje s primjesama finog pijeska. Slabo izveden crvenonarancasti mat premaz u vise slojeva, koji se lako ljusti. B3, SJ1. 7- Ulomak fragmentiranog dna manje posudice sa ostatkom tanjeg stajaceg prstena i tragovima koncentricnog ureza na vanjskoj strani. Slabije prociscena glina oker boje s primjesama finog pijeska. Slabo izveden crvenonarancasti mat premaz u vise slojeva, koji se lako ljusti. B3, SJ1. 8- Ulomak donjeg dijela trakaste rucke vece posude egejskog tipa. Narancasta do siva keramika. B3, SJ1. 9- Ulomak bikonicnog tijela posude egejskog tipa. S vanjske i unutarnje strane vidljivi tragovi izrade na kolu. Blijedo oker do sivosmede boje. B3 SJ1 10- Ulomak bikonicnog tijela posude egejskog tipa. S vanjske i unutarnje strane vidljivi tragovi izrade na kolu. Narancaste do sivosmede boje. B3, SJ1. 11- Broncana limena plocica B3, SJ1. 12- Ulomak tanje stijenke posude s vrlo plitko izvedenim urezima na vanjskoj strani. Bolje prociscena glina okernarancaste boje. Sjajni crvenosmedi premaz koji se lako skida. B3, SJ1. 13- Ulomak donjeg dijela zdjele s bikonicnom profilacijom. Narancasta keramika s dosta finog pijeska u fakturi. S unutarnje i vanjske strane slabi ostaci narancastocrvenog premaza. B3, SJ1. 14- Broncana limena plocica. PN13, B3, SJ8. 15- Ulomak donjeg dijela poklopca s kosim zaobljenim rubom. S unutarnje i vanjske strane vidljivi tragovi izrade na kolu. Narancastosmede boje, grublje fakture s mnogo kamencica i pijeska. B3, SJ1.

the body is mildly tear-shaped, of a transparent bluish nuance, some air bubbles. Freely blown. B3/4> LaVer186- Sherd of a nose of a volute-type lamp. Traces of burning. Ochre ceramics with traces of brown glazing. B3/4, Layer18. 7- Sherd of a nose of a volute-type lamp. Of fine texture. Traces of burning. Ochre ceramics with traces of brown g|azing. fat, Layer18. 8. sherd of an amphora with a bifid handle. Yellowish-orange clay tempered with sand. 9- Bronze sheet plaque. PN12, B3, Layer 1. 10- Sherd of a stone mortar, limestone. PN17, B3, Layer8. Table 20. B3 - SJ1. 1" A part of a handmade sherd, very irregular, with marks of finger modelling on the inside and later smoothing on the outside- Unpurified< porous ^ with additives of limestone> greasy surfacek liaht and dark brown on the outside B| *^^S$^^XXk on the inside B3 LaveM PN6 2. A part of a'hanydma'de vesse|; very irregu|ar, wjth marks of finger modelling on the inside. Unpurified clay with a lot of additives of bigger or smaller crumbling quartz bits. On the outside light brown, at the break point orange, and on the inside dark brown to black. B3, LayeM, PN6. 3- Two sherds of a pot with an angled twisted moulded rim. Orange-brown with a lot of tiny quartz stones and finea sandwiththe texture- twisted vwavy4- Sherd of pot in an angled B3< La er1moulded rim. Of greyish-brown colour with sand and some tiny stones in the texture. B3, Layer1. 5- Sherd of the upper part of a deeper plate or bowl with a poorly preserved red glazing on the outside and 0 the inside 0 n the utside and on the inside of the vesse| thin sha||OW engravings. orange ceramics with some tiny feldspar in the texture. B3, LayeM. 6- Sherd of the upper part of a smaller vessel with a short slightly twisted round rim. Under the rim there are traces of the moulding and some very shallow, fine engravings. Poorly refined clay of light ochre colour tempered with fine sand. Poorly executed reddish-orange opaque glazing in more lavers> easi|V comin9 off- B3> Laver17- Sherd of a fragmented bottom of a smaller vessel with a rest of a thinner standing ring and traces of concentric engravings on the outside. Poorly refined clay of ochre colour tempered with fine sand. Poorly executed reddish-orange opaque g|azing in more |ayerS; easi|y coming off. B3, Layer 1 8- Sherd of the lower part of a ribbon-like handle of a bigger Aegean type vessel. Orange to grey ceramics. B3, LayeM. 9- Sherd of a carinated body of an Aegean type vessel. On the outside and on the inside visible traces of the manufacture on the wheel. Pale ochre to greyish-brown colour. B3, LayeM. 10" Sherd of a carinated bodV of an Ae9ean type vessel. On the outside and on the inside visible traces of the manufacture on the wheel. Orange to greyish-brown colour. B3, Layer1. 11- Bronze sheet plaque. B3, Layer1. 12- Sherd of a thinner wall of a vessel with very

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Tabla 2 1 . B3 - SJ2. 1- Kameni uteg, vapnenac, tezina 15005 g. PN18, B3, SJ 2. Tabla 22. B4 - SJ1 / B4 - SJ19. 1- Ulomak amfore s ruckom ovalnog presjeka. Glina je oker zuta s primjesama sitnog pijeska. B4, SJ1

shallowly made engravings on the outside. Better refined clay of ochre-orange colour. Glossy reddish-brown glazing which comes off easily. B3, LayeM. 13- Sherd of the lower part of a bowl with carinated moulding. Orange ceramics with a lot of fine sand in the texture. On the inside and on the outside weak remains of the orange-red glazing.

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Izv'ufcn pa v r a i blago zadebljanog ruba. Vrat cilindrican, sacuvan gornji polozaj rucke. Tijelo duguljasto ili kruskoliko. Plavkastozelenkasta prirodna boja. Slobodno puhano. B4, SJ1. 3- Broncana limena plocica sa zakovicom. PN7, B4, SJ1. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude. Manja zdjelica, obod ravan, izvijen, lagano suzavanje prema dolje. Tamno zelena boja sa sitnim rupicama gdje su bili mjehurici zraka. Lijevana u kalup. Vise ulomaka koji se ne spajaju. B4, SJ1. 5- Ulomak amfore s okomito zadebljanim otvorom. Glina je oker zuta s primjesama sitnog pijeska. B4, SJ1. 6- Ulomak ramena i diska firmalampen s profiliranim prstenom koji se nastavlja na nos i kanalom prema nosu. Na ramenu usica s urezom. Tvrde fakture sa sitnim pijeskom. Narancasta keramika. B4, SJ1. 7- Ulomak diska svjetiljke volutnog tipa sa ostacima prikaza. Prikaz necjelovit, nemoguce ga je definirati. Oker keramika. B4, SJ1 8- Ulomak jezicaste rucke posude s malo primjesa; tamno sive boje T. B4, SJ19 Tabla 23. C3 - SJ1 / Slucajni nalazi. 1- Ulomak amfore s masivnom nogom. Glina je narancasta s primjesama kalcitnog pijeska. 2- Dio amfore s kratkom cepastom nogom. Glina je crvenkasta s primjesama kalcitnog pijeska. 3- Ulomak rucke amfore ovalnog presjeka. Glina je narancasta, iznutra svjetlija, s malo primjesa kalcitnog pijeska. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela vece zdjele. Obod kratak, zadebljan, prema van ovalnog presjeka. Boja narancasta s dosta pijeska u fakturi. S vanjske strane gladak ciglastocrveni premaz, a na obodu tragovi smedocrnog premaza. SONDA 4, slucajni naiaz 5- Ulomak izvijenog kosog, na kraju zaobljenog oboda vece posude egejskog tipa. Narancasta do siva keramika. SONDA 4, slucajan nalaz. 6- Vise ulomaka posude tankih stijenki. Gornji dio posude blizu ruba. Tamn osiva keramika. Pri vrhu tri horizontalna plitka ureza, a ispod koso postavljeni rebrasti sitni tanki urezi. Dosta primjesa finog pijeska i veoma slabi tragovi tamnijeg premaza. SONDA 4, slucajni nalaz. 7,9,12- Plitko puno, blago omphalos dno posude veoma tankih stijenki od tamno sive keramike sa mnogo iznimno finog pijeska u fakturi. Moguce je da istoj posudi pripada i dio donjeg dijela tijela sa uskim koncentricnim urezima i dva

^ * f l o w e r part of a Md with an S e vi b e trac s o^ on wheeL 0range-brown, of rougher texture with a ,ot of stones and sand. B3, LayeM. Table 21. B3 - SJ2. 1- Stone weight, limestone, weight 15005 g. PN18, B3, Layer2. Table 22. B4 - SJ1 / B4 - SJ19. 1" Tne snerd of a anmphora with a handle of oval crossection. 2- The sherd of the upper part of a bottle or a jug with an irregular round opening the rim is horizontally drawn and returned with a mildly thickened edge. Cylindrical neck. The upper position of the handle preserved. A prolonged or pear-shaped body. Blue-greenish natural colour. Free|y b|0wn. B4, LayeM. 3- Bronze sheet plaque with a ring. PN7, Sector B4 LayeM 4- Sherd of the upper part of a vessel. A smaller bowl, the rim flat and curved, mildly narrowed towards the bottom. Dark green colour with tiny holes where air bubbles used to be. Moulded (several parts that can not be matched). B4, Layer 1. 5- Sherd of an amphora with a vertically thickened opening. Ochre yellow clay tempered with tiny sand. 6- Sherd of a shoulder and a disc of a firmlampen with moulded ring continuing on the nose and a cana, towards the nose. 0 n fhe nose smaN h0|e with an engraving. Of harder texture with tiny sand. Orange ceramics. B4, LayeM. 7- Sherd of a disc of a volute type lamp with the remains of an illustration. The illustration is incomplete, impossible to define. Ochre ceramics. B4, LayeM. 8- Sherd of a tongue-shaped handle of a vessel with some temper; of dark grey colour B4, Layer 19. Table 23. C3 - SJ1 / Chance finds. 1- Sherd of an amphora with a massive foot. Orange clay tempered with calcite sand. 2- Part of an amphora with a short plug-like foot Reddish d ay tempered with ca|Cite sand. 3. sherd of a handle of an amphora of oval cross-section. Orange clay, lighter on the inside, with a little temper of calcite sand. 4- Sherd of the upper part of a bigger bowl. The rim is short, thickened, with oval cross-section towards the outside. Orange colour with a lot of sand in the texture. On the outside a smooth brick^ glazing, on the rim traces of a brownish-black

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fragmenta gornjeg dijela koji se ne spajaju. Bez premaza. SONDA 4, slucajni nalaz. 8- Ulomak balzamarija cjevastog tipa. Ulomak sa prelazom tijela u vrat sa linijom suzenja, prozirna plavicasta nijansa. Slobodno puhan. SONDA 4, slucajni nalaz. 10- Dio rucke amfore. 11- Ulomak oboda case oblo zadebljanog ruba, blago se siri prema dolje. Gotovo bezbojno (lagano zuckasta nijansa). Slobodno puhano. Slucajni nalaz. Tabla 24. C3 - SJ3. 1- Ulomak posude izvijenog oboda ukrasen vodoravnom apliciranom trakom; izvana tamno sive boje s narancastim mrljama, a u prijelomu tamno sive boje. C3, SJ3. 2- Ulomak posude ravnog oboda; izvana tamno sive do narancaste, a u prijelomu tamno sive boje. C3, SJ3. 3- Ulomak oboda posude s malo primjesa; tamno sive boje. C3, SJ3. 4- Ulomak posude izvijenog oboda prostorucne izrade s puno primjesa kvarcita i kalcita; sivosmede boje s tamno sivim dijelovima. C3, SJ3. 5- Ulomak posude izvijenog oboda; sivosmede boje. C3, SJ3. 6- Ulomak izvijenog oboda lonca prostorucne izrade sa sitnim primjesama kalcita; izvana crvenosmede, a iznutra i u prijelomu tamno sive boje . C3, SJ3. 7- Ulomak oboda posude (mali lonac) prosto rucne izrade s malo primjesa; tamno sive boje. C3, SJ3. 8- Ulomak posude izvijenog oboda i prosto rucne izrade sa sitnim primjesama kvarcita i kalcita; tamno sive boje. C3, SJ3. 9- Ulomak zdjele sirokog ukosenog usca i pro storucne izrade; izvana sivosmede, a u prijelomu tamno sive do sivosmede boje. C3, SJ3. 10- Ulomak posude, odnosno rucke s jezicastom plocicom i s malo primjesa; crvenosmede, a u prijelomu tamnosive boje. C3, SJ3. 11- Ulomak trokutaste rucke; crvenkaste, a u prijelomu tamnosive boje. C3, SJ3. 12- Ulomak zdjele sirokog ukosenog usca s malo sitnih primjesa; tamno sive boje. C3, SJ3. 13- Ulomak trakaste rucke posude s malo primjesa kalcita; izvana tamno sive do smede, a u prijelomu sive boje. C3, SJ3. 14- Ulomak tijela posude s jezicastom ruckom s malo primjesa, svijetlo smede, ponegdje naranca ste, a u prijelomu tamno sive boje. C3, SJ3. 15- Ulomak jezicaste rucke posude s primje sama kalcita; izvana crvene, a iznutra i u prijelomu tamno sive boje. C3, SJ3. 16- Ulomak posude ukrasen vodoravnom apli ciranom trakom i s malo primjesa; izvana naran caste, a iznutra i u prijelomu tamno sive boje. C3, SJ3. 17- Ulomak posude, odnosno koljenaste rucke s jezicastom plocicom s malo primjesa; izvana sivo smede, a u prijelomu tamno sive boje. C3, SJ3.

glazing. TRENCH 4, chance find. 5- Sherd of a twisted angled rim of a bigger Aegean type vessel, rounded at the end. Orange to grey ceramics. TRENCH 4, chance find. 6- More sherds of a thin-walled vessel. The upper part of a vessel near the edge. Dark grey ceramics. Three horizontal shallow engravings near the top, and underneath some angled tiny thin ribbed engravings. Tempered with a lot of fine sand and very weak traces of a darker glazing. TRENCH 4, chance find. 7,9,12- Shallow, full, slightly omphalos bottom of a very thin-walled vessel made of dark grey ceramics with a lot of very fine sand in its texture. It is possible that a part of the lower part of the body with narrow concentric engravings also belongs to this vessel, as well as two fragments of the upper part which do not connect with each other. No glazing. TRENCH 4, chance find. 8- Sherd of a tubular balsamary. Sherd with the transition from the neck and the narrowing line, transparent bluish nuance. Freely blown. TRENCH 4, chance find. 1011- Sherd of a rim of a cup with a roundly thickened edge, mildly widening toward the top. Almost colourless (light yellowish nuance). Freely blown. Chance find. Table 24. C3 - SJ3. 1- Sherd of a vessel with a twisted rim decorated with a horizontal applied ribbon; of dark grey colour with orange smears outside; dark grey at the break. C3, Layer3. 2- Sherd of a vessel with a straight rim; dark grey to orange outside, dark grey at the break. C3, Layer3. 3- Sherd of a rim of a vessel with a little temper; of dark grey colour. C3, Layer3. 4- Sherd of a hand-mad vessel with a twisted rim with a large amount of temper of quartzite and calcite; of greyish-brown colour with dark grey parts. C3, Layer3. 5- Sherd of a vessel with a twisted rim; of greyish-brown colour. C3, Layer3. 6- Sherd of a twisted rim of a hand-made pot, tempered with small calcite; of reddish-brown colour outside, dark grey inside and at the break. C3, Layer3. 7- Sherd of a rim of a hand-made vessel (small pot) with some temper; of dark grey colour. C3, Layer3. 8- Sherd of a hand-made vessel with a twisted rim, tempered with quartzite and calcite; of dark grey colour. C3, Layer3. 9- Sherd of a hand-made bowl with a wide, angled mouth; of greyish-brown colour outside; dark grey to greyish-brown at the break .C3, Layer 3. 10- Sherd of a vessel, i.e. of a handle with a tongue-shaped platelet with a little temper; of reddish-brown colour; dark grey at the break. C3, Layer3. 11- Sherd of a triangular handle; of reddish colour; dark grey at the break. C3, Layer3. 12- Sherd of a bowl with a wide angled mouth with some small temper; of dark grey colour. C3, Layer3.

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18- Ulomak jezicaste rucke posude s malo primjesa; crvene, a u prijelomu erne boje. C3, SJ3. 19- Ulomak ravnog dna posude prostorucne izrade s malo primjesa; tamno sive boje. Slucajni nalaz. 20- Alatka od cijepanog kamena dijelom prekrivena okorinom. Materijal: tamni roznjak. PN1. Tabla 25. Sonda 4 - SJ1. 1- Ulomak rucke amfore ovalnog presjeka. Glina narancasta s malo primjesa kalcitnog pijeska. 2- Ulomak oboda zdjele. Obli rub s blago zadebljanim manjim rebrom. Prozirno staklo zelenkaste nijanse. Lijevano u kalup. SONDA 4, SJ1. 3- Ulomak oboda manje posude izvueen van pa presavijen prema unutra. Prozirne plavkastozelenkaste nijanse. Tijelo kuglasto ili kvadraticno? Puhano u kalup. SONDA 4, SJ1. 4- Dva ulomka gornjeg dijela posudice tankih stijenki koji se spajaju. Obod izvijen, uzi od posude. Fino prociscena siva glina sa slabim tragovima crnog premaza. Sacuvan dio barbotinskog ukrasa. SONDA 4, SJ1. 5- Dva ulomka case ukrasene ulegnucima (depresijama), koje nije moguce spojiti. Ulomci dna s prijelazom u tijelo. Prozirne blijedozute nijanse. Malo zracnih mjehurica. Omphalos dno. Slobodno puhano. SONDA 4, SJ1. 6- Ulomak nosa firmalampen s otvorom za fitilj i rupicom za zrak. Fina faktura. Narancasta keramika. SONDA 4, SJ1. 7- Kameni uteg, vapnenac, tezina 830 g. PN1, Sonda 4, SJ1. 8- Cilindricna noga amfore s prosirenim donjim dijelom. Glina je crvenkasta s primjesama kalcitnog pijeska. 9- Dva ulomka ramena i nosa firmalampen. Sacuvan dio profiliranog prstena koji se nastavlja na nos. Na ramenu usica s urezom. Fina faktura. Narancasta keramika s tragovima blijedo zutog premaza. SONDA 4, SJ1. Tabla 26. Sonda 4 - SJ2. 1- Ulomak oblo zadebljanog oboda amfore, profiliranog ispod zadebljanja. Glina je smedecrvena, s dosta primjesa sitnog kalcitnog pijeska. 2- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude, manja konicna zdjelica s tankim izvijenim obodom. Svijetlo zelene boje, prozirno. Malo zracnih mjehurica. Slobodno puhano. SONDA 4, SJ2. 3- Ulomak oboda cilindricne case ili zdjele. Rub ravno rezan i zataljen. Ukras od 2 horizontalno urezana tanka pojasa. Prozirno (dekolorirano) staklo. Malo zracnih mjehurica. Slobodno puhano. SONDA 4, SJ2. 4- Ulomak gornjeg ruba case blago zadebljanog oboda. Svijetlo plave boje, prozirno. Slobodno puhano. SONDA 4, SJ2. 5- Ulomak oblo zadebljanog oboda amfore, profiliranog ispod zadebljanja. Glina je smedecrvena, s dosta primjesa sitnog kalcitnog pijeska. 6- Tijelo balzamarija cjevastog tipa sa

13- Sherd of a ribbon-like handle of a vessel with a little temper of calcite; of dark grey to brown colour outside, grey at the break. C3, Layer3. 14- Sherd of a body of a vessel with a tongueshaped handle with a little temper, of light brown colour, in some places orange and dark grey at the break. C3, Layer3. 15- Sherd of a tongue-shaped handle of a ves sel tempered with calcite; of red colour outside, dark grey inside and at the break. C3, Layer3). 16- Sherd of a vessel decorated with a hori zontal applied ribbon with a little temper; orange outside and dark grey inside and at the break. C3, Layer3. 17- Sherd of a vessel, i.e. of a knee-like handle with a tongue-shaped platelet with a little temper; of greyish-brown colour outside; dark grey at the break. C3, Layer3. 18- Sherd of a tongue-shaped handle of a vessel with some temper; of red colour, black at the break. C3, Layer3. 19- Sherd of a flat bottom of a hand-made vessel with some temper; of dark grey colou Chance find. 20- Tool made of knapped lithics, partly cortical. Material: dark flint. PN1. Table 25. Trench 4 - SJ1. 1- Sherd of an amphora of oval cross-section. Orange clay with a little temper of calcite sand. 2- Sherd of a rim of a bowl. A rounded edge with a mildly thickened smaller rim. Transparent glass of a greenish nuance. Moulded. TRENCH 4, Layer1. 3- Sherd of a rim of a smaller vessel drawn out, then folded back in. Transparent blue-greenish nuance. The body spherical or square? Blown into a mould. TRENCH 4, SJ1. 4- Two sherds of the upper part of a small thinwalled vessel, connecting with each other. Twisted rim, narrower than the vessel. Well refined grey clay with weak traces of black glazing. Preserved part of barbotine decoration. TRENCH 4, Layer1. 5- Two sherds of a cup decorated with indentations (depressions), which could not be matched. Sherd of the bottom with a transition to the body. Transparent light-yellow nuance. Some air bubbles. Omphalos bottom - Freely blown. TRENCH 4, Layer1. 6- Sherd of a nose of a firmlampen with an opening for the fuse and a small hole for the air. Fine texture. Orange ceramics. TRENCH 4, Layer 1. 7- Stone weight, limestone, weight 830 g. PN1, TRENCH 4, Layer1. 8- Cylindrical foot of an amphora with a widened lower part. Reddish clay tempered with calcite sand. 9- Two sherds of a shoulder and a nose of a firmlampen. Preserved part of a moulded ring which continues to the nose. On the shoulder, small hole with an engraving. Fine texture. Orange ceramics with traces of pale yellow glazing. TRENCH 4, Layer1. Table 26. Trench 4 - SJ2. 1 - Sherd of a roundly-thickened rim of an amphora, moulded under the thickening. Brownish-red clay with a large amount of temper

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sacuvanim malim dijelom vrata i linijom suzenja. Prozirne plavkaste nijanse malo zracnih mjehurica. Slobodno puhan. SONDA 4, SJ2. 7- Ulomak dna posude - zdjelica omphalos dna s nataljenom prstenastom nogom. Prozirno, blagozelenkaste nijanse. Malo zracnih mjehurica. Slobodno puhano. SONDA 4, SJ1. 8- Ulomak omphalos dna case s cjevasto nataljenim trakastim dnom, prema gore se uocava dio stijenke tijela. Prozirno plavkastozelenkasto staklo. Malo zracnih mjehurica. SONDA 4, SJ2. 9- Ulomak lonca blagog izvijenog oboda, pri vrhu zadebljanog. Sivosmeda boja s malo sitnog iskrolisnika u fakturi. SONDA 4, SJ2. 10- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude tankih stijenki. Obod blago izvijen, siri negoli posuda. Gornji dio ispod oboda bez ukrasa, a u donjem niz vise redova manjih koso postavljenih ureza. Fino prociscena siva glina s primjesama izuzetno finog pijeska i ostacima tamnosivog, tj. izblijedjelog crnog premaza. SONDA 4, SJ2. 11- Ulomak lonca blago izvijenog oboda, pri vrhu zadebljanog, nesto tanje stijenke. Smedonarancasta boja s nesto sitnih kamencica i finog pijeska u fakturi. SONDA 4, slucajni nalaz. 12- Ulomak donjeg dijela tijela lonca egejskog tipa. S unutarnje i vanjske strane vidljivi tragovi izrade na kolu. Smede boje s dosta sitnih kamencica i pijeska u fakturi. SONDA 4, SJ2. 13- Ulomak manjeg dijela oboda s dijelom rucke vece posude. Grublje fakture oker boje. Na gornjem dijelu rucke tragovi urezanog ukrasa. B1, SJ1. 14- Ulomak istaknutog profiliranog rebra vece posude, moguce bio istaknut oko donjeg dijela trbuha. Svijetlocrvene do smede boje s mnogo krupnih i sitnih kamencica u fakturi. SONDA 4, SJ 2. 15- Ulomak kratke, cepaste noge amfore s prstenom. Glina je narancasta s dosta primjesa pijeska. 16- Ulomak dna lonca deblje stijenke. Dno ravno, s unutrasnje strane vide se tragovi od izrade na kolu. Boja crvena do sivosmeda s mnogo kvarcnih kamencica i pijeska u fakturi. SONDA 4, SJ2. Tabla 27. Sonda 4 - SJ3 / Sonda 4 - SJ1. 1- Ulomak oboda amfore bez zadebljanog ruba. Nedostatak oboda vizualno je nadomjesten urezanom linijom ispod otvora. Glina je crvenkasta s primjesama kalcitnog pijeska. 2- Ulomak kamenog glacanog brusa. PN19, Sonda 4, SJ3. 3- Dva ulomka tijela posude tankih stijenki, koja se medusobno ne spajaju. Prociscena siva keramika s iznimno finim pijeskom. Ukras od (dva) reda duzih kosih ureza, koji su sastavljeni od sitnijih. Slabi tragovi tamnog premaza. SONDA 4, SJ3. 4- Ulomak ravnog oboda vece posude oblikom slicne tarioniku, s tanjim plasticnim rebrom prema unutarnjoj stijenci posude. Crvene do smede boje s mnogo krupnih i sitnih kamencica u fakturi. SONDA 4, SJ2.

of tiny calcite sand. 2- Sherd of the upper part of a vessel, a smaller conical bowl with a thin curved edge. Light green colour, transparent. Some air bubbles. Freely blown. TRENCH 4, Layer2. 3- Sherd of a rim of a cylindrical cup or bowl. The rim evenly cut and molten. Decoration of two horizontally carved thin strips. Transparent (decoloured) glass. Some air bubbles. Freely blown. TRENCH 4, Layer2. 4- Sherd of the upper rim of a cup with a mildly thickened edge. Light blue colour, transparent. Freely blown. TRENCH 4, Layer2. 5- Sherd of a roundly-thickened rim of an amphora, moulded under the thickening. Brownish-red clay with a large amount of temper of tiny calcite sand. 6- Body of a tubular balsamary with a small part of the neck and the narrowing line preserved. Transparent bluish nuances, some air bubbles. Freely blown. TRENCH 4, Layer2. 7- Sherd of the bottom of a vessel a bowl with an omphalos bottom with an annular foot added by melting. Transparent, light greenish nuance. Some air bubbles. Freely blown. TRENCH 4, Layer1. 8- Sherd of an omphalos cup bottom with a tubular band-like bottom added by melting; a part of the body wall visible towards the top. Transparent blue-greenish glass. Some air bubbles. TRENCH 4, Layer2. 9- Sherd of a pot with a slightly twisted rim, thi ckened at the top. Greyish-brown colour with some fine feldspar in the texture. TRENCH 4, Layer 2. 10- Sherd of the upper part of a thin-walled vessel. Slightly twisted rim, wider than the vessel. The upper part underneath the rim without decorations, in the lower part a series of rows of small angled engravings. Well purified grey clay tempered with very fine sand and remains of dark grey, i.e. faded black glazing. TRENCH 4, Layer2. 11- Sherd of a pot with a slightly twisted rim, thickened at the top, of somewhat thinner walls. Brownish-orange colour with some tiny stones and fine sand in the texture. TRENCH 4, chance find. 12- Sherd of the lower part of the body of an Aegean type pot. On the inside and on the outside visible traces of the manufacture on the wheel. Of brown colour with a lot of tiny stones and sand in the texture. TRENCH 4, Layer2. 13- Sherd of a smaller part of a rim with a part of the handle of a bigger vessel. Of rougher texture and of ochre colour. On the upper part of the handle traces of engraved decoration. B1, Layer1. 14- Sherd of a protruding moulded rib of a larger vessel, possibly positioned in a prominent way around the lower part of the belly. Of light red to brown colour with a lot of large and tiny stones in the texture. TRENCH 4, Layer2. 15- Sherd of a short, plug-like foot of an amphora with a ring. Orange clay with a lot of temper of sand. 16- Sherd of a bottom of a thick-walled pot. Flat bottom, visible traces of the fabrication on a wheel on the inside. The colour is red to greyishbrown with a lot of quartz stones and sand in the texture. TRENCH 4, Layer2.

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5- Ulomak dna posude deblje stijenke, vjerojatno tanjur. Omphalos dno, tamno plave boje. Lijevano u kalup. SONDA 4, SJ3. 6- Ulomak oboda case ili zdjelice tanke stijenke zadebljanog ruba. Prozirna plavkasta nijansa. Slobodno puhano. SONDA 4, SJ3. 7- Ulomak dna posude kruskolikog oblika. Svijetlo zelenkasta boja, prozirno. Slobodno puhano. SONDA 4, SJ3. 8- Ulomak lonca blago izvijenog zakosenog oboda s ukrasom urezanih paralelnih horizontalnih linija na vanjskoj strani. Boja crna do smedocrvena, s mnogo sitnih kamencica u fakturi. SONDA 4, SJ1. 9- Ulomak gornjeg dijela manje posude egejskog tipa sa izvijenim kosim obodom. Na unutrasnjem dijelu tijela tragovi izrade na kolu. Narancasta do siva keramika s malo primjesa pijeska. SONDA 4, SJ1 10- Ulomak gornjeg dijela zdjele oblikom slicne tarioniku. Izvucenog kraceg ravnog oboda. Narancastosmede boje, grublje fakture s dosta iskrolisnika i pijeska. SONDA 4, SJ1. 11- Ulomak gornjeg dijela poklopca sa cepastom ravnom drskom, debljeg presjeka. Na vanjskoj strani tragovi plitkih utora od izrade na kolu. Doraden rukom. Smedosive boje s malo pijeska i sitnih kamencica u fakturi. SONDA 4, SJ1. 12- Ulomak lonca blago izvijenog zaobljenog ruba. Boja narancasta do siva s dosta primjesa kvarcnih kamencica i finog pijeska u fakturi. SONDA 4, SJ1.

Table 27. Trench 4 - SJ3 / Sonda 4 - SJ1. 1- Sherd of a rim of an amphora without a thickened edge. Lack of a rim is visually substituted by an engraved line under the opening. Reddish clay tempered with calcite sand. 2- Sherd of a burnished whet-stone. PN19, Trench 4, Layer 3. 3- Two sherds of a body of a thin-walled vessel, not connecting with each other. Refined grey ceramics with very fine sand. Decoration of (two) rows of longer angled engravings, made up of some smaller ones. Weak traces of a dark glazing TRENCH 4 Layer3 4- Sherd of a straight rim of a larger vessel similar to a mortar by shape, with a thinner plastic rib towards the inner wall of the vessel. Of red to brown colour with a lot of large and tiny stones in the texture. TRENCH 4, Layer2. 5- Sherd of a bottom of a vessel with a thicker wall, probably a plate. Omphalos bottom, dark blue colour. Moulded. TRENCH 4, Layer3. 6- Sherd of a rim of a cup or a bowl with a thin wall and a thickened edge. Transparent bluish nuance. Freely blown. TRENCH 4, Layer3. 7- Sherd of the bottom of a pear-shaped vessel. Light-green colour, transparent. Freely blown. TRENCH 4, Layer3. 8- Sherd of a pot with a slightly twisted angled rim with a decoration of engraved parallel horizontal lines on the outside. Black to brownishred colour, with a lot of tiny stones in the texture. TRENCH 4, Layer1. 9- Sherd of the upper part of a smaller Aegean type vessel, with a twisted angled rim. On the inside of the body traces of the manufacture on the wheel. Orange to grey ceramics with a little temper of sand. TRENCH 4, Layer1. 10- Sherd of the upper part of a bowl similar to a mortar by shape; with protruding shorter straight rim. Orange-brown, of rougher texture with a lot of feldspar and sand. TRENCH 4, Layer1. 11- Sherd of the upper part of a lid with a plug like straight handle of thicker cross-section. On the outside traces of shallow grooves resulting from the manufacture on the wheel. Finished by hand. Brownish-grey with some sand and tiny stones in the texture. TRENCH 4, Layer1. 12- Sherd of a pot with a slightly twisted rounded edge. The colour is orange to grey with a large amount of temper of quartz stones and fine sand in the texture. TRENCH 4, Layer1.

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Tabla 1. Pecati s tegula. / Table 1. Stamps from tegulae.

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Tabla 2. Pecati s tegula. / Table 2. Stamps from tegulae.

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Tabla 3. Oblici krajeva tegula. / Table 3. Forms of edges of tegulae.

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Tabla 4. Oblici krajeva tegula. / Table 4. Forms of edges of tegulae.

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Tabla 5. Oblici krajeva tegula. / Table 5. Forms of edges of tegulae.

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Tabla 6. A2-SJ9. / Table 6. A2- Layer 9

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Tabla 7. A3-SJ1 / A5-SJ1. / Table 7 A3- Layer 1 / A5- Layer 1.

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Tabla 8. A4-SJ1 / A2-SJ1. / Table 8. A4- Layer 1 / A2- Layer 1.

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Tabla 9. B1-SJ1. / Table 9. B 1 - Layer 1 .

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Tabla 10. B1-SJ1. / Table 10. B 1 - Layer 1 .

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Tabla 1 1 . B1-SJ1. / Table 1 1 . B 1 - Layer 1 .

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Tabla 12. B1-SJ1. / Table 12. B1- Layer 1.

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Tabla 13. B1-SJ1. / Table 13. B1- Layer 1.

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Tabla 14. B1-SJ2 / B1-SJ25 / B2-SJ8. / Table 14. B1- Layer 2 / B1- Layer 25 / B2- Layer 8.

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Tabla 15. B1-SJ20. / Table 15. B1- Layer 20.

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Tabla 16. B1-SJ20. / Table 16. B1- Layer 20.

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Tabla 17. B1-SJ20. / Table 17. B1- Layer 20.

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Tabla 18. B2-SJ1. / Table 18. B2- Layer 1.

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Tabla 19. B3,4-SJ18 / B3-SJ8. / Table 19. B3,4- Layer 18 / B3- Layer 8.

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Tabla 20. B3-SJ1. / Table 20. B3- Layer 1.

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Tabla 21. B3-SJ2. / Table 21. B3- Layer 2.

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Tabla 22. B4-SJ1 / B4-SJ19. / Table 22. B4- Layer 1 / B4- Layer 19.

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Tabla 23. C3-SJ1 / Slucajni nalazi. / Table 23. C3- Layer 1 / Chance find.

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Tabla 24. C3-SJ3. / Table 24. C3-SJ3.

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Tabla 25. Sonda 4 SJ1. / Table 25. Trench 4 Layer 1 .

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Tabla 26. Sonda 4 SJ2. / Table 26. Trench 4 Layer 2

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Tabla 27. Sonda 4 SJ3 / Sonda 4 SJ1. / Table 27. Trench 4 Layer 3 / Trench 4 Layer 1 .

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B3
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BOSKINA 2006

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KRVAVICI - BOSKINA Mjesto pada zrakoplova

Luka Bekic

KRVAVICI - BOSKINA Aircraft Crash Site

Luka Bekic
Preface

197

During archaeological work needed for the construction of the main gas pipeline, there was Pronalazak Tijekom arheoloskih radova za potrebe some precedent exploratory trenching done on izgradnje magistralnog plinovoda provodila su se locations in the vicinity of the village Krvavici. i prethodna sondiranja na polozajima u blizini sela According to the Impact Survey, several stone Krvavici. Prema Konzervatorskoj studiji tamo je heaps needed to be determined for their possible postojalo nekoliko gromaca za koje je trebalo archaeological character. Despite the fact that the utvrditi imaju li arheoloski karakter. Unatoc tome stone heaps were not an archaeological find, in sto gromace nisu cinile arheoloski nalaz, u the dry stone walls at the Boskina site, sherds of suhozidovima na polozaju Boskina pronadeni su Roman tegulae were found. Gathering the remains ulomci rimskih tegula. Prikupljajuci ostatke tegula, of the tegulae, a big piece of aluminium sheet metal pronaden je i veci dio aluminijskog lima sa was found with a preserved inscription. The sacuvanim natpisom. Natpis je spominjao airplane, inscription mentioned the word airplane, which sto je pobudilo paznju istrazivaca. Daljnjim caught the explorers attention. With further pregledom u suhozidu je pronadeno jos mnogo checking in the dry stone wall, many fragments of usitnjenih dijelova zrakoplova, medu kojima i ostaci aircraft parts were found, among which also the streljiva, sto je pobudilo sumnju da se bas na tome remains of ammunition, which raised the doubt that this particular location was the crash site. mjestu desio udes. Obavljeno je nekoliko razgovora sa starijim mjestanima Krvavica koji su nam ispricali svoje videnje tog dogadaja. Oni su potvrdili da znaju za taj slucaj, dodavsi da se od odlaska njemacke vojske za taj zrakoplov vise nitko nije zanimao. Kazivaci su Ivan Ivo Cetina, koji je u vrijeme pada zrakoplova imao oko 12 godina, zatim Bozo Cetina koji je imao oko 6 g. te Josip Bepo Cetina koji je tada imao oko 12 g. medutim, upravo njemu pripada polje na koje je zrakoplov prvotno udario. Dogadaj je najiscrpnije opisao ocevidac Ivo Cetina, koji je taj dan, u kasnu jesen 1944.g., bio s Several interviews were conducted with the inhabitants of Krvavici who told us their version of the event. They confirmed knowing of the case, adding that since the departure of the German army troops, nobody has shown any interest for this aircraft. The narrators are Ivan Ivo Cetina, who was at the time of the crash about 12 years old, Bozo Cetina who was about 6, and Josip Bepo Cetina who was about 12 at the time, but in whose field the aircraft originally crashed. The most detailed account comes from the eyewitness Ivo Cetina, who was on that day, in

1. Prikupljanje dijelova zrakoplova na rasciscenoj trasi za plinovod pomocu metal-detektora. Gathering parts of the airplane on the cleared gas pipeline route using metal detectors.

03 Zrakoplov 197-212 01.10..p65

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2. Rastavljanje suhozida koji je sadrzavao veci broj dijelova zrakoplova Disassembling of a drystone contain ing numerous parts of the airplane. .

s ocem na poljskim radovima. Prema njemu,

z r a k o p | o v je |etio z a p a d n o m i s t a r s k o m Obalom u

smjeru juga, kada ga je pogodila protuzrakoplovna bitnica na Brijunima. Tada je, otprilike iznad Premanture, izveo zaokret prema sjevero-istoku te se uputio u pravcu Krvavica. Iz zrakoplova je iskocilo vise padobranaca a zrakoplov se srusio i eksplodirao na polozaju Boskina. Ubrzo je u selo stigla njemacka vojska koja je uhvatila jednog ingleza juzno od sela, a drugog je navodno spasio Bozo Bulic, partizan iz sela Glavani. Sudbina ostalih padobranaca nije mu poznata. Nijemci su zatvorili pristup poljima oko Boskine na tri dana, vjerojatno hvatajuci prezivjele clanove posade i vrseci obavjestajni uvidaj.1 Nakon odlaska Nijemaca, i mnogo kasnije, odrasli mjestani, pa i oni kao djeca, skupljali su iskoristive dijelove te ih, u to doba neimastine, preuredivali u korisne kucne predmete. Bepo Cetina pokazao nam je mjesto na koje je zrakoplov prvotno udario i ispricao na kojim poljima su se dijelovi nalazili razbacani. No, svi ti podaci koji su prikupljeni od mjestana nisu bili dovoljni da rekonstruiraju cijelu povijesnu pricu. Odlucili smo taj nalaz okarakterizirati kao kulturno dobro, pouceni praksom Ministarstva kulture RH koje je registriralo veci broj zrakoplova, brodova i podmornica iz Prvoga i Drugoga svjetskog rata u nasem podmorju. Stoga je zapocelo i prikupljanje svih dijelova zrakoplova koji su se nalazili ugrozeni na trasi plinovoda kao i provodenje arheolosko-povijesnog istrazivanja koje bi razotkrilo okolnosti, uvjete i posljedice pada. Najveci broj dijelova bio je ugraden u kameni suhozid, u duzini od oko 50-tak metara. Na tome mjestu suhozid je rastavljen, dijelovi su prikupljeni i zid je ponovno sastavljen. Ostali dijelovi pronadeni su plitko zakopani u zemlju ili gotovo

the late fall of 1944, with his father, working in the fields. According to him, the aircraft was flying along the west coast of Istria towards the south, when it was hit by an anti-craft battery on Brijuni. At that point, approximately above Premantura, it did a turn towards the north-east and headed towards the direction of Krvavici. Several paratroopers jumped out of the aircraft, which crashed and exploded in the location of Boskina. Soon the German troops entered the village and caught one of the "inglezi (Englishmen) south from the village, while the other was allegedly saved by Bozo Bulic, a partisan from the village of Glavani. The destiny of other paratroopers was not known to him. The Germans closed the access to the fields around Boskina for three days, probably capturing the surviving crew, and doing the intelligence investigation.1 After the Germans had left, and much later, the adult villagers, and they themselves as children, gathered the usable parts and, at the times of scarcity, turned them into household utensils. Bepo Cetina showed us the location of the original crash site and told us about the fields where the parts had been scattered. However, this information, gathered from the villagers, was not enough to reconstruct the whole history of this story. We decided to characterise this find as cultural heritage, inspired by the practice of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia, which registered a large number of aircraft, ships and submarines from WWI and WWII in the Croatian seabed. For that purpose, the gathering of all parts of the aircraft was started, which were endangered at the location of the gas pipeline, as well as an archaeological-historical research that would reveal the circumstances, conditions and results of the crash. The biggest part of the pieces was built into the dry stone wall, of an approximate length of about 50 metres. On that place, the dry stone wall was set apart, the parts were gathered and the wall was reassembled. The other pieces were found buried shallowly in the ground or almost at the surface level, in the grass. They were located with a metal detector, and the position of each of them was measured by a total station. By marking each pieces position in situ will result in a precise map of the scattering on the basis of which the wreckage pattern can be concluded, as well as many other details, which is otherwise used when researching modern aircraft crash sites.2 The pieces were gathered only from the working area of the gas pipeline. The other fields have been swept with a metal detector, but the pieces were not gathered, as it was not planned in this project. The pieces from the dry stone wall were not measured with a total station, as they are not in situ. The aircraft knocked down the dry wall during the crash, so the owners of the fields reconstructed it by building in numerous parts found at the crash site.

Ti uvidaji uobicajeni su dio postupka prikupljanja obavjestajnih podataka, koji je za Wermacht vo6\o Abwehr, vojna obavjestajna sluzba. This kind of investigation is a standard part of the procedure of gathering intelligence, which was led by military intelligence service, Abwehr for use of the Wermacht.

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na povrsini, u travi. Oni su locirani pomocu metaldetektora, a polozaj svakog pojedinacno je zabiljezen totalnom stanicom. Zabiljezavanjem polozaja svakog pojedinog dijela in situ dobit ce se precizna karta rasprostiranja na osnovi koje se moze zakljuciti smjer pada {Wreckage pattern) i mnoge druge pojedinosti, cime se uostalom koristi pri istrazivanju rusenja modernih zrakoplova.2 Dijelovi su prikupljeni samo s radnog pojasa trase plinovoda. Ostala polja prosli smo detektorom, no dijelove nismo prikupljali, jer to nije bilo predvideno ovim projektom. Dijelovi iz suhozida nisu snimani totalnom stanicom, jer se ne nalaze in situ. Zrakoplov je, naime, prilikom pada srusio zid, pa su ga vlasnici polja popravljali tako da su u njega ugradili i mnostvo dijelova pronadenih na mjestu pada. Prikupljeno je ukupno vise od 3000 ulomaka zrakoplova izradenih od razlicitih materijala. Zapoceto je opsezno tehnicko-povijesno istrazivanje koje je ukljucivalo mnoge strucnjake iz Hrvatske i inozemstva te pregled raznih tehnickih uputstava i kataloga dijelova koji su bili dostupni.3 Analizom dijelova dosli smo do zakljucka kako je rijec o americkom zrakoplovu iz Drugoga svjetskog rata, i to vecem bombarderu. Po svemu sudeci rijec je o bombarderu B-24 Liberatoru (Osloboditelju).

Over 3000 fragments have been collected, made of different materials. A comprehensive technicalhistorical research was started, which included many experts from Croatia and abroad as well as studying different manuals and parts catalogues that were available.3 Through the analysis of the parts, we have concluded that it was an American aircraft from the WWII, a larger bomber. All taken into consideration, it was probably the B-24 Liberator bomber.

199

Parts
During the analysis, the parts were divided into several larger groups. The ammunition is of .50 calibre, which corresponds to Browning machines used on many different American airplanes. The bullets that were found are marked differently with colours on the top. Red was used for the so-called tracers, or the glowing bullets used for correcting the firing course. Silver was used to mark the so-called armour piercing/ incendiary, or the anti-armour inflammable bullets. No mark was used for regular bullets. A larger number of bullet shells was found with the corresponding iron clips, parts of the continuous belt. On the bullet shells, there are manufacturer and production year signs. Among our finds there are several. First, there is the SL mark, which stands for St Louis Ordnance Plant, St Louis, Mo., USA. This factory was run by US Cartridge Company from November 1941 to June 1945, for the production of ammunition of calibres .30, .50 and .60. Our specimens are dated to the year 1944. Then there is the mark DM, which stands for

Dijelovi

Dijelovi su prilikom obrade podijeljeni u nekoliko vecih grupa. Streljivo kalibra .50 odgovara Browning strojnicama koje su se upotrebljavale na mnogim americkim zrakoplovima. Pronadena zrna imaju razlicite oznake izvedene u bojama na vrhu. Crvenim su oznacavani tzv. Traceri, odnosno svjetleca zrna koja su popravljala smjer paljbe. Srebrnim vrhom oznacavani su tzv. armour piercing/ incendiary, odnosno protuoklopnozapaljiva zrna. Bez oznake su obicna zrna. Pronaden je i veci broj cahura s pripadajucim zeljeznim kopcama, dijelovima redenika. Na cahurama se nalaze oznake proizvodaca i godine. Medu nasim nalazima zastupljeno ih je nekoliko. Prvo oznaka SL koja se odnosi na St Louis Ordna nce Plant, St Louis, Mo., USA. Tu tvornicu vodila je US Cartridge Company od studenog 1941.g. do lipnja 1945.g., na proizvodnji streljiva kalibra .30, .50 i .60. Nasi primjerci datiraju iz 1944.g. Zatim oznaka DM za Des Moines Ordnance Plant, Des Moines, Iowa, USA. Vodena od U.S. Rubber Company od sijecnja 1942.g. do srpnja 1945.g., na izradi streljiva kalibra .30-06 i .50. Nasi primjerci su proizvedeni 1944.g. Oznaka LC stoji za Lake City Army Ammunition Plant, Independance, Mo., USA. Djelovala je pod ugovorom s

3. Polovica spremnika za kisik, sada se koristi kao kanta u selu. Vidljivi tragovi originalne zute boje. Half of the oxygen tank, now used as a can in the village. Traces of the original yellow colour are visible.

Naprimjer americka drzavna agencija NTSB, odnosno National Transportation Safety Board, izraduje sluzbene karte ostataka (Official debris maps) kako bi se za potrebe istrage dobili dodatni podaci o padu zrakoplova. For example the American state agency NTSB, i.e. National Transportation Safety Board, makes the Official debris maps in order to get additional information on aircraft crashes for the purpose of investigation.
3 Zahvaljujem na zanimanju i pomoci hrvatskim strucnjacima a to su: Danijel Frka, Zeljko Bocek, Mario Raguz, Sime Lisica, Radovan Zivkovic. Veliku pomoc dobio sam i od vanjskih strucnjaka, istrazivaca i ratnih veterana a to su: Lee Lamar, Paul Krumrei Sr., Craig Fuller, Nils Hempel, Sparky Bohnstedt i Brett Stolle.

For their interest and help, I thank the Croatian experts: Danijel Frka, Zeljko Bocek, Mario Raguz, Sime Lisica, Radovan Zivkovic. I received a lot of assistance from other experts, explorers and war veterans: Lee Lamar, Paul Krumrei Sr, Craig Fuller, Nils Hempel, Sparky Bohnstedt and Brett Stolle.

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200

Remingtonom kao Lake City Ordnance Plant od Des Moines Ordnance Plant, Des Moines, Iowa, rujna 1941.g. do kolovoza 1945.g., na izradi USA. It was run by U.S. Rubber Company from streljiva kalibra .30-06, .30 carbin i .50. To streljivo January 1942 to July 1945, for the production of u nasem slucaju je proizvedeno 1943.g. I na kraju the ammunition of calibres .30-06 and .50. Our oznaka TW za Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant, specimens were produced in 1944. The mark LC Minneapolis, Minn., USA. Djelovala pod ugovorom stands for Lake City Army Ammunition Plant, s Federal Cartridge Company od veljace 1942.g. Independence, Mo., USA. It had a contract with do kolovoza 1945.g., na izradi streljiva kalibra .30- Remington as the Lake City Ordnance Plant from 06 i .50 carts. I to streljivo proizvedeno je 1944.g. September 1941 to August 1945, for the S obzirom na streljivo iz 1944.g., moze se zakljuciti production of ammunition of calibres .30-06, .30 kako je srusen te godine. carbin, and .50. This ammunition in our case was Stakla su izradena od prozirne plastike. Prona- produced in 1943. Finally, the mark TW stands for deno je mnostvo ulomaka, jer je zrakoplov imao Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant, Minneapolis, dosta ostakljenih povrsina, posebice za strojnicka Minn., USA. It had a contract with Federal Cartridge gnijezda. Neki aluminijski dijelovi pripadaju i Company from February 1942 to August 1945, for the production of ammunition of calibres .30-06 okvirima prozora. Gumeni dijelovi uglavnom pripadaju izolacijama and .50 carts. This ammunition was produced in i vodilicama elektricnih komponenti kao sto su zice 1944 as well. Considering the 1944 ammunition, i slicno. Plasticni dijelovi i dijelovi tiskanih plocica it can be concluded that the aircraft was taken takoder uglavnom pripadaju elektricnim kompone- down in that year. ntama. The windows were made of transparent Od elektricnih komponenti moze se razluciti plastics. Many fragments have been found, as the nekoliko razlicitih uredaja: aircraft had a lot of glass surfaces, especially for Medu tim dijelovima izdvaja se grupa koja je the machine-gun cabin. Some aluminium parts pripadala radio uredajima. Metalni dio s natpisom belong to the window frames. ...ADAPTER MC-385-C...HS-33 OR HS-38 je The rubber parts belong mostly to the adapter za radio slusalice (Aircraft Headset insulation and to the conductors of electric Adapter). Tom kompletu vjerojatno pripada i utikac components, like wires and such. The plastic parts za mikrofon (PL-68 plug), dio mikrofona (s and parts of printed plaques - name tags also natpisom ROLA). Crni bakelitni komad s natpisom belong mostly to the electric components. SIGNAL CORPS... dio je kucista mikrofona Several different devices can be discerned standardnih zrakoplovnih radio-stanica. U tu grupu among the electric components. mogli bismo ubrojiti i dio interfona, odnosno Among these pieces, there is a group of parts upravljacki gumb {Interphone Jack Box Dial) s that belonged to radio devices. The metal part with natpisom INCREASE OUTPUT i strelicom koja the inscription...ADAPTER MC-385-C...HS-33 OR pokazuje udesno (FLIGHT MANUAL 1989, 102). HS-38 is the adapter for radio earphones (Aircraft Nepoznatim elektricnim uredajima pripadaju i Headset Adapter). In this set, there is probably the gumeni zatvarac s natpisom T-30-S UNIV.MICRO microphone plug (PL-68 plug), a part of the CO. INGLEWOOD CALIF. MADE IN U.S.A., microphone (with the inscription ROLA). Black 4. Vrata spremista za bombe (bomb bay bakelitno kuciste S natpisom SOLAR TYPE..., bakelite piece with the inscription SIGNAL door) s tragovima protuzracne paljbe. prikljucak kabla S natpisom BREEZE, otpornik (?) CORPS... is a part of the microphone box of Bomb bay door with marks of \ prikljucak s natpisom AMPHENOL.... A Takoder standard aircraft radio stations. In this group, we antiaircraft artillery. su e|ektricnim uredajima pripadali tanki limovi - could put also a part of the interphone, i.e. the Interphone Jack Box Dial with the inscription INCREASE OUTPUT and an arrow pointing to the right (FLIGHT MANUAL 1989, 102). Among the rubber electric devices is also a rubber plug with an inscription. T-30-S UNIV.MICRO CO. INGLEWOOD CALIF. MADE IN U.S.A., bakelite box with an inscription SOLAR TYPE..., a cable port with an inscription BREEZE, a resistor (?) and a connector with an inscription AMPHENOL....4 In the electronic device group, there are also thin sheet metal plaques - fasteners with the inscription TINNERMAN.5 Perhaps the biggest surprise are the small remains of fabric and leather. These pieces were preserved deep within the dry stone wall, thanks to the relatively dry climate. The green fabric belongs to the standard uniforms, which have preserved fasteners with the inscriptions UNITED CARR BOSTON, MASS / LIFT THE DOT. These fasteners were made by the United Carr company
Amphenolie jedan od najvecih proizvodaca prikljucaka za elektricne i elektronske uredaje u svijetu. Amphenol is one of the biggest manufacturers of electric and electronic device ports in the world.

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pricvrscivaci s natpisom TINNERMAN. 5 Mozda najvece iznenacfenje su mali ostaci tkanine i koze. Ti komadi sacuvali su se duboko unutar suhozida, zahvaljujuci relativno suhoj klimi. Zelena tkanina pripada standardnim uniformama na kojima su sacuvani i zatvaraci s natpisom UNITED CARR BOSTON, MASS / LIFT THE DOT. Ti zatvaraci izradeni su od United Carr kompanije iz Bostona i uobicajeni su na americkim uniformama. United-Carr osnovana kao Carr Fastener Co. 1912.g. u E. Cambridge, Mass. Ujedinjena je sa U.S. Fastener 1929.g. u novu tvrtku United-Carr. Ta tvrtka je tijekom rata i kasnije izradivala tzv. DOT fasteners (kao tip Lift-The-Dot). Komadici koze s kruznim zatvaracima pripadali su letackim jaknama. Aluminijske cijevi i neke pumpe dijelovi su hidraulickog sustava koji je bio posebno razvijen kod tog modela zrakoplova. Sustav se cijevima razvodio do vrata za bombe, kocnica itd. Neke aluminijske cijevi sluzile su i za razvod kisika koji je bio potreban posadi prilikom letova na vecim visinama. Pronaden je i veci broj APL nepovratnih ventila, s oznakama tvrtke HAMILTON BEACH CO. USA. Identifikacijska plocica s natpisom ELCLIPSE from Boston and very common on all American 5. strojnicar u trbusnom dijeiu HYDRAULIC PUMP pripadala je standardnoj uniforms. United-Carr was founded as Carr Fastener zrakoplova. Machine gunner in the inner part of hidraulickoj pumpi koja je koristena na vise Co. in 1912 in E. Cambridge, Mass. It was merged the airplane. zrakoplova toga doba. Nas model izradila je tvrtka with U.S. Fastener in 1929 in a new company BENDIX AVIATION CORPORATION - ECLIPSE United-Carr. This company made during the war DIVISION6 and later the so-called DOT fasteners (like the type Zeljezni i celicni dijelovi su rijetki, zbog svoje Lift-The-Dot). Pieces of leather with round tezine. No medu njima prepoznaju se metalne fasteners belonged to pilot jackets. plocice za koje su bile usivene u pancirne kosulje The aluminium pipes and some pumps are parts tzv. Flak vest. Takoder je zanimljiv nalaz utega za of the hydraulic system, which was particularly vanjsku antenu zrakoplova tzv. Liaison trailing developed in this aircraft model. The system was antenna. Ta antena nalazila se namotana ispod directed with pipes to the bomb door, the brakes, trupa te se odmatala u vidu duge zice iza zrako etc. Some aluminium pipes were used for the plova. Kako bi se udaljila od trupa, na svojem kraju distribution of oxygen that the crew needed for 6. Kokpit B24-H. Cockpit B24-H. bila je otezana takvim utegom. the higher-altitude flights. Na jednom broju tih dijelova pojavljuju se serijski brojevi, ukucani u tvornici {Parts number). Kljucno kod tih sifri je pojava broja 32 iza kojeg dolazi slovo. Naprimjer; GK32P-1070-12 R; 32D; 32B..120-91; GK32B-10130; 32B-20240; GK32...1070 18 R; GK 32 B 1490-12 itd. Zahva ljujuci kolegama koji imaju takve kataloge dosli smo do zakljucka kako je svakako rijec o bombarderu B24, ali zasad neodredenom podmodelu, ali koji nije D ili J.7 Aluminijski dijelovi uglavnom pripadaju dijelovima trupa i osnovne konstrukcije zrakoplova sasije. Ti dijelovi su u odnosu na svoje originalno stanje vrlo usitnjeni, pa nam prema obliku mnogo ne govore. No, na njima se nalaze tragovi razlicitih boja i natpisa. Najzanimljiviji su dijelovi oznaceni bojenim
Tvrtka Tinnerman razvila je 15000 standardnih i posebnih pricvrscivaca kako bi se ustedjelo vrijeme u montazi, smanjio broj upotrebljenjih dijelova, spustili troskovi izrade i postigla jedinstvena rjesenja za pricvrscivanje koja su kvalitetna i dugotrajna. The Tinnerman company developed 15000 standard and special fasteners in order to save time during assembling, to reduce the number of reduced parts, to decrease the costs of production and to achieve unique solutions for fastening that would be long-lasting quality work.
6

Bendix Aviation Corporation koja se nalazila u Teterboro, New Jersey bila je dom za Eclipse-Pioneer Division, zaduzene za proizvodnju navigacijskih instrumenata i komponenti motora za zrakoplove jos od 1938.g.

Bendix Aviation Corporation was situated in Teterboro, New Jersey and was the base for the Eclipse-Pioneer Division, in charge of producing navigation instruments and engine components for aircraft since 1938.
7

Izvor: Craig Fuller, Nils Hempel.

Source: Craig Fuller, Nils Hempel.

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7. Inacice boja zrakoplova B-24 u sastavu 460. bombarderske grupe. Izradio Sparky Bohnstedt. Colour variants of the airplane B-24 as part of the 460th bomber group. Made by Sparky Bohnstedt.

Also a larger number of APL one-way valves, with the marks of the company HAMILTON BEACH CO. USA. Identification plaque with the inscription ELCLIPSE HYDRAULIC PUMP belonged to the standard hydraulic pump used on several aircrafts of the period. Our model was made by the company BENDIX AVIATION CORPORATION - ECLIPSE DIVISION.6 The iron and steel pieces are rare, on the account of their weight. Among there, there are discernible metal plaques that were sown into the so-called Flak vest. An also interesting find is the weight for the external aircraft antenna, the socalled Liaison trailing antenna. This antenna was spooled under the hull and was unspooled as a long wire behind the aircraft. In order to keep it far from the aircraft, it had this kind of a weight at its end. On some of these parts, there are serial numbers, stamped in the factory (Parts number). The number 32 was crucial in these codes, as it is followed by a letter. For instance: GK32P-107012 R; 32D; 32B.. 120-91; GK32B-1013O; 32B20240; GK32...1070 18 R; GK 32 B 1490-12 etc. Owing to the colleagues in possession of these catalogues, we concluded that this was definitely a B24 bomber, but of a so-far undetermined sub model, not D nor J.7 The aluminium pieces mostly belong to hull parts and the main part of the aircraft - the chassis. These parts, compared to their original state, are very fragmented, so their shape does not tell us much. However, they have marks of different colours and inscriptions. The most interesting ones are the parts marked slovima. Vrlo cesta oznaka je natpis ALCLAD 24 ST. Rijec je o posebnoj talini metala baziranoj na in coloured letters. A very common mark is the aluminiju koja je bila cvrsta i lagana. Druge oznake inscription ALCLAD 24 - ST. It is a special fusion u vezi s tvornickim uputstvima posadi zrakoplova. of metals based on aluminium, which was tough Najduze sacuvano i ono spomenuto na pocetku and light. The other marks are the factory instructions for the crew. The longest preserved ovog clanka glasi: ENGINE CRANK - IF AIRPLANE one IS EQUIPPED WITH A G-6 STARTER OPEN DOOR and the one mentioned at the beginning of IN FRONT PANEL & THEN MOVE BRUSH this article is: ENGINE CRANK - IF AIRPLANE IS EQUIPPED WITH A G-6 STARTER OPEN DOOR IN L(?)HETING KNOB ON REAR DE(...). Ovo uputstvo odnosi se na postupanje s zrakoplovom koji je FRONT PANEL & THEN MOVE BRUSH L(?)HETING opremljen sa G-6 pokretacem, koji su bili KNOB ON REAR DE(...). This instruction has to do with procedures in an aircraft equipped with a Gugradivani medu inim i na B-24 Liberator. Uputstva za koristenje ili upozorenja napisana 6 starter, which was built into, among others, the su crvenom ili crnom bojom izravno na cisti aluminij, B-24 Liberator as well. The instructions or warnings were written in jos u tvornici. Ova slova su postojana i uredno red or black directly to the pure aluminium, still in napisana. No jedan dio boja nanesen je na trup zrakoplova kasnije, prilikom koristenja u vojnoj the factory. These letters are lasting and neat. postrojbi. Boje kojima se sluzila vojska nisu takve However, a part of the colours was applied onto kvalitete i postojanosti a za njihovo nanosenje the aircraft hull later, during its use in the military koristeni su kistovi, pa su i relativno neuredne. unit. The colours used by the military are not of Americki bombarderi smjesteni u Italiji bojeni su u such quality and lasting, and for their application maslinasto zelenu boju, a kasnije u toku rata brushes were used, so they are relatively untidy koristeni su zrakoplovi bez bojenja, odnosno as well. The American bombers stationed in Italy srebrne - aluminijske boje. Drugim bojama were painted in Olive green, and later during the oznacavana su zadnja krila zrakoplova, kao oznake war airplanes with no paint were used- i.e. silverbombarderskih postrojbi te nacionalne oznake aluminium. Other colours were used to mark the (zvijezda i trake). Pronadena su dva dijela bojena u rear wings, like bomber units and national insignia plavo, koja bi mogla pripadati nacionalnim (stars and stripes). Two parts painted blue have oznakama te neki zeleni dijelovi. Svijetlije zeleno been found, which might belong to the national obojeni dijelovi pripadali su standardno obojenoj insignia, and some green parts. Light green unutrasnjosti zrakoplova, dok su tamnije zeleni coloured parts belonged to the standard coloured interior of aircraft, while darker green couloured aluminijski dijelovi pripadali vanjskoj oplati. Kako je tamnozeleno obojenih dijelova parts belonged to the exterior of the fuselage.

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pronadeno malo, u pocetku smo bili uvjereni kako je kod naseg primjerka rijec o srebrnom zrakoplovu odnosno boje aluminija. Medutim, takva je situacija ocekivana, jer je u sveukupnom postotku samo manji dio povrsina bio tako obojan. U selu Krvavici, kod Bepe Cetine nalaze se sacuvani jos neki veci dijelovi s tog nalazista. Medu njima valja izdvojiti vrata prostora za bombe (Bomb bay doors), koje sada upotrebljava kao pokrivac za suha drva za ogrjev, te prepiljene spremnike za kisik {Oxygen tank). Potonji mu sluze kao kante za hranu i vodu za stoku u Stall.

Because of scarsity of dark green parts found, at the beginning, we were convinced that our specimen was silver- i.e. aluminium. However, this situation is expectable because only smaller ammount of total aluminium surface were painted dark green. In the village of Krvavici, at Bepo Cetinas place, there are still some bigger pieces from this site. Among them, there are the bomb bay doors, currently used as a cover for dry wood, and the oxygen tanks, sowed in half and used as buckets for food and water for the cattle in the stable.

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zakijucak
Zrakoplov B24 Liberator poceo se razvijati 1939-g. kao model B-24A, a u serijsku proizvodnju usao je model B-24D (GROVE, CHANT, LYON, D., LYON, H. 1984, 126). Ime te serije bilo je Liberator (Osloboditelj), a predstavljao je nadopunu bombarderima tipa B-17 Flying Fortress (Leteca tvrdava) i B-29 Superfortress (Super tvrdava). B24 je sa svojih 5 806 kg bombi imao manju nosivost od usporedenih (B-17 7983 kg; B-29 9072 kg bombi); medutim, u nekim je drugim aspektima bio vrlo uspjesan pa je sveukupno s vise od 18 000 primjeraka najbrojniji americki bombarder Drugog svjetskog rata (GROVE, CHANT, LYON, D., LYON, H., 1984, 127). Duzina zrakoplova bila je 20,47 m, a raspon krila 33,53 m, a posada je uglavnom brojala 10 ljudi. Premda je razvijan da bi sluzio na bojistima Tihog oceana, dosta je koristen i u Europi, iz zracnih luka u Engleskoj i juznoj Italiji. S obzirom na zracni koridor iznad Istre, ovaj B-24 pripadao je 15. Zracnoj snazi (15th Air Force) koja je djelovala iz zracnih luka 0 oslobodenoj Italiji. Dodatak Kada je ovaj prilog vec bio napisan, naisao sam na novi clanak u zborniku Krnica, od prapovijesti do danas, koji govori 0 povijesti Krnice u 20.st. (BURSIC 2006). Autor ovog clanka je prof.Herman Bursic, nekadasnji partizan pri stabu 1. bataljuna 2.pulskog partizanskog odreda (BURSIC 2006, 147). U svojem prilogu Bursic opisuje vise dogadaja u vezi s rusenjem saveznickih zrakoplova nad juznom Istrom. Medu inima spominje i pad saveznickog zrakoplova 18.11.1944.g. izmedu sela Pinezici i Sarici (BURSIC 2006, 140, 161).= Zrakoplov je bio pogoden od protuzracne bitnice u Puli, te je leteci prema sjeveru pao kod sela Sarici. Clanove posade koji su iskocili padobranom spasili partizani. Gospodina Hermana Bursica zamolio sam za razgovor, u kojem mi je medu inima ispricao kako je u toj partizanskoj akciji sudjelovao i Ivan Radosevic, tajnik okruznog N.O.O.-a za Pulu. 9 Nazalost, u istoj akciji Nijemci su ga zarobili i on je kasnije nestao." Spasavanje saveznicke zrakoplovne posade 18.11.1944.g. u neposrednoj blizini Pule spominje se i u biltenu Informativnog biroa oblasnog narodnooslobodilackog odbora za Istru u kontekstu spasavanja preko 100 saveznickih
8

Conclusion
B24 Liberator aircraft was at first developed in 1939 as a model of B-24A, while the B-24D model was produced serially (GROVE, CHANT, LYON, D., LYON, H. 1984, 126). The name of this series was Liberator, and it was a complement to the B-17 Flying Fortress bombers and to the B-29 Superfortress bombers. B-24, with 5 806 kg of bombs, had less capacity than the other ones (B17 7983 kg; B-29 9072 kg bombs), but in some other aspects it was very successful, so with a total of over 18 000, it is the most common American WWII bomber (GROVE, CHANT, LYON, D., LYON, H. 1984, 127). Its length was 20,47 m, and the wing width 33,53 m, with a crew of mostly ten people. Although it was developed to serve in the Pacific, it was used in Europe as well, from the airports in England and southern Italy. Considering the air space above Istria, this B-24 belonged to the 15th Air Force acting from airports in the liberated Italy Addition When this article had already been written, I f 0 und a new article in the anthology Krnica, od prapovijesti do danas, which deals with the history 0 f Krnica in the 20- century (BURSIC 2006). The author of this article is Prof. Herman Bursic, a former partisan at the headquarters of the 1 battalion of the 2"" partisan detachment in Pula (BURSIC 2006, 147.) In his article, Bursic describes several events connected to the aircraft crashes in the area above southern Istria. Among others, he mentions the allied aircraft crash on the 18* Nov 1944, between the villages of Pinezici and Sarici (BURSIC 2006, 140, 161).= The aircraft was hit by an anti-aircraft battery in Pula, and while flying towards the north, crashed near Sarici. The Jew members who jumped out with parachutes were saved by the partisans. I asked Mr Herman Bursic for an interview, in which, among other things, he said that in that partisan action there was Ivan Radosevic, the secretary of the local national liberation council in Pula. 9 Unfortunately, in that same action he was captured by the Germans and later missing.10 The saving of the allied aircraft crew on the 18- Nov 1944 in the near vicinity of Pula is also mentioned in the information Bureau leaflet of the local national

Krvavici se nalaze izmedu sela Pinezici i Sarici.

Krvavici are situated between Pinezici and Sarici.

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8. B-24-J zvan Bottoms Up. B-24-J called Bottoms Up.

avijaticara (ISTRA 1946, 5). Ovi podaci iz partizanskih izvora kljucni su za konacno odredivanje datuma pada i samim time serijskog broja zrakoplova te imena clanova posade. Tako je provjerom u bazama podataka izgubljenih i nestalih americkih zrakoplova nas pronalazak povezan s zrakoplovom tipa B-24J15-FO, serijskog broja 42-51926. On je pripadao je 760. eskadrili, 460. bombarderske grupe, 15. zracnih snaga S.A.D.-a, koja je bila smjestena u zracnoj luci Pantanella, Italija {760th Bomber Squadron / 460th Bomber Group). Njegovo borbeno kodno ime bilo je Plavi J {Blue J) po slovu koje se nalazilo na trupu zrakoplova, odnosno Zadnjice gore {Bottoms up) po imenu zrakoplova koje su mu dali sami clanovi posade za srecu u borbi. Zrakoplov je bio u misiji nad Udinama, gdje je bio i pogoden od protuzracne bitnice. Vracajuci se prema svojoj maticnoj bazi prema jugu, letio je u formaciji nad zapadnom obalom Istre. Prolaskom uz Brijune i Pulu, ponovno je bio pogoden protuzracnom vatrom koja mu je nanijela takve dodatne stete da je povratak preko mora u Pantanellu bio nemoguc. Prolaskom pored Pule prema jugu, posada je odlucila okrenuti prema kopnu na sjever, te su uspjeli prici marcanskom podrucju. Svi clanovi posade uspjesno su iskocili iz zrakoplova, koji se potom srusio kod sela Krvavici, tocnije na polju Boskina. Sestoricu clanova posade spasili su partizani, dok su 4 zarobljena i odvedena u stalag u Barthu, Njemacka. Posadu su cinili: navigator Wade M. Craig, pilot Randall B. Darden, kopilot Edgar Lee Lamar; strojar

liberation council for Istria in the context of saving over "a hundred allied airmen (ISTRA 1946, 5). This data from partisan sources is crucial for the final determination of the date of the crash, the serial number of the aircraft and the names of the crew members. So, by checking the data base of the lost and missing American airplanes, our find is connected to the aircraft type B-24J-15FO, serial number 42-51926. It belonged to the 760th Bomber Squadron /460th Bomber Group of the 15th USA Air Force, stationed in the air base Panatela, Italy. Its code name was the Blue J after a letter on the hull, i.e. the Bottoms up named by the crew members themselves for good fortune in battle. The airplane was on a mission above Undine, where it was hit by an anti-aircraft battery. Returning to the main base toward south, it flew behind the formation along the west coast of Istria. Passing near Brijuni and Pula, it was hit again, causing such additional damage that returning over the sea to Pantanella was impossible. Passing by Pula, towards the south, the crew decided to turn north to the mainland, and were able to come close to the area near Marcana. All of the crew members successfully jumped out of the airplane, which then crashed near Krvavici, more precisely in the field Boskina. Six of the crew members were saved by the partisans, while four of them were captured and taken to the stalag in Barth, Germany. The crew was: navigator Wade M. Craig, pilot Randall B. Darden, co-pilot Edgar Lee Lamar; engineer Hurston Webb (captured); nose gunner John F. Nordback; ball turret gunner Henry L. Alder, tail gunner Bernard S. Sturtz, assistant engineer gunner Mario A. Briganti, bombardier Donald Reynolds and Swante B. Norlund (saved). By contacting the crew member Lee Lamar, who lives in Overland Park, Kansas, USA, I managed to get plenty new information regarding this flight, the crew members and their destinies." I will quote his shorter report.12 (...) I was taken down on the 18th Nov 1944 on my 21st mission. We kinda knew, when you do that kind of work, the chances are fairly high that youre going to get shot down. You hope you get out of the airplane, survive and arent injured. But if you do, your chances then of being captured are quite high. This depends on where you go down. If you went down in Germany, you were going to get captured. Your chances of evading capture were poor. If you went down in Yugoslavia, territory that the Germans occupied but didnt control, there were partisan troops; Chetniks and other groups of people who were guerrilla fighters in the mountains fighting against the Germans. If the

Zahvaljujem Hermanu Bursicu na srdacnoj pomoci u razotkrivanju te price. Njegova precizna i opsezna sjecanja dogadaja iz cetrdesetih godina proslog stoljeca su dokumentarno neprocjenjiva. My thanks to Herman Bursic for his cordial help in revealing this story. His precise and comprehensive memories of the events from the 40s have a documentaristic inestimable value. Povjesnicari Igor Jovanovic i Igor Saponja nedavno su pronasli podatak da je Ivan Radosevic, roden 15.10.1920.g. u Medulinu, umro 19.4.1945.g. u koncentracijskom logoru u Flossenburgu, Njemacka. Zahvaljujem im na ovom vrijednom podatku. Pronasao sam i podatak da je Flossenburg bio evakuiran 20.4.1945.g., a da je kolonu zarobljenika koja je trebala biti prebacena drugdje, nakon tri dana oslobodila saveznicka vojska. To znaci da je nesretnom Radosevicu nedostajala mozda samo jedna noc do spasa. Historians Igor Jovanovic and Igor Saponja recently found a fact that Ivan Radosevic, born 15.10.1920.g. in Medulin died on 19.4.1945. in concentration camp in Flossenburg, Germany I thank them for this valuable data. I found the fact that Flossenburg was evacuated on 20.4.1945. The walking column of prisoners who were to be transferred to another camp was liberated by Allied soldiers after three days. It means that unfortunate Radosevic needed maybe only one night more to salvation.
10

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Hurston Webb (zarobljeni); nosni strojnicar {nose gunner) John F. Nordback; strojnicar kuglaste kupole {ball turret gunner) Henry L. Alder, repni strojnicar {tail gunner) Bernard S. Sturtz, pomocnik strojara - strojnicar {assistant engineer gunner) Mario A. Briganti, bombas {bombardier) Donald Reynolds i Swante B. Norlund (spaseni). Stupivsi u kontakt sa clanom posade Lee Lamarom, koji zivi u Overland Parku, Kansas, S.A.D., uspio sam doci do mnostva novih podataka u vezi s tim letom, clanovima posade i njihovom sudbinom.11 Citirati cu njegov kraci izvjestaj.12 (...)Srusen sam 18. studenog 1944.g. na mojoj 21. misiji. Nekako smo znali da kada si vec u takvom poslu, postoje dobre sanse da te sruse. Nadas se da ces se uspjeti izvuci iz zrakoplova I prezivjeti bez ozljeda. Ali ako I uspijes, sanse da budes zarobljen su prilicno velike (...). To ovisi o tome gdje te sruse. Ako bi pao u Njemackoj - zarobit ce te. Sanse da to izbjegnes su minimalne. Ako padnes u Jugoslaviji, teritoriji koju su Nijemci okupirali ali ne I kontrolirali, partisans caught you, they would help you and bilo je partizanskih postrojbi, cetnika I drugih grupadeliver you back to your American people. This ljudi koji su bill gerilski borci u planinama protiv would take several months. The Chetniks might Nijemaca. Ako su te uhvatili partizani, pomogli bi ti help you, or they might turn you over to the i predali te natrag tvojim Amerikancima. To bi trajalo Germans. Then there were the Ustashi who were nekoliko mjeseci. Cetnici bi ti mogli pomoci, ill te sort of on the German side. If they caught you, predati Nijemcima. I bilo je I ustasa koji su nekako they would most probably kill you. So it was a biii na njemackoj strani. Ako bi te oni uhvatili, gamble as to where you got shot down, whether najvjerojatnije bi te ubili. Tako da je to bilo kockanjeyou got out of the airplane or not and who captured - gdje ce te srusiti, da II ces uspjeti izici iz zrakoplova you. You knew that if you continued to fly those i tko ce te uhvatiti. Znao si, da ako nastavis letjeti u missions, eventually you would get shot down. (...) tim misijama, da ces naposljetku bit! srusen (...). At the briefing the morning of the 18th, we Na jutarnjem brifingu 18-tog saznali smo da found out that we were going to bomb some cemo bombardirati zracnu luku u Udinama. To nijeairfields at Udine. That wasnt supposed to be as trebalo biti dobro branjena meta. Biii smo sretni. heavily defended. We were happy. We thought that Mislili smo da idemo na stvarno lak zadatak. Ali nijewe had a milk run (a real easy mission). But it tako ispalo. Jedan pogodak je sve sto treba. didnt turn out that way. One shell to hit you right Cetvorica od posade od 10 su zarobljena. Ostalih is all it takes. Four of us out of the crew of 10 got sest je izbjeglo zarobljavanje I uspjelo se vratiti. Za captured. (The other six evaded capture and to im je trebalo 3 do 5 mjeseci. Sruseni smo u okolicimanaged to get back. It took them from 3 to 5 Pule, Italija. Bila je prepuna Nijemaca, ali je bilo i months. We were shot down around Pola, Italy. It mnogo partizanskih postrojbi. Navigator je was heavily infested with Germans, but there were uhvacen u nekoliko minuta. Nas dva pilota smo se also a lot of partisan troops there. The navigator susreli I proveli noc zajedno (...). got caught within a few minutes. Us two pilots got Obavjestajci su nam u brifingu rekli da pokusamo together and spent the night together. Intelligence s odgodenim padobranskim skokom. Trebali smo had told us in our briefing to make a delayed cekati da budemo sto blize zemlji prije nego parachute jump. We were to wait until we were low otvorimo padobrane. Ako bi ga otvorili prerano, to the ground before we opened our chutes. If you neprijatelj bi nas opazio I prisao vozilima I prije open it too high in the air, the enemy can see you nego dotaknemo zemlju. Cim dotaknes zemlju, coming down, theyll get in their vehicles and be trebalo je sakriti padobran I pronaci zaklon do krajathere waiting for you when you hit the ground! As sljedeceg dana. Ako bi uspio u tome, njemacke soon as you hit the ground, you were to hide your potrage bi uglavnom odustale. Tada bi mogao parachute and try to hide out until the end of the pokusati naci nekog tko je prijateljski raspolozen. second day after youd landed. If you could keep Nas dva pilota biii smo toliko blizu samome mjestu from being captured until then, the German search rusenja zrakoplova da nismo imali sanse pronaci parties would generally give up. Then you could skroviste. Tamo je bila velika skupina njemackih get out and try to travel and try to make contact

9. B-24 pogoden protuzracnom paljbom. Crni oblacici su karakteristicni za eksplozije zrna protuzracnog oruzja. B-24 hit by the antiaircraft defence. Small black clouds are characteristic of antiaircraft artillery explosions.

Zahvaljujem se Lee Lamaru na strpljivoj i nesebicnoj suradnji i pomoci u istrazivanju te zrakoplovne price. My thanks to Lee Lamar for a patient and selfless cooperation and help in the research of this aircraft story.
12 Mozda je najprilicnije da se taj dogadaj isprica njegovim rijecima kroz kraci izvjestaj koji je dao u obliku razgovora s novinarom objavljenim na web stranici, premda je dostupan i njegov opsezan izvjestaj na 11 stranica. (http://connections.smsd.org/veterans/lee_lamar.htm; www.usd230.k12.ks.us/PICTT/paraphernalia/leelamar/leelamar.html)

Perhaps the most proper way to tell the story is in his words, in a short reports that he has given n the form of an interview with a reporter published on a web page, although his detailed report on 11 pages is also available. (http://connections.smsd.org/veterans/lee_lamar.htm; www.usd230.k12.ks.us/PICTT/paraphernalia/leelamar/leelamar.html )

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10. Kopilot Lee Lamar na pocetku vojne sluzbe. Copilot Lee Lamar at the beginning of the military service.

11. Kopilot Lee Lamar kao njemacki ratni zarobljenik. Copilot Lee Lamar as a German prisoner of war.

vojnika koji su opkolili cijelo podrucje. Skrivali smo with someone who was friendly. Us two pilots were se do podneva slijedeceg dana. Tada su dosli so close to where the airplane crashed that we Nijemci, i poredani u liniju pretrazivali. Uhvatili su didnt have a chance to find a hiding place. There nas, skrivali smo se u nekom niskom raslinju. Odmah were a large bunch of German soldiers in the area. su nas otpremili u grad, jer su vec spremili They surrounded the whole area. We hid out til navigatora za prebacivanje u Dulag Luft, ispitivacko about noon the next day. Then the Germans came srediste blizu Frankfurta. Imali su 3 njemacka vojnika through, lined up, a string of them, searching, and koji su se vracali u Frankfurt na dopust koji su ga they caught us. We were hiding in some brush. trebali voditi. Htjeli su nas ubaciti u istu grupu. Tako They immediately rushed us into town because they su nas poslali svu trojicu zajedno. Mi smo uhvaceni already had the navigator set up to go to Dulag oko podneva i do 18 sati bili smo u vlaku za Luft, which was the interrogation center near Njemacku. Strojar je slomio glezanj prilikom skoka.Frankfurt. They had three German soldiers going Partizani koji su ga pronasli nisu imali nikakve home on leave to escort him up to Frankfurt. They medicinske opreme da ga zbrinu. Rekao mi je kasnije wanted to put us in the same party. We were da su mislili da mu je gangrena veczahvatila ozljedu. captured at about noon and by 6 p.m. we were on Partizani su mu rekli da bi za njega bilo najbolje da a train heading towards Germany. The Engineer ga prepuste Nijemcima. Stavili su ga u malu broke his ankle when he bailed out. The partisan zemunicu, povukli se i pustili Nijemce da pridu i troops who found him did not have any medical uhvate ga. Oni su ga izlijecili, spasili mu nogu te je facilities. They couldnt treat him. The bombardier prezivio. Na kraju je stigao kuci (...).n told me later that they thought gangrene had already Svih 10 clanova posade tog zrakoplova na kraju set in his leg. The partisan troops said that the se vratilo kucama, za razliku od mnogih zrako- best thing we could do was allow him to be captured plovaca koji su stradali u misijama ili prilikom pada. by the Germans. They put him in a little underground Jedina zrtva tog dogadaja je nesretni partizan Ivan outpost, pulled back and allowed the Germans to Radosevic, koji je skoncao u koncentracijskom come in and capture him. They gave him some medical attention, saved his leg and he survived. logoru u Flossenburgu. 3 Procjenjuje se da je na podrucju Jugoslavije He eventually got home.' tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata sruseno sveukupno All ten crew members of this aircraft returned vise od 500 zrakoplova.14 Za vecinu se ne zna ni home in the end, unlike many other airmen who poblize mjesto pada i clanovi posada se i dan died in the missions or in the crashes. The only danas vode kao nestali. To istrazivanje omogucilo casualty of this event was the unfortunate partisan je da se rasvijetle dogadaji od 18. i 19.11.1944.g. Ivan Radosevic, who ended up in a concentration i napokon odredi tocno mjesto pada zrakoplova camp in Flossenburg. koje su Amerikanci trazili vec 63 godine. Mnostvo It is estimated that on the territory of Yugoslavia zrakoplovnih entuzijasta, povjesnicara, ratnih during WWII a total of 500 airplanes were taken veterana i raznih sluzbi ministarstava obrane zemalja down.14 For most of them the crash site and the ukljucenih u Drugi svjetski rat dan danas trazi crew members remain unknown and are still odgovore na ta pitanja. U ovom, a i nekim drugim, pronounced missing in action. This research has odgovore su poceli davati i arheolozi.15 Zato ovaj, made it possible to shed some light on the events za nas arheoloski projekt, zapravo i nije prvi, a of the 18th and 19th Nov 1944 and to exactly vjerojatno ni posljednji. determine the crash site of the airplane that the Americans have been looking for for 63 years. Many aircraft enthusiasts, historians, war veterans and many Ministry of Defence services of countries involved in WWII are still today searching for answers to these questions. In this case, as well as in some others, archaeologists have started giving some answers.15 For this reason this project, an archaeological one for us, is actually not the first one, and probably not the last one either.

12. Lee Lamar ovih dana. Lee Lamar nowadays.

Skratio autor rada./Shortened by the author.

14 15

Podaci iz istrazivanja Danijela Frke./ Data from research done by Danijel Frka.

Naprimjer projekti istrazivanja i zastite srusenih zrakoplova u Jadranskome moru koje vodi arheolog mr.Jasen Mesic ili slicni u Tirolu, Austrija koje vodi arheolog prot.dr.Harald Stadler sa Sveucilista u Innsbrucku. For instance, the projects of researching and preserving aircrafts crashed in the Adriatic sea, conducted by archaeologist mr.Jasen Mesic or others in Tirol, Austria, led by archaeologist profdr.Harald Stadler at the University in Innsbruck.

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Tabla 28. Krvavici-Boskina. Dijelovi zrakoplova i opreme. / Table 28. Parts of the airplane and the equipment.

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18

19

20

Tabla 29. Krvavici-Boskina. Dijelovi zrakoplova i opreme. / Table 29. Parts of the airplane and the equipment.

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27

28

Tabla 30. Krvavici-Boskina. Dijelovi zrakoplova i opreme. / Table 30. Parts of the airplane and the equipment.

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Tabla 31. Krvavici-Boskina. Dijelovi zrakoplova i opreme. / Table 31. Parts of the airplane and the equipment.

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*>
Mjesto pada i podrucje rasprostiranja dijelova. Impact point and debris area.

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2^1

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ORISJE - GRADISCE

161+900 - 162+100 Prapovijesna gradina

UVOD Lea Cataj
Lokalitet Gradisce nalazi se na 299 m.n.v. u selu Orisje, svega nekoliko kilometara jugoistocno od Bosiljeva. Administrativno pripada Karlovackoj zupaniji, a geografski je smjesten na rubu Gorskog kotara. Nalazi se u sklopu brdskog lanca koji se proteze u smjeru sjeverozapad - jugoistok od Kupe do Dobre, a izmedu brda Rizine sa sjeverozapadne i Dedinac s jugoistocne strane.

ORISJE - GRADISCE 161+900 - 162+100 Prehistoric hill fort

INTRODUCTION

213

Lea Cataj
The Gradisce site is situated at an altitude of 299 m in the village of Orisje, only a few kilometres south-east of the village of Bosiljevo. Admini stratively it belongs to the County of Karlovac, and geographically it is situated on the edge of Gorski kotar. It is a part of a mountain range that spreads from the north-west to the south-east, from the River Kupa to the River Dobra, between

1. Pogled sa sjeveroistoka brdo Gradisce s crkvom Majke Bozje. View of the hill of Gradisce with the church of the Holy Virgin from the northeast.

Poznati hrvatski povjesnicar i arhivist Radoslav the hill of Rizine at the north-eastern side and the Lopasic u 19.st. navodi da se Gradisce spominje u hill of Dedinac at the south-eastern side. Radoslav Lopasic, a well-known 19th century povijesnim izvorima iz 14.st., te da se tu nalazi najstariji krscanski hram na Bosiljevu sa manastiromCroatian historian and archivist, says that Gradisce th u kojem su u 16.st. bili smjesteni dominikanci was mentioned in historical sources of the 14 (LOPASIC 1895, 62). Takoder spominje century. He also mentions that there was the prapovijesne nalaze u selima Hrsina, Trosmarija i oldest Christian church at Bosiljevo with th Radocaji u okolici Bosiljeva, te u Vinici u susjednoj monastery where in the 16 century Dominican Sloveniji (LOPASIC 1872, 261-263). Neki su monks lived (LOPASIC 1895, 62). He mentions spomenuti lokaliteti arheoloski istrazivani tijekom prehistoric finds in the villages of Hrsina, proslog stoljeca: gradina Trsiste u Trosmariji Trosmarija and Radocaji, all near Bosiljevo, as well (BALEN-LETUNIC 1988, 161,162), nekropole u as in Vinica in neighbouring Slovenia (LOPASIC Trosmariji (DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1970, 243-250) i 1872, 261-263). Some of the mentioned sites were Dugoj gori (BALEN-LETUNIC 1986, 45-57). U archaeologically explored during the last century: obliznjem selu Hrsine, sjeverozapadno od lokaliteta the Trsiste hill fort in Trosmarija (BALEN-LETUNIC Orisje - Gradisce pronadeni su bakrenodobni nalazi 1988, 161,162), cemeteries in Trosmarija i moguci tumul ili gradina na uzvisini zvanoj Gorica (DRECHSLER-BIZIC, 1970, 243 - 250) and Duga Gora (BALEN-LETUNIC 1986, 45-57). In the (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, 33-34). Za potrebe izrade elaborata utjecaja na kulturna nearby village of Hrsine, northwest of the Orisje dobra za dionicu autoceste Zagreb - Split od Gradisce site, Copper Age finds were discovered,

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2. Radovi na trasi plinovoda u jesen 2005. g. Works on the gas pipeline route in autumn 2005.

3. Izgratfena vodosprema. U prvom je planu hrpa zemlje iz iskopa koja je bila prepuna arheoloskog materijala. Built water reservoir. In the fore ground a heap of earth from the excavation rich with archaeological material.

Bosiljeva do Josipdola pregledano je i arheoloski istrazeno to podrucje1. Prilikom tog opseznog posla potvrdeno je ili ustanovljeno nekoliko arheoloskih zona, a u ovom radu ogranicit cu se samo na prapovijesna nalazista u siroj okolici Orisja. Posebno je vazno spomenuti bosiljevski Stari grad i Rizine gdje su pronadeni nalazi iz broncanog i zeljeznog doba, a koji s Gradiscem tvore jedinstveni brdski i naseobinski kompleks. Ubicirano je i naselje iz kasnog broncanog i ranog zeljeznog doba na Jaksic brdu u Dugoj Gori te istodobna gradina Rebinka jugoistocno od Trosmarije (PERKIC 2004). To su samo neki od lokaliteta koji dokazuju da je siri prostor Orisja arheoloski bogat i vazan prostor, na sto se cesto zbog slabe istrazenosti zaboravlja. R. Drechsler-Bizic (1970, 243) navodi da se Trosmarija, Hrsina, Bosiljevo, Duga Gora, Josipdol,

as well as a possible tumulus or a hill fort on the elevation called Gorica (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, 33,34). In order to make a feasibility study of the impact on cultural objects for the section of Zagreb - Split motorway from Bosiljevo to Josipdol, this area has been surveyed and archaeologically explored1. During that extensive task several archaeological zones have been confirmed or found out, but in this study I will present only the prehistoric sites in the wider neighbourhood of Orisje. It is very important to mention Bosiljevo sites of Stari grad and Rizine where Bronze Age and Iron Age finds have been discovered. These sites together with Gradisce make a unique hill settlement complex. Another settlement dated in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age has been located on Jaksic brdo in Duga Gora, and the Rebinka hill fort southeast of Trosmarija belongs to the same period (PERKIC 2004). These sites prove that the wider area of Orisje is an archaeologically rich and important area, the fact usually forgotten due to the lack of exploration. R. Drechsler-Bizic (1970, 243) states that Trosmarija, Hrsina, Bosiljevo, Duga Gora, Josipdol, Cakovac, etc. were situated at the lapodian northern border where their neighbours were Colapians. The western border is thought to be somewhere near Vinica and in the part of Bela krajina in neighbouring Slovenia (DRECHSLERBIZIC 1987, 393), although lately that area has been attributed to Colapians (BALEN-LETUNIC 1999/2000, 31). According to the stated data the area of Orisje was at the very border of lapodes and Colapians. When a conservation study for the construction of main gas pipeline Pula - Karlovac was being conducted, one of the areas to be inspected was the wider area of Orisje. The results of the field survey showed the area which had to be archaeologically explored (BEKIC 2005). During 2005 and 2006 there were three archaeological excavations, two of which took place on the route of the gas pipeline and were conducted by the Croatian Conservation Institute. In late autumn 20052 outside the hill fort area eight trenches 2 m wide were excavated, at the length of about 160 m (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006a; BEKIC 2007b). Research conducted a year later3 was carried out because of machine devastation of area around the hill fort walls (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d). At the area of about 300 m2 two trenches at the hill fort walls were explored and they gave a lot of archaeological material (CATAJ 2006). The third excavation was conducted by the Conservation Department in Karlovac and it took place inside the hill fort, in its south-western part at the position of a water storage. The water storage was planned to be built and digging for it had been carried out without a permit or supervision. At the time (autumn 2005) the Croatian Conservation Institute was working on the gas

Radove je vodio Domagoj Perkic, arheolog, tada zaposlen u Konzervatorskom odjelu u Karlovcu. Works were led by Domagoj Perkic, an archaeologist employed by the Conservation Department in Karlovac at the time

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Cakovac... nalaze na sjevernoj granici Japoda gdje su im susjedi bili Kolapijani. Zapadna se granica smjesta negdje oko Vinice i u dijelu Bele krajine u susjednoj Sloveniji (DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1987, 393), iako se u novije vrijeme taj prostor pripisuje Kolapijanima (BALEN-LETUNIC 1999/2000, 31). Prema navedenim podacima, prostor Orisja nalazi se na samoj granici Japoda i Kolapijana. Prilikom izrade konzervatorske studije u povodu gradnje magistralnog plinovoda Pula - Karlovac, medu inim pregledana je i sira okolica Orisja. U skladu s rezultatima terenskog pregleda, utvrden je prostor koji se mora arheoloski istraziti (BEKIC 2005). Tijekom 2005. i 2006.g. na torn su polozaju izvrsena tri arheoloska iskopavanja - dva su bila na trasi plinovoda te ih je vodio Hrvatski restauratorski zavod. U kasnu jesen 2005.g. 2 izvan areala same gradine otkopano je osam sondi sirine 2 m na duzini od oko 160 m (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006a; BEKIC 2007b). Istrazivanja provedena godinu dana kasnije3 izvrsena su zbog devastacije dijela gradine na bedemima pa se moralo pristupiti sanaciji (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d). Na povrsini od oko 300 m2 istrazene su dvije sonde na bedemima gradine koje su dale mnogo arheoloskog materijala (CATAJ 2006). Trece zastitno iskopavanje, koje je vodio Konzervatorski odjel Karlovac, odvijalo se unutar same gradine, u njenom jugozapadnom dijelu, na polozaju vodosprema gdje je izvrsen iskop za doticnu gradevinu bez dozvole i nadzora. U to su vrijeme (jesen 2005.g.) strucnjaci Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda radili na trasi plinovoda pa je pregledan dio iskopane zemlje te iskop za cjevovod vodospreme (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006a). Izbor tada pronadenog materijala bit ce ukljucen u ovaj rad.

pipeline route so they examined a part of the dug up soil and the excavation for the pipeline of the water storage (CIMIN HARASA BEKIC 2006a) A selection of the found assemblage will be included in this study.

from the northern side of the hill-fort.

4. Pogled na moguci naseobinski P|at0 sa sjeverne strane gradine. View of the possible settlement plateau

FEATURES Lea Cataj, Luka Bekic

Gradisce is situated on a hiah hill on a rather defendable elevation between two fertile fields that were suitable for growing crops and raising cattle. Prehistoric hill forts were usually built on elevations on hillsides near pastures and arable land except for the cases of primarily defensive forts where strategic character was crucial (COVIC 1987 462" DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1987 417-419) The top of Gradisce hill is on the steep northern and north-eastern side not exposed to the sun In this part one can see terraces along the edges of which defensive walls could have been raised. Considerina the fact that the terraces are earthv the walls were probably made as a timber palisade! Behind the palisade there could have been houses or space for herding farm animals. Levelling of the ground to get space for smaller terraces where houses could be built was common in prehistoric forts of north-eastern Balkans (DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1987 418) On the western side which is exposed to the sun slopes are somewhat gentler It is likely that this was the main settlement area'because it was lower in the lee of the hill and exposed to the sun most of the day. This is confirmed by numerous finds near the water storaae Remnants of the settlement buildings have not been found

NEPOKRETNI NALAZI Lea Cataj, Luka Bekic

Gradisce ie smiesteno na visokom brdu orilicno dobro obranjivoj uzvisini a izmedu dva plodna polia poqodna za poljoprivredu i uzqaianie stoke Za prapovijesne gradine uobicajeno su koriStena uzvisenia na obroncima olaninskih masiva a u blizini pasnjaka i obradive zemlje osim u slucaju prvenstveno obrambenih gradina kada su presudan znacaj imala strateska obiljezja (COVIC 1987 462" DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1987 417-419) Vrh brda Gradisce nalazi se uz strmu sjevernu i sieveroistocnu osoinu stranu Na torn diielu moau se uociti lagane terase na rubu kojih su se moqli nalaziti bedemi. S obzirom na to da su terase tu zemliane bedemi su naivieroiatniie bili nacinieni kao drvene palisade. Iza palisada mogle su se nalaziti kuce ili Drostor za cuvanie stoke Nivelaciia terena da bi se dobile manje terase na'kojima se

Istrazivanja je vodio mr. sc. Luka Bekic, a sudjelovali su i arheolozi, djelatnici Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda, Ivana Harasa i Robert Cimin.

Research was led by mr.sc.Luka Bekic with the help of Ivana Harasa and Robert Cimin, archaeologists employed by the Croatian Conservation Institute
3

Uz autoricu kao voditeljicu, na istrazivanjima je radio arheolog, djelatnik Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda Robert Cimin.

Research was led by the author of this text, with the help of Robert Cimin, an archaeologist employed by the Croatian Conservation Institute.

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5. Pretpostavljeni bedemi gradine. U prvom planu vidljivo veliko kamenje koje su bacili radni strojevi. Supposed defensive wall of the hillfort. Big stones thrown by working machines visible in the foreground.

mogu graditi kuce cesta je na prapovijesnim gradinama sjeverozapadnog Balkana (DRECHSLERBIZIC 1987, 418). Sa zapadne, prisojne strane obronci su nesto blazi. Ocekivati je da je tu bio glavni naseobinski prostor jer se nalazio nize, u zavjetrini i osuncan duzi dio dana. To nam potvrduju i vrlo brojni nalazi kod vodospreme. Ostaci naseobinskih objekata nazalost nisu uoceni, jer prostor unutar bedema nije istrazivan. Trasa plinovoda prosla je s jugoistocne strane gradine, s vanjske strane bedema gdje nisu uoceni nikakvi objekti. S jugoistocne su strane gradine danas vidljivi ostaci ravne zive stijene visoke do 4 m koja je vjerojatno bila dio obrambenih bedema gradine. Te stijene su prirodnog postanka ali su vjerojatno 6. Neprohodne stijene s brojnim skrapama u jugozapadnom dijelu doradene i prilagodene tako da , bi djelovale kao gradine. visoki i dugi bedem, preko kojeg neprijatelj nije Impenetrable rocks with numerous mogao jurisati u naselje. U jugozapadnom dijelu cracks in limestone in the southwest gradine neprohodne su stijene kraskog terena s ern part of the hill-fort.

because the area within the walls wasnt explored. The route of the gas pipeline passed the south eastern side of the hill fort outside of the walls and no buildings were noticed there. At the south-eastern side of the hill fort one can see remains of a flat solid rock up to 4 m high, which was probably a part of defensive walls of the hill fort. The rocks are of natural origin but probably worked upon to become a high, long defensive wall that would stop the enemy from breaking into the settlement. In the south-western part of the hill fort there are impenetrable karst rocks with numerous cracks which were also suitable for defence of the settlement. To the west side of the rocks there is an easily accessible wide karst valley. As in other examples of karst terrain hill fort settlements, a bigger herd might have been kept there. In the first season of the excavations only one closed deposit was found: a crack used as a midden (trench 1, SJ 2). In the midden there were ceramics, large fragments of house daub and burned massive floor structure. The terrain configuration at that place wouldnt allow the finds to be washed off the hill fort, so they must have been deliberately thrown away in the pit. The midden is next to the existing path leading into the middle of the hill fort and towards the church. It is highly possible that this is the location of one of the prehistoric entrances to the hill fort, because to the south of the path there are impenetrable massive rocks and cracks, and to the north there is a long flat rock. It is possible that in the near proximity there was a prehistoric object made of wattle and daub, overlooking the entrance to the hill fort. The coal found there places the midden in the 8th or 4th century BC (cal BC 549 + 111).4 All the other finds belong to fill layers which covered a long solid rock and they originate from the settlement Inside the , hill fort the cultural layer is deep and has plenty of small finds. The section of the water storage excavation shows the cultural layer over 2 m deep. The subsoil has not been found there which testifies to a longer lifespan and a large number of inhabitants of the prehistoric settlement.

SMALL FINDS Lea Cataj

During the archaeological research in 2005 and 2006 a lot of prehistoric pottery has been found. Among the other finds there are whetstones, fragments of grindstones ceramic spindle whorls a pyramidal weight and fragments of a portable hearth. Among a few metal finds a bronze button is the most interesting artefact No buildings have been found and most of the finds belong to one layer which was explained as a fill from the hill fort in which prehistoric archaeological material was mixed with finds of later times. Ceramic finds As already mentioned almost all finds are out of context. For closer dating we have to rely on

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brojnim skrapama koje su takoder kao predodredene za obranu naselja. Zapadnije od velikog sklopa tih stijena nalazi se vrlo prostrana vrtaca s pogodnim pristupom. Ona je, poput drugih primjera s gradinskih naselja na kraskim terenima, mogla sluziti za cuvanje veceg stada. U prvoj sezoni iskopavanja pronadena je samo jedna zatvorena cjelina: skrapa koja je koristena kao otpadna jama (jama 1, SJ 2). U njoj je bilo keramike, vecih ulomaka kucnog Ijepa i zapecenih masivnih podnica. Konfiguracija terena na tome mjestu nije dopustila da spomenuti nalazi tu dospiju ispiranjem s gradine vec su u nju morali biti namjerno odbaceni. Ta jama nalazi se tocno uz danasnji puteljak koji vodi u srediste gradine i prema crkvi. Vrlo je vjerojatno kako je bas na tome mjestu bio jedan prapovijesni ulaz u gradinu, jer se juzno od puteljka nalazi splet neprohodnih masivnih stijena i skrapa, a sjeverno dugacka ravna stijena. Moguce je da se u neposrednoj blizini nalazio neki prapovijesni objekt izgraden od siblja i Ijepa, koji je nadzirao ulaz u gradinu. Pronadeni ugljen datira jamu u 8 - 4.st.pr.Kr. (cal BC 549+111).4 Svi ostali nalazi iz nasih iskopavanja potjecu iz zasipnih slojeva koji su prekrivali dugu zivu stijenu, a potjecu iz naseobinskog dijela. Unutar same gradine kulturni sloj je dubok i bogat pokretnim nalazima. Na profilu iskopa za vodospremu dubina kulturnog sloja bila je veca od 2 metra, s tim da zdravica na tome mjestu nije bila uocena. To svjedoci o dugotrajnijem zivotu i velikom broju stanovnika tog prapovijesnog naselja. the types of vessels and decoration. Ceramic finds show characteristics of the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Apart from the prehistoric ceramics which will be dealt with in this text, there are also some early new age ceramic finds. A lot of fragments cannot be accurately dated because their characteristics belong to a broad time and geographic context. The pottery was fired in oxidation, incomplete oxidation and reduction. The surface of vessels is rough, smooth, partly polished or polished. The rims are even, everted or bent inwards, and sometimes thickened inwards or outwards.5 Handles6 on the vessels appear in several shapes and sizes. Small and middle sized handles can be ribbon-like (T.2-3, T.6-4, T.10-1,2), ribbon like with thickened ends (T.11-11, T.13-10), oval (T.4-1,7, T.6-5, T.10-6, T.13-8,9) or triangular (T.14-3) in cross-section and tunnel-shaped (T.13-5). A fragment of a handle decorated with small button-like horns (T.6-6) is particularly interesting. Large handles (T.1-6, T.13-7) have rough surface with visible small stone temper and sometimes are attached horizontally onto the vessel. There is a large number of fragments with small protruded handles of rectangular (T.1-3, T.4-3,10, T.11-4, T.13-4) or oval (T.11-9) cross-section. Sometimes they are larger and form tongueshaped grips (T.8-1,14, T.19-17, T.13-1) or grips with depression in the middle that look like a saddle or horn-shaped protrusions (T.8-2, T.13-3). Grips are used in more or less unaltered shape during longer time periods so they are not suitable for closer chronological determination. The most common way of decoration is with 7. Otpadna jama u sondi A, SJ 2, prije
ciscenja. Midden in trench A, layer 2, before cleaning.

217

POKRETNI NALAZI Lea Cataj

U arheoloskim istrazivanjima 2005 i 2006 g pronadeno je dosta prapovijesne keramike. Sto se tice ostalih nalaza valia navesti kamene brusove i ulomke zrvnjeva te nesto keramickih prsljenova piramidalan uteg i ulomke prijenosnog ognjista! Nekolicina je metalnih nalaza a medu njima najinteresantniji je broncani gumb. Nisu uoceni nikakvi objekti vec je glavnina nalaza iz jedne stratigrafske jedinice koja je protumacena kao zasip s aradine a u koioi ie DraDoviiesni arheoloski materijal bio pomijesan s nalazima novijeg doba. Keramicki nalazi Kao sto ie vec navedeno aotovo svi su nalazi bez konteksta pa se za poblize odredivanje razdoblja iz kojeg potjecu moramo ponajprije oslanjati na tipove posuda i ukrasa na njima. Keramicki nalazi pokazuju odlike broncanog i zelieznoa doba Osim DraDoviiesne keramike koiom demo se baviti u ovorr tekstu pronadeno ie i nesto grube novovjekovne keramike. Mnogo je ulomaka koji nisu pogodni za tocniju dataciju jer se javljaju u sirokom vremenskom i geografskom

14C riatariia AMS i7radpna ip n Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung 29043, BP 242328). The AMS C14 dating was done in Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung

und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat

n KIPIII ^KIA in Kiel - Leibniz

Labor for Radiometric Dating and Isotope Research - Christian Albrechts University, Kiel; (KIA 29043, BP 2423 + 28).

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8. Horizontalna rucka. (T.13-7). Horizontal handle. (T.13-7).

9. Sedlasta drska. (T.8-2). Saddle-shaped handle. (T.8-2).

kontekstu. Keramika je pecena oksidacijski, nepotpunom oksidacijom i redukcijski. Povrsina posuda gruba je, glatka, djelomicno uglacana ili uglacana. Rubovi su ravni, izvuceni ili uvuceni te pokatkad zadebljani prema unutra ili prema van.5 Rucke6 se na posudama javljaju u nekoliko oblika i velicina. Male i srednje rucke mogu biti trakaste (T.2-3, T.6-4, T.10-1,2), trakaste sa zadebljanim krajevima (T.11-11, T.13-10), ovalnog (T.4-1,7, T.6-5, T.10-6, T.13-8,9) ili trokutastog (T.14-3) presjeka te tunelaste (T.13-5). Posebno je zanimljiv ulomak rucke ukrasene dugmetastim roscicima (T.6-6). Rucke velikih dimenzija (T.1-6, T.13-7) grube su povrsine s vidljivim primjesama kamencica i pokatkad stoje vodoravno na posudi. Brojni su ulomci s malim drskama koje su izvedene u vidu plasticnih izbocenja pravokutnog (T.1-3, T.4-3,10, T.11-4, T.13-4) ili ovalnog (T.119) presjeka. Pokadsto su vecih dimenzija pa se pretvaraju u jezicaste drske (T.8-1,14, T.9-17, T.13-1) ili drske s udubljenjem u sredini koje izgledaju poput sedla ili rogolikih izdanaka (T.8-2, T.13-3). Drske su sluzile kroz duzi vremenski period uglavnom nepromijenjenih oblika pa nisu pogodne za poblize kronolosko odredivanje. Najcesci nacin ukrasavanja su razliciti plasticni naljepci. S obzirom na nacin njihove izrade i vrstu posude na kojoj su se nalazili, katkad im je prvotna funkcija bila prakticna, pa bi ih mogli nazivati i (laznim) drskama, a ponekad cisto ukrasna. Osim traka s utisnutim ornamentom (koje se pokatkad kombinirane pa tvore kompleksniji ukras) javljaju se potkovasti ukrasi (pokadsto ukraseni utiskivanjem), plasticne trake (katkad u paru i postavljene vertikalno) i dugmetasta izbocenja razlicitih oblika. Urezivanje, kaneliranje, Jzbocivanje i metlicast nacin ukrasavanja pojavljuju se sporadicno. Na T.10-1 trakasta je rucka koja po sredini ima uzduzno plasticno rebro, a dno joj je ukraseno otiscima prstiju. Slicna je rucka peke pronadena u Kiringradu, a datirana je u fazu II kulture polja sa zarama sjeverne Hrvatske (VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, 181, T.22.-13). U Ormozu u susjednoj Sloveniji pronadena je rucka peke ciji je donji dio ukrasen trakom s otiskom prsta ali nema rebro po sredini. Datirana je u Ha B stupanj kasnog broncanog doba (LAMUT 1988/1989, 236, T 6: 5). Vertikalne trakaste rucke zadebljanih rubova zastupljene su nekolicinom primjera (T.11-11, T.13-10), a javljaju se u broncano (npr. u nekropoli Bezdanjaci, DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1979/1980, T VIII. 2, XXXII.4) i zeljezno (npr. na nalazistu starijeg halstatskog doba u Cerovackoj donjoj spilji, DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1970a, T 111.11; iz mladeg

different plastic appliques. Considering the way they were made and the type of vessel they were on, sometimes their primary function was practical so they could be called (fake) grips. Sometimes, however, their function was merely decorative. In addition to ribbons with impressed ornaments (which were sometimes combined to make a more complex pattern), one can see horseshoe ornaments (sometimes decorated by impressing), plastic ribbons (sometimes in a pair and applied vertically) and button-like protrusions of different shapes. Incisions, flutes, protruding and broomshaped ornaments show up sporadically. On T.10-1 there is a ribbon-like handle with a plastic rib along the middle, and its base is decorated with finger-prints. Similar handle of a baking lid was found in Kiringrad and it is dated into Phase II of the Urn-Field culture of north Croatia (VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, 181, T.22.-13). In Ormoz in neighbouring Slovenia, a handle of a baking lid was found. Its bottom part is decorated with a ribbon with a finger-print but there is no rib along the middle. It is dated into Ha B period of the Late Bronze Age (LAMUT 1988/1989, 236, T.6: 5). Vertical ribbon-like handles with thickened ends have been noticed in several examples (T.1111, T.13-10), and they appear both in the Bronze Age (e.g. in Bezdanjaca cemetery, DRECHSLERBIZIC 1979/1980, T VIII. 2, XXXII.4) and in the Iron Age (e.g. the early Hallstatt period site in Cerovacka Donja spilja, DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1970a, T 111.11; the late Hallstatt period site in Sisak, BURKOWSKY 2004, 45, cat. no. 18; the Late Iron Age settlement in Krcana, RAUNIG 1996, T. II. 12 - 13). There is a black sherd with a tunnel-shaped handle on the belly (T.13-5). These handles are frequent in the Middle Bronze Age and they appear in somewhat simpler shapes in settlement complexes of the Urn-Field culture (VELUSCEK 1996, 66, T.35: 14). We can see them in numerous Bronze Age sites (e.g. in Bezdanjaca cemetery, DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1979/1980, T.VIII. 1, XXXII. 5, XXXIII. 7; and in Oloris settlement, DULAR, SAVEL, TECCO-HVALA 2002, T.1. 9; 4. 6; 6. 15; 7. 12-15; 45. 4) as well as in numerous Iron Age sites (Storje, GUSTIN 1979, T.9: 1, 4, 6; Gradisce on Slivnica above Cerknica; ibid, T 36: 15; Smihel, ibid, T 72: 1; Cerovacka Donja spilja, DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1970a, 97 - 103, T IV. 10, and Sisak, BURKOWSKY 2004, 53., cat. no. 48). On T.6-6 there is a handle with two small button-like horns, one of which has been preserved. There is another sherd of a handle (T.65) that probably had similar ornaments at the ends,

Terminologiju vezanu uz morfoloske i tehnoloske podatke preuzela sam iz rada S. Vrdoljak (1995, 11-15) u kojem su objasnjeni na jasan jednostavan nacin. I used the terminology dealing with morphological and technological data from the study by S. Vrdoljak (1995, 11-15) where it was explained in a clear and simple way.
6

U radu sam se drzala veoma korisne podjele na rucke i drske koja se upotrebljava u slovenskom jeziku, a u hrvatskoj su terminologiji ta dva pojma uglavnom izjednacena. Drske su cijelom povrsinom priljubljene uz posudu i izmedu njih i tijela posude nema praznog prostora a rucke imaju (uglavnom) dva hvatista s tijelom posude i nisu cijelom povrsinom priljubljene uz nju. In the study I followed a very useful distinction between handles and grips which is common in Slovenian as well, while in Croatian the two terms are mostly equal. Grips are pressed to the vessel with their whole surface and there is no empty space between them and the body of the vessel; handles (usually) have two points of contact with the body of the vessel and they are not pressed completely onto it.

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halstatskog razdoblja iz Siska, BURKOWSKY 2004, 45, kat. br. 18; u naselju mladeg zeljeznog doba u Krcani, RAUNIG 1996, T. II. 12-13) doba. Jedan je ulomak crno pecene keramike koji na trbuhu ima tunelastu rucku (T.13-5). One su bile ceste u srednjem broncanom dobu, a u jednostavnijim se oblicima javljaju u naseobinskim kompleksima kulture zarnih polja (VELUSCEK 1996, 66, T 35: 14). Nalazimo ih na brojnim broncanodobnim (npr. u nekropoli Bezdanjaci, DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1979-1980, T VIII. 1, XXXII. 5, XXXIII. 7; te u naselju Oloris, DULAR, SAVEL, TECCO-HVALA 2002, T 1. 9; 4. 6; 6. 15; 7. 12-15; 45. 4) i zeljeznodobnim (Storje, GUSTIN 1979, T 9: 1, 4, 6; Gradisce na Slivnici nad Cerknico; ibid, T 36: 15; Smihel, ibid, T 72: 1; Cerovacka Donja spilja, DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1970a, 97-103, T IV. 10 i Sisak, BURKOWSKY 2004, 53, kat. Br. 48) nalazistima. Na T.6-6 je rucka na cijem je kraju sacuvan jedan od dva dugmetasta roscica. Jos je jedan ulomak rucke (T.6-5) koja je najvjerojatnije na svojim krajevima imala slican ukras ali nam nije ostao sacuvan. Dugmetaste izbocine na krajevima rucke zapravo su jedan vid zivotinjskih prikaza na posudama. Prema A. Dular pocetak razvoja takvih prikaza poceo je u kulturi zarnih polja i tekao je od shematicnih izvedbi goveda i jelena do stiliziranih predstava neprepoznatljivih zivotinja. Oni se ne javljaju u halstatu istocne Madarske i Rumunjske vec su povezane sa istocnim i jugoistocnim alpskim prostorom pa se za ishodiste uzima prostor skupina Kalenderberg i Klein-Glein-Martijanec. Lokaliteti s keramikom tog tipa leze uglavnom na rubu Panonske nizine. Prikazi zivotinja na posudama javljaju se na sirokom prostoru od Transdanubije preko Donje Austrije i jugoistocno alpskog podrucja do gornje Italije (DULAR 1978, 85-88; PATEK 1993, 123-124). Stilizirane zoomorfne protome i roscici na ruckama posuda javljaju se u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj od perioda Ha C (MAJNARIC-PANDZIC 1986, 3335). Na prostoru grupe Martijanec-Kaptol javljaju se od njenog drugog horizonta, tj. od sredine 7.st.pr.Kr. Na lokalitetima Gorican, Martijanec i Sv. Petar Ludbreski protome se javljaju na ruckama zdjela (VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, 204-208, T XXI. 10, 16, 17; XXIII. 2) a na poznatoj zari iz Kaptola stilizirane su bikovske glave na ramenu posude (SIMEK 2004, 303, kat. br. 18). U naselju halstatskog doba u Sigetcu kod Ludbrega datiranom u Ha D pronadeno je nekoliko stiliziranih zivotinjskih protoma (SIMEK 1982, 54-56, T XXX. 1-3). U srednjobosanskoj i grupi Donja Dolina Sanski Most javljaju se od 5.st.pr.Kr. (COVIC 1987a, 244-257, 501-506). Zoomorfne protome ceste su na slovenskim nalazistima. Pronadene su u Brusnicama i Libni (DULAR 1982, 86, T.22: 197,199), te Kandiji (KNEZ 1986, T 10:17; 27:14, 15, 23; 29:5; 37:1) i Kapiteljskoj njivi (KRIZ, TURK 2003, kat. br. 28 i 67) u Novom Mestu itd. Brojni ulomci potjecu iz Dolenjske pa se javlja pomisao o trgovackom putu koji je povezivao taj dio Slovenije s rubom Panonije do juzne Slovacke (DULAR 1978,

but they have not been preserved. Button-like protrusions at the ends of a handle are in fact a kind of animal representations on vessels. According to A. Dular, the beginning of such representations started in the Urn-Field culture and developed from schematic renderings of cattle and deer to stylised representations of unrecognisable animals. They do not appear in Hallstatt sites of eastern Hungary and Romania, but in the eastern and south-eastern Alpine area, so the area of Kalenderberg group and Klein-GleinMartijanec group is taken as a starting point. The sites with this type of pottery are mostly situated on the edge of the Pannonian Valley. Animal representations on vessels appear on a broad territory that spreads from Transdanubia, over Lower Austria and south-eastern Alpine area, to Upper Italy (DULAR 1978, 85-88; PATEK 1993, 123-124). Stylised zoomorphic protomes and little horns on vessel handles have appeared in northern Croatia since Ha C period (MAJNARIC-PANDZIC 1986, 33-35). In the area of Martijanec-Kaptol group they have appeared since its second horizon, i.e. from the middle of the 7th century BC. At the sites of Gorican, Martijanec and Sv. Petar Ludbreski protomes appear on bowl handles (VINSKIGASPARINI 1987, 204-208, T.XXI. 10, 16, 17; XXIII. 2), while on the famous Kaptol urn stylised bullheads are on vessel shoulders (SIMEK 2004, 303, cat. no. 18). In the Hallstatt settlement in Sigetec near Ludbreg, dated into Ha D period, several stylised animal protomes have been found (SIMEK 1982, 54-56, T.XXX. 1-3). In the Middle Bosnian group and Donja Dolina - Sanski Most group they have been present since the 5th century BC (COVIC 1987a, 244-257, 501-506). Zoomorphic protomes are frequent in Slovenian sites. They were found in Brusnice and Libna (DULAR 1982, 86, T.22: 197,199), in Kandija (KNEZ, 1986, T 10:17; 27:14, 15, 23; 29:5; 37:1) and Kapiteljska njiva (KRIZ, TURK 2003, cat. no. 28 and 67) in Novo mesto, etc. A large number of fragments comes from Dolenjska so there is a thought of a trade route which connected that part of Slovenia with the edge of Pannonia towards southern Slovakia (DULAR 1978, 85-89; MAJNARIC-PANDZIC 1986, 33-35; BALENLETUNIC 1987, 7). Cups and little bowls with horn-shaped protrusions on handles appeared in cemeteries and settlements of the broad East-Alpine and western Balkan area in the 5th and 4th century BC (POTREBICA 2003, 225). The closest parallels can be found in the context of the later Hallstatt horizon in hill forts Klinac near Petrinja (MAJNARICPANDZIC 1986, 33-35, si. 13.1) and Kiringrad near Gvozd (BALEN-LETUNIC 1987, 7, T. 7: 3, 5). In Sisak at the Keltsko site several ribbon-like handles with small button-like horns at the ends were found and the author places them between 450 and 350 BC (BURKOWSKY 2004, 63-64). Similar examples dated into Ha D3 period, with only one button-like end, are present in several sites of the Bosut culture: Damica hill fort in Stari

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10. Rucka pri dnu ukrasena rasclanjenom trakom, kasno broncano doba. (T.10-1). Handle decorated with an articulated ribbon at the bottom, late Bronze Age. (T.10-1).

11. Vertikalna trakasta rucka zadebljanih rubova. (T.13-10). Vertical ribbon-like handle with thickened edges. (T.13-10).

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85-89; MAJNARIC-PANDZIC 1986, 33-35; BALEN-LETUNIC 1987, 7). Salice i zdjelice s rogolikim izdancima na ruckama pojavljuju se u nekropolama i naseljima na sirem istocnoalpskom i zapadnobalkanskom prostoru u 5. i 6.st.pr.Kr. (POTREBICA 2003, 225). Najblize paralele nalazimo u okviru mladeg halstatskog horizonta na gradinama Klinac kod Petrinje (MAJNARIC-PANDZIC, 1986 33-35, si. 13.1) i Kiringrad kod Gvozda (BALEN-LETUNIC 1987, 7, T. 7: 3, 5). U Sisku na lokalitetu Keltsko pronadeno je nekoliko trakastih rucki s dugmetastim roscicima na kraju, koje autor datira 12. Rucka sa jednom sacuvanom dugmetastom izbocinom, V izmedu 450. i 350.g.pr.Kr. (BURKOWSKY 2004, 63IV.st.pr.Kr. (T.6-6). 64). Handle with one preserved button-like Slicne primjere datirane u Ha D3 stupanj, ali s protrusion, V - IV century B.C. (T.6jednim dugmetastim zavrsetkom, nalazimo i na 6). nekoliko nalazista bosutske kulture: na Damica gradini u Starim Mikanovcima u istocnoj Slavoniji (POTREBICA DIZDAR 2002, 84-85, T. 4. 6) te na utvrdenom prapovijesnom naselju Dirov brijeg u Vinkovcima (ibid, T 5. 8). Jedan primjerak iz mlade faze starijeg zeljeznog doba pronaden je i prilikom istrazivanja donjogradskog pristanista u Osijeku (BULAT 1977, 16, si. 2.7). Na lokalitetu Gradac u selu Podgrade na rucki salice dva su dugmetasta ukrasa postavljena jedan ispod drugog (POTREBICA, DIZDAR 2002, 84,85, T.1.-11) jednako kao i na primjeru iz Gradine na Bosutu (POPOVld 1981, T XIX.-5). U susjednoj Sloveniji, otkud mozda potjecu i neki ulomci iz hrvatskih nalazista, bliski su nam primjerci iz Podzemelja (DULAR 1978, T XXXIII.4), Dolenjskih Toplica (TERZAN 1977, T 78: 12), Kapiteljske njive u Novom Mestu (KRIZ, TURK 2003, kat. br. 30) te sa stajerskog nalazista Postela (TERZAN 1990, T.15:8). Na prostoru Bosne primjerci iz 5.st.pr.Kr. pronadeni su u Sanskome Mostu (POTREBICA 2003, 225, T.11: 4 - 5) i Donjoj Dolini (ibid, T 10: 4 - 6). Zanimljivo je da se sporadicno slican tip ukrasa javljao i u kasnijim razdobljima, vjerojatno kao prezitak starijezeljeznodobnih tradicija u periodu 13. Gornji dio posude ukrasene kada su na povijesnu scenu stupila keltska plasticnom rasclanjenom trakom. plemena, a cak i kasnije u razdoblju rimskih (T.6-2). osvajanja i konsolidacije. U naselju mladeg Upper part of a vessel decorated with zeljeznog doba Krcana u sjeverozapadnoj Bosni a plastic articulated ribbon. (T.6-2). nekoliko je ulomaka rucaka s rogolikim nastavcima, dijelovi posuda koje se oslanjaju na tradicije mlade faze starijeg zeljeznog doba (RAUNIG 1996, 47, T. II. 15, III. 1-5). Novija istrazivanja u okolici Varazdina otkrila su i mlade ulomke tako ukrasenih posuda: u Bukovju kod Banjscine rogovi su datirani u 1.st.pr.Kr. (BEKIC 2006, 71, T1-9) dok primjerci iz Huste kod Jakopovca potjecu iz 1.st. (BEKIC 2006, 81, T1-15,16).7 S obzirom na navedene primjere, za ulomak rucke s dugmetastim zavrsetkom s Gradisca mozemo reel da je najslicniji primjerima iz mladeg perioda starijeg zeljeznog doba i datirati ga u razdoblje 5. i 4.st.pr.Kr. te smatrati mogucim

Mikanovci in eastern Slavonia (POTREBICA, DIZDAR 2002, 84 - 85, T. 4. 6) and fortified prehistoric settlement Dirov brijeg in Vinkovci (ibid, T 5. 8). One example of the later phase of the Early Iron Age has been found during the exploration of Osijek Port in Donji Grad (BULAT 1977, 16, si. 2.7). On a cup handle found at the Gradac site in the village of Podgrade there are two button-like ornaments one above the other (POTREBICA, DIZDAR 2002, 84,85, T. 1. 11), the same as in an example from Gradina on Bosut (POPOVIC 1981, T XIX. 5). In neighbouring Slovenia, which may be the source of some fragments found at Croatian sites, similar examples can be noticed in Podzemelj (DULAR 1978, T.XXXIII.4), Dolenjske Toplice (TERZAN 1977, T.78: 12), Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto (KRIZ, TURK 2003, cat. no. 30) and among finds of Postela site in Stajerska (TERZAN 1990, T.15:8). In Bosnia examples of the 5th century ceramics have been found in Sanski Most (POTREBICA 2003, 225, T.11: 4-5) and Donja Dolina (ibid, T.O: 4-6). An interesting fact is that a similar type of decoration appears sporadically in later periods, probably as a survival of the Early Iron Age tradition in the time when Celtic tribes appeared, and even at the time of the Roman invasion. In Krcana, a Late Iron Age settlement in north-western Bosnia, there are several handle sherds with horn-shaped protrusions, which are parts of the vessels that followed the tradition of the later phase of the Early Iron Age (RAUNIG 1996, 47, T. II. 15, III. 1 5). Recent explorations in Varazdin area discovered even younger sherds of vessels decorated in the same way: in Bukovje near Banjscina horns were dated into the 1 century BC (BEKIC 2006, 71, T19), while examples from Husta near Jakopovec originate from the 1 st century7 (BEKIC 2006, 81, T1-15,16). Considering the examples mentioned above, we can say that a handle sherd with a button-like ending from Gradisce is the most similar to the examples of the later period of the Early Iron Age; we can date it into the 5th and 4th century BC and say that it way possibly imported from Dolenjska. The most common type of decoration is a combination of two modes: plastic appliques and impressing (so called Tupfenleistenornament, VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, 41). It comes in three forms: decorated plastic ribbons horizontally placed along the body of a vessel (T.3-1, T.5-18, T.6-2, T.7-1,2,3, T.9-4,12, T.11-2,8, T.13-2), ribbons that form volutes or spirals (T.4-6, T.74,5,6, T.9-9,11), and a combination of several ribbons which makes a more complex ornament (T.9-10, T.10-10, T.11-3, T.13-6). These ornaments can be found on both coarse and finer ceramics, and their forms vary from rough and uneven to higher quality examples. This type of ornament was widespread across central and western Balkan in the Early Bronze Age (COVIC

Navedeni primjeri iz okolice Varazdina pronadeni su u zatvorenim cjelinama i datirani 14C AMC metodom. Mentioned examples from Varazdin area have been found in closed deposits and are dated using the 14C AMS method.

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importom iz Dolenjske. Najzastupljeniji tip ukrasavanja izveden je kombinacijom dva nacina: plasticnim naljepcima i otiskivanjem (tzv. Tupfenleistenornament, VINSKIGASPARINI 1973, 41). Javlja se u tri oblika: ukrasene plasticne trake koje horizontalno teku po tijelu posude (T.3-1, T.5-18, T.6-2, T.7-1,2,3, T.9-4,12, T.11-2,8, T.13-2), one koje teku u obliku volute ili spirale (T.4-6, T.7-4,5,6, T.9-9,11), te kombinacija nekoliko traka koja tvori slozeniji ukras (T.9-10, T.10-10, T.11-3, T.13-6). Navedeni se ukrasi nalaze na gruboj, ali i na finijoj keramici, pa s obzirom na to i njihova izvedba varira od grube i nejednolike do bolje izradene. Taj se tip ornamenta siri u rano broncano doba preko centralnog i zapadnog Balkana (COVIC 1983, 130). Svi se navedeni ukrasi javljaju u broncanom i zeljeznom dobu na brojnim lokalitetima. Vrlo malobrojno zastupljena je jedna verzija tog ukrasa: plasticna traka ukrasena nizom ureza (T.411). Na Orisju je urezana plasticna traka aplicirana na posudu finije fakture i glatke povrsine s ravnim obodom zadebljanim prema van. Jedan medu omiljenim nacinima ukrasavanja posuda tijekom broncanog i zeljeznog doba svakako su i plasticno izradeni potkovasti ukrasi (T.1-5, T.4-4,9,12, T.6-1, T.7-11,12,14, T.122,3,10). Ta polukruzna rebra pokatkad su imala cisto dekorativnu ulogu, dok su u vecini slucajeva i funkcionalan dodatak posudi - drska. Dosta rijetko javljaju se plasticne girlande iznad kojih moze teci plasticna traka (T.5-17, T.9-16). Taj tip ornamenta javlja se u Ha B stupnju u naselju na Brinjevoj gori (OMAN 1981, T.29:9; 45:11). Istovremen mu je i primjer s Kuzelina koji pripada grupi Velika Gorica kulture polja sa zarama (BALENLETUNIC 1994, 95, kat. br. 95), ulomak ognjista s lokaliteta Keltsko u Sisku koji nosi ukras plasticnih girlandi datiran u period od 7. 5.st.pr.Kr. (BURKOWSKY 2004, 45, kat.br.17). Na lokalitetu Kamensko blizu Karlovca, u prapovijesnom je sloju 8 pronadeno nekoliko posuda s apliciranom girlandom ispod plasticne trake (neobjavljeni rezultati istrazivanja iz 2006.g.). Na T.6-3 ulomak je ustiju posude sirokog ravnog ruba zadebljanih krajeva, ukrasen plasticnom trakom. Takvi ukraseni T-rubovi javljaju se u kasnobroncano doba (Oloris, DULAR, SAVEL, TECCO-HVALA, 2002, t.23-6, 32-4, 33-1). Pronaden je jedan ulomak zdjele razgrnutog oboda ciji je rub ukrasen urezanim zarezima, mozda otiskom nokta (T.12-11). Paralele nalazimo na zeljeznodobnim nalazistima: Smihel u Notranjskoj (GUSTIN 1979, T 69: 22, T 71: 3), Brtonigla u Istri (SAKARA-SUCEVIC 2004, 448, 455), Kucar (DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995, T 11: 1; 29: 7), Veliki Zjot pri Secjem selu (DULAR 1993, T 5. 12) itd. Razna plasticna izbocenja i rebra (T.5-13, T.710, T.8-8,12, T.9-14,15, T.11-7) aplicirana na posude nisu kronoloski poblize odrediva jer je rijec

1983, 130). All of the mentioned ornaments appear on numerous sites in the Bronze Age and Iron Age. A small number of finds shows a version of this decoration: plastic ribbon decorated with a series of incisions (T?-?). In Orisje an incised plastic ribbon is applied onto a vessel of a finer texture and smooth surface with an even rim thickened outwards. Plastic horseshoe ornaments (T.1-5, T.44,9,12, T.6-1, T.7-11,12,14, T.12-2,3,10) were one of the favourite ways of decorating vessels in the Bronze Age and Iron Age. The semicircular ribs sometimes had purely decorative purpose, but in most cases they were a functional addition to the vessel - a grip. There are rare examples of plastic garlands sometimes with plastic ribbon above them (T.517, T.9-16). This type of ornament appears in Ha B phase in the Brinjeva gora settlement (OMAN 1981, T.9:9; 45:11). It is simultaneous with an example from Kuzelin that belongs to the Velika Gorica group of the Urn-Field culture (BALENLETUNIC 1994, 95, cat. no. 95), while a fragment of a hearth from the Keltsko site in Sisak with plastic garland ornament is dated into the period from the 7th to 5th century BC (BURKOWSKY 2004, 45, cat. no. 17). At the Kamensko site near Karlovac several vessels with a garland under a plastic ribbon were found in the prehistoric layer8 (unpublished results of research conducted in 2006). On T.6-3 there is a sherd of a vessel mouth with a wide, even rim and thickened ends, decorated with a plastic ribbon. This kind of decorated T-rims appear in the Late Bronze Age (Oloris, DULAR, SAVEL, TECCO-HVALA 2002, t.236, 32-4, 33-1). In Iron age layers of the prehistoric site Kastelir near Brtonigla in Istria, bowls with thickened ends were found, but they are mostly decorated with incisions (SAKARA-SUCEVIC 2004, cat.nr. 391-394). A sherd of a bowl has been found with the flared rim decorated with incised cuts, which may be finger-nail impressions (T.12-11). We can find its parallels in numerous Iron Age sites: Smihel in Notranjska (GUSTIN 1979, T 69: 22, T.1: 3), Brtonigla in Istria (SAKARA-SUCEVIC 2004, 448, 455), Kucar (DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995, T.11: 1; 29: 7), Veliki Zjot near Secje selo (DULAR 1993, T.5. 12), etc. Various plastic protrusions and ribs (T.5-13, T.7-10, T.8-8,12, T.9-14,15, T.11-7) attached onto vessels cannot be accurately dated because they present a simple functional decoration used both in the Bronze Age as well as in the Iron Age. Button-like appliques or plastic nipples appear in several variations: they can be conical (T.2-2, T.9-3), flat (T.8-5, T.10-4, T.12-16), hemispherical (T.7-13, T.11-6, T.12-13) or recessed (T.4-5, T.913). This kind of vessel decoration has its roots in the early Bronze Age (DULAR, SAVEL, TECCO-

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14. Ulomak posude s potkovastom drskom. (T.7-11) Sherd of a vessel with a horseshoeshaped handle . (T.7-11)

15. Ulomak kasnobroncanodobne posude ukrasene plasticnom trakom i girlandom. (T.9-16). Sherd of a late Bronze Age vessel decorated with a plastic ribbon and a garland. (T.9-16).

Istrazivanja je 2006.g. vodila Ana Azinovic-Bebek iz Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda. Prema do sada pregledanome materijalu, prapovijesni se sloj okvirno datira u razdoblje kasnog broncanog i starijeg zeljeznog doba (neobjavljeni rezultati istrazivanja 2006.g.). The research was led by Ana Azinovic-Bebek of the Croatian Conservation Institute in 2006. According to the material examined so far, the prehistoric layer is roughly dated into the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (unpublished results of research conducted in 2006).

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16. Ulomak kasnohalstatske posude ukrasene utisnutom bradavicom. (T.9-13). Sherd of a late hallstatt vessel decorated with an imprinted nipple. (T.9-13).

17. Ulomak halstatske keramike ukrasene plasticnom kruznicom i bradavicastom izbocinom unutar nje. (T.4-13). Sherd of a hallstatt ceramics decorated with a plastic circle and a nipple-like protrusion inside it. (T.413).

18. Ulomak kasnohalstatske posude ukrasene urezivanjem. (T.12-17). Sherd of a late hallstatt vessel decorated with engravings. (T.12-17).

o veoma jednostavnom funkcionalnom ukrasu koji je bio cest kako u broncano, tako i u zeljezno doba. Dugmetaste ili bradavicaste aplikacije javljaju se u nekoliko verzija: mogu biti stozaste (T.2-2, T.9-3), plosnate (T.8-5, T.10-4, T.12-16), polukuglaste (T.7-13, T.11-6, T.12-13) i udubljene (T.45, T.9-13). Ukrasavanje posuda takvim naljepcima potjece jos iz starijeg broncanog doba (DULAR, SAVEL, TECCO-HVALA 2002, 172), pa cak i iz eneolitika (COVIC 1983, si. 13.1), a brojne ulomake ne mozemo bolje vremenski odrediti. Udubljene plasticne bradavice na obliznjim se slovenskim nalazistima javljaju u negovskom horizontu, odnosno potkraj starijeg zeljeznog doba (Kucar, DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995, 45, T 33: 12; 53: 10-12; Dolenjske Toplice, TERZAN 1976 T 19: 3; 34: 8; 42: 2; 43: 4), a njima je ukrasena i mladezeljeznodobna keramika (npr. Kapiteljska njiva u Novom Mestu, KRIZ 2005, T 12: 1/121; 27: 1; 30: 2 itd.; Krcana, RAUNIG 1996, T. III. 14-15). Par izduzenih aplika najcesce postavljenih vertikalno na ramenu odnosno trbuhu posude izveden je u nekoliko primjera (T.4-2, T.5-16, T.77, T.13-11). Taj tip ukrasa javio se u kasnom broncanom dobu (npr. Oloris, DULAR, SAVEL, TECCO-HVALA, 2002, T 6: 21). Rasiren je i u halstatskom (Novo Mesto - Kapiteljska njiva, KRIZ 2002., kat. br. 133, 140, 404, 449; Gradisce kod Valicne vasi, DULAR, BRESCAK 1996, T 1: 6) i u latenskom (Novo Mesto - Kapiteljska njiva, KRIZ 2005, T. 2.1/102; 40. 2; 83. 2 ) periodu. Zanimljiv je jedan ulomak sivkaste glatke keramike koja ne sebi ima kombinaciju dvaju plasticnih aplikacija: potkovu i dugme (T.7-8). Takvi su se ukrasi javili jos u srednjem i kasnom broncanom dobu (CARDARELLI 1983, T. 18: 187; 25: 7). Paralele nalazimo i na halstatskoj nekropoli Podzemelj (DULAR 1978, T XXXI.2), te onoj latenskoj u Novome Mestu na Kapiteljskoj njivi (KRIZ 2005, T 75: 2). Ta se kombinacija ukrasa javila na jos jednom ulomku, ovaj put crveno pecene keramike, na kojemu je dugme izvedeno stipanjem. Na T.4-13 prikazana je plasticno izvedena kruznica s bradavicastom izbocinom u sredini. Jednak ukras nalazi se na ulomku ognjista s lokaliteta Keltsko u Sisku koji autor datira u razdoblje od 7.-5.st.pr.Kr. (BURKOWSKY 2004, 45, kat.br.16). Na latenskoj nekropoli na Kapiteljskoj njivi u Novome Mestu, u grobu 441 pronaden je crno pecen lonac s jednakim plasticnim ukrasom (KRIZ 2002, 120, kat.br. 283; KRIZ 2005, 18, 33). Kanelirani i urezani motivi cesti su u kulturi zarnih polja, a preuzela ih je i halstatska kultura (URLEB 1974, 24). Na Orisju (T.1-12, T.8-3,7, T.12-5,12,17,18) zastupljeni su malobrojno i dosta fragmentarni pa ih valja samo spomenuti. Na T.12-17 ulomak je zdjele s konicnim vratom, ukrasen urezanim trokutima i s urezanom linijom koja naglasava prijelaz iz vrata u trbuh posude. Slicne primjere nalazimo na dolenjskim lokalitetima datiranim u negovski i certoski horizont (Kucar, DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995, 44,45, T. 8: 12; 29: 12, 13; Dolenjske Toplice, TERZAN 1976, 18: 5; 41: 2; 57: 4; 68:1).

HVALA 2002, 172), even in the Eneolithic (COVIC 1983, Figure 13.1), and a large number of fragments cannot be chronologically determined. Recessed plastic nipples in the nearby Slovenian sites appear in the Negovski horizon, i.e. at the end of the Early Iron Age (Kucar, DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995, 45, T 33: 12; 53: 10 12; Dolenjske Toplice, TERZAN 1976, T 19: 3; 34: 8; 42: 2; 43: 4), and we can see them on Late Iron Age pottery, too (e.g. Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto, KRIZ 2005, T 12: 1/121; 27: 1; 30: 2, etc.; Krcana, RAUNIG 1996, T. III. 14-15). A pair of elongated appliques usually placed vertically on the vessel shoulder or belly can be noticed in several examples (T.4-2, T.5-16, T.7-7, T.13-11). This type of decoration appears in the Late Bronze Age (e.g. Oloris, DULAR, SAVEL, TECCO-HVALA 002, T.: 21). It is common in both the Hallstatt period (Novo mesto - Kapiteljska njiva, KRIZ 2002., cat. no. 133, 140, 404, 449; Gradisce near Valicna vas, DULAR, BRESCAK 1996., T.: 6) and the Latene period (Novo mesto - Kapiteljska njiva, KRIZ 2005, T. 2.1/102; 40. 2; 83. 2). There is an interesting greyish smooth sherd that combines two plastic appliques: a horseshoe and a button (T.7-8). Similar ornaments date back to the Middle and Late Bronze Age (CARDARELLI 1983, T. 18: 187; 25: 7). We find their parallels in the Hallstatt cemetery of Podzemelj (DULAR 1978, T.XXXI.2), as well as in the Latenic cemetery of Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto (KRIZ 2005, T.75: 2). This combination of ornaments appears on another fragment (red ceramics) where the button was formed by pinching. T.4-13 shows a plastic circle with a nipple-like protrusion in the middle. The same ornament is on a hearth fragment from the Keltsko site in Sisak, which is dated in the period between the 7th and 5th century BC (BURKOWSKY 2004, 45, cat. no. 16). A black pot with the same plastic decoration has been found at the Latenic cemetery of Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto, in the grave 441 (KRIZ 2002, 120, cat. no. 283; KRIZ 2005, 18, 33). Fluted and incised motifs are frequent in the Urn-Field culture, and the Hallstatt culture adopted them, too (URLEB 1974, 24). In Orisje (T.1-12, T.8-3,7, T.12-5,12,17,18) they appear in a small number and are fragmentary indeed, so they only need to be mentioned. On T.12-17 there is a bowl sherd with a conical neck decorated with incised triangles and an incised line which separates the neck from the vessel belly. Similar examples have been unearthed on Dolenje sites, dated into the Negovski and Certoski horizon (Kucar, DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995, 44-45, T. 8: 12; 29: 12, 13; Dolenjske Toplice, TERZAN 1976, 18: 5; 41: 2; 57: 4; 68:1). Only one sherd found at the site is decorated by protruding (T.8-6). 9 This method of decoration appears in the later Hallstatt period and it is typical of the area of Dolenjska. A round or oblong decorative piece is impressed into the soft inner vessel wall so that from the outside it looks like a protrusion (DULAR 1982, 85). Apart from

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numerous Slovenian sites (e.g. Hallstatt sites of Kucar, DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995, T 13:1; Novo mesto - Kandija KNEZ 1986, T 5:18; 7:15; 37:1...Dobrava near Dobrnic, PARZINGER 1988/ 1989, T 7:9, 9: 14, 20: 4; and the Latene cemetery of Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto, KRIZ 2002, 156, cat. no. 486), it also appears in Croatia in the hill forts of Klinac (MAJNARIC-PANDZIC 1986, 3335; sl.11:1; 11:2) and Kiringrad (BALEN-LETUNIC 1987, 7, T.6: 8). A light grey sherd decorated with a broomshaped ornament (T.14-9) might belong to the youngest prehistoric ceramics. The Celtic pottery of the middle and late Latenic period very often uses broom-shaped and comb-shaped ornaments (BOZIC 1984, 87,88). On the Keltsko site in Sisak it is dated into the period of the 2nd and 1st century BC (BURKOWSKY 2004, cat. no. 129). R. DrechslerUlomak svijetlo sivo pecene keramike ukrasene Bizic places the examples from Golubinjaca cave st metlicastim ukrasom (T.14-9) mogao bi biti medu into the 1 century BC (DRECHSLER- BIZIC 1970b, najmladom prapovijesnom keramikom. Veoma cest 111-115), and they also appear in the late Latenic nacin ukrasavanja keltske keramike srednjeg i horizon of Gradina in Oriolik (MAJNARIC-PANDZIC kasnog latena upravo su metlicasti i cesljasti 1996, 263, sl.5). ornament! (BOZIC 1984, 87-88). Na lokalitetu We have to mention a little biconical bowl (T.13Keltsko u Sisku datiran je u razdoblje 2 - 1.st.pr.Kr. 12) which most probably had two handles. In (BURKOWSKY 2004, kat. br. 129), primjere iz technical literature such small pecine Golubinjace R. Drechsler-Bizic datira u vessels are usually interpreted Lst.pr.Kr. (DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1970b, 111-115), as cult objects, while more a na Gradini u Oroliku takoder se javljaju u recent literature describes kasnolatenskom horizontu (MAJNARIC-PANDZIC them as toys handmade by a 1996, 263, sl.5). potter or children them (BALEN-LETUNIC Trebamo spomenuti i malu bikonicnu zdjelicu selves (T.13-2) koja je najvjerojatnije imala dvije rucke. U 1982, 69 - 70). strucnoj se literaturi tako malim posudama cesto It is believed that pyramidal pridaje kultno znacenje, a u novijoj literaturi weights (T.14-1) could have been opisuju se kao djecje igracke koje mogu biti practically used in several ways: as izradene rukama keramicara ili same djece (BALEN- warmers, as weights in a vertical loom or LETUNIC 1982, 69-70). as weights for fishermens nets (BALENZa piramidalne se utege (T.14-1) navodi da su LETUNIC 1987, 9). They frequently appear on se mogli prakticno primijeniti u nekoliko namjena: numerous prehistoric sites, sometimes decorated kao grijaci, utezi u vertikalnom tkalackom stanu ili and sometimes not. D. Balen-Letunic states that kao utezi za ribarske mreze (BALEN-LETUNIC some authors apply cult meanings to them because 1987, 9). Cesto se javljaju na brojnim prapovijesnim sometimes they have been found in graves (ibid). nalazistima, a mogu biti ukraseni i neukraseni. D. Apart from the big weight, several smaller fragments Balen-Letunic navodi kako im neki autori znaju of smaller weights and spindle-whorls have also pridavati kultno znacenje jer su pokatkad nalazeni been found (T1-10; 6-12; 8-10,15; 14-2,4). u grobovima (ibid). Osim tog velikog utega Fragments of portable hearths, most of which pronadeno je i nekoliko ulomaka manjih dimenzija. are rough, are also interesting (T.6-8, T.14-5). One Zanimljivi su i ulomci prijenosnih ognjista (T.6- of them has a smooth surface and finer texture 8, T.14-5) medu kojima je vecina grube izrade. and is decorated with impressed plastic ribbons Jedan je komad glatke povrsine i finije izrade (T.10-10). Portable hearths are rarely found at ukrasen rasclanjenim plasticnim trakama (T.10-10). Bronze Age sites (HOMEN 1982, 41, T XXI. 7), while Prijenosna se ognjista na broncanodobnim at Iron Age sites their presence is considerable lokalitetima pronalaze rijetko (HOMEN 1982, 41, T (POPOVIC 1981, 29). There are numerous sites so XXI. 7), dok ih je znatno vise na nalazistima we will mention only a few of them: Kucar (DULAR, zeljeznog doba (POPOVIC 1981, 29). Medu CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995, T. 13: 15; 35; 36; 54: brojnim nalazistima spomenimo ih nekoliko: Kucar 2-4; 55: from houses) and Gradisce near Valicna (DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995, T. 13: 15; 35; vas (DULAR, BRESCAK 1996, T. 2:4; 3: 1) in 36; 54: 2-4; 55: iz kuca) i Gradisce kod Valicne Slovenia, Gradisce near Matusini (BEKIC 2006, vasi (DULAR, BRESCAK 1996, T. 2:4; 3: 1) u T.1-7), Gradec near Skarnik (BEKIC 2006, T.1-3), Sloveniji, nalazista Gradisce kod Matusina (BEKIC Sv. Petar Ludbreski (VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, T.
U slovenskom se jeziku upotrebljava rijec gubanje, dok u hrvatskom nema odgovarajuceg naziva. N. Majnaric-Pandzic se u svom clanku (1986, 34) posluzila opisnim nacinom pa sam ga preuzela i ja.

Na lokalitetu je pronaden samo jedan ulomak keramike ukrasen Jzbocivanjem (T.8-6).9 Taj se nacin ukrasavanja javio u mladem halstatskom razdoblju i karakteristican je za prostor Dolenjske. Izvodi se tako da se u meku stijenku posude s unutarnje strane utisne okrugli ili duguljasti ukras koji je s vanjske strane vidljiv kao izbocina (DULAR 1982, 85). Osim na brojnim nalazistima s podrucja Slovenije (npr. na halstatskim nalazistima Kucar, DULAR, CIGLENECKI, DULAR 1995, T 13:1; Novo Mesto - Kandija KNEZ 1986, T 5:18; 7:15; 37:1...Dobrava kod Dobrnica, PARZINGER 1988 - 1989, T 7:9, 9: 14, 20: 4; te na latenskom groblju u Kapiteljskoj njivi u Novome Mestu, KRIZ 2002, 156, kat. br. 486), javlja se i u Hrvatskoj na gradinama Klinac (MAJNARIC-PANDZIC 1986, 3335; sl.11:1; 11:2) i Kiringrad (BALEN-LETUNIC 1987, 7, T 6: 8).

223

19. Ulomak donjeg dijela latenske posude ukrasene metlicastim ornamentom. (T.14-9). Sherd of the lower part of a La Tene vessel decorated with a paniculate ornament. (T.14-9).

20. Rekonstruirana posuda malih dimenzija. (T.13-12). Reconstructed vessel of smaller dimensions. (T.13-12).

The Slovenian language uses the term gubanje, while Croatian hasnt got the corresponding expression. N. Majnaric-Pandzic used the Piramidalan uteg. (T. Pyramidal weight. (T.14-1). descriptive mode in her article (1986, 34) and I followed her example.

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2006, T 1.7), Gradec kod Skarnika (BEKIC 2006, T1.3), Sv. Petar Ludbreski (VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, T. XXIII.8) u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj, te Kamensko kod Karlovca (neobjavljeni rezultati istrazivanja iz 2006.g.). Metalni nalazi Metalni nalazi sastoje se od nekoliko komada 22. Ulomak prijenosnog ognjista. zeljezne sljake i dva komada bronce. Jedan medu (T.10-10). njima je prepaljen i neprepoznatljiv, a nalazio se u Sherd of a portable hearth. (T.10-10). skrapi ispunjenoj prapovijesnim nalazima, probijenoj kanalom za cjevovod vodospreme. Drugi je kalotasti broncani gumb (T.2-11). Kalotasta dugmad nisu novost na japodskom i kolapijanskom prostoru. Cesto se javlja na njihovim nekropolama ali i na nekropolama mokronoske skupine Dolenjske (BLECIC 2004, 92). Na prostoru Japoda, u grobovima 22 i 43 u Kompolju, broncana kalotasta dugmad, nasivena na kape vjerojatno od tekstila i koze, potjece jos iz starijeg zeljeznog doba a datirana su u Ha B stupanj (DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1961, 71, T. XXI). Dugme s Orisja ipak se svojim ornamentom razlikuje od starijih primjeraka iz Like. Ima polukruznu petlju za prisivanje i kruzno ispupceni sredisnji dio te dvije plasticne koncentricne kruznice. Paralele nalazimo na nekropoli Grobisce u Grobniku, gdje se vremenski opredjeljuju u razdoblje od 3. do l.st.pr.Kr. (BLECIC 2004, 92 93, si. 18). Veoma su mu slicne broncane okrugle aplike, vjerojatno dijelovi pojasa, pronadeni u grobu 2.st.pr.Kr. iz Prozora zajedno s figuralno 23. Kalotasti broncani gumb, III l.st.pr.Kr. (T.2-11). ukrasenom trapezoidnom pojasnom kopcom tipa Spherical bronze button, III - I Prozor (BALEN-LETUNIC 1995/1996, 23-28, T. I. century B.C. (T.2-11). 4). Na slican je nacin ukrasen umbo stita iz groba 286 te obrazine pronadene u grobovima 437 i 681 u mladezeljeznodobnoj nekropoli na Kapiteljskoj njivi datiranoj izmedu 4. i l.st.pr.Kr. (KRIZ 2001, 12, 120, 152, kat. br. 282 i 462). Ocigledno je rijec o ornamentu koji je karakteristican za keltski svijet, pa to dugme mozemo smatrati jos jednim dokazom keltskog utjecaja na samom razmedu japodskog i kolapijanskog prostora. Kameni nalazi Kameni nalazi su, u odnosu na kolicinu keramike, dosta brojni. Rijec je o vecoj kolicini brusova (si. 24) i svega nekoliko ulomaka zrvnjeva, koji upucuju na poljoprivredne aktivnosti. Nazalost, vecinu materijala ne mozemo vremenski datirati jer nije pronaden u zatvorenim cjeli^ nama te je rijec o oblicima koji su ugla-vnom univerzalni u svim razdobljima. U jedinoj prona/denoj jami nalazili su se ulomci rucnog zrvnja, okruglog rastiraca i brusa, pa njih mozemo odrediti u razdoblje 8. - 4.st.pr.Kr. Ostaci alatki i drugih kamenih izradevina s tog nam lokaliteta za sada nisu poznati.

XXIII.8) in northern Croatia, and Kamensko near Karlovac (unpublished results of research conducted in 2006). Metal finds A few pieces of iron dross and two bronze pieces present all the metal finds. One bronze piece is burned and unrecognisable; it was found in a limestone crack filled with prehistoric finds (a canal for the water storage pipeline ran through the crack). The other piece is a bronze calotte-shaped button (T.2-11). Calotte-shaped buttons are frequently found in the lapodian and Colapian cemeteries, and also in the cemeteries of Mokronog group in Dolenjska (BLECIC 2004, 92). In the lapodian area - in the graves 22 and 43 in Kompolje - Early Iron Age bronze calotte-shaped buttons are sewn on caps, probably made of textile or leather, and dated into the Ha B phase (DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1961, 71, T. XXI). Decoration of the Orisje button, however, differs from older examples from Lika. It has a semicircular loop for sewing, a circularly convex middle part and two plastic concentric circles. Its parallels can be found at the Grobisce cemetery in Grobnik, where they are dated into the period between the 3- and 1st century BC (BLECIC 2004, 92-93, sl.18). The Orisje button is very similar to bronze round appliques, probably parts of a belt, found in a grave from the 2nd century BC in Prozor together with a trapezoid belt buckle of the Prozor type with figurative decorations (BALEN-LETUNIC 1995/1996, 23-28, T. I. 4). A similar decoration is on the boss of a shield from the grave 286 and on masks found in the graves 437 and 681 in the Late Iron Age cemetery in Kapiteljska njiva dated into the period between the 4^ and 1 st century BC (KRIZ 2001, 12, 120, 152, cat. no. 282 and 462). It is obviously an ornament very typical of the Celtic world and this button can be considered as another proof of Celtic influence at the border of the lapodian and Colapian area. Stone finds Stone finds are relatively numerous, compared to ceramic finds. There are many whetstones (fig. 24) and only a few grindstone fragments, which testify to farming activities. Unfortunately, most of the finds cannot be dated because they were not found in closed deposits and their forms are more or less universal in all periods of time. In the only pit that was found, there were fragments of a hand grindstone, a round grain rubber and a whetstone, so we can date them into the period of the 8th and 4th century BC. Remains of tools and other stone objects from this site are yet unknown.

24. Ulomak kamenog brusa. Sherd of a stone whet.

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Arheozooloska analiza animalnih kostanih ostataka i zubi - Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic U okviru ukupnog uzorka od 376 ostataka kostiju i zuba zivotinja s arheoloskog lokaliteta Gradisce - Orisje kosturno je odredeno 29,00% uzoraka, odnosno 22,35% uzoraka odredeno je i kosturno i taksonomski, i to kako slijedi (Grafikon 1.):

Archaeozoological analysis of animal bone remains and teeth - Tajana Trbojevic-Vukicevic, Ana Stilinovic Of the total sample of 376 animal bone and tooth remains from the Gradisce - Orisje site, skeletal determination was possible for 29.00% of the samples, while 22.35% of the samples have been both skeletally and taxonomically determined, as follows (Chart 1):

225

Grafikon 1. Taksonomska odredba animalnih ostataka s lokaliteta Gradisce - Orisje Chart 1. Taxonomic determination of animal remains from the Gradisce Orisje site.

U skupinu malih prezivaca ubrojeni su kostani In the group of small ruminants, bone fragments fragmenti ovaca {Ovis aries L.) i koza {Capra hircus of sheep (Ovis aries L.) and goats (Capra hircus L.) L), a u skupinu velikih prezivaca kostani fragmenti are included, and in the group of large ruminants, goveda (Bos sp.) i jelena obicnog {Cervus elaphus there are bone fragments of cattle (Bos sp.) and L.) koji zbog ostecenja, a time i nedovoljno red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) which due to damages, anatomskih pokazatelja, nisu mogli biti tocnije and consequently insufficient anatomic taksonomski odredeni. To je razlog sto su fragmenti indicators, could not have been accurately ptica uvrsteni u skupinu Aves sp. Ta je velika taxonomically determined. For the same reason fragmentiranost pogotovo izrazena u sondi A i fragments of birds are included in Aves sp. group. High fragmentation is particularly present in the sondi AA. Jednako tako, fragmenti kostanih ostataka i trench A and trench AA. In the same way, bone remains and teeth zubi goveda oznaceni su kao Bos sp. zato sto zbog izrazite fragmentiranosti nije bilo moguce obaviti fragments of cattle have been marked as Bos sp. high fragmentation prevented osteometrijsku analizu a time ni odrediti pripadnost because divljem (Bos primigenius) ili domacem (Bos taurus) osteometric analysis and made it impossible to define whether they belonged to wild (Bos govedu. U tablici 1 prikazana je kosturna odredba prema primigenius) or domestic (Bos taurus) cattle. Table 1 shows the skeletal determination skupinama zivotinja, osim jedne gavranove kosti according to animal groups, with the exception of (os coracoides) ptice (Aves sp.). U ukupnom uzorku najvise je fragmenata kostiju a raven bone (os coracoides) which represents a i zuba pasa i goveda a zatim po brojnosti slijede bird (Aves sp.). mali prezivaci (ovce i koze). lako je mali udio In the total sample most fragments are bones kostanih fragmenata jelena obicnog, njihov nalaz and teeth of dogs and cattle, and then of small upucuje da su se ondasnji zitelji bavili i lovom. ruminants (sheep and goats). Although the portion Udio ostataka konja i svinja izrazito je nizak of red deer bone fragments is small, these (0,53%). fragments show that the inhabitants of the time U uzorku prevladavaju pojedinacni zubi, koji were hunters. The portion of horse and pig remains zbog visokog postotka anorganskih tvari u svojim is extremely low (0.53%). In the sample there are mostly single teeth, strukturama ostaju ocuvani duze i bolje negoli which due to a high percentage of inorganic ostali elementi kostura.

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CO CD

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Taks. neodredeni Taxonomically undefined

226
Veliki prezivaci Large ruminants

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Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Ossa carpi Ossa metacarpalia Os coxae Tibia Talus Calcaneus Ossa tarsi Ossa metatarsalia Phalanx proximalis Phalanx media Phalanx distalis Vertebrae Costae Kosti glave Proc. cornualis Tablica 1. Odredba kosturnih elemenata prema skupinama zivotinja s lokaliteta Gradisce - Orisje Table 1. Determination of skeletal elements according to animal groups from the Gradisce - Orisje site. Mandibula Dentes UKUPNO TOTAL

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1 1 18 27 1 13 16

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1 2 2

2 2

Brojni su fragmenti kostiju glave zato sto su u ovu skupinu ubrojani vrlo mali dijelovi zubnica (alveoli dentales) bez pripadajucih zuba pa stoga nije bilo moguce odrediti pripadaju li gornjoj (maxilla) ili donjoj (mandibula) celjusti. Stoga ovi fragmenti nisu taksonomski odredeni. Na fragmentu ceone kosti s pocetkom roga (os frontale et processus cornualis ) jelena obicnog vidljivi su zasjeci nastali jakim bocnim udarcima ostrim metalnim predmetom (si. 25), najvjerojatnije zato da se rog odvoji za eventualnu daljnju obradu. Slican zasjek vidljiv je i na kosti stopala (os metatarsale III et IV) goveda, a poznato je da su te kosti poradi svog pravilnog oblika cesto koristene za izradu oruda. Ostali tragovi ostrih predmeta na povrsini kostiju najcesci su na kostima goveda i mogli bi biti posljedica skidanja mesa s kostiju. Uocena je samo jedna patoloska promjena na zubu malog prezivaca. Vidljiva je nepravilnost u rastu zuba (Slika 2) i najvjerojatnije je rijec o prekomjernom izrastanju zuba (exuperantia dentis) uzrokovanom nedostatkom ili zakasnjelim izrastanjem nasuprotnog zuba (kao posljedica neprirodno velike zubne krune, ektopije zubnog zametka, transmigracije i sporog izrastanja zuba u normalnom polozaju), pa se prema tome ubraja u okluzijske anomalije.

substances in their structure remain preserved better and longer than the other parts of a skeleton. There are numerous fragments of head bones because this group comprises tiny parts of tooth sockets (alveoli dentales) without the belonging teeth so it was not possible to determine whether they belonged to the upper (maxilla) or lower (mandibula) jaws. For the same reason these fragments are not taxonomically determined. On a fragment of a frontal bone with the cornual process (os frontale et processus cornualis ) of a red deer one can see cuts made by strong lateral blows with a sharp metal object (fig. 25), most probably in order to cut the horn off for further working. A similar cut can be seen on a cattle foot bone (os metatarsale III et IV), and it is known that due to their regular shape these bones were frequently used for making tools. The other traces of sharp objects on bone surface are most frequently found on cattle bones and they might be a result of removing flesh off the bone. Only one pathological change on a tooth of a small ruminant has been noticed. Irregularity in tooth growing is obvious (Figure 2) and it was probably the result of excessive tooth growth (exuperantia dentis) due to the lack or late cutting of the opposite tooth (as a result of unnaturally

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Na nekim fragmentima vidljiva su svjeza ostecenja nastala prilikom iskopavanja i/ili transporta. S obzirom na navedeno, razvidno je da su glavni izvor mesa za ishranu bila goveda i domaci mali prezivaci. Na kostanim ostacima pasa, kojih je u uzorku ponajvise, nisu pronadeni tragovi koji bi upucivali da je njihovo meso koristeno u ishrani. Pretpostavlja se da su psi najvjerojatnije sluzili kao cuvari stoke (goveda, ovce, koze) a nije iskljucena mogucnost da su sluzili i kao pripomoc u lovu. Nedostatak fragmenata bedrenih kostiju {os femoris), te i vrlo malobrojni ostaci ostalih dugih kostiju domacih zivotinja mogu upucivati da su se psi hranili ostacima ljudske ishrane te ih raznosili izvan naselja.

ZAKLJUCAK Lea Cataj

Prema pronadenome materijalu, mozemo zakljuciti da je gradina bila naseljena kroz zeljezno doba, ali ne mozemo definirati da li samo u jednom njegovu segmentu ili kroz cijeli period. Indikatora za donosenje takvih zakljucaka je premalo. Neki nam ulomci govore da je Orisje moglo biti naseljeno i u broncanom dobu, ali da bi to tocno ustvrdili, potrebna su opseznija istrazivanja gradine. Zatvorene cjeline i jos pokoji uzorak ugljena datiran 14C metodom zasigurno bi nam pojasnili mnoge pojedinosti. Arheoloski nalazi govore nam o povezanosti Orisja s jugoistocnoalpskim i panonskim prostorom. Na torn se sirem prostoru nalazi keramika koja nije teritorijalno i vremenski uze odrediva. To se ponajprije odnosi na trake s otiskom prsta, dugmetaste naljepke, jezicaste drske sto nije svojstveno za odredenu kultumu skupinu vec je to jednostavan i veoma rasiren nacin ukrasavanja. Ulomak rucke s dugmetastim roscicem govori da se Orisje nalazilo na putu razmjene u mladem razdoblju starijeg zeljeznog doba koji je isao od

large dental crown, ectopic tooth germ, transmigra tion and slow tooth growth in the normal position), and therefore it belongs to occlusal anomalies. Some fragments show recent damages that occurred during excavations and/or transport. According to the collected data, it is obvious that the main source of meat for feeding were cattle and domestic small ruminants. Bone fragments of dogs, which are the most numerous, do not bear traces which would suggest that dogs were used for human consumption. They were probably used as watchdogs to herd stock (cattle, sheep, goats) and it is also possible that they helped in hunting. A lack of fragments of femur bones {os femoris) and a small number of remains of other long bones of domestic animals may prove that dogs ate human food leftovers and spread them out of the settlements.

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CONCLUSION Lea Cataj

According to the found assemblage we can draw a conclusion that the hill fort was settled in the Iron Age, but we cannot define whether it was inhabited in one of its segments or during the whole period. There are not enough indicators for such conclusions. Some fragments suggest that Orisje might have been settled in the Bronze Age as well, but in order to establish it as a fact we should conduct more extensive research of the hill fort. Undisturbed units and a few more coal samples dated by the 14C method would surely make many things clear. Archaeological finds testify to the connection of Orisje with the South-Alpine and Pannonian area. The pottery from that wide area is hard to define in terms of territory and time. First of all this applies to ribbons with finger-prints, button-like appliques and tongue-shaped grips which are not linked to only one culture but represent a simple and widespread form of decoration. The handle fragment with a button-like small 25 Zub malog prezivaca s patoloskom promjenom (exuperantia
dentis). Tooth of a small ruminant with a pathological change (exuperantia dentis).

26. Pogled s juga na bedeme u vrijeme istrazivanja 2006.g., podno njih se nalazi trasa plinovoda gdje se istrazivalo godinu dana prije. View of the defensive walls during the research in 2006 from the east, with a gas pipeline route underneath, where the research had been performed a year before.

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Dolenjske na istok do prostora danasnje Baranje i sjeverne Bosne. Keramika pokazuje tipoloske i morfoloske slicnosti s nalazima s gradina Klinac i Kiringrad, s lokaliteta Keltsko u Sisku te sa spiljskim lokalitetima Bezdanjaca i Cerovacka donja spilja, ali i s nekolicinom japodskih nekropola. Paralele nalazimo i na obliznjim nalazistima u Sloveniji a to su Kucar i njemu pripadajuce nekropole te Kapiteljska njiva u Novome Mestu. Keltski su utjecaji slabo vidljivi: svega nekoliko ulomaka keramike i jedan broncani gumb. No, ta cinjenica ne bi trebala cuditi jer je keltska ekspanzija najvise zahvatila prostore sjeverno od Save. Japodski teritorij bio je pod keltskim utjecajem tek na periferiji, gdje bi moglo pripadati i ovo nase nalaziste (DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1975, 34; BOZIC 1987, 862-863). Lokalno je stanovnistvo vjerojatno prisvojilo neka keltska obiljezja i nastavilo zivjeti na vise-manje nepromijenjen nacin. S obzirom na stanje istrazenosti sire okolice Orisja, odnosno Bosiljeva, mozemo zakljuciti da se ono uklapa u do sada stvorenu sliku o naseljenosti obliznjih uzvisina. Negdje u isto vrijeme zivot se vjerojatno odvijao i na nalazistima Trsiste i Rebinka kod Trosmarije, na Jaksic brdu (koje je u sastavu Duge Gore) te na Vinici u Sloveniji smjestenoj sjeverno od Orisja. I brojne nekropole koje su pripadale spomenutim gradinama svakako svjedoce o naseljenosti tog prostora koji se nalazi na razmedu japodske i kolapijanske grupe. Zahvaljujuci izgradnji infrastrukture, ta arheoloski pomalo zaboravljena mjesta lagano ozivljavaju u okviru struke. Nova saznanja svakako bi trebala biti poticaj za opseznija istrazivanja u skorijoj buducnosti. KATALOG TABLA 1 - AA 1 / AA 2 / A2 1- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude, glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, izvana narancaste, iznutra i u presjeku oker boje. Sonda AA, SJ 1. 2- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude radene prostorucno, glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, izvana tamno smede, u presjeku i iznutra crvene boje. Sonda AA, SJ 1. 3- Ulomak prostorucno izradene porozne posude, s plasticnim ukrasom pravokutnog presjeka, crvene do smede boje. Sonda AA, SJ 1. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude, glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba zadebljanog prema van, narancaste boje. Sonda AA, SJ 1. 5- Ulomak posude ukrasene plasticnim potkovastim naljepkom, crvene boje. Sonda AA, SJ 2. 6- Ulomak vodoravne rucke vecih dimenzija, grube izrade s primjesama kamencica i tragovima organskog porijekla, crvene boje. Sonda AA, SJ 2. 7- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude ravnog ruba, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra narancaste, u presjeku narancastosmede boje. Sonda AA, SJ 2. 8- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba lagano

horn shows that Orisje was on a trade route in the later period of the Early Iron Age which went eastbound from Dolenjska to what is now Baranja and northern Bosnia. The pottery shows typological and morphological similarities with finds from the hill forts of Klinac and Kiringrad, the Keltsko site in Sisak, the cave sites of Bezdanjaca and Cerovacka donja spilja, and with several lapodian cemeteries as well. Parallels can also be found in the nearby sites in Slovenia, such as Kucar with its cemeteries and Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto. Celtic influences are hardly visible: only a few ceramic fragments and a bronze button. That should not be surprising because the Celtic expansion mostly extended over the areas north of the River Sava. The lapodian territory was under the Celtic influence only at the periphery, where our site might have belonged (DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1975, 34; BOZIC 1987, 862,863). Local inhabitants probably adopted some of the Celtic characteristics and continued to live in the more or less same way. Regarding the degree of exploration of the wider Orisje (Bosiljevo) area, we can draw a conclusion that it fits the picture made so far about settlements on the nearby elevations. At about the same time there was life in the sites of Trsiste and Rebinka at Trosmarija, at Jaksic brdo (which is a part of Duga Gora) and at Vinica in Slovenia, north of Orisje. Numerous cemeteries that belonged to the mentioned hill forts testify to the presence of population in this area, which covers the border of the lapodian and the Colapian group. Thanks to the building of infrastructure, these archeologically somewhat forgotten places in professional framework are slowly being restored. New understanding should definitely be a motive for extensive research in the near future. CATALOGUE TABLE 1 - AA 1 / AA 2 / A2 1- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, even rim, orange outside, ochre inside and in cross-section. Trench AA, Layer 1. 2- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, even rim, dark brown outside, red in cross-section and inside. Trench AA, Layer 1. 3- A sherd of a porous handmade vessel, with a plastic ornament of rectangular cross-section, red to brown colour. Trench AA, Layer 1. 4- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, even rim thickened outwards, orange colour. Trench AA, Layer 1. 5- A sherd of a vessel decorated with a plastic horseshoe applique, red colour. Trench AA, Layer 2. 6- A sherd of a large horizontal handle, coarse texture with small stone temper and traces of organic substances, red colour. Trench AA, Layer 2. 7- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, even rim, smooth surface, orange outside

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zadebljanog prema van, izvana i iznutra crveno do smede, u presjeku erne boje. Sonda AA, SJ 2. 9- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene salice, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, ravnog ruba, redukcijski pecena, erne boje, u jednom dijelu oker boja koja se probila iznutra prema povrsini. Sonda AA, SJ 2. 10- Ulomak prsljena, s primjesama kamencica, oker do narancaste boje. Sonda A, SJ 2. 11- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine, s potkovastim plasticnim ukrasom, crvene boje. Sonda A, SJ 2. 12- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine, ukrasene kaneliranjem, izvana crvene, iznutra i u presjeku erne boje. Sonda A, SJ 2. 13- Ulomak prostorucno izradene porozne posude, s primjesama kamencica, ukras plitko izradene rasclanjene trake, erne boje, djelomicno tragovi oker boje. Sonda A, SJ 2. TABLA 2 - C 1 1- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, ukrasen plasticnim naljepkom, ravnog ruba, izvana i iznutra crvene, u presjeku erne boje. Sonda C, SJ 1. 2- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, s ukrasom stozastog dugmeta, ravnog ruba, crvene boje. 3- Trakasta rucka vecih dimenzija, glatke povrsine, s primjesama kamencica, crvene boje. Sonda C, SJ 1. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba lagano zadebljanog prema van, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku tamno sive boje. 5- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene, lagano porozne posude glatke povrsine, vidljive primjese kamencica, ravnog ruba, izvana i iznutra oker, u presjeku erne boje. 6- Ulomak gornjeg dijela zaobljene posude, glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba zadebljanog prema van, oker boje. 7- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, crvene boje. 8- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, izvana smede, u presjeku i iznutra crvene boje. 9- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, vidljive primjese kamencica, ravnog ruba, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku sive boje. 10- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, oker boje. 11- Broncano kalotasto dugme s polukruznom petljom za prisivanje i kruzno ispupcenim sredisnjim dijelom te dvije plasticne koncentricne kruznice. Sonda C, SJ 1. 12- Ulomak donjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, izvana oker do smede, iznutra i u presjeku erne boje. Sonda C, SJ 1. TABLA 3 - G 1 1- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene zdjele glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, ukrasen plasticnom rasclanjenom trakom, crvene boje.

and inside, orange-brown in cross-section. Trench AA, Layer 2. 8- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, even rim slightly thickened outwards, red to brown outside and inside, black in cross-section. Trench AA, Layer 2. 9- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade cup, partly polished surface, even rim, fired in reduction, red colour, in one part ochre colour came from the inside up onto the surface. Trench AA, Layer 2. 10- A sherd of a spindle whorl, with small stone temper, ochre to orange colour. Trench A, SJ 2. 11- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, with a horseshoe plastic ornament, red colour. Trench A, Layer 2. 12- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, decorated with flutes, red outside, black inside and in cross-section. Trench A, Layer 2. 13- A sherd of a handmade porous vessel, with small stone temper, decorated with a shallow impressed ribbon, black colour, partly visible traces of ochre colour. Trench A, Layer 2. TABLE 2 - C 1 1- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, decorated with a plastic applique, even rim, red outside and inside, black in cross-section. Trench C, Layer 1. 2- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, with decoration of a conical button, even rim, red colour. 3- A big ribbon-like handle, smooth surface, with small stone temper, red colour. Trench C, Layer 1. 4- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, even rim slightly thickened outwards, brown outside and inside, dark grey in cross-section. 5- A sherd of the upper part of a slightly porous handmade vessel, smooth surface, visible small stone temper, even rim, ochre outside and inside, black in cross-section. 6- A sherd of the upper part of a rounded vessel, smooth surface, even rim thickened outwards, ochre colour. 7- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, even rim, red colour. 8- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, even rim, brown outside, red in cross-section and inside. 9- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, visible small stone temper, even rim, brown outside and inside, grey in crosssection. 10- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, even rim, ochre colour. 11- A bronze calotte-shaped button with a semicircular loop for sewing, a circularly convex middle part and two plastic concentric circles. Trench C, Layer 1. 12- A sherd of the lower part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, ochre to brown outside, black inside and in cross-section. Trench C, Layer 1.

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2- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene zdjele glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba izvana i iznutra svijetlo smede, u presjeku tamno sive povrsine. 3- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, ravnog ruba, lagano zadebljanog prema van, izvana i iznutra svijetlo smede, u presjeku narancaste boje. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene, lagano porozne zdjele, ravnog ruba, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra sivosmede, u presjeku erne boje. 5- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude, glatke povrsine, vidljive primjese sitnih kamencica, izvana i iznutra narancaste, u presjeku tamno sive boje. 6- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene, lagano porozne zdjele, ravnog ruba, glatke povrsine, svijetlo sive boje. 7- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba lagano zadebljanog prema van, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku crvene boje. Sonda G, SJ 1. 8- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene i pomalo porozne posude glatke povrsine, vidljive primjese kamencica, ravnog ruba, oker boje. Sonda G, SJ 1. 9- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene i pomalo porozne posude glatke povrsine, izvueenog ruba, izvana i iznutra sivosmede, u presjeku erne boje. Sonda G, SJ 1. 10- Ulomak gornjeg dijela rucno radene posude glatke povrsine, vidljive primjese kamencica, ravan rub lagano izvueen prema van, narancaste boje. 11- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, izvana i iznutra svijetlo smede, u presjeku narancaste boje. TABLA 4 - G 1 / H 1 / 11 1- Ulomak rucke grube izrade, ovalnog presjeka, izvana crvene, u presjeku oker boje. 2- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude djelomicno uglacane povrsine, sa dva paralelna plasticna rebra, izvana i iznutra tamno sive, u vanjskom dijelu presjeka crvene, u unutarnjem erne boje. 3- Ulomak rucno radene posude, djelomicno uglacane posude, s apliciranim ukrasom, izvana i iznutra tamno sive, u vanjskom dijelu presjeka narancaste, a u unutarnjem erne boje. 4- Ulomak posude prostorucne izrade, glatke povrsine, s potkovastom aplikacijom, izvana i iznutra oker, u presjeku smede boje. Sonda GG, SJ 1. 5- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude s dugmetastom aplikacijom, ukrasenom utiskivanjem, glatke povrsine, narancaste boje. Sonda G, SJ 1. 6- Ulomak posude ukrasene plasticnom rasclanjenom girlandom, crvene boje. Sonda G, SJ 1. 7- Ulomak porozne rucke okruglog presjeka, izvana oker, u presjeku erne boje. Sonda H, SJ 1. 8- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, oker boje. Sonda H, SJ 1. 9- Ulomak gornjeg dijela pomalo porozne

TABLE 3 - G 1 1- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade bowl, smooth surface, even rim, decorated with a plastic impressed ribbon, red colour. 2- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade bowl, smooth surface, even rim, light brown outside and inside, dark grey in cross-section. 3- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, partly polished surface, even rim, slightly thickened outwards, light brown outside and inside, orange in cross-section. 4- A sherd of the upper part of a slightly porous handmade bowl, even rim, smooth surface, greybrown outside and inside, black in cross-section. 5- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, visible small stone temper, black on surface and in cross-section, partly ochre outside. 6- A sherd of the upper part of a slightly porous handmade bowl, even rim, smooth surface, light grey colour. 7- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, even rim slightly thickened outwards, brown outside and inside, red in crosssection. Trench G, Layer 1. 8- A sherd of the upper part of a slightly porous handmade vessel, smooth surface, visible small stone temper, even rim, ochre colour. Trench G, Layer 1. 9- A sherd of the upper part of a slightly porous handmade vessel, smooth surface, everted rim, grey-brown outside and inside, black in crosssection. Trench G, Layer 1. 10- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, visible small stone temper, even rim slightly everted, orange colour. 11- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, smooth surface, even rim, light brown outside and inside, orange in cross-section. TABLE 4 - G 1 / H 1 / I 1 1- A sherd of a handle, coarse texture, of oval cross-section, red outside, ochre in cross-section. orange outside and inside, dark grey in crosssection. 2- A sherd of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, with two parallel plastic ribs, dark grey outside and inside, red in the outer part of the cross-section and black in the inner part. 3- A sherd of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, with the application of an ornament, dark grey outside and inside, orange in the outer part of the cross-section and black in the inner part. 4- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, with a horseshoe ornament, ochre outside and inside, brown in cross-section. Trench GG, Layer 1. 5- A sherd of a handmade vessel with a buttonlike applique decorated by impressing, smooth surface, orange colour. Trench G, Layer 1. 6- A sherd of a vessel decorated with a plastic impressed garland, red colour. Trench G, Layer 1. 7- A sherd of a porous handle of round crosssection, ochre outside, black in cross-section. Trench H, Layer 1.

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prostorucno racJene posude, ravnog ruba, glatke povrsine, ukras plasticine potkove koja se otkinula, izvana i iznutra tamno sive, u presjeku erne boje. Sonda H SJ 1 10- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine, s plasticnom aplikacijom, izvana crvene, iznutra i u presjeku svijetlo smede boje. Sonda H, SJ 1. 11- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude, lagano zadebljanog oboda izvueenog prema van, ukras plasticine trake s urezima, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra tamno sive, u presjeku oker boje Sonda I SJ 1 12- Ulomak prostorucno radene, lagano porozne posude ukrasene polumjesecastom aplikacijom, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra crvene, u presjeku smede boje. Sonda I, SJ 1. 13- Ulomak posude djelomicno uglacane povrsine, ukras plasticno izvedene kruznice unutar koje je plasticno dugme, izvana i iznutra tamno sive, u presjeku crvene boje. Sonda I, SJ 1. TABLA 5 - I 2 1- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude, lagano izvueenog oboda zadebljanog prema van, izvana i iznutra crvenosmede, u presjeku crvene boje 2- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude zaobljenog tijela i zadebljanog ruba, glatke povrsine, crvene boje. 3- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude ruba zadebljanog prema van, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra crvene, u presjeku erne boje. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude ravnog ruba, glatke povrsine, izvana crvenosmede, iznutra erne, u presjeku crvene boje. 5- Ulomak posude radene prostorucno, ravnog ruba, lagano porozne, izvana i iznutra oker, u presjeku erne boje 6- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude lagano izvueenog oboda zadebljanog prema van, glatke povrsine, izvana crvene, iznutra oker, u presjeku sivooker boje. 7- Ulomak vrata posude ravnog ruba, prostorucne izrade, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra sivosmede, u presjeku crvene boje. 8- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude ravnog ruba, glatke povrsine, sivooker boje 9- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude ruba zadebljanog prema van, glatke povrsine, iznutra i izvana crnosmede, u presjeku crvene boje 10- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude vodoravno izvueenog ruba, glatke povrsine, crvene boje. 11- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude ravnog ruba, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku oker boje. 12- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude ravnog ruba, glatke povrsine, izvana erne, iznutra i u presjeku tamno crvene boje. 13- Ulomak lonca radenog prostorucno, glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, ukrasen malom jezicastom aplikacijom, izvana i iznutra crvenosmede, u presjeku sive boje 14- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene

8- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, smooth surface, even rim, ochre colour. Trench H, Layer 1. 9- A sherd of the upper part of a slightly porous handmade vessel, even rim, smooth surface, decorated with a plastic horseshoe which has been torn off, dark grey outside and inside, black in cross-section. Trench H, Layer 1. 10- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, with a plastic applique, red outside, light brown inside and in cross-section. Trench H, Layer 1. 11- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, slightly thickened everted rim, decorated with a plastic ribbon with incising, partly polished surface, dark grey outside and inside, ochre in cross-section. Trench I, Layer 1. 12- A sherd of a handmade vessel, slightly porous, decorated with a crescent applique, smooth surface, red outside and inside, brown in cross-section. Trench I, Layer 1. 13- A sherd of a vessel, partly polished surface, decorated with a plastic circle with a plastic button inside, dark grey outside and inside, red in crosssection. Trench I, Layer 1. TABLE 5 - I 2 1- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, slightly everted rim thickened outwards, red-brown inside and outside, red in crosssection. 2- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, rounded body and thickened rim, smooth surface, red colour. 3- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, rim thickened outwards, smooth surface, red outside and inside, black in cross-section. 4- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, even rim, smooth surface, red-brown outside, black inside, red in cross-section. 5- A sherd of a handmade vessel, even rim, slightly porous, ochre outside and inside, black in cross-section. 6- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, slightly everted rim thickened outwards, smooth surface, red outside, ochre inside, greyochre in cross-section. 7- A neck sherd of a handmade vessel, even rim, partly polished surface, grey-brown inside and outside, red in cross-section. 8- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, even rim, smooth surface, grey-ochre colour. 9- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, rim thickened outwards, smooth surface, black-brown inside and outside, red in crosssection. 10- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, horizontally everted rim, smooth surface, red colour. 11- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, even rim, smooth surface, brown inside and outside, ochre in cross-section. 12- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, even rim, smooth surface, black outside, dark red inside and in cross-section. 13- A sherd of a handmade pot, smooth surface,

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posude ravnog ruba, grube povrsine, crvene boje, s primjesama kamencica. 15- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene zdjele, izvucenog ruba, s rupicom za ovjes, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra crvenosmede, u presjeku erne boje. 16- Ulomak posude radene prostorucno, glatke povrsine, zaobljenog tijela, oboda zadebljanog prema van, izvana i iznutra crvene, u presjeku erne boje. 17- Ulomak posude radene prostorucno, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, ravnog ruba, ukrasen plasticnom girlandom i trakom, izvana i iznutra okersmede, u presjeku oker boje. 18- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude ravnog ruba, ponesto porozne izrade, izvana i iznutra oker, u presjeku erne boje. TABLA 6 - I 2 1- Ulomak prostorucno izradenog lonca s plasticnom potkovastom aplikacijom, ravnog, prema van lagano zadebljanog ruba, izvana crvenosmede, iznutra crvene, u presjeku oker boje. 2- Ulomak gornjeg dijela lonca izradenog prostorucno, glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, s apliciranom plasticnom trakom, ukrasenom utiskivanjem prsta, izvana i iznutra crnosmede, u presjeku tamno smede boje. 3- Usta posude sirokog ravnog ruba zadebljanih krajeva, ukraseno koso postavljenom plasticnom trakom. Izvana tamno smede, iznutra i u presjeku crvene boje. Sonda I. 4- Ulomak trakaste rucke, izvana smede, u presjeku erne boje. 5- Ulomak rucke ovalnog presjeka, izvana crvene, u presjeku erne boje. 6- Ulomak trakaste rucke s dugmetastim roscicem, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana svijetlo smede, iznutra tamno sive boje. Sonda I. 7- Ulomak donjeg dijela posude izradene prostorucno, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra oker, u presjeku erne boje. Sonda I. 8- Donji dio rucno radenog prijenosnog ognjista, glatke povrsine, crvene boje. Sonda I. 9- Ulomak dna posude glatke povrsine, iznutra smede, izvana i u presjeku crvene boje. Sonda I. 10- Ulomak donjeg dijela rucno radene posude na prstenastoj nozi spojenoj s tijelom posude. Narancaste boje. Sonda I. 11- Ulomak donjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra okersmede, u presjeku narancaste boje. Sonda I. 12- Ulomak prsljena, u sredini gornje plohe lagana udubina, oker do narancaste boje. Sonda I, SJ 1. 13- Ulomak donjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude, glatke povrsine, izvana crvene, iznutra crveno-smede, u presjeku smede boje. Sonda I. TABLA 7 - I 2 1- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, glatke povrsine, s apliciranom trakom ukrasenom utiskivanjem prsta, izvana i iznutra tamno sive, u presjeku crvene boje. 2- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, glatke

even rim, decorated with a small tongue-shaped applique, red-brown outside and inside, grey in cross-section. 14- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, even rim, rough surface, red colour, with small stone temper. 15- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade bowl, everted rim, with a hole for hanging, partly polished surface, red-brown outside and inside, black in cross-section. 16- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, rounded body, rim thickened outwards, red outside and inside, black in cross-section. 17- A sherd of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, even rim, decorated with a plastic garland and a ribbon, ochre-brown outside and inside, ochre in cross-section. 18- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, even rim, slightly porous, ochre outside and inside, black in cross-section. TABLE 6 - I 2 1- A sherd of a handmade pot with a plastic horseshoe ornament, even rim slightly thickened outwards, red-brown outside, red inside, ochre in cross-section. 2- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade pot, smooth surface, even rim, with the application of a plastic ribbon decorated with fingerprints, black-brown outside and inside, dark brown in cross-section. 3- Mouth of a vessel with a wide, even rim with thickened ends decorated with a diagonally placed plastic ribbon, dark brown outside, red inside and in cross-section. Trench I. 4- A sherd of a ribbon-like handle, brown outside, black in cross-section. 5- A sherd of a handle of oval cross-section, red outside, black in cross-section. 6- A sherd of a ribbon-shaped handle with a button-like horn, partly polished surface, light brown outside, dark grey inside. Trench I. 7- A sherd of the lower part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, ochre outside and inside, black in cross-section. Trench I. 8- The lower part of a handmade portable hearth, smooth surface, red colour. Trench I. 9- A base sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, brown inside, red outside and in cross-section. Trench I. 10- A sherd of the lower part of a handmade vessel on a ring foot joined to the body of the vessel, orange colour. Trench I. 11- A sherd of the lower part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, ochre-brown outside and inside, orange in cross-section. Trench I. 12- A sherd of a spindle whorl, a slight depression in the middle of the upper surface, ochre to orange colour. Trench I, SJ 1. 13- A sherd of the lower part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, red outside, red-brown inside, brown in cross-section. Trench I. TABLE 7 - I 2 1- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, the application of a ribbon decorated with

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povrsine, s apliciranim plasticnim ukrasom, izvana crvene, iznutra erne, u presjeku smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine, s apliciranom plasticnom trakom, ukrasenom utiskivanjem prsta, iznutra oker, izvana i u presjeku crvene boje. 4- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine, s apliciranom plasticnom spiralom, ukrasenom utiskivanjem prsta, izvana crvene, iznutra i u presjeku erne boje. 5- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, glatke povrsine, s apliciranom plasticnom trakom, ukrasenom utiskivanjem prsta, iznutra i izvana smede, u presjeku crvene boje. 5- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, glatke povrsine, s apliciranom plasticnom spiralom, ukrasenom utiskivanjem prsta, izvana i iznutra narancastooker, u presjeku sive boje. 6- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, glatke povrsine, s apliciranom plasticnom potkovom, ukrasenom utiskivanjem, izvana oker, iznutra i u presjeku narancaste boje. 7- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, ukrasene dvjema paralelnim plasticnim trakama, glatke povrsine, erne boje na povrsini i u presjeku, s vanjske strane djelomicno oker. 8- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude, glatke povrsine, s potkovastom i dugmetastom aplikacijom, izvana i iznutra sivosmede, u presjeku erne boje. 9- Ulomak posude, glatke povrsine s plasticnim naljepkom izvedenim stipanjem, izvana i u presjeku crno-smede, iznutra oker boje. 10- Ulomak posude s plasticnom trakom, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra oker, u presjeku crvene boje. 11- Ulomak lonca izradenog prostorucno, grube povrsine, ukrasen potkovastom aplikacijom, izvana crvene, iznutra svijetlo smede, u presjeku smede boje. 12- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, s potkovastim plasticnim ukrasom, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku erne boje. Sonda I. 13- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, porozne izrade, s dugmetastom aplikacijom, iznutra i izvana crno-smede, u presjeku crvene boje. Sonda I. 14- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude, glatke povrsine, s plasticnim rebrom, izvana crvene, iznutra i u presjeku erne boje. TABLA 8 - I 2 / J 1 / J 2 1- Jezicasta drska, izvana oker, u presjeku erne boje. 2- Drska s udubljenjem u sredini, izvana oker, u presjeku erne boje. 3- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude, glatke povrsine, ukrasene urezivanjem, izvana i iznutra crvene, u presjeku sive boje. 4- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, ukrasene plasticnom trakom, pomalo porozne izrade, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku crvene boje. 5- Ulomak posude s dugmetastim naljepkom,

fingerprints, dark grey outside and inside, red in cross-section. 2- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, with the application of a plastic ornament, red outside, black inside, brown in cross-section. 3- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, with the application of a plastic ribbon decorated with fingerprints, ochre inside, red outside and in cross-section. 4- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, with the application of a plastic spiral decorated with fingerprints, red outside, black inside and in crosssection. 5- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, with the application of a plastic ribbon decorated with fingerprints, brown outside and inside, red in cross-section. 5- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, with the application of a plastic spiral decorated with fingerprints, orange-ochre outside and inside, grey in cross-section. 6- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, with the application of a plastic horseshoe decorated with impressing, ochre outside, orange inside and in cross-section. 7- A sherd of a handmade vessel decorated with two parallel plastic ribbons, smooth surface, 8- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, with horseshoe and button-like applique, grey-brown outside and inside, black in crosssection. 9- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, with a plastic protrusion formed by pinching, blackbrown outside and in cross-section, ochre inside. 10- A sherd of a vessel with a plastic ribbon, smooth surface, ochre outside and inside, red in cross-section. 11- A sherd of a handmade pot of rough surface, decorated with a horseshoe applique, red outside, light brown inside, brown in crosssection. 12- A sherd of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, with a plastic horseshoe ornament, brown outside and inside, black in cross-section. Trench I. 13- A sherd of a handmade vessel, porous, with a button-like applique, black-brown outside and inside, red in cross-section. Trench I. 14- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, with a plastic rib, red outside, black inside and in cross-section. TABLE 8 -1 2 / J 1 / J 2 1- A tongue-shaped grip, ochre outside, black in cross-section. 2- A grip with a depression in the middle, ochre outside, black in cross-section. 3- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, incised decoration, red outside and inside, grey in cross-section. 4- A sherd of a handmade vessel, decorated with a plastic ribbon, slightly porous, brown outside and inside, red in cross-section. 5- A sherd of a vessel with a button-like applique, partly polished surface, ochre-red

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djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana okercrvene, iznutra smedocrvene, u presjeku crvene boje. 6- Ulomak zdjele s izbocenim ukrasom, glatke povrsine, iznutra i izvana smede, u presjeku erne boje. 7- Ulomak posude ukrasene urezivanjem, izvana i iznutra narancaste, u presjeku sive boje. 8- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, ukrasen plasticnim naljepkom, ravnog ruba lagano zadebljanog prema van, oker boje. Sonda J, SJ 1. 9- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude djelomicno zagladene povrsine, ukrasen plasticnom kruznom trakom i dugmetom, izvana i iznutra erne, u presjeku crvene boje. Sonda J, SJ 1. 10- Ulomak plosnatog prsljena, s primjesama kamencica, narancaste boje. Sonda J, SJ 1. 11- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene, lagano porozne zdjele, glatke povrsine, ravnog ruba, s unutarnje strane plasticno rebro (na koje sjeda poklopac), oker do narancaste boje. Sonda J, SJ 1. 12- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine, ukrasene plasticnim rebrom, izvana i iznutra crveno do smede, u presjeku crvene boje. Sonda J, SJ 1. 13- Ulomak prostorucno radene, pomalo porozne posude, glatke povrsine, s plasticnim rebrom s jedva zamjetljivim udubljenim ukrasima, iznutra i u presjeku crvene, izvana oker boje. 14- Plasticni, jezicasti ukras posude, djelomicno porozne, glatke povrsine, crvene do oker boje. 15- Ulomak prsljena, s primjesama kamencica, oker do narancaste boje. Sonda J, SJ 2. TABLA 9 - J 2 1- Gornji dio prostorucno radene posude djelomicno uglacane povrsine, lagano izvueenog ruba zadebljanog prema van, izvana i iznutra crvenkasto-smede, u presjeku crvene boje. 2- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, ravnog, prema van zadebljanog ruba, u presjeku vidljive primjese kamencica, u vanjskoj polovici crvene, a u unutarnjoj oker boje. 3- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude zaobljenog tijela s rubom zadebljanim prema van, ukrasen apliciranim stozastim dugmetom, izvana i iznutra erne, u presjeku crvene boje. Sonda J. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude radene prostorucno, ravnog ruba, glatke povrsine, s apliciranom trakom ukrasenom utiskivanjem, tamnocrvene boje; uz unutarnji dio gornjeg ruba vidljivi tragovi gorenja. 5- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude, ravnog ruba, izvana erne, u presjeku crvene i erne boje. Sonda J. 6- Ulomak posude tankih stijenka, izvueenog i lagano zadebljanog ruba, crvene boje. Sonda J. 7- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude, ravnog ruba zadebljanog prema van, crvene boje. Sonda J. 8- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude, glatke povrsine, ukrasen plasticnom trakom, crvene boje. Sonda J 9- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine, s apliciranom trakom, ukrasenom tankim utisnutim

outside, brown-red inside, red in cross-section. 6- A sherd of a bowl with a protruded ornament, smooth surface, brown outside and inside, black in cross-section. 7- A sherd of a vessel with incised decoration, orange outside and inside, grey in cross-section. 8- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, decorated with a plastic applique, even rim slightly thickened outwards, ochre colour. Trench J, Layer 1. 9- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, partly smoothed surface, decorated with a plastic circular ribbon and a button, black outside and inside, red in cross-section. Trench J, Layer 1. 10- A sherd of a flat spindle whorl, with small stone temper, orange colour. Trench J, SJ 1. 11- A sherd of the upper part of a slightly porous handmade bowl, smooth surface, even rim, with a plastic rib inside (for the lid to fit), ochre to orange colour. Trench J, Layer 1. 12- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, decorated with a plastic rib, red to brown outside and inside, red in cross-section. Trench J, Layer 1. 13- A sherd of a handmade vessel, slightly porous, smooth surface, with a plastic rib decorated with hardly visible impressed ornaments, red inside and in cross-section, ochre outside. 14- A plastic tongue-shaped ornament of a vessel, partly porous smooth surface, red to ochre colour. 15- A sherd of a spindle whorl, with small stone temper, ochre to orange colour. Trench J, SJ 2. TABLE 9 - J 2 1- The upper part of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, slightly everted rim thickened outwards, reddish-brown outside and inside, red in cross-section. 2- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, even rim thickened outwards, small stone temper visible in crosssection, red outside, ochre inside. 3- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel of a rounded body, rim thickened outwards, decorated with the application of a conical button, black outside and inside, red in cross-section. Trench J. 4- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, even rim, smooth surface, with the application of a ribbon decorated with impressing, dark red colour, on the inside part of the upper rim there are traces of burning. 5- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, even rim, black outside, red and black in cross-section. Trench J. 6- A sherd of a thin-walled vessel, everted and slightly thickened rim, red colour. Trench J. 7- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, even rim thickened outwards, red colour. Trench J. 8- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, decorated with a plastic ribbon, red colour. Trench J 9- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, with

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zarezima, izvana i iznutra tamnosmecJesive, u presjeku crvene boje. 10- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, ukrasene kombinacijom plasticnih girlanda s utisnutim ornamentom, izvana i iznutra tamnosmedosive, u presjeku crvene boje. 11- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine, s apliciranom girlandom ukrasenom otiskom stapica ili si. instrumenta, izvana i iznutra crvenosmede, u presjeku oker boje 12- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude djelomicno uglacane posude, ravnog ruba, ukrasen plasticnom trakom s otiskom prsta, izvana i iznutra tamno sivo smede, u presjeku crvene boje. 13- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, s utisnutim dugmetastim naljepkom, izvana i iznutra sive, u presjeku oker boje. Sonda J. 14- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine s plasticnom trakom, crvene boje. Sonda J. 15- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude djelomicno uglacane povrsine, s plasticnom aplikacijom koja se prema jednom kraju stanjuje, s gornje i donje strane ulomka tece po jedna fino urezana linija (nisu medusobno paralelne), s vanjske strane sive, s unutarnje tamno sive, u presjeku varira od svijetlo crvene do erne boje. Sonda J 16- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine, ukrasene plasticnom girlandom i trakom, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku crvene boje. Sonda J. 17- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, glatke povrsine, izvana crvene, iznutra i u presjeku tamno crvene boje. Sonda J. TABLA 10 - J 2 1- Ulomak trakaste rucke s rebrom po sredini i plasticnom vijencem, ukrasenim utiskivanjem pri dnu, glatke povrsine, crvene boje. Sonda J. 2- Donji dio trakaste rucke, glatke povrsine, crvene boje. Sonda J. 3- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine, s potkovastim plasticnim ukrasom, svijetlo crvene boje. Sonda J 4- Ulomak posude s dugmetastim ukrasom, okernarancaste boje. Sonda J. 5- Dio rucke pravokutnog presjeka, glatke povrsine, izvana tamnosmedosive, u presjeku crvene boje 6- Ulomak rucke ovalnog presjeka, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, crvene boje. 7- Ulomak zdjele izradene prostorucno, grube povrsine s vidljivim tragovima organskog materijala i primjesama kamencica, oker boje. 8- Ulomak donjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude ravnog dna, glatke povrsine, izvana i u presjeku crvene, iznutra oker boje. 9- Donji dio prostorucno radene posude djelomicno uglacane povrsine, s lagano prstenastim dnom, oker do crvene boje. 10- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prijenosnog ognjista, glatke povrsine, s vanjske strane ukrasen rasclanjenim plasticnim trakama, crvene boje.

the application of a ribbon decorated with thin impressed cuts, dark brown-grey outside and inside, red in cross-section. 10- A sherd of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, decorated with a combination of plastic garlands and impressed ornament, dark brown-grey outside and inside, red in crosssection. 11- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, with the application of a garland decorated by impressing of a little stick or a similar device, redbrown outside and inside, ochre in cross-section. 12- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, even rim, decorated with a plastic ribbon with fingerprints, dark greybrown outside and inside, red in cross-section. 13- A sherd of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, with an impressed button-like applique, grey outside and inside, ochre in crosssection. Trench J. 14- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, with a plastic ribbon, red colour. Trench J. 15- A sherd of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, with a plastic applique that tapers towards one end, there are two finely incised lines - one at the upper side, the other at the lower side of the fragment (not parallel), grey outside, dark grey inside, colour ranges from light red to black in cross-section. Trench J. 16- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, decorated with a plastic garland and a ribbon, brown outside and inside, red in cross-section. Trench J. 17- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, red outside, dark red inside and in crosssection. Trench J. TABLE 10 - J 2 1- A sherd of a ribbon-shaped handle with a rib along the middle and a plastic garland decorated by impressing at the lower end, smooth surface, red colour. Trench J. 2- The lower part of a ribbon-shaped handle, smooth surface, red colour. Trench J. 3- A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, with a plastic horseshoe ornament, light red colour. Trench J. 4- A sherd of a vessel with a button-like ornament, ochre-orange colour. Trench J. 5- A handle sherd of rectangular cross-section, smooth surface, dark brown-grey outside, red in cross-section. 6- A handle sherd of oval cross-section, partly polished surface, red colour. 7- A sherd of a handmade bowl, rough surface with visible traces of organic substances and small stone temper, ochre colour. 8- A sherd of the lower part of a handmade vessel, flat base, smooth surface, red outside and in cross-section, ochre inside. 9- The lower part of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, with a ring base, ochre to red colour. 10- A fragment of the upper part of a portable hearth, smooth surface, outside decorated with impressed plastic ribbons, red colour.

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TABLA 11 - I, J - Slucajni nalazi 1- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude ili donjeg dijela prijenosnog ognjista, grube izrade, vidljivi tragovi organskog materijala, narancaste boje. 2- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude, ravnog ruba, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, s plasticnom trakom, ukrasenom udubljivanjem (vjerojatno otisak vrha prsta s noktom), iznutra svijetlo smede, izvana crvene, u presjeku narancaste boje 3- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine s plasticnim trakama ukrasenim udubljivanjem, narancaste boje. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene porozne posude ravnog ruba, ukrasen malom jezicastom aplikacijom, glatke povrsine, izvana narancastosmede, iznutra oker, u presjeku narancaste boje 5- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude izradene rucno, ravnog ruba, glatke, pomalo porozne povrsine, ukrasen plasticnom trakom, iznutra okercrvene, u presjeku i izvana crvenosmede boje. 6- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude s dugmetastom aplikacijom, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra crvenosive, u presjeku crvene boje 7- Ulomak posude glatke povrsine s apliciranom plasticnom trakom, iznutra smede, izvana sive, u presjeku oker boje. 8- Ulomak prostorucno radenog lonca s plasticnom trakom, ukrasenom udubljivanjem, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra tamno smede do tamno sive, u presjeku crvene boje Slucajni nalaz 9- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude, ukrasene jezicastom aplikacijom, glatke povrsine, izvana narancaste, iznutra oker, u presjeku smede boje 10- Ulomak donjeg dijela prostorucno radene zdjele, glina s primjesama sitnog pijeska, glatke povrsine, oker boje. Slucajni nalaz. 11- Ulomak trakaste rucke zadebljanih krajeva, glatke povrsine, izvana svijetlo smede, u vanjskom dijelu presjeka narancaste, a u unutarnjem sivosmede boje. TABLA 12 - Vodosprema - Slucajni nalazi 1- Ulomak gornjeg dijela zdjele prostorucne izrade, ravnog ruba, izvana i iznutra crvenosmede, u presjeku sive boje, glatke povrsine. 2- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude glatke povrsine ravnog ruba, s potkovastim naljepkom, izvana oker, iznutra i u presjeku erne boje 3- Ulomak zdjele lagano uvueenog ruba, izradene prostorucno, glatke povrsine, s potkovastim naljepkom, finije fakture, crvene boje. 4- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene posude izvueenog zadebljanog ruba, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra sivosmede, u presjeku crvene boje 5- Ulomak prostorucno radene zdjele, ravnog ruba zadebljanog prema van, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, ukrasena urezivanjem, izvana i iznutra sivosmede, u presjeku crvene boje.

TABLE 11 - I, J - Chance finds 1- A fragment of the upper part of a vessel or of the lower part of a portable hearth, coarse texture, visible traces of organic substances, orange colour. 2- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, even rim, partly polished surface, with a plastic ribbon decorated by impressing (probably a print of a fingertip with a nail), light brown inside, red outside, orange in cross-section. 3- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, with plastic ribbons decorated by impressing, orange colour. 4- A sherd of the upper part of a porous handmade vessel, even rim, decorated with a small tongue-like applique, smooth surface, orangebrown outside, ochre inside, orange in crosssection. 5- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, even rim, smooth and slightly porous surface, decorated with a plastic ribbon, ochrered inside, red-brown in cross-section and outside. 6- A sherd of a handmade vessel, with a buttonlike applique, partly polished surface, red-grey outside and inside, red in cross-section. 11-7- 5 - A sherd of a vessel, smooth surface, with a plastic ribbon, brown inside, grey outside, ochre in cross-section. 8- A sherd of a handmade pot with a plastic ribbon decorated by impressing, partly polished surface, dark brown to dark grey outside and inside, red in cross-section. A chance find. 9- A sherd of a handmade vessel, decorated with a tongue-like applique, smooth surface, orange outside, ochre inside, brown in crosssection. 10- A sherd of the lower part of a handmade vessel, clay with small sand temper, smooth surface, ochre colour. A chance find. 11- A sherd of a ribbon-like handle with thickened ends, smooth surface, light brown outside, orange in the outer part of the crosssection and grey-brown in the inner part. TABLE 12 - Water storage - Chance finds 1- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade bowl, even rim, red-brown inside and outside, grey in cross-section, smooth surface. 2- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, smooth surface and even rim, with a horseshoe applique, ochre outside, black inside and in cross-section. 3- A sherd of a handmade bowl, rim slightly bent inwards, smooth surface, with a horseshoe applique, fine texture, red colour. 4- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, everted thickened rim, partly polished surface, grey-brown inside and outside, red in cross-section. 5- A sherd of a handmade bowl, even rim thickened outwards, partly polished surface, with incised decoration, grey-brown inside and outside, red in cross-section. 6- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, polished surface, short narrowed neck, even rim, black

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6- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude, uglacane povrsine, kratkog suzenog vrata, ravnog ruba, izvana i iznutra erne boje, u presjeku smede boje vidljive primjese kamencica. 7- Ulomak gornjeg dijela posude, izrazito porozne povrsine, ruba zadebljanog prema van, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku sive boje, novovjekovno. 8- Ulomak zdjele uvueenog ruba, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku erne boje. 9- Ulomak lonca izvijenog zadebljanog oboda, prostorucno izradenog, glatke povrsine, iznutra i izvana narancaste, u presjeku sive boje. 10- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradenog lonca ravnog, lagano zadebljanog ruba, porozne povrsine, s potkovastim ukrasom, izvana smede, iznutra oker, u presjeku crvene boje. 11- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude izvueenog ruba, ukrasenog otiscima nokta, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra oker, u presjeku sive boje. 12- Ulomak gornjeg dijela zdjele glatke povrsine, ravnog, lagano prema van zadebljanog ruba, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku crvene boje. 13- Ulomak gornjeg dijela zdjele ukrasene bradavicastim ispupcenjem, ravnog ruba, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku crvene boje. 14- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude izvueenog zadebljanog ruba, glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra okersive, u presjeku erne boje. 15- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno izradene posude izvueenog ruba zadebljanog prema van, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra smedecrne, u presjeku crvene boje. 16- Ulomak gornjeg dijela prostorucno radene zdjele ravnog ruba, ukrasene apliciranim dugmetom, uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra erne, u presjeku crvene boje. 17- Ulomak ramena i vrata posude tankih stijenka ukrasene urezivanjem. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj strani boja varira od oker do smede, a u presjeku je tamnosive boje. 18- Ulomak posude ukrasene urezivanjem, izvana oker, iznutra i u presjeku erne boje. TABLA 13 - Vodosprema - Slucajni nalazi 1- Ulomak posude s jezicastom drskom, izvana okersmede, iznutra i u presjeku erne boje, glatke povrsine. 2- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude glatke povrsine s plasticnom trakom ukrasenom utiskivanjem, izvana i iznutra crvenosmede, u presjeku crvene boje. 3- Jezicasta drska s udubljenjem u sredini, glatke povrsine, oker boje. 4- Ulomak posude s pravokutnom drskom, uglacane povrsine, izvana oker do smede, iznutra tamno smede, u presjeku crvene boje. 5- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude s tunelastom ruckom, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra smede, u presjeku erne boje.

inside and outside, brown in cross-section, visible small stone temper. 7- A sherd of the upper part of a vessel, extremely porous surface, rim thickened outwards, brown inside and outside, grey in cross-section. Early modern age. 8- A bowl sherd, rim bent inwards, smooth surface, brown inside and outside, black in crosssection. 9- A sherd of a handmade pot, everted thickened rim, smooth surface, orange inside and outside, grey in cross-section. 10- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade pot, with even, slightly thickened rim, porous surface, with a horseshoe ornament, brown outside, ochre inside, red in cross-section. 11- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, everted rim decorated with finger-nail impressions, smooth surface, ochre outside and inside, grey in cross-section. 12- A sherd of the upper part of a bowl, smooth surface, even rim slightly thickened outwards, brown inside and outside, red in cross-section. 13- A sherd of the upper part of a bowl decorated with a nipple-shaped protrusion, even rim and smooth surface, brown inside and outside, red in cross-section. 14- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, everted thickened rim, smooth surface, ochre-grey inside and outside, black in crosssection. 15- A sherd of the upper part of a handmade vessel, everted rim thickened outwards, partly polished surface, brown-black inside and outside, red in cross-section. 16- Potsherd of the upper part of a handmade bowl, even rim, decorated with protruded button, polished surface, black inside and outside, red in cross-section. 17- A shoulder and neck sherd of a vessel with thin walls and incised decoration. Outside and inside colour ranges from ochre to brown, dark grey in cross-section. 18- A sherd of a vessel with incised decoration, ochre outside, black inside and in cross-section. TABLE 13 - Water storage - Chance finds 1- A sherd of a vessel with a tongue-shaped grip, ochre-brown outside, black inside and in cross-section, smooth surface. 2- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface with a plastic ribbon decorated with impressing, red-brown inside and outside, red in cross-section. 3- A tongue-shaped grip with a depression in the middle, smooth surface, ochre colour. 4- A sherd of a vessel with a rectangular grip, polished surface, ochre to brown outside, dark brown inside, red in cross-section. 5- A sherd of a handmade vessel with a tunnelshaped handle, partly polished surface, brown inside and outside, black in cross-section. 6- Potsherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, decorated with two plastic ribbons that make an L-shaped ornament, red colour.

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6- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude glatke povrsine ukrasene s dvjema plasticnim trakama u obliku slova L, crvene boje. 7- Horizontalna rucka grube povrsine s kanalom u sredini, vidljive primjese kamencica, nejednoliko pecena, boja varira od oker do narancaste; tragovi paljenja. 8- Ulomak rucke okruglog presjeka, porozne povrsine, smede, a u presjeku erne boje 9- Ulomak rucke ovalnog presjeka glatke povrsine, s primjesama kamencica, izvana crvene, u presjeku smede boje. Kanal vodospreme, slucajni nalaz. 10- Ulomak vertikalne trakaste rucke zadebljanih rubova, glatke i malo porozne povrsine, izvana okersmede, u presjeku erne boje. 11- Ulomak prostorucno radene posude glatke povrsine, s primjesama kamencica, ukrasene plasticnim, okomito postavljenim rebrima, svijetlo sive do narancaste boje. Kanal vodospreme, slucajni nalaz. 12- Rekonstruirana bikonicna posuda malih dimenzija, grube izrade, boja varira od crvene do tamno smede. Vodosprema, slucajni nalaz. TABLE 14 - Vodosprema - Slucajni nalazi 1- Piramidalan uteg, od neprociscene gline, narancastooker boje. 2- Ulomak prsljena, s primjesama kamencica, oker do narancaste boje. Kanal vodospreme, slucajni nalaz. 3- Rucka trokutastog presjeka, izvana oker do crvenkaste, u presjeku sivocrne boje. 4- Ulomak utega, izvana narancaste, u presjeku sive boje. 5- Ulomak donjeg dijela prijenosnog ognjista ukrasen dvjema paralelnim plasticnim trakama, grube povrsine s primjesama, narancaste boje. 6- Ulomak dna i stijenke prostorucno izradene zdjele glatke povrsine, izvana i iznutra okersmede, a u presjeku erne boje. 7- Ulomak dna zdjele izradene prostorucno, izvana crvene, iznutra crvenosmede, a u presjeku erne boje. 8- Ulomak dna i stijenke prostorucno izradene, djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra sivocrne, a u presjeku erne boje. 9- Ulomak donjeg dijela posude ukrasene metlicastim ukrasom, izvana sive, iznutra i u presjeku erne boje.

7- Horizontal handle of rough surface with a groove in the middle, visible small stone temper, unevenly fired, colour ranges from ochre to orange, traces of burning. 8- A handle sherd of round cross-section, porous surface, brown colour, black in crosssection. 9- A sherd of a handle of oval cross-section, smooth surface, with small stone temper, red outside, brown in cross-section. Water storage canal, a chance find. 10- A sherd of a vertical ribbon-like handle with thickened ends, smooth and slightly porous surface, ochre-brown outside, black in crosssection. 11- A sherd of a handmade vessel, smooth surface, with small stone temper, decorated with plastic vertical ribs, light grey to orange colour. Water storage canal, a chance find. 12- A reconstructed small biconical bowl, coarse texture, colour ranges from red to dark brown. Water storage, a chance find. TABLE 14 - Water storage - Chance finds 1- A pyramidal weight of unrefined clay, orangeochre colour. 2- A sherd of a spindle whorl, with small stone temper, ochre to orange colour. Water storage canal, a chance find. 3- A handle of triangular cross-section, ochre to red outside, grey-black in cross-section. 4- A weight fragment, orange outside, grey in cross-section. 5- A fragment of the lower part of a portable hearth decorated with two parallel plastic ribbons, rough surface with temper, orange colour. 6- A base and wall sherd of a handmade bowl with smooth surface, ochre-brown outside and inside, black in cross-section. 7- A base sherd of a handmade bowl, red outside, red-brown inside, black in cross-section. 8- A base and wall sherd of a handmade vessel, partly polished surface, grey-black inside and outside, black in cross-section. 9- A sherd of the lower part of a vessel decorated with a broom-shaped ornament, grey outside, black inside and in cross-section.

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11 10

Tabla 1. AA 1 / AA 2 / A 2. / Table 1. AA 1 / AA 2 / A 2..

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Tabla 2. C 1 . / Table 2. C 1 .

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241

11

I 1~

Tabla 3. G 1. / Table 3. G 1.

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<

- .- M

*I

Tabla 4. G 1/ H 1 / 1 1. / Table 4. G 1/ H 1 / I 1.

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Tabla 5. I 2. / Table 5. I 2.

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Tabla 6. I 2. / Table 6. I 2.

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245

~I

Tabla 7. I 2. / Table 7. I 2

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Tabla 8. I 2. / J 1 / J 2./Table 8. I 2 / J 1 / J 2.

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Tabla 9. J 2. / Table 9. J 2.

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248

10
Tabla 10. J 2. / Table 10. J 2.

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m Wh i 4V
.

3
|

* *'<

11

" I I

Tabla 11. I, J slucajni nalazi. / Table 11. I, J chance finds.

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16

//

17

Tabla 12. Slucajni nalazi s vodospreme. / Table 12. Chance finds from the water reservoir.

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Tabla 13. Slucajni nalazi s vodospreme. / Table 13. Chance finds from the water reservoir.

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Tabla 14. Slucajni nalazi s vodospreme. / Table 14. Chance finds from the water reservoir.

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OSTALA NALAZISTA NA TRASI I OKO NJE Istra

KAZUNI Josip Visnjic
Neizbjezan detalj istarskog ruralnog krajolika, osobito onoga juznog i zapadnog dijela poluotoka, jesu kazuni (tal. casite, casoni). To su kruzne, jednoprostorne gradevine nastale slaganjem kamena usuho, natkrivene pseudokupolama koje su takoder gradene bez veziva. Osim kazuna kruznog oblika koji su karakteristicni za juzni dio Istre, nalazimo i one cetvrtastog tlocrta s dvostresnim krovom uglavnom u sredisnjem i sjevernom dijelu poluotoka (DONATO 1996, 116). Najveca koncentracija kazuna zabiljezena je u okolici Vodnjana, Fazane, Peroja, Bala, Rovinja, Kanfanara, Svetvincenta, Zminja i Barbana. Manje ih je na sjeveru poluotoka, ali pojavljuju se sve do slovenskog dijela Istre i Trscanskog krasa, gdje se nazivaju hisice ili koce (ISTARSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 2005, 385). Na istocnom dijelu poluotoka izrazito su rijetki, tek ih nesto ima na sjeveroistoku izmedu Roca i Lupoglava (hizice). Gradevine slicnih karakteristika nalazimo na Sredozemlju, ali i sire. U nasoj zemlji slicne gradevine poznate su u Dalmaciji pod imenom bunje, trimi, poljarice ili cemeri i na otoku Cresu pod imenom kucice (JUVANEC 1995, 331; DONATO 1996, 116; DAKOVIC 1998, 91; ISTARSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 2005, 385). Njihova namjena bila je zastita od nevremena ili sunca, sluzili su i kao spremiste za alat, ali su seljacima sluzili i za prenociste u vrijeme sakupljanja Ijetine, kada je usjeve trebalo sacuvati od eventualnih krada, ili pri cuvanju stada na ispasi (DONATO 1996, 114). Nije poznato kad su se kazuni poceli graditi, a njihova gradnja prestala je poslije Drugog svjetskog rata. Podizani su uz suhozide, na njihovim spojevima, ugradeni u vece suhozide, ali i kao samostalne gradevine na polju. Sastoje se od dva glavna dijela: obodnih zidova, koji su obicno dosta debeli, i svodne konstrukcije. Zidovi su gradeni sa dva reda krupnijeg kamenja, a prostor izmedu njih popunjavan je sitnijim kamenom. Potom bi se pristupalo gradnji krova, odnosno pseudokupole, koja izvana ima stozast ili zvonast oblik. Kupola je takoder radena u dva sloja, prvi od grubljih skrila na koji se stavljao sloj sitnijeg kamena kako bi se popunile supljine izmedu skrila i drugi, raden od pravilnijih i laksih skrila koje su stabilizirale prvi sloj. Skrile su se nizale kruzno u prstenovima, gdje je svaki sljedeci red konzolno istican prema unutarnjem prostoru. Tako su prstenovi postupno suzavani, a na vrhu je ostajao otvor koji je prekrivan zavrsnom vecom plocom (JUVANEC 1995, 328; DONATO 1996, 128130).

OTHER SITES ON THE ROUTE AND AROUND IT Istria

KAZUNI Josip Visnjic
An inevitable detail of Istrian rural scenery, especially of the south and west part of the peninsula, are kazuni (kazun, pi. kazuni in Istria, tal. casite, casoni). These are circular, single-room buildings, built by stacking stones without binding them with mortar. They are roofed with a false cupola which is also built without the binding. Except the circular kazuni, characteristic for the south of Istria, we also found kazuni with the square ground plan and pitched roof, mostly in the central and north part of the peninsula (DONATO 1996, 116). The kazuni are mainly concentrated in the area of Vodnjan, Fazana, Peroj, Bale, Rovinj, Kanafar, Svetvincent, Zminj and Barban. In the north of peninsula, they are less numerous but they still can be seen all the way up to the Slovenian part of Istria and Trieste Kras where they are called hisice or koce (ISTARSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 2005, 385). In the eastern part of Istria they are rarely found, just in some places in the southeast, between Roc and Lupoglava (they are called hizice there). The buildings of similar characteristics are found in the Mediterranean, but also in the wider area as well. In Croatia, similar buildings are called bunje, trimi, poljarice or cemeri in Dalmatia and kucice on the island Cres (JUVANEC 1995, 331; DONATO 1996, 116; DAKOVIC 1998, 91; ISTARSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA 2005, 385). They were built as a shelter from the rough weather and sun or as a storeroom for tools, but the farmers also used it as lodging during harvest time, when crops had to be protected from possible stealing, or while they looked after their herds (DONATO 1996, 114). We do not know when the building of the kazuni started, but it finished after the Second World War. Kazuni are usually built next to the drystone walls or at their junctions, but they can also be incorporated in larger drystone walls or built as freestanding buildings in the field. They have two main parts: peripheral walls that are usually quite thick and a vault construction. The walls were built in two layers of bigger stones and the space between was filled with smaller stones. After that, the roof would be built - a false cupola, conical or bell shaped when looked from the outside. It was also built in two layers, the first one made of rough, thin flattish stones on which the layer of smaller stones was put in order to fill in the space between them. The second layer was built of more symmetrical and lighter flat stones that stabilized the first layer. These thin flattish stones were put circularly in rings, where every

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1. 8+750, Guran - Na krizu. (T1-1).

Svi kazuni imaju vrata, obicno siroka oko 60-ak cm i niza od covjeka, koja nikada nisu zatvarana vratnicama. Iznad ulaza se postavlja veci kameni blok u funkciji nadvratnika, a monolitni dovratnici rjede se pojavljuju, a za tu namjenu najcesce je upotrebljavano vece, djelomicno priklesano kamenje. Na nekim kazunima nalazimo manje prozorcice (spije), kroz koje se moglo nadgledati polje, nise (fonestrele) namijenjene odlaganju raznih predmeta i krupnije kamenje slozeno uza zidove namijenjeno sjedenju. Na pojedinim kazunima na njihovu vrhu nalazimo tzv. pincuk ili pimpignol, stozasti kamen koji je sluzio kao ukras i kao ucvrscivac zavrsne skrile (DONATO 1996, 131). Trasa plinovoda prolazi upravo onim dijelom Istre koji je najgusce prekriven kazunima, od polja u okolici Vodnjana prema Barbanu. Pojavljuju se od samog terminala Pula do blizine sela Glavani koje je smjesteno kod Barbana. Nakon toga prestaje podrucje njihove rasprostranjenosti. Na samoj trasi plinovoda nalazi se pet kazuna koji su bili izravno ugrozeni gradevinskim radovima; medutim, sacuvani su u istom stanju u kakvom su zateceni, dok je danak platila jedna nisa u suhozidu, koja se nije mogla zaobici. Jos jedna nisa slicnih karakteristika pronadena je nekoliko kilometara dalje, pa se prema nalazima s plinovoda moze zakljuciti da su na torn dijelu Istre prilicno ceste. U neposrednoj blizini trase zabiljezeno je jos deset kazuna. Vjerojatno uz trasu postoji i veci broj

next layer was pulled in towards the interior where it had a function of a corbel. In that way the rings are gradually getting narrower and on the top, an open end is covered with a final cap stone (JUVANEC 1995, 328; DONATO 1996, 128-130). All kazuni have a door, usually about 60 cm wide and shorter than the average person, which was never closed by doorframes. Above the entrance a bigger stone block was put, functioning as a lintel, while monolithic door-posts are rarely seen, and for that purpose, bigger, partly carved stone was used. On some kazuni, one can see smaller windows {spije), through which farmers could watch the field, then niche {fonestrele), used for storing different objects, and also bigger stones that were put next to the walls and were used for sitting. Sometimes on the top of the kazun, we can find, so called pincuk or pimpignol, a conical stone used as a decoration and fastening of the final cap stone (DONATO 1996, 131). The gas pipeline route passes exactly through the part of Istria that is the most densely covered with kazuni, from the fields near Vodnjan towards Barban. They can be seen from the Pula terminal to the vicinity of the village Glavani, near Barban. The area where they are widespread ends there. On the gas pipeline route there are five kazuni that were directly at risk because of the construction works. However, they were preserved intact, but this was not the case with a dry-wall niche that could not have been avoided. Another niche of similar characteristics was found several kilometres away, so on the basis of finds from the gas pipeline we can draw the conclusion that the niches are quite numerous in this part of Istrian peninsula. Near the route, ten more kazuni were noticed. Probably, there are some more next to the route, but due to the dense plant cover it is difficult to notice them. During the planning and realisation of the construction works, supervising archaeologists tried to preserve all kazuni, regardless of their position inside the pipeline work zone (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d). Kazuni on the route 8+750 - GURAN - NA KRIZU (T.1-1) A kazun that originally was not on the route, found itself there when in its close vicinity the remains of the early medieval church of St Severin were discovered. The route had to be redirected, and the easiest way to do so was directing it between the churchs remains and the kazun. The route on that place needed to be narrowed and it made the construction work more difficult, but saved both cultural goods from devastation. The kazun itself was one of the indicators that helped in finding the nearby archaeological site. Spoliae from the older buildings were built in the structure of the kazuns walls. A carved stone block, of dimensions 96 x 65 x 14 cm with the symmetric rectangular hole, of dimensions 23 x 22 cm, was used as a lintel. It was probably a part of the groove, used for fixing the pluteum in the nearby church or a wine or olive press from the

2. Spolija iskoristena kao nadvratnik na kazunu 8+750, Guran - Na krizu. Spolija used as a lintel at the kazun 8+750, Guran - Na Krizu.

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kazuna, no zbog gustog raslinja tesko ih je uociti. Prilikom planiranja i provodenja gradevinskih radova, arheolozi u nadzoru trudili su se sacuvati sve kazune, neovisno o njihovom polozaju unutar radnog pojasa (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d). Kazuni na trasi 8+750 - GURAN - NA KRIZU (T.M) Kazun koji se u primarnom planu nije nalazio na trasi, nasao se na njoj kada su u njegovoj neposrednoj blizini pronadeni ostaci ranosrednjovjekovne crkve sv. Severina. Trasa je morala biti izmijenjena, a zbog najjednostavnije izvedbe odluceno je da se usmjeri izmedu ostataka crkve i kazuna. Trasa je na torn dijelu morala biti suzena, sto je otezalo izvedbu gradevinskih radova ali i spasilo oba kulturna dobra od unistavanja. Sam kazun bio je i jedan od indikatora pronalaska arheoloskog lokaliteta u njegovoj blizini. Naime, u strukturi njegovih zidova ugradene su spolije preuzete sa starijih gradevina. Za nadvratnik je iskoristen obradeni kameni blok velicine 96 x 65 x 14 cm, koji na sebi ima probijenu pravilnu cetverokutnu rupu velicine 23 x 22 cm. Najvjerojatnije je rijec o dijelu utora namijenjenog fiksiranju pluteja u obliznjoj crkvi ili antickog tijeska za masline ili grozde. K tome, pronadeno je jos nekoliko obradenih kamenih ulomaka medu kojima jedan najvjerojatnije pripada pragu. Ulaz je orijentiran u smjeru jugoistoka. Pripada tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole, samostojecih na polju.1 Unutarnji promjer: 180 cm Unutarnja visina: 195 cm Visina do krova: 125 cm Debljina zida: 75 cm Sirina vrata: 60 cm Visina vrata: 110 cm 13+150 - U BLIZINI SELA DIVSICI Kazun koji je bio djelomicno urusen i prije izlaska mehanizacije na teren primjer je primitivnijeg oblika gradnje tog tipa sklonista kod kojeg nije naglasena razlika u konstrukciji zida i svoda, odnosno kod kojih se cijeli korpus gradi odjednom. Njegovom rusticnom izgledu pridonosi kako sam nacin zidanja, koji ostavlja dojam pomalo neuredno i nemarno gradenog objekta, tako i njegove nesto manje dimenzije. Slicne oblike nalazimo na podrucju izmedu Roca i Lupoglava, Vizinade i Visnjana, te Trscanskog krasa (DONATO 1996, 116 - 117). Kazun je dosta unisten tako da se ne moze dobiti njegov potpuni tlocrt, te izgled i dimenzije vrata. Takoder pripada tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole, samostojecih na polju. Unutarnji promjer: 60 cm Unutarnja visina: 145 cm Visina do krova: Debljina zida: 55 cm Sirina vrata: Visina vrata: 13+500 - U BLIZINI SELA DIVSICI (T.1-11)

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3. 13+150, Divsici.

4. 13+500, Divsici. (T1-11).

Roman period. Apart from that, several carved stone fragments were also found, one of them probably belonging to the door-step. The entrance is oriented southeast. It belongs to type of kazun with the circular ground-plan with the cupolated roof, free standing in the field.1 Interior diameter: 180 cm Interior height: 195 cm Height up to the roof: 125 cm Wall thickness: 75 cm Door width: 60 cm Door height: 110 cm 13+150 - IN THE VICINITY OF THE VILLAGE DIVSICI The kazun that was partly caved in even before bringing the mechanization to the site, is an example of a more primitive construction of this type of a shelter, where difference in the construction of wall and vault is not visible, the whole edifice being built at one time. Both, the way of construction that leaves the impression of a carelessly and inattentively built object and its somewhat smaller dimensions contribute to its rustic appearance. Similar shape can be found in the area between Roc and Lupoglava, Vizinada

Tipologija kazuna preuzeta je iz: C. Donato, L. Lago, T. Vergerio: Tipologija i oblik istarskih kazuna, u Kazuni, Pula, 1996, 375 - 388. Typology of kazuni was taken from: C. Donato, L Lago, T. Vergerio: Tipologija i oblik istarskih Kazuna, in Kazuni, Pula, 1996, 375-388.

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and Visnjan and the Trieste karst (DONATO 1996, 116,117). The kazun was quite demolished so we cannot get its complete ground-plan and the door dimensions. It also belongs to the type with the circular ground-plan with the cupolated roof, free standing in the field. Interior diameter: 60 cm Interior height: 145 cm Height up to the roof: Wall thickness: 55 cm Door width: Door height:
5. 15+150, Sundrava vala. (T.1-2).

13+500 - IN THE VICINITY OF THE VILLAGE DIVSICI (T.1-11) An interesting example found on this kilometre Zanimljiv primjer pronaden na ovoj stacionazi marker, as it seems regarding the situation found jest to, kako se cini prema situaciji zatecenoj na at the site, used the walls of an older rectangular terenu, sto su iskoristeni zidovi starije pravokutne building that was also built in dry stone wall gradevine koja je takoder bila izgradena u suho- technique. The kazun took the parts of the east zidnoj tehnici. Naime, kazun je preuzeo dijelove and north wall of the rectangular building and the istocnog i sjevernog zida pravokutne gradevine a space between these two walls was closed by a prostor izmedu njih je zatvoren oblom linijom zida rounded wall in which there was an entrance facing na kojem se nalazi i ulaz okrenut prema jugozapadu. south-west. Tragovi temelja starije gradevine koji su se jos The foundation traces of the older building mogli prepoznati na terenu govore nam da je bila have been recognized at the site and they suggest duga 5 i siroka 2 m, a polozaj ulaza nije sacuvan. U that it was 5 m long and 2 m wide, whereas the unutrasnjosti kazuna nalazimo kamene klupice uz position of the entrance was not preserved. Inside obodne zidove. Istocni zid kazuna uklopljen je u the kazun, there are stone benches next to the suhozid koji se nastavlja u pravcu juga i sjevera. peripheral walls. The east wall was incorporated in the dry stone wall, which continues towards Ubraja se u kategoriju kazuna nepravilnog the south and north. tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole koji su It belongs to the type with the irregular groundpovezani sa suhozidom. plan and the cupolated roof, linked with the dry Unutarnje dimenzije: I - Z max. - 150 cm; S - J stone wall. Interior diameter: E-W maximum 150 cm, N-S max. - 200 cm maximum 200 cm Unutarnja visina: 205 cm Interior height: 205 cm Visina do krova: 130 cm Debljina zida: 70 - 80 cm Height up to the roof: 130 cm Sirina vrata: 95 cm Wall thickness: 70-80 cm Visina vrata: 55 cm Door width: 95 cm Door height: 55 cm 15+150 - U BLIZINI POLOZAJA SUNDRAVA 15+150 - IN THE VICINITY OF THE SUNDRAVA VALA (T.1-2) VALA SITE (T.1-2) Kazun koji se nalazi na torn polozaju sacuvan je gotovo potpuno, osim dijela skrila drugog sloja, The kazun situated at this site is almost tako da se vidi struktura krova, odnosno sloj completely preserved, except for the part of the thin flattish stones from the second layer, which exposes the structure of the roof, namely a layer of smaller stones that was filling the holes of the first layer. The entrance is facing southwest. It belongs to the type of kazun with the circular ground-plan and the cupolated roof, free standing in the field. Interior diameter: 145 cm Interior height: 185 cm Height up to the roof: 120 cm Wall thickness: 60 cm Door width: 60 cm Door height: 100 cm 15+900 - IN THE VICINITY OFTHE GOLI VRH SITE (T.1-3) The kazun situated in the middle of the route

6. 15+900, Goli vrh. (T.1-3).

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sitnijeg kamena koji je popunjavao supljine prvog sloja skrila. Ulaz mu je okrenut prema jugozapadu. Pripada tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole, samostojecih na polju. Unutarnji promjer: 145 cm Unutarnja visina: 185 cm Visina do krova: 120 cm Debljina zida: 60 cm Sirina vrata: 60 cm Visina vrata: 100 cm 15+900 - U BLIZINI POLOZAJA GOLI VRH

259

(T.13)
Kazun koji se nalazi na sredini trase imao je vec i prije gradevinskih radova urusen krov. Njegova karakteristika su izrazito debeli zidovi u odnosu na ostale primjere pronadene na trasi i uz trasu. Graden je od sitnijeg, nepravilnog kamenja, a vrata su mu okrenuta prema jugozapadu. Pripada tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta, samostoje cih na polju. Unutarnji promjer: 145 cm Unutarnja visina: Visina do krova: 120 cm Debljina zida: 105 cm Sirina vrata: 80 cm Visina vrata: 110 cm 14+400 - U BLIZINI POLOZAJA LOVRICA VOGRDA (T.1-12) U ovom pregledu treba spomenuti i nisu u suhozidu koja se nalazila na torn mjestu ali je zbog prakticnih potreba prilikom gradevinskih radova morala biti uklonjena. Bila je uklopljena u suhozid koji je imao sirinu od 120 cm, a njezina cijela konstrukcija imala je visinu od 145 cm. Sama nisa imala je maksimalnu visinu od 85 cm, maksimalnu sirinu od 80 cm i dubinu od 50 cm. Namjena takvih nisa u suhozidovima zasigurno nije bila zaklon za ljude nego spremanje i odlaganje stvari prilikom radova u polju. KAZUNI UZ TRASU 8+000 - U BLIZINI POLOZAJA KORNEDE
7. 14+400, Lovrica vogrda. (T.1-12).

had a caved in roof before the construction works. Its characteristics are very thick walls when compared with the others found on the route and along it. It was built of smaller, irregular stones, and the door is facing south-west. It belongs to the type of kazun with the circular ground-plan with the cupolated roof, free standing in the field. Interior diameter: 145 cm Interior height: Height up to the roof: 120 cm Wall thickness: 105 cm Door width: 80 cm Door height: 110 cm 14+400 - IN THE VICINITY OF THE LOVRICA VOGRDA (T.1-12) In this overview we should mention a niche in a dry stone wall found here, which had to be removed during construction work, due to practical reasons. It was incorporated in the dry stone wall that was 120 cm wide, and its whole construction was 145 cm high. The niche itself had maximum height of 85 cm, maximum width of 80 cm and it was 50 cm deep. These niches were not meant to be a shelter for people but for storing and leaving the tools during the field works. KAZUNI ALONG THE ROUTE 8+000 - IN THE VICINITY OF THE KORENDE SITE (T.1-5) It is found 30 m west of the route. According to the original plans it was on the route, but it was avoided in further changes. One more kazun with spolia that was probably taken from some nearby Roman locality. The spolia is a part of a press, of dimensions 113 x 27 x 54 cm, with a symmetrical rectangular hollowed recess on it, of dimensions 28 x 41cm, which was bigger before as well as the whole stone block was, but they were found damaged. The spolia was used as a lintel. The kazun is situated on a slope and the constructor had to adjust his work to the terrain so the height of the back outside wall up to the roof construction is just 35 cm (inside - 95cm), whereas on the front side, facing west, it is 170 cm. A big part of the vault is caved in and opposite the entrance there

(T.1-5)
Nalazi se oko 30 m zapadno od trase. Prema prvotnim planovima nalazio se na samoj trasi, no kasnijim izmjenama je zaobiden. Jos jedan kazun na kome nalazimo spoliju preuzetu najvjerojatnije s nekog antickog lokaliteta u okolici. Rijec je o dijelu tijeska velicine 113 x 27 x 54 cm, a na sebi ima izdubljenu pravilnu cetverokutnu udubinu velicine 28 x 41 cm, koja je nekada bila veca, kao i cijeli kameni blok ali su do nas stigli osteceni. Spolija je upotrijebljena kao nadvratnik. Kako je smjesten na padini, graditelj se morao prilagodavati terenu tako da visina zida do krovne konstrukcije s vanjske strane na zacelju iznosi samo 35 cm (u unutrasnjosti 95 cm), a na prednjoj strani, okrenutoj zapadu iznosi 170 cm. Veliki dio svoda kazuna je urusen, a nasuprot ulazu u zidu nalazi se nisa. Pripada tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole, samostojecih na polju. Unutarnji promjer: 200 cm Unutarnja visina:

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is a niche in the wall. It belongs to the type of kazun with the circular ground plan with the cupolated roof, free standing in the field. Interior diameter: 200 cm Interior height: Height up to the roof: 170 cm Wall thickness: 80 cm Door width: 65 cm Door height: 120 cm 8+800 - BURAN The kazun is situated 40 m east of the route and it is totally covered with bush, which made any detailed examining impossible. However, it can be seen that this kazun has an irregular shape (a combination of rectangular and round forms) and belongs to the type with irregular ground plan and the cupolated roof, free standing in the field. 8+850 - BURAN It is situated 50 m west of the route and it is also completely covered with bush, which made any detailed examining impossible. The ceiling is partly caved in. 9+100 - BURAN It is situated east of the route, in its vicinity. The kazun is mostly destroyed, but it still has a part of the wall and vault construction. It is the type of kazun with the circular ground-plan at the junction of two dry stone walls. 9+170 - BURAN (T.1-4) The kazun is 50 m west of the route, built in a bigger dry stone wall and completely preserved. The door is turned south-west, and inside, next to the peripheral wall, there is a bench, about 20 cm wide and of the same height. It belongs to the type of kazun with the circular ground plan and the cupolated roof built in a wide dry stone wall. Interior diameter: 150 cm Interior height: 110 cm Height up to the roof: 75 cm Wall thickness: 60 cm Door width: 60 cm Door height: 70 cm 9+200 - BURAN One more kazun, caved in and covered with plants, which is not examined in details. It is situated east of the route in its close vicinity. Only lower parts of the wall are preserved so we can only draw a conclusion that it is the type of kazun with the circular ground-plan, free standing in the field. 10+100 - IN THE VICINITY OF THE SOLINE SITE

8. 8+000, Kornede. (T.1-5).

9. Spolija iskoristena kao nadvratnik na kazunu 8+000, Kornede. Spolija used as a lintel at the kazun 8+000, Kornede.

Visina do krova: Debljina zida: Sirina vrata: Visina vrata:

170 cm (max.) 80 cm 65 cm 120 cm

8+800 - BURAN Kazun se nalazi oko 40 m istocno od trase i potpuno je zarastao u grmlje, sto je onemogucilo njegov detaljniji pregled. Prema onome sto se moze vidjeti, kazun ima nepravilan oblik (kombinacija pravokutnih i oblih formi) i pripada tipu kazuna nepravilnog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole, samostojecih na polju. 8+850 - BURAN Nalazi se oko 50 m zapadno od trase i takoder je potpuno zarastao u grmlje, sto je onemogucilo njegov detaljniji pregled. Strop mu je djelomicno urusen. Moze se zakljuciti da je rijec o tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole, samostojecih na polju. 9+100 - BURAN Nalazi se istocno od trase u njezinoj neposrednoj blizini. Kazun je vecim dijelom unisten ali je sacuvan dio konstrukcije zidova i svoda. I on je zarastao te zbog toga nije detaljnije pregledan. Radi se o tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta smjestenog na spoju dvaju suhozida. 9+170 - BURAN (T.1-4) Kazun se nalazi oko 50 m zapadno od trase,

(T.1-6)
The kazun is situated about 40 m east of the route. Opposite the door facing south-west, there is a niche in the wall, whereas left and right of the door, one can see two small windows {spije), opposite one another. On the top of the roof there is a cap stone {pincuk, pimpignol).

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ugraden je u veci suhozid i potpuno je sacuvan. Vrata su mu okrenuta prema jugozapadu, a u unutrasnjosti uz obodni zid nalazi se klupica sirine 20-ak cm i jednake visine. Pripada kategoriji kazuna kruznog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole koji su ugradeni u siroki suhozid. Unutarnji promjer: 150 cm Unutarnja visina: 110 cm Visina do krova: 75 cm Debljina zida: 60 cm Sirina vrata: 60 cm Visina vrata: 70 cm 9+200 - BURAN Jos jedan uruseni i zarastao kazun koji nije detaljnije pregledan. Nalazi se istocno od trase u njenoj neposrednoj blizini. Sacuvani su tek donji dijelovi zidova pa prema tome jedino mozemo zakljuciti da je rijec o tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta, samostojeceg na polju. 10+100 - U BLIZINI POLOZAJA SOLINE

261

10. 10+100, Soline. (T.1-6).

(T.1-6)
Kazun se nalazi oko 40 m istocno od trase. Nasuprot vratima, koja su okrenuta prema jugozapadu, nalazi se nisa u zidu, a lijevo i desno od vrata, jedan nasuprot drugome, nalaze se dva mala prozorcica (spije). Na vrhu krova nalazi se pincuk (pimpignol). Rijec je o tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole, samostojecih na polju. Unutarnji promjer: 190 cm Unutarnja visina: 195 cm Visina do krova: 125 cm Debljina zida: 75 cm Sirina vrata: 60 cm Visina vrata: 100 cm 10+300 - U BLIZINI POLOZAJA SOLINE

It belongs to the type of kazun with the circular ground-plan and the cupolated roof, free standing in the field. Interior diameter: 190 cm Interior height: 195 cm Height up to the wall: 125 cm Wall thickness: 75 cm Door width: 60 cm Door height: 100 cm 10+300 - IN THE VICINITY OF THE SOLINE SITE

(T.1-8)
The kazun is very similar to the previously described one. It is situated about 20 m west of the route. On the right side of the entrance, again there is a niche in the wall, and on the left side there is a little window [spija). On the top of the roof there is a cap stone (pincuk). The characteristic that makes it different from all other kazuni found on the route, is the use of monolithic door-posts. The nearness and the resemblance in building of these kazuni suggest the possibility they were all built by the same person. It belongs to the type the kazun with the circular ground-plan and the cupolated roof, free standing in the field Interior diameter: 195 cm Interior height: 205 cm Height up to the wall 110 cm Wall thickness: 80 cm Door width: 60 cm

(T.1-8)
Kazun koji po mnogocemu nalikuje na prethodno opisani primjer. Nalazi se oko 20 m zapadno od trase. S desne strane ulaza, koji je okrenut na jug, ponovno nalazimo nisu u zidu, a s lijeve strane prozorcic (spiju). Na vrhu krova nalazi se pincuk. Ono sto ga razlikuje od svih ostalih kazuna pronadenih na trasi jest uporaba monolitnih dovratnika. Blizina i slicnosti u nacinu gradnje tih kazuna dopustaju pretpostavku da su izradeni rukom istog majstora. Rijec je o tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole, samostojecih na polju. Unutarnji promjer: 195 cm Unutarnja visina: 205 cm Visina do krova: 110 cm Debljina zida: 80 cm Sirina vrata: 60 cm Visina vrata: 95 cm 12+250 - U BLIZINI POLOZAJA RAMPICA LOKVE (T.1-9) Kazun se nalazi istocno od trase u njezinoj neposrednoj blizini. Posve je sacuvan, a uklopljen je u suhozid.

11. 10+300, Soline. (T.1-8).

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262

Door height:

95 cm

12. 12+250, Rampica lokva. (T.1-9).

12+250 - IN THE VICINITY OF THE RAMPICA LOKVE SITE (T.1-9) The kazun is situated east of the route in its close vicinity. It is completely preserved, incorporated in a dry stone wall. It belongs to the type of kazun with the circular ground-plan and the cupolated roof, incorporated in the wide dry stone wall. Interior diameter: 135 cm Interior height: 195 cm Height up to the wall: 115 cm Wall thickness: 65 cm Door width: 60 cm Door height: 85 cm Ubraja se u kategoriju kazuna kruznog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole koji su ugradeni u siroki suhozid. Unutarnji promjer: 135 cm Unutarnja visina: 195 cm Visina do krova: 115 cm Debljina zida: 65 cm Sirina vrata: 60 cm Visina vrata: 85 cm 14+050 - U BLIZINI SELA FILIPANA (T.1-7) Kazun se nalazi desetak metara zapadno od trase. Desno od ulaza koji je okrenut prema zapadu nalazimo jednu nisu, a s lijeve strane dvije nise u zidu. Svojom visinom taj kazun znatno se razlikuje od ostalih pronadenih na trasi. Njegovi zidovi sire se od dna prema vrhu pa je mozda hrpa kamena nabacana oko njegovih zidova namijenjena njihovoj stabilizaciji. Rijec je o tipu kazuna kruznog tlocrta s krovom u obliku pseudokupole, samostojecih na polju. Unutarnji promjer: 200 cm Unutarnja visina: 270 cm Visina do krova: 140 cm Debljina zida: 65 cm Sirina vrata: 65 cm Visina vrata: 105 cm 15+850 - U BLIZINI POLOZAJA GOLI VRH 14+050 - IN THE VICINITY OF THE VILLAGE FILIPANA (T.1-7) The kazun is situated about 10 m west of the route. Right of the entrance facing west there is one niche, and on the left side there are two niches in the wall. This kazun is very different from the others because of its height. Its walls are spreading from the bottom to the top so the pile of stones scattered around its walls might have been used for their stabilisation. It belongs to the type of kazun with the circular ground plan and the cupolated roof, free standing in the field Interior diameter: 200 cm Interior height: 270 cm Height up to the wall: 140 cm Wall thickness: 65cm Door height: 105 cm 15+850 - THE VICINITY OF THE GOLI VRH SITE

(T.1-10)
At about 30 m west of the route there is a semicircle niche built at the junction of two dry stone walls. It is 110 cm high, 80 cm wide and 65 cm deep, facing west. Conclusion Most of the kazuni found during the con struction of the gas pipeline belong to the type of free standing kazuni, not connected with the dry stone walls. The entrances are mostly facing south west, this being connected with their function as shelters from rough weather and cold winds. From the archaeological point of view, which is especially interesting for us who are engaged in this scientific field, kazuni with their details may indicate the existence of some archaeological sites in their vicinity. As we have shown in two examples presented in this work, in order to make the job easier every constructor will use quality construction material if there is some nearby. Since the big lintel stone blocks were used as spoliae they could not have been brought there from some remote places because they were very heavy. The kazun on the kilometre marker 8+750 indicated the existence of the archaeological site Guran - Na krizu with the early medieval church of St Severin and a possible Roman locality.

(T.1-10)
Na oko 30 m zapadno od trase nalazi se

13. 14+050, Filipana. (T.1-7).

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polukruzna nisa, ugradena na spoju dva suhozida. Njezina visina iznosi 110 cm, sirina 80 cm, a dubina 65 cm. Okrenuta je u smjeru zapada. Zakljucak Vecina kazuna pronadenih prilikom izgradnje plinovoda pripada tipu samostojecih kazuna koji nisu vezani uz suhozide. Ulazi su najcesce usmjereni prema jugozapadu, sto je dakako u svezi sa zastitom od vremenskih nepogoda, odnosno hladnih vjetrova. Kazuni svojim detaljima mogu upucivati na postojanje arheoloskih lokaliteta u njihovoj blizini. Kako smo vidjeli i na dva primjera prikazana u ovom radu, svaki je graditelj, kako bi si olaksao posao, iskoristio kvalitetan gradevinski materijal ako je bio u blizini gradilista. Naravno, kako su u kazunima kao spolije koristeni veliki kameni blokovi za nadvratnike, oni se zbog svoje tezine nisu dovlacili s udaljenijih polozaja. Kazun koji se nalazi na stacionazi 8+750 naputio je na postojanje arheoloskog lokaliteta Guran - Na krizu s ranosrednjovjekovnom crkvom sv. Severina i potencijalnim antickim lokalitetom. Kazun koji se nalazi na stacionazi 8+000 upucuje na potencijalno anticko nalaziste, sto potvrduje i veca kolicina antickoga gradevinskog materijala pronadena malo juznije (Kornede). Kako su kazuni nepotrebni za koristenje u danasnjem vremenu, znace kategoriju narodnoga graditeljstva koja ubrzano propada a svaki sacuvani primjer pravo je bogatstvo koje se prenosi u nasljede generacijama koje dolaze poslije nas. Tako je i ovih pet spasenih kazuna koji su bili direktno ugrozeni gradevinskim radovima, nuznim za izgradnju magistralnog plinovoda, doprinos tome. Kako svijest o potrebi njihova ocuvanja postaje sve jaca, cini se da ih ipak ceka malo svjetlija buducnost. Katalog: 1 - Shematizirani tlocrt kazuna na stacionazi 8+750. 2 - Shematizirani tlocrt kazuna na stacionazi 15+150. 3 - Shematizirani tlocrt kazuna na stacionazi 15+900. 4 - Shematizirani tlocrt kazuna na stacionazi 9+170. 5 - Shematizirani tlocrt kazuna na stacionazi 8+000. 6 - Shematizirani tlocrt kazuna na stacionazi 10+100. 7 - Shematizirani tlocrt kazuna na stacionazi 14+050. 8 - Shematizirani tlocrt kazuna na stacionazi 10+300. 9 - Shematizirani tlocrt kazuna na stacionazi 12+250. 10 - Shematizirani tlocrt nise u suhozidu na stacionazi 15+850. 11 - Shematizirani tlocrt kazuna na stacionazi 13+500. 12 - Shematizirani tlocrt unistene nise u suhozidu na stacionazi 14+400

263

14. 15+850, Goli vrh. (T.1-10).

The kazun on the kilometre marker 8+000 suggests a possible site from the Roman period, which has been also confirmed by a larger quantity of the construction material found somewhat more to the south (Kornede). Kazuni, due to the lack of need for their use, belong to the category of traditional architecture that has been rapidly decreasing. That is why each preserved example is a piece of national wealth, left as an inheritance to the future generations. These five saved kazuni, which were directly at risk because of the construction works necessary for the building of motorway gas pipeline, are also a contribution to this idea. As the awareness of the necessity for their preserving becomes higher, they might after all expect a brighter future. Catalogue: 1 - Schematized ground plan of the kazun on the kilometre marker 8+750. 2 - Schematized ground plan of the kazun on the kilometre marker 15+150. 3 - Schematized ground plan of the kazun on the kilometre marker 15+900. 4 - Schematized ground plan of the kazun on the kilometre marker 9+170. 5 - Schematized ground plan of the kazun on the kilometre marker 8+000. 6 - Schematized ground plan of the kazun on the kilometre marker 10+100. 7 - Schematized ground plan of the kazun on the kilometre marker 14+050. 8 - Schematized ground plan of the kazun on the kilometre marker 10+300. 9 - Schematized ground plan of the kazun on the kilometre marker 12+250 10. Schematized ground plan of the niche in the dry stonewall on the kilometre marker 15+850. 11 - Schematized ground plan of the kazun on the kilometre marker 13+500. 12 - Schematized ground plan of the devastated niche in the dry stone wall on the kilometre marker 14+400.

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264

10

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12 11
T.1. Kazuni.

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GALIZANA - KORNEDE 7+450, 7+750 Ivana Harasa, Luka Bekic

Prilikom pregleda trase magistralnog plinovoda Pula - Karlovac u jesen 2005.g. na stacionazi oko 7+450, oko 2 km sjeverno od Galizane na polozaju Kornede, uoceni su moguci ostaci rimskih gradevina. Uz vecu kolicinu rimskih krovnih opeka u okolnim gromacama, medu kojima su neke bile prilicno obrasle, naslucivalo se i postojanje zidova (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006b). Lokalitet se nalazi na trasi dalekovoda blizu dalekovodnog stupa broj 68, oko 100 m sjeverno od trase plinovoda. Prolaskom trase plinovoda uz Kornede na tome polozaju pronasli smo desetak atipicnih ulomaka keramike, koji bi se prema nacinu izrade mogli pripisati ranijem rimskom dobu. Osim tih nalaza, nije zabiljezeno ostecenje nepokretnih nalaza, pa mozemo zakljuciti da je vila ostala sacuvana za buduca iskopavanja u cijelosti. Toponim Galizana ubraja se u skupinu predijalnih toponima, nastalih iz antickog onomastickog fonda pomocu pridjevskog sufiksa -an, -ana. Takvi toponimi upucuju na kontinuitet naseljenosti i nazivlja (MATIJASIC 1988,72-74; 1998, 456). R. Matijasic smatra da su nastali kao pridjevski oblik imena vlasnika zemljista radi identifikacije posjeda u vriieme ucvrscivania pravnih odnosa te da ie njihova gustoca u pulskom ageru jedan od elemenata za upoznavanje karaktera i gustoce naseljenosti (MATIJASIC 1986, 95). Brojnost nalaza ruralnog karaktera s podrucja Galizane dokazuje nam da je to podrucje u rimsko doba bilo vrlo gusto naseljeno te da su tu postojala broina proizvodna aospodarstva rimske villae rusticae Oko 500 m sjeverno od sredista Galizane jos pocetkom 20. stoljeca otkriveni su ostaci anticke gospodarske zgrade s postamentima prese. Juzno od Galizane ubicirano je postojanje vise lokaliteta anticke ruralne arhitekture na polozajima: Demori Val Sudiaa Sv Petar i Stanciia Petric (MATIJASIC 1988 39 80)' Oko 550 m sjeverno od Korneda prilikom obilaska kazuna na trasi plinovoda na stacionazi oko 8+000 dokumentirana ie anticka'spoliia uqradena kao nadvratnik kazuna Najvjerojatnije je rijec o podlosku nosaca grede tiieska za ulie ili vino (laDides Dedicini) koii ie prenesen s jednog od ruralnih antickih objekata iz blize okolice i tu sekundarno ugraden. Dakle upravo oustocu naseljenosti u rimsko doba na torn podrucju mozemo smatrati razlogom Drezivliavania orediialnoa toDonima Galizana koii i danas upucuje na moquce postojanje jos dosad neotkrivenih antickih gospodarskih objekata. ' U blizini ove rimske vile krilo se jos jedno nalaziste. Prilikom arheoloskog nadzora gradevinskih radova na buducem terminalu na stacionazi 7+750 pronasli smo ostatke manje prapoviiesne qradine Iz qradevinskoq iskopa prikupljeni su broini ulomci prapovijesnih posuda a prepoznati su i ostaci kruznog suhozidnog bedema Zastitno

GALIZANA - KORNEDE 7+450, 7+750 Ivana Harasa, Luka Bekic

During the examination of the route on the motorway gas pipeline Pula-Karlovac, in autumn 2005, on the kilometre marker 7+450, about 2 km north of Galizana, at the Kornede site, possible remains of the buildings from the Roman period were noticed. Apart from a larger quantity of roof bricks in the nearbv drv stone walls some of them being quite overgrown there were some indications of walls (CIMIN HARASA BEKIC 2006b). The locality is on the route of an overhead transmission line near the transmission line number 68, about 100 m north of the gas pipeline route. Due to the passing of the gas pipeline route alono the Korende we found about ten tvpical ceramic sherds at this site which by the way they were manufactured could be attributed to the early Roman period Except these finds we have not noted any damaging of the features so we can conclude that the whole villa remained preserved for the future excavations. The toponym Galizana belongs to the group of predial toDonvms formed from the Roman onomastic fund and'formed by the adjectival suffix -an -ana These toDonvms suoqest the continuitv of human presence and terminology (MATIJASIC 1988 72-74-1998 456) R Matiiasic thinks thev are formed as an adjectival form of the landowners name for the easier identification of the property in the time of reinforcing of legal relations and that their densitv in the Pula aaer is one of the elements for exploring the character and the densitv of population (MATIJASIC 1986 95) Numerous finds with rural character at Galizana are proof that this area was very densely populated

15. Galizana-Kornede. Pregledavanje vece kolicine tegula pronadenih na gromaci na nalazistu. Galizana-Kornede. Examination of a bigger quantity of tegulae located at the drystone wall at the archaeological site.

16. Galizana-Kornede. Jedan od ulomaka rimske keramike pronadenih za obilaska nalazista Galizana-Kornede One of the sherds of Roman ceramics located during the visit to the archaeological site.

Zastitno arheolosko iskopavanie na terminalu vodili su drsc Kristina Mihovilic i Darko Komso dielatnici AMI-a Rescue archaeoloaical excavation at the terminal was led by dr sc Kristina Mihovilic and Darko Komso employees of the Archaeoloaical Museum of Istria

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in the Roman times and that many manufacturing farm-house estates, Roman vilae rusticae, existed here. About 500 m north of the centre of Galizana, at the beginning of the 20th century the remains of a Roman farm-house estate with the press base were found. South of Galizana, several localities of the Roman rural architecture were noticed at the sites: Demori, Val Sudiga, Sv. Petar and Stancija Petric (MATIJASIC 1988, 39,80). About 550 m north of Kornede, during visiting kazuni on the pipeline route, on the kilometre marker 8+000, a Roman spolia incorporated as a lintel of the kazun was documented. The spolia was probably a base for the prop of a vine or oil press post (lapides pedicini), which was moved here from one of the nearby rural objects from the Roman period and afterwards incorporated here. Therefore, the density of the population in the Roman period might be considered to be a reason for surviving of the predial toponym Galizana, which even in our times indicates the existence of more Roman farm-house estates, not yet discovered. However, in the vicinity of this small rural villa, one more site was hidden. During the archaeological supervision of the construction works on the forthcoming terminal, on the kilometre marker 7+750, we found the remains of a smaller hill-fort from the prehistoric period. In the construction excavation, numerous sherds of prehistoric vessels were collected and the remains of circular dry stone defensive wall were recognized. The Archaeological Museum of Istria in Pula took charge of the rescue archaeological examination of this site.2

17. Galizana-Kornede. Dio suhozidnog bedema prapovijesne gradine na terminalu u trenutku pronalaska. Galizana-Kornede. Part of a drystone defensive wall of a prehistoric hill-fort at the terminal, at the moment of discovery.

arheolosko istrazivanje ovog nalazista preuzeo je Arheoloski muzej Istre u Puli.2

GURAN - BURAN 1 9+000 - 9+300 Josip Visnjic

Pregledom trase plinovoda, prilikom kojeg je otkriveno i nalaziste Guran - Na krizu, na stacionazi 9+170, uocena je velika gromaca prepuna ulomaka antickih tegula i keramickih plocica tipa opus spicatum. Gromaca je izduzena u smjeru sjever iua u duzini od oko 100 m a sirina ioi ne prelazi 10 m Visina je takoder impozantna oko 2 m) a o njezinoj velicini najbolje svjedoce kazuni koji su njezin sastavni dio. Gromaca se nalazi na priblizno 30-ak m zapadno od trase (si. 18). S obzirom da je povrsinskim pregledom oreoranoa Dolia Dreko koiea ie trasa trebala oroci pronadena manja kolicina keramickih ulomaka!

18. Guran-Buran 1. Jedna od velikih gromaca s mnogo rimskog gradevinskog materijala. Guran-Buran 1. One of the big drystone walls with a lot of Roman building material.

GURAN - BURAN 1 9+000 - 9+300 Josip Visnjic

Durina the examinina the aas oiDeline route during which the site Guran - Na krizu was discovered on the kilometre marker 9+170 we noticed a big stone heap full of sherds of'roof tiles from the Roman period (tegulae) and ceramic tiles the opus spicatum tvDe The stone heap is stretched north - south 100 m long not more than 10 m wide. The height is also striking (about 2 m) and the best proof for the heiaht are kazuni that are part of it. The stone heap is about 30 m west of the route (fig. 18). During the surface examination of the ploughed field across which the route was suDDOsed to pass' we found small quantity of ceramic sherds That 'is why we decided to as a preventive measure' make an exploratory trench. It was put next to the south edae of the stone heap where the route is the closest (VISNJIC BEKlfc 2006a" VISNJIC BEKIC 2006d) The exploratory trench had the dimensions 2x2 m and the maximum depth of a dig of 65 cm It is a compact layer of reddish soil in which sherds of ceramics from Roman period metal and alass can be found (fia 19) The finds appear from the surface to the depth of 55 cm The sherds found belong to the rough Roman

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odluceno je poradi preventivnih potreba napraviti probnu sondu. Bila je smjestena uz juzni rub gromace, gdje joj je trasa najbliza (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006a; VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d). Istrazena sonda velicine 2 x 2 m imala je maksimalnu dubinu iskopa do 65 cm. Rijec je o kompaktnom sloju crvenkaste zemlje u kojoj se nailazi na ulomke anticke keramike, metala i stakla (si. 19). Nalazi se pojavljuju od povrsine do dubine od 55 cm. Pronadeni ulomci odgovaraju gruboj antickoj keramici i tegulama. Ktome, pronaden je i jedan zeljezni cavao, te manji ulomak oboda staklene posude. Nazalost, ni jedan medu pronadenim ulomcima ne omogucuje prepoznavanje oblika posuda kojima pripadaju. U sondi nisu pronadeni ostaci nepokretnih arheoloskih nalaza (zidova, jama i si.), cije je nepostojanje potvrdeno i kasnijim nadzorom nad gradevinskim radovima prilikom iskopa kanala. Ova velika gromaca na kojoj se pronalaze ulomci anticke gradevinske keramike, te keramika prikupljena probnim sondiranjem i povrsinskim pregledom, potvrduju postojanje antickog nalazista na torn polozaju. Taj lokalitet, smjesten podalje od gradskog podrucja, na plodnim poljima gdje se i danas uocavaju ostaci anticke parcelacije zemljista, govori u prilog pretpostavci da je rijec o gospodarskom postrojenju namijenjenom poljoprivrednoj aktivnosti - villa rustica Tu pretpostavku potvrduju i brojni ostaci agrarnih postrojenja namijenjenih preradi grozda i maslina pronadeni u blizoj okolici: Galizana - Val Sudiga, Galizana - sv. Petar, Galizana - S. Marija della Conceta, Vodnjan sv. Lucija, Guran - sv. Simun, Guran - trobrodna bazilika (MATIJASIC 1998, 161-167), kao i nalazi pronadeni na Kornedama tijekom radova na plinovodu. Kako je vec spomenuto u poglavlju ove knjige, koje se odnosi na crkvu sv. Severina, toponim Buran ubraja se u skupinu predijalnih toponima koji zavrsavaju sufiksom -an ili -ana. Takvi toponimi nastali su iz antickog onomastickog fonda pomocu pridjevskog sufiksa, a cesto su sacuvani do danas, osobito na podrucju jugozapadne Istre (MATIJASIC 1988, 72-75). Njihovo odrzavanje kroz tako dugi vremenski period svjedoci o neprekinutom kontinuitetu zivota na torn podrucju, odnosno opstojanju autohtonog romaniziranog stanovnistva u nemirnom periodu ranog srednjeg vijeka. Ukoliko toponim uistinu potjece od imena nekadasnjih vlasnika tih polja, onda mozemo pretpostaviti da je njegovo ishodiste upravo ta villa.

pottery and roof tiles (tegulae). Apart from that, one iron nail was found, and a smaller sherd of a glass vessel rim. Unfortunately, none of the sherds found, makes possible to recognize the shape of the vessels they belonged to. In the exploratory trench we did not find the remains of the archaeological features (walls, pits, etc.), and the absence of these is later confirmed by the supervision of the construction works during he canal digging. This big stone heap, on which we found the remains of construction ceramics from the Roman period as well as the ceramics collected by exploratory trenching and surface examining, confirm the existence of a site from the Roman period at this locality. The position of the locality, further from the town, on the fertile field where the remains of Roman parcelling out are noticeable even today, supports the theory that this was a farm-house estate meant for the agriculture activity - villa rustica. This assumption is confirmed by many remains of agrarian equipment for processing grapes and olives that were found in the near vicinity: Galizana - Val Sudiga, Galizana - sv. Petar, Galizana - S. Maria della Conceta, Vodnjan - sv. Lucija, Guran - sv. Simun, Guran- three-naved basilica (MATIJASIC 1998, 161-167), as well as the finds found at Kornede during the works on the pipeline. As we already mention in a chapter of this book that refers to St. Severin church, toponym Buran belongs to a group of predial toponyms that end with the adjectival suffix -an or -ana. These toponyms were formed from Roman onomastic fund with the adjectival suffix and very often they have survived until today, especially in the south west of Istria (MATIJASIC 1988, 72-75). Their existence during such a long period is a proof of the uninterrupted life continuity in this region, that is continuance of the indigenous Romanized population in this turbulent times of the early Middle Age. If the toponym really originates from the name of the former owners of these fields, then we can assume that its origin is this villa.

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19. Guran-Buran 1. Ulomak rimske keramike iz sondiranja. Guran-Buran 1. Sherd of Roman ceramics from the sondage.

20. Barban-Bateli. Ulomak prapovijesne keramike iz sonde 1. Barban-Bateli. Sherd of prehistoric ceramics from trench 1.

BARBAN - BATELI 19+800 - 20+200 Luka Bekic

Possible site Bateli near Barban was noticed during the first examination of the route in order to conduct a conservation study and it was marked by Pu-Ka 16-19 (REAMBULATION). According to the results of reambulation AMI, couple of flint fragments and ceramics at four sites in the Batel area were found. Bateli is a wide field, rich in soil, surrounded by lower elevations, hillocks, north-west of Barban. Following that, the Croatian Conservation Institute conducted an archaeological exploratory trenching, putting two trenches on the axis of the forthcoming gas pipeline route (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006b). In the first trench, measuring 2 x 2 m, on the topsoil, up to 30 cm deep, just one sherd of prehistoric ceramics was found and at this depth

T.1. Barban - Bateli.

BARBAN - BATELI 19+800 - 20+200 Luka Bekic

Potencijalno nalaziste Bateli kod Barbana uoceno je jos prilikom prvotnog pregleda trase radi izrade konzervatorske studije i oznaceno oznakama Pu-Ka 16-19 (REAMBULACIJA). Prema rezultatima reambulacije AMI, pronadeno je nekoliko ulomaka kremena i keramike na cetiri polozaja na podrucju Batela.

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21. Barban-Bateli. Sonda 1. Pogled na zdravicu i spicaste stijene. Barban-Bateli. Trench 1. View on the subsoil and pointed rocks.

22. Barban-Bateli. Mjesni roznjak u vapnenackoj stijeni iz sonde 2. Barban-Bateli. Local flint in the limestone rock from trench 2.

Bateli su siroko polje bogato zemljom, okruzeno nizim uzvisinama, brdascima, sjeverozapadno od Barbana. Slijedom toga, Hrvatski restauratorski zavod je proveo arheoloska sondiranja postavivsi dvije sonde na os trase buduceg plinovoda (CIMIN HARASA BEKIC 2006b) U prvoi sondi velicine 2x2 m u povrsinskom sloju dubine do 30 cm pronaden je samo jedan ulomak prapovijesne keramike, a na toj dubini pocele su se pojavljivati i spicaste zive stijene. U drugoj sondi stanje je bilo slicno, a u povrsinskom sloju pronadeni su samo ulomci novovjeke keramike i nesto ulomaka lokalnog kremena bez tragova obrade. Proveden ie opsezan prealed okolnih polia adie su u oranici pronadeni samo daljnji ulomci novovjeke keramike i lokalni kremen bez tragova obrade. Sto se tice arheoloski zanimljivijih nalaza, pronadeno je samo nekoliko sitnih ulomaka prapovijesne i mozda kasnoanticke keramike. Pronaden je i ulomak uvoznog kremena s tragovima obrade te iedna zeliezna kasnoanticka Doiasna predica. Po svemu sudeci riietki prapoviiesni i kasnoanticki nalazi potvrduju da su ljudi u to vrijeme boravili na tome polju ili ga iskoristavali. U prapovijesti su vjerojatno prikupljali lokalni kremen koiea tu ima u izobiliu ali i nlodna Dolia su im'pogodovala za zemljoradnju. Mogude prapovijesno naselje nije se nalazilo na trasi plinovoda. U kasnoanticko vrijeme tu su se takoder moali baviti zemlioradniom a ni niihovo naselie nije se nalazilo na trasi plinovoda. Na sjevernom diielu Dolia na brdu stoii drevna crkvica sv Pavla (k.289 4) Ime sveca i topografske odlike polozaja otvaraiu moaucnost da se u kasnoi antici i kasniie zivjelo bas na toj uzvisini.

jagged solid rocks started to appear. The second trench was similar, and on the surface layer only sherds of some post medieval ceramics were found and some fragments of local flint, without traces of retouching. Detailed examination of the nearby fields was also carried out and in the plough-field some other postmedieval ceramic sherds and local flint without traces of retouching were found. Just some small sherds of prehistoric and maybe late Roman ceramics were interesting from the archaeological point of view. A sherd of imported flint with traces of retouching together with a late Roman iron belt buckle was also found. By all indications, these rare prehistoric and late Roman finds confirm that people in those times stayed here and used this field. In the prehistoric time, they probably collected local flint (having it in abundance here), but they also might have used fertile fields for agriculture. Possible prehistoric settlement was not on the gas pipeline route. In the late Roman period, they also could have used it for the agriculture, and their settlement was not at the gas pipeline route either. In the north part of the field, on the hill, there is an ancient church of St. Paul (k.289.4). The name of the saint and the topographical characteristics of the site, open the possibility that people lived on this elevation.

BARBAN - GRABRI 22+700 - 22+800 Luka Bekic

Potential site Grabri near Barban was also noticed during examination of the route in order to make a conservation study and it was marked Pu-Ka 20 (REAMBULATION). During the reambulation of the terrain couple of flint and ceramics sherds were found on the quite small field near the village Grabri. This field rich in soil is situated on the elevated position south of the village Grabri The field is surrounded by forest and bush and it has been cultivated at the moment. At the axis of the gas pipeline two exploratory trenches measurina 2x2 m were put (CIMIN HARASA BEKIC 2006b) In both trenches sherds of post medieval ceramics and iron objects were found in the topsoil. These small finds probably originate from the fertilization of the field with saturated waste. During the field survev several ceramic sherds that could have belonged to the prehistoric and medieval period were found as well as imported flint Not far from this field at the construction site near the new school some sherds and tools made of imported flint were found. Although two trenches at the gas pipeline route on this field Droved to be archaeoloaicallv neaative and although during the construction of the gas pipeline no new finds were found (VISNJIC BEKIC 2006d)' taking the overall finds into account we can conclude that the wider elevated area between villages Grabri and Barbana in the prehistoric time was inhabited or at least more freauentlv visited The traces of a possible settlement might be found some other time

23 Barban-Bateli Uvozni rozniak s traaovima obrade Slucaini na az Barban-Bateli Imported flint with traces of work Chance find

BARBAN - GRABRI 22+700 - 22+800 Luka Bekic

Potenciialno nalaziste Grabri kod Barbana takoder je uoceno prilikom pregleda trase radi

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izrade konzervatorske studije, a oznaceno je oznakama Pu-Ka 20 (REAMBULACIJA). Prilikom reambulacije terena, pronadeno je nekoliko ulomaka kremena i keramike na omanjem polju kod sela Grabri. To polje, bogato zemljom, nalazi se na povisenom polozaju juzno od sela Grabri. Polje je okruzeno sumom i grmljem i jos se obraduje. Na osi plinovoda postavljene su dvije arheoloske sonde 2 x 2 m (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006b). U obje sonde su u povrsinskom sloju pronadeni ulomci novovjeke keramike i zeljeznih predmeta. Ti pokretni nalazi najvjerojatnije potjecu od gnojenja polja zasicenim otpacima iz nekog novovjekog naselja. Pregledom polja pronadeno je nekoliko ulomaka keramike koji bi mogli pripadati prapovijesnom i srednjovjekovnom razdoblju, kao i ulomci lokalnog kremena. Nedaleko tog polja, na gradilistu kod nove skole, pronadeno je i nekoliko ulomaka i alatki izradenih od uvoznog kremena. Premda su se dvije sonde na trasi plinovoda u spomenutom polju pokazale arheoloski negativnim, te se prilikom izgradnje plinovoda takoder nije naslo novih nalaza (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d), prema sveukupno prikupljenim nalazima moze se zakljuciti da je siri povisen prostor izmedu sela Grabri i Barbana u prapovijesti bio naseljen, ili bar intenzivnije obilazen. Mozda ce se pronaci tragovi potencijalnog naselja nekom drugom prilikom.

ERZISCE - TAGICI 36+670 - 37+000 Josip Visnjic

During the archaeological supervision of the construction of the motorway gas pipeline PulaKarlovac, in the karst valley near the village Tagici (fig. 26), on the kilometre marker 36+950, small quantity of prehistoric ceramics was found (fig. 27). The sherds were found in the profile of excavation trench whereas traces of archaeo logical features were not found (VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d). The closest known site that belongs to the prehistoric period is a hill-fort Erzisce. The hill-fort is reported bv Burton (BURTON 1963 262) who mentions town wall and the sherds of bowls human and animal bones, collected during excavations, then bv Marchesetti (MARCHESETTI 1903 106) and bv Bursic-Matijasic (BURSIC-MATIJASlb 2001, 245) Neither of them dated the hill-fort. More north-east of that there is one more hillfort (Straza) that is also mentioned in the works of several authors (MARCHESETTI 1903 106" FUCIC 1953 68" BURSIC-MATIJASIC 2001) ' About three hunderds meters north in the karst valley on the kilometre marker 36+360 several ceramic sherds of the same texture were found

24. Barban-Grabri. Polje prije pocetka sondiranja. Barban-Grabri. Field before the beginning of exploratory trenching.

ERZISCE - TAGICI 36+670 - 37+000 Josip Visnjic

Prilikom arheoloskog nadzora gradnje maaistralnoa plinovoda Pula - Karlovac u vrtaci koja se nalazi u blizini sela Tagici (si'26) na stacionazi 36+950 pronadena je mania kolibina ulomaka prapovijesne keramike (si. 27). Ulomci su Dronadeni u nrofilu iskoDnoa rova a traaova nepokretnih arheoloskih nalaza nije bilo (VISNJIC BEKIC 2006d). Najblize poznato nalaziste koje pripada prapovijesnom razdoblju je gradina Erzisce. Gradinu navode Burton (BURTON 1963 262) koji spominie qradinski bedem te ulomke posuda ljudskih i zivotinjskih kostiju prikupljenih iskooavaniem Marchesetti (MARCHESETTI 1903 106) i Bursic-Matijasic (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 2001' 245). Nitko od njih nije datirao gradinu. Malo sjeveroistocnije nalazi se jos jedna gradina (Straza) koja je takoder spomenuta tek usputno u radovima nekolicine autora (MARCHESETTI 1903 106" FUCIC 1953 68" BURSIC-MATIJASIC 2001)' fristotinjak metara sjevernije u vrtaci koja se nalazi na stacionazi 36+660 pronadeno je jos nekoliko ulomaka keramike jednake fakture. Malobroini traaovi liudske Drisutnosti u tim vrtacama tijekom prapovijesnoq razdoblja moqli bi se povezati sa stanovncima obliznje qradine kojima su vjerojatno koristile mnogobrojne vrtace u okolici. Kako medu pronadenim ulomcima nema karakteristicnih diielova oosuda (rucke obodi dna) nismo u mooucnosti ooblize datirati nalaze' Gradine Erzisce i Straza takoder nisu datirane tako da nam ni one ne mogu biti oslonac za datiranje

25. Barban-Grabri. Ulomak keramike. Slucajni nalaz. Barban-Grabri. Sherd of ceramics. Chance find.

26. Erzisce-Tagici. Pogled na trasu plinovoda i vrtacu s mjestimicnim nalazima keramike. Erzisce-Tagici. View of the gas pipeline route and the karst valley with scattered ceramic finds.

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Primorje
KUKULJANOVO - STEPECI 2+370 (Odvojni plinovod) Josip Visnjic Prilikom pregleda trase odvojnog plinovoda 17. 10. 2006. g., u vrtaci koja se nalazi na stacionazi 2+370 pronadeni su fragmenti prapovijesnih i novovjekovnih keramickih posuda, jedan ulomak kremena i dva kovana, zeljezna cavla (VISNJIC, PERCAN 2007). Prije pocetka gradevinskih radova odluceno je da se izvrse probna istrazivanja, cime se htjelo utvrditi karakter samog nalazista i prema tome odluciti o daljnjim postupcima. Vrtaca je otvorena prema jugu a sa sjevera zasticena je visokim brdom koje ju stiti od snaznih udara bure, posebno snaznih na torn podrucju. Takve karakteristike, uz malo obradivog tla, nudile su povoljne uvjete za sve potencijalne stanovnike tog kraskog kraja. Sam iskopni kanal prolazi uz juzni rub vrtace. Napravljene su tri probne sonde dimenzija 2x2 m, dvije sonde nalazile su se tocno na osi buduceg iskopnog kanala, a treca je bila malo sjevernije kako bi se ispitao najdublji nivo vrtace. Sve tri sonde su istrazene, ali je sonda 2 dala malo brojnije arheoloske nalaze, a u sondi 1 nije bilo nikakvih nalaza a u sondi 3 bilo je malo keramickih ulomaka (VISNJIC, PERCAN 2007b). Sonda 1 bila je smjestena na jugozapadnoj strani vrtace, na njezinoj blagoj padini. Vec nakon uklaniania nekoliko centimetara humusa djelomicno se pocela pojavljivati ziva stijena. Na ostalom dijelu sonde nastavilo se kopati do zdravice koja se nalazila na maksimalnoj dubini od 50 cm. U sondi nisu pronadeni nikakvi nalazi. Sonda 3 postavljena je na lagano izdignutom miestu u odnosu na nainizi nivo vrtace u smieru juga U prvom sloiu (SJI) koji je imao debljinu od maksimalnih 50 cm i bio tamno smede boje nisu pronadeni nikakvi nalazi. Ispod toga doslo se do drugog sloja (SJ 2) koji je imao debljinu od 40 do 55 cm (relativnu dubinu od 50 do maksimalno 105 cm) i bio crvenkastosmede boje. U sloju su pronadeni uistinu malobrojni ulomci erne keramike

Just few traces of the human presence in these karst valleys could be connected with the inhabitants of the nearby hill-fort, who probably used possibilities that numerous karst valleys in the vicinity offered. Since among the found sherds there are not any characteristic sherds of vessels (handles, rims, bottoms) we cannot be more specific about the datation of finds. The hill-forts Erzisce and Straza are also not dated so they cannot give us support for dating either.

Primorje
KUKULJANOVO - STEPECI 2+370 (Branch gas pipeline) Josip Visnjic During the route examining on the 17th of October 2006, in the karst valley on the kilometre marker 2+370, sherds of ceramic vessels from the prehistoric and postmedieval period, a flint fragment and two forged iron nails were found (VISNJIC, PERCAN 2007). Before the start of the construction works, it is decided that examination survey should be carried out in order to examine the character of the site and according to that, to decide on further actions. The karst valley is open towards the south, whereas on the north is protected by big hill that protects it from the squalls of north-eastern wind, especially strong in this area. Such characteristics, together with some cultivable land, were favourable for all potential inhabitants of this karst region. The excavation canal passes along the south edge of the karst valley. Two test pits were made, measuring 2x2 m out of which two were exactly on the axis of the'future excavation canal and the third one somewhat more norther in order to test the deepest level of the karst valley. Just Trench 2 gave somewhat numerous finds in Trench 1 there were not any finds and in Trench 3 only few ceramic sherds (VISNJIC PERCAN 2007b) Trench 1 was on the south-west side of the karst valley on its slight slope Already after removing couple of centimetres of humus solid rock partially began to appear. The excavation of the rest of the trench continued up to the subsoil that was at the maximum depth of 50 cm. No finds were found in this trench. Trench 3 was put on the slightly elevated place when compared with the lowest level of the karst vallev in the south direction In the first laver (Laver 1) which had the maximum thickness of 50 cm and was dark brown no finds were found Below this layer was the second layer (Layer 2) that was 40-55 cm thick (relative depth from 50 to maximum of 105 cm) and of reddish-brown colour. In the layer just few sherds of black ceramics were found and by their structure they would be similar to those found in the Laver 2 trench 2 Below the layer 2 on the whole trench we came to either subsoil or solid rock (Layer 3).' The only trench (Trench 2) that gave us at least some indicators for understandina of this site was situated little norther of the axis of the excavation canal, at the deepest part of the karst valley. In the

27. Erzisce-Tagici. Ulomak keramike iz vrtace. Erzisce-Tagici. Sherd of ceramics from the karst valley.

28. Kukuljanovo-Stepeci. Pogled na vrtacu prije pocetka sondiranja. Kukuljanovo-Stepeci. View of the karst valley before the beginning of explor atory trenching.

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koji bi po svojoj fakturi odgovarali onima pronadenima u SJ 2 sonde 2. Ispod SJ 2 na podrucju cijele sonde doslo se do zdravice ili do zive stijene (SJ 3). Jedina sonda (Sonda 2) koja nam je dala kakvetakve smjemice za razumijevanje tog nalazista, bila je smjestena malo sjevernije od osi iskopnog kanala, na najdubljem dijelu vrtace. U gornjem dijelu, u debljini od oko 15 - 20 cm definiran je SJ 1. Rijec je o sloju tamnosmede zemlje unutar koje se pronalaze ulomci novovjekovnih keramickih posuda (T.1-7). Novovjekovni karakter nalaza potvrden nam je ulomcima kvalitetne, dobro pecene keramike sive boje, koji se pojavljuju nakon sto glazura, koja se nekada nalazila na njima, otpadne ostavljajucl vidljivu povrsinu nastalu tijekom prvog pecenja takve keramike. Ta pojava potvrdena je i na drugim polozajima na trasi odvojnog plinovoda, gdje smo imali priliku pronaci slicne ulomke na kojima se glazura jos djelomicno sacuvala. Ulomak izvinutog oboda trbusastog lonca pronaden je u istom sloju u kojem i novovjekovna keramika. Ulomak je erne boje s dosta primjesa kalcita, pecen dosta kvalitetno (T.14). Sudecl prema okolnostima nalaza, vjerojatno se moze datirati zajedno s novovjekovnom keramikom, iako je rijec o kuhinjskom posudu koje bi moglo biti i starije. Kovani zeljezni cavli, pronadeni na povrslni, pripadaju u tu posljednju fazu nalazista (T.1-8-11). Ulomak oboda zadebljanog s vanjske strane posude, ovalnog u presjeku, pecenog od porozne erne gline (T.1-6), pronaden je medu povrsinskim nalazima. SJ 2 je sloj crvenkaste zemlje u kojoj se nalaze malobrojni ulomci erne, dobro pecene keramike. Veclnom su izradeni od proclscene gline, a dio ima primjese veclh komada kalcita. U sloju je pronaden i jedan manji ulomak ravnog oboda, lagano stanjenog pri vrhu. Prema tim ulomcima tesko je reel nesto vise o dataciji nalaza, ali se na prema fakturi keramike sa sigumoscu moze reel da je rijec o prapovijesnom sloju. Sloj je imao maksimalnu debljinu do 40 cm (relativna dubina od ruba sonde 20 - 60 cm), a u posljednjih 15-ak cm zapazala se veca koliclna sitnih grumenclca ugljena. Na relativnoj dubini od 60-ak cm pojavio se sljedecl sloj (SJ 3). Razlika od prethodnog sloja uocena je zbog promjene arheoloskog materijala, a boja je ostala gotovo nepromijenjena. Rijec je o poroznoj keramici sa sitnim primjesama mrvljenog kvarcita, smede do erne boje, koja je pronadena u nesto vecem broju. Iako je rijec o nekvalitetnoj keramici koja bi mogla pripadati slrem vremenskom rasponu, zahvaljujucl nalazu ulomka dvije jezicaste ruckice (T.1-1,2), moglo se pretpostaviti da sloj pripada srednjem ili kasnom broncanom dobu. Takve rucke potjecu od kraja ranog broncanog doba do njegova kraja. To potvrduju nalazi jezicastih rucki iz 6. faze Vaganacke peclne, koja pripada ranom i dijelu srednjeg broncanog doba (FORENBAHER, VRANJICAN 1985, 10, T6 - 14, 15), a na gradini Gradac - Turan nalazimo ih u sloju IV te se datiraju u fazu Istra II ranog broncanog doba u Istri (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43). Ruckice te vrste pojavljuju se sve do kasnog broncanog doba (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1998).

271

upper part, about 15-20 cm thick, Layer 1 was defined. It is a layer of dark brown soil inside which we found sherds of ceramic vessels from the postmedieval period (T.1-7). Belonging to this period was confirmed by sherds of quality, well baked, grey ceramics, which appears when glazing (which used to be on them) falls off, leaving visible surface made after the first baking of this kind of ceramics. This is also confirmed at other sites of the route where we found similar sherds with still partially preserved glazing. A sherd of an everted rim of a bulging pot was found in the same layer as the postmedieval ceramics. The sherd is black with quite a lot of calcite temper, of rather quality baking (T.1-4). Considering the characteristics of the finds, they can probably be dated together with the postmedieval ceramics, although this is an example of kitchenware that might be even older. Forged iron nails, surface finds, belong to this last phase of the site (T.1-8-11). A sherd of a rim, thickened on the outside part of the vessel, oval at the cross-section, of baked black porous clay (T.1-6), was also found among the surface finds. Layer 2 is a layer of reddish soil with scarce sherds of black, well baked ceramics. They are mostly made of refined clay, part of them having bigger parts of calcite temper. In the layer, a smaller sherd of a flat rim, slightly thinner on the top was found. On the basis of these sherds, it is difficult to say more about the datation of the finds, but on the basis of ceramic texture we can without doubt claim that this is a prehistoric layer. The layer had maximum depth of 40 cm (relative depth to the trench edge is 20-60 cm), and in the last 15 cm, numerous small lumps of coal were noticeable. At the relative depth of 60 cm, the third layer appears (Layer 3). The difference from the previous layer is in the change of archaeological material while the colour remains the same. This ceramics is porous with little temper of crumbled quartz, brown to black colour, quite numerous. Although this is poor quality ceramics that can belong to a wider time scope, regarding a sherd of two tongueshaped handles (T.1-1,2) we could assume this layer belongs to the Middle or Late Bronze Age. This kind of handles can be found from the end of the early Bronze Age to the end of Bronze Age.

29. Kukuljanovo-Stepeci. Pogled na vrtacu tijekom sondiranja. Kukuljanovo-Stepeci. View of the karst valley during the exploratory trenching.

30. Kukuljanovo-Stepeci. Jezicaste rucke iz SJ3. Kukuljanovo-Stepeci. Tongue-shaped handles from layer 3.

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31. Kukuljanovo-Stepeci. Roznjacka alatka. (T.1-3). Kukuljanovo-Stepeci. Flint tool. (T.13).

Osim keramickih ulomaka u SJ 3 pronadena je i jedna kremena alatka (T.1-3). Rijec je o dijelu srpa (sickle fragment), ulomku prizmaticnog sjeciva trapezastog presjeka, s direktnom bilateralnom obradom. Na desnom rubu obrada je neprekinuta, a na lijevom rubu je isprekidana. Svijetlo je smede i sive boje, sa svijetlim tockama i mrljama, djelomicno proziran, odlicnih osobina cijepanja. Na pocetku spomenuti kremen iz povrsinskog sloja je krhotina, tamno sive boje s bijelim tockama i mrljama, gotovo potpuno prekrivena okorinom svijetlo smede boje. Zbog malog broja odredivih nalaza, napravljena je i C-14 analiza ugljena iz SJ 3. Na osnovu rezultata analize ugljena, SJ3, najstariji hodni sloj moze se datirati u calBC 3740+35.3 Takav rezultat pomice granice datacije za opisane nalaze u razdoblje koje prethodi ranom broncanom dobu. SJ 3 je imao najvecu debljinu od 15 cm (relativna dubina 60 - 75 cm). Iskopan je i sloj zdravice u debljini od 25 cm (do maksimalne dubine od 100 cm). Probne arheoloske sonde napravljene tijekom tih istrazivanja smjestene su na juznom dijelu vrtace. Iskopni rov plinovoda koji je naknadno prosao, pokazao je da bivsi stanovnici te vrtace svoje nastambe nisu postavljali na torn dijelu, vec eventualno sjevernije, gdje su bili zasticeni od udara bure, a jednako tako otvoreni prema suncanoj juznoj strani. Na to nas upucuje potpuni nedostatak bilo kakvih gradevinskih struktura u istrazenim sondama i iskopnom rovu. Nesto veca kolicina materijala pronadena u sondi 2 moze se objasniti konstantnom erozijom s okolnih uzvisina, koja je donijela taj materijal u najdublje dijelove vrtace. Pronadeni arheoloski materijal upucuje na tragove ljudskog djelovanja sto se odvijalo tijekom bakrenog i broncanog doba, a potom prestalo sve do novog vijeka, kada su ponovno intenzivirani. S obzirom da je erozija konstantna i da se najstariji materijal iz sonde 2 nalazi na dubini od 60 do 75 cm, te da se u sondama napravljenim uz rub vrtace ziva stijena pojavljuje dosta plitko, moze se zakljuciti kako je raspoloziva povrsina obradive zemlje, odnosno sama vrtaca u proslosti bila znatno manja. Juzni dijelovi vrtace, kojima prolazi trasa plinovoda, nisu koristeni za gradnju stambenih ili gospodarskih objekata njezinih stanovnika, pa tako ovim gradevinskim radovima nisu unisteni arheoloski tragovi ljudi koji su kroz razlicita razdoblja prapovijesti i povijesti iskoristavali tu malenu oazu zelenila u skrtom okolisu za obavljanje svojih svakodnevnih zivotnih potreba. Kako je pronadena tek manja kolicina materijala i kako nisu pronadeni dijelovi nalazista koji bi objasnjavali njegov stvarni karakter, pravu sliku o Stepecima mogla bi dati tek neka buduca

This is confirmed by the finds of tongue-shaped handles from the 6th phase of the Vaganac cave, which belong to the Early and Middle Bronze Age (FORENBAHER, VRANJICAN 1985, 10, T6-14,15) and on the hill-fort Gradac-Turan, they are found in the Layer IV, where they can be dated into the phase Istria II of the early Bronze Age in Istria (MIHOVILIC 1997, 43). These handles appear up to the late Bronze Age (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1998) Apart from the ceramic sherds, in the Layer 3 a flint tool was found (T.1-3). It is a sickle fragment a fragment of a prismatic blade, trapezoid in crosssection, with the direct bilateral working. On the right edge, working is continuous while on the left one it is interrupted. It is light brown and grey colour with light dots and stains, partly transparent, with excellent chopping characteristics. The flint from the top soil mentioned at the beginning is a chip, of dark grey colour, with white dots and stains, almost totally covered with light brown crust. Because of lack of datable finds a c14 analysis of charcoal from layer 3 was made. According to results, oldest occupational layer can be dated to calBC 374035.3 This result moves the datation borders for described finds in a period that precedes the early Bronze Age. Layer 3 had the maximum thickness of 15 cm (relative depth of 60-75 cm). A layer of subsoil is excavated, 25 cm thick (up to the maximum depth of 100 cm). Archaeological exploratory trenches made during these surveys were in the south part of the karst valley. Excavation trench of the gas pipeline that passed afterwards showed that former inhabitants of this karst valley did not build their houses here, but maybe more to the north, where they were protected from the squalls of north eastern wind and where they were opened to the south side. The indicator for this is total lack of any construction structures in the explored trenches and the excavated trench. Somewhat larger quantity of material found in the Trench 2 can be explained by the constant erosion from the surrounding elevations that brought this material into the deepest parts of the karst valley. The found archaeological material suggests the traces of human activity during the Bronze Age, and then it stops until the postmedieval period when it is intensified again. If we have in mind that the erosion is constant and that the oldest material from the Trench 2 was found at the depth of 60-75 cm and that in the trenches along the karst valley edge, solid rock appears at a quite shallow level, we can conclude that in the past, available surface of cultivable land and the karst valley itself was significantly smaller. South parts of the karst valley, through which the gas pipeline route passes, were not used by its inhabitants for building houses or farm-house estates. Therefore the construction works did not

AMS-14C datacija izradena je u Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat u Kielu (KIA 31820 BP 4962+32). Skracena kalibracija putem Cal-Pal online programa Sveucilista u Kolnu. AMS-14C dating made in Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat in Kiel, Germany (KIA 31820 BP 496232). Shortened calibration with Cal-Pal online software made at the University Of Cologne, Germany.

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istrazivanja koja bi otkrila polozaje na kojima su stanovnici vrtace provodili glavninu svog vremena. KATALOG: 1- Ulomak jezicaste rucke, od dobro prociscene porozne keramike, tamno sive do smede boje. Sonda 2, SJ3. 2- Ulomak jezicaste rucke, od dobro prociscene porozne keramike, tamno sive do smede boje. Sonda 2, SJ3. 3- Roznjacka alatka. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu. S vanjske strane i u presjeku je crna, a s unutrasnje strane svijetlo smede boje. Sonda 2, SJ 1. 5- Ulomak oboda posude od porozne keramike. Ulomak je crne boje s malo primjesa. Slucajni nalaz. 6- Ulomak zadebljanog oboda posude od porozne keramike. Ulomak je crne boje s malo primjesa. Slucajni nalaz. 7- Ulomak oboda posude izradenog na brzovrtecem kolu. Izvana sive, a u presjeku smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 8- Dio zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 9- Dio zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 10- Dio zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 11- Dio zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz.

destroy the archaeological traces of people who in the different times of prehistory and history used this small green oasis in this poor soil for their everyday life needs. Since only small quantity of material was found and since no features of the site were found that would explain its real character, the real picture of Stepeci could be revealed by some future surveys, which might discover the sites where the people of this karst valley spent most of their time. CATALOGUE: 1- A sherd of a tongue-shaped handle, of well refined porous ceramics, dark grey to brown colour. Trench 2, Layer 3 2- A sherd of a tongue-shaped handle, of well refined porous ceramics, dark grey to brown colour. Trench 2, Layer 3 3- Flint tool. 4- A sherd of a vessel, manufactured on a fast potters wheel. On the outside and at the break black and inside light brown. Trench 2, Layer 1. 5- A sherd of a vessel rim, of porous ceramics, black colour with little temper. Chance find. 6- A sherd of a thickened vessel rim, of porous cera mics, of black colour, with little temper. Chance find. 7- A sherd of a vessel rim manufactured on a fast potters wheel. Grey on the outside and at the break brown colour. Chance find. 8- Part of an iron nail. Chance find. 9- Part of an iron nail. Chance find. 10- Part of an iron nail. Chance find 11- Part of an iron nail. Chance find.

T.1. Kukuljanovo - Stepeci.

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PLOSNA - MOKRA LOKVA 1+750 (Branch gas pipeline) Josip Visnjic

Surface finds collected at this site suggest certain activity that took place during the early postmedieval period (VISNJIC 2006). Apart from the ceramic sherds (T.1-1-3), numerous forged iron nails were collected (T.1-4-10), mainly found north of the karst valley, under the old path whose traces are visible close above the path that is in use today. The remains of the same path can be seen somewhat more northeast, in the close vicinity of the gas pipeline. It is possible that the well, built without binding, of neatly piled stone blocks that are also found in the close vicinity, had some connection with this path. The access to the well was from the south side and today is not functioning, being partly filled up with leaves (fig. 32). CATALOGUE: 1- A sherd of a vessel with a lot of calcite temper. Dark grey on the outside, reddish-brown on the inside, light brown on the break. 2- A sherd of a rim, of dark grey colour on the outside, light grey at the break. On the inside, the traces of yellow glazing are visible. 3- A sherd of the bottom of a vessel. Dark grey on the outside, light grey at the break. On the inside, traces of yellow glazing are visible. 4- Part of an iron nail. 5- Part of an iron nail 6- Iron nail. 7- Part of an iron nail.

32. Plosna-Mokra lokva. Lokva prije probijanja plinovoda. Plosna-Mokra lokva. Puddle before piercing of the gas pipeline.

PLOSNA - MOKRA LOKVA 1+750 (Odvojni plinovod) Josip Visnjic

Povrsinski nalazi prikupljeni na tom polozaju upucuju na stanovitu aktivnost koja se odvijala tijekom ranog novog vijeka (VISNJIC 2006). Osim ulomaka keramike (T.1-1-3), prikupljena je i veca kolicina zeljeznih kovanih cavala (T.1-4-10), i to poglavito sjevernije od same vrtace, ispod starog puta, ciji se tragovi nalaze tik iznad makadamskog puta koji je i sada prohodan. Ostatci istog puta

T.1. Plosna - Mokra lokva.

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vidljivi su i malo sjeveroistocnije, u neposrednoj blizini plinovoda. Moguce je da je bunar zidan bez veziva, od uredno slozenih kamenih blokova, koji se takoder nalazi u neposrednoj blizini, imao veze s tim putom. Prilaz bunaru bio je s juzne strane, a danas nije u funkciji i djelomicno je zapunjen liscem (si. 32). KATALOG: 1- Ulomak posude s dosta primjesa kalcita. S vanjske strane je tamno sive boje, s unutrasnje crvenkastosmede, a u presjeku svijetlo smede boje. 2- Dio oboda posude izvana tamno sive, a u presjeku svijetlo sive boje. Izraden je na brzovrtecem kolu, kvalitetno s dosta primjesa. 3- Ulomak dna posude. Izvana je tamno sive, a u presjeku svijetlo sive boje. Na unutrasnjoj strani vide se ostaci zute glazure. 4- Dio zeljeznog cavla. 5- Dio zeljeznog cavla. 6- Zeljezni cavao. 7- Dio zeljeznog cavla. 8- Zeljezni cavao. 9- Dio zeljeznog cavla. 10- Dio zeljeznog predmeta, vjerojatno kosir. Na prijelazu izmedu trna drske i sjeciva nalazi se prsten od broncanog lima, omotan oko sacuvanog drva.

8- Iron nail. 9- Part of an iron nail. 10- Part of an iron object, probably a billhook. Between the tang of a handle and blade there is a ring made of bronze sheet, wrapped around the remained wooden part.

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PLOSNA - STIPANJA 0+500 (Branch gas pipeline) Josip Visnjic

The finds found at this site showed the postmedieval character of the site (VISNJIC, PERCAN 2007). Together with several sherds of postmedieval ceramics, some iron nails (T.1-1-6) that belong to a part of a horse-shoe were found at the same place (T.1-7). Only one part of the horse-shoe is preserved, the one with marked nail (BUSULADZIC 2005, 254), with the three holes for nails. We were lucky to find a bronze coin next to them, forged in the 18th century (fig. 33). It is 1 Sold, the money forged for Gorica from the period of Karl VI (1711 - 1740) to Franz II (1792 - 1835; MIMICA 1997, 508). Unfortunately, on our example, the year was not preserved so we cannot date the find more precisely. Two more iron sherds were found and for them we cannot with certainty say what they were used for. There are also holes on them, used for fixation by nails (T.1-8-9). Finding the forged nails next to the horse-shoe and their numerosity under the old path indicate that certain farming activity took place in this area during the 18th century. It was probably connected with the exploitation of the forest, which is the only natural resource here. This conclusion is additionally supported by still visible remains of the old path, together with a well and pool noticed during the making of Conservation study. CATALOGUE: 1 - Part of an iron nail. 2 - Iron nail. 3 - Part of an iron nail. 4 - Iron nail. 5 - Part of an iron nail. 6 - Part of an iron nail. 7 - Part of an iron horse-shoe. 8 - Part of an unidentified iron object. 9 - Part of an unidentified iron object.

PLOSNA - STIPANJA 0+500 (Odvojni plinovod) Josip Visnjic

Nalazi pronadeni na torn polozaju ponovno pokazuju novovjekovni karakter polozaja (VISNJIC, PERCAN 2007). Uz nekoliko ulomaka novovjekovne keramike pronadeno je i nesto kovanih zeljeznih cavala (T.1-1-6), koji pripadaju ulomku zeljezne potkove pronadene na istome mjestu (T.1-7). Od potkove je sacuvan jedan krak s istaknutim svarkom (BUSULADZIC 2005, 254), s tri rupe za cavle. Imali smo srecu da je uz njih pronaden i broncani novcic kovan u 18. st. (si. 33). Rijec je o 1 soldu, novcu kovanom za Goricu od vremena Karla VI (1711 - 1740) do Franje II (1792 - 1835; MIMICA 1997, 508). Na nasem primjeru se nazalost nije sacuvala godina pa ne mozemo preciznije datirati nalaz. Pronadena su jos dva zeljezna ulomka za koja nije sigurno cemu su sluzili. Na njima se takoder nalaze rupe namijenjene fiksiranju cavlima (T.1-8,9). Pronalazak kovanih cavala uz potkovu i njihovo pojavljivanje u vecoj kolicini ispod starog puta daju nam naslutiti da se tijekom 18.st. na torn podrucju odvijala odredena gospodarska djelatnost. Bila je vjerojatno u vezi s eksploatacijom sume, koja je jedini prirodni resurs na tome podrucju. Na isti zakljucak navodi nas jos uvijek vidljivi ostatak starog puta, te bunar i lokva uoceni jos prilikom izrade Konzervatorske studije.

33. Plosna-Stipanja. Bakreni Soldo iz 17/18 st., kovan u Gorici. Plosna-Stipanja. Copper Soldo from 17/18th century, forged in Gorica.

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T.1.Plosna - Stipanja.

KATALOG: 1 - Dio zeljeznog cavla. 2 - Zeljezni cavao. 3 - Dio zeljeznog cavla. 4 - Zeljezni cavao. 5 - Dio zeljeznog cavla. 6 - Dio zeljeznog cavla. 7 - Dio zeljezne potkove. 8 - Dio nedefiniranog zeljeznog predmeta. 9 - Dio nedefiniranog zeljeznog predmeta.

PLOSNA - GRADINA 0+000 - 1+000 (Branch gas pipeline) Josip Visnjic

At the fork of the motorway and branch gas pipeline there is a prehistoric hill-fort Plosna (fig. 34). It is situated on the hill Gradina, at 471 meter above the sea level, on a plateau with a slight slope towards the south. In comparison with the surrounding terrain, it is 50 to 150 m more elevated and it is about 1.5 km of air line far from the closest place, Plosne (STRAZICIC 1996, 86). Regarding the fact it is close to the gas pipeline, this hill-fort is on the list of archaeological sites along the route and that is the reason why the archaeological supervision was conducted during the constructing of the gas pipeline (BEKIC 2005; VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d; VISNJIC 2006; VISNJIC, PERCAN 2007). On the north and partly on the east side it is protected by high rocks that were used as a substitute for a defensive wall but also as a good protection from the north-eastern wind. 4 The remnant of the plateau was surrounded by dry stone walls, whose remains are visible even today. On the south side of the wall, we noticed an interruption of the wall that opens as an entrance, with the passage surrounded by the side walls on the outside part (fig. 35). Due to poor preservation

PLOSNA - GRADINA 0+000 - 1+000 (Odvojni plinovod) Josip Visnjic

Na samom racvanju magistralnog i odvojnog plinovoda nalazi se prapovijesna gradina Plosna (sl. 34). Smjestena je na brdu Gradina, nadmorske visine 471 m, na platou koji ima blagi pad prema jugu. U odnosu na okolni teren izdignuta je od 50 pa sve do 150 m, a nalazi se na oko 1,5 km zracne linije istocno od najblizeg naselja, Plosne (STRAZICIC 1996, 86). S obzirom na blizinu plinovoda, ta gradina ubiljezena je na popis arheoloskih nalazista uz trasu, te je stoga i arheoloski nadzirana njegova izgradnja na tom mjestu (BEKIC 2005; VISNJIC, BEKIC 2006d; VISNJIC 2006; VISNJIC, PERCAN 2007).

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Na sjevernoj i djelomicno istocnoj strani zasticena je visokim stijenama, koje su sluzile kao nadomjestak bedema ali i kao odlicna zastita od bure.4 Ostatak platoa bio je okruzen suhozidnim bedemima, ciji ostaci su i danas vidljivi. Na juznoj strani bedema uocava se prekid zida koji se otvara u obliku ulaza, s prolazom ogradenim bocnim zidovima na vanjskoj strani (si. 35). Zbog lose sacuvanosti bedema to ostaje samo pretpostavka. Perimetar gradine iznosi oko 200 m, sirina joj je oko 50 m, a duzina oko 70 m. Brojni keramicki ulomci prikupljeni na povrsini,5 kao i nekoliko ulomaka kucnog lijepa, upucuju na naseobinski karakter tog polozaja. Nazalost, medu svom prikupljenom keramikom tek je pet ulomaka koji nam daju uvid u oblike keramickih izradevina kojima su pripadale. Svi ostali ulomci tek su sitni dijelovi nekadasnjih posuda. Ulomci izvijenih oboda dvaju posuda ne mogu nam nazalost ponuditi sigurne datacijske oslonce. Naime, analogije za izvijeni obod (T.1-1) koji pripada posudi vecih dimenzija, nalazimo od kasnog broncanog doba do u zeljezno doba. Obodi slicnih karakteristika javljaju se kroz razlicite faze kulture polja sa zarama (VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, t.24-3), ciji su se utjecaji u kasnom broncanom dobu zasigurno protegli i na te prostore. Obod slicnih karakteristika nalazimo na nalazistu Blizna kod Jakopovca (BEKIC 2006, t.6-3), pronaden u jami datiranoj 14C metodom u 12.st.pr.Kr. Karakteristike oboda odgovaraju rekonstruiranoj posudi sa istog nalazista koju autor opisuje kao spremisni lonac (BEKIC 2006, 109, t.9-1). Posudu slicnog oboda nalazimo u 8. fazi Vaganacke pecine koja je datirana u kasno broncano doba, s nastavkom u zeljeznom dobu (FORENBAHER, VRANJICAN 1985, 13, 14, t.11). Iz zeljeznog doba, na podrucju liburnske kulture susrecemo posude s izvijenim obodima slicnih karakteristika a uglavnom su sluzile za ukope novorodencadi (BATOVIC 1987, 355, t.XXXV-2). Sakara-Sucevic posude s izvijenim obodima, koji tipoloski odgovaraju nasem primjeru, svrstava u prvu fazu zeljeznog doba (Istra I) nalazista Kastelir kod Nove Vasi, te navodi da se takvi lonci pojavljuju na sirokom podrucju od Furlanije, Istre, jugozapadnog predalpskog prostora preko Like do Bosne. Pripisuje ih utjecajima KPZ jos od srednjeg broncanog doba (SAKARA-SUCEVIC 2004, 100, si. 489). Jos jedna usporedba moze se povuci s nekropolom Santa Barbara koja najvjerojatnije pripada gradini Elleri u blizini Trsta, a datirana je u rano zeljezno doba (PERONI 1983, 138-140, t.387). Kako je ulomak nase posude pronaden na samoj gradini, odnosno na naseobinskom prostoru, njezina funkcija je vjerojatno u vezi sa spremanjem hrane, a ne s pogrebnom namjenom. Nesto preciznije analogije nalazimo za drugi ulomak izvijenog oboda (T.1-2). Spomenut cemo

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of the wall, this remains just an assumption. Perimeter of the hill-fort is about 200 m, it is about 50 m wide and 70 m long. Numerous ceramic sherds collected on the topsoil and some sherds of domestic daub, indicate the settlement character of this place.5 Unfortunately, among the whole ceramics collected, just five sherds give us an insight in the shape of ceramics artefacts which they belonged to. All other sherds are just small parts of former vessels. Unfortunately, sherds with everted rims cannot give us strong support for dating. Analogies of everted? rim (T.1-1) that belongs to a bigger vessel are found from the late Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The rims of similar characteristics are found throughout different phases of the Urnified culture (VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, t.24-3), whose influence was probably strong in this region too during the Bronze Age. The rim of similar characteristics is found at the Blizna site, near Jakopovec (BEKIC, 2006, t.6-3), in a pit and dated by 14 C method into the 12th century BC. Characteristics of this rim correspond with the

34. Plosna-Gradina. Pogled na uzvisinu Gradina. Plosna-Gradina. View of the elevation of Gradina.

35. Plosna-Gradina. Prolaz kroz ostatke bedema na zivoj stijeni, moguci ulaz u gradinu. Plosna-Gradina. Passage through the remains of the defensive wall on the solid rock, possible entrance into the hill-fort.

U to smo se imali prilike uvjeriti prilikom jednog od posjeta gradini. Dok je u njezinoj okolici puhala olujna bura, na vrhu se vjetar gotovo nije ni osjetio. We had the opportunity to witness that during one visit to the hill-fort. While in its neighborhood, stormy north eastern was blowing, on the top of it the wind was hardly noticed
5

Treba imati na umu da je gradina danas prekrivena sumom, a tlo debelim naslagama suhog lisca.

We should have in mind that the hill-fort today is covered with forest and the ground with thick layers of dry leaves.

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36. Plosna-Gradina. Pogled s najviseg dijela gradine prema autocesti i trasi plinovoda. Plosna-Gradina. View from the highest part of the hill-fort towards the motorway and the gas pipeline route.

37. Plosna-Gradina. Dio oboda keramicke posude. (T.1-1). Plosna-Gradina. Part of a rim of a ceramic vessel. (T.1-1).

38. Plosna-Gradina. Dio oboda keramicke Dosude (T1-2) Plosna-Gradina Par of a rim of a ceramic vessel. (T.1-2).

ulomak pronaden u sloju Podosojne peci, koji je datiran u kasno broncano doba (R. STARAC 1994, 22, t.13), te ulomak pronaden na lokalitetu Sv. Ivan Kornetski, koji se zajedno s ostalim povrsinski prikupljenim materijalom datira u srednje broncano doba (MIHOVILIC 1995, 37, t. IX, 4). Obod slicnih karakteristika pronaden na gradini Elleri, A. Cardarelli opredjeljuje u broncano doba tog naselia iako ne precizira tocno razdoblie (CARDARELLI 1983 124 t 36-17) Na osnovi malih'ulomaka ruckica pronadenih na Gradini ne mozemo reci nista u vezi s njihovim nekadasniim punim izaledom i dataciiom (T1-3 5) Zanimljiv nalaz je I fragmentirana noga tronoSca (T.1-4). Tronosci su tipican nalaz gradina Trscanskoo krasa Istre Kvarnerskoa zalieva i otoka od kraja ranog broncanog doba a njihova uporaba je nastavljena i u zeljeznom dobu (BURSICMATIJASIC 1998 77 MIHOVILIC 1995 32" MIHOVILIC 2001 47" MATOSEVIC MIHOVILld 2004 9-10) Dalje'paralele tih keramiCkih predmeta nalazimo tek na otocima Cipru i Kreti gdje su datirani u III. stupanj srednjeg minojskog razdoblia odnosno u 17 i rano 16 st or Kr To moze upucivati na njihovu provenijenciju s prostora istocnoo Sredozemlia (HANSEL TERZAN 1999 95). Cini se da su tronosci cinili sastavni dio inventara svakog ognjista i sluzili kao prijenosne peci za pripremu jela (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1998 77 MIHOVILIC 2001 47- 48) Na podruciu polja Petrova koje se nalazi u sieveroistocnom podnozju gradine u iskopnom kanalu magistralnog plinovoda pronadeno je jos nekoliko fragmenata keramike koja svojom fakturom odgovara onoj pronadenoj na samoj aradini Moze se DretDostaviti da su stanovnici naselia iskoristavali tu obradivu povrsinu za svoje potrebe Juqozapadno od qradine nalazi se izduzeni dol koji je moqao biti koristen u iste svrhe a tu se nalazi i lokva promjera oko 15 m' neposredno uza zidani bunar. Izvor vode u blizinl aradine bio ie dodatna Doaodnost DraDoviiesnim stanovnicima tog podrucja

reconstructed vessel from the same site that is described by the author as a storage pot (BEKIC 2006, 109, t.9-1). The vessel of the similar rim is found in the 8th phase of Vaganac cave, which is dated into the late Bronze Age, continuing in the Iron Age (FORENBAHER, VRANJICAN 1985, 13, 14, t.11). In the area of the Liburn culture, during the Iron Age, one comes across vessels with everted rims of similar characteristics when they are mostly used for newborn children burials (BATOVIC 1987, 355, t.XXXV-2). Sakara-Sucevic classifies the vessels with the everted rim, which are typologically similar to our example, to the first phase of the Iron Age (Istria I) of the Kastelir site near Nova Ves, and says that these pots are present on the wide area from Furlania, Istria, southwest of the Prealpine region, across Lika to Bosnia. They are attributed to the influence of Urnified culture from the Middle Bronze Age (SAKARA-SUCEVIC 2004, 100, fig. 489). We can make one more comparison with Santa Barbara necropolis that probably belongs to the Elleri hillfort near Trieste and it is dated in the early Iron Age (PERONI 1983, 138-140, t.38-7). Since the sherd of our vessel was found on the hill-fort, that is on the inhabited area, its function was probably connected with food storage, not with burials. More precise analogies are found for the second sherd with everted rim (T.1-2). We will just mention a sherd found in the layer of Podosojna pec dated into the late Bronze Aqe (STARAC 1994 22,'t.13), and a sherd found at the St. Ivan Kornetski site, which, together with other topsoil finds is dated into the Middle Bronze Aqe (MIHOVILIC 1995, 37, t. IX, 4). The rim with similar characteristic found on the Elleri hill-fort A Cardarelli puts in the Bronze Age of this settlement! although he does not mention the precise period (CARDARELLI 1983 124 t 36-17) On the basis of small sherds of handles found at the Gradina site we cannot sav anvthinq about how they looked before and their dating (T1-3 5) An interesting find is a fragmented trivet leg (T.1-4). Trivets are typical finds on the hill-forts of the Trieste karst Istria The Kvarner Gulf and islands until the end of the Bronze Age their use continuing in the Iron Age (BURSIC- MATIJASIC 1998 77 MIHOVILIC 1995 32" MIHOVILIC 2001 47" MATOSEVIC MIHOVILIC 2004 9 10) Some other resembling'ceramic objects are found on the Cyprus and Crete where they are dated in the third level of the Middle Minoan neriod that is in the 17th and early 16th century BC. That may suggest their provenance from the area of east Mediterranean (HANSEL TERZAN 1999 95) It seems that the trivets were a part of every fireplace inventory and were used as portable stoves for preparing meals (BURSIC-MATIJASIC 1998 77MIHOVILIC 2001 47 48) On the area of Petrovo field situated in the north-east foot of the hill-fort in the excavation trench of the motorway qas pipeline several other ceramic sherds were found their texture corresponding to the texture of'those found on the hill-fort. We can assume that the inhabitants of

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Prema tako malobrojnim ulomcima, prikupljenih povrsinskim pregledom, bez obavljenih istrazivanja, tesko je donositi zakljucke o vremenu funkcioniranja gradine. Dio nalaza sugerira da je gradina, bar u jednom dijelu svog trajanja, funkcionirala kroz broncano doba, no oni ne iskljucuju mogucnost da se zivot na torn polozaju odvijao i u iducem periodu. Nazalost stanje istrazenosti broncanodobnih i zeljeznodobnih naselja na torn podrucju je nedostatno te stoga nismo u mogucnosti pruziti neke blize paralele. Za konkretnije zakljucke bilo bi nuzno provesti bar probna istrazivanja. KATALOG: 1- Ulomak oboda posude s dosta primjesa kalcita. Posuda je izradena kvalitetno, na povrsini je svijetlo smede boje, a u presjeku tamno sive do erne boje. 2- Ulomak oboda posude od dobro prociscene gline. Posuda je izradena kvalitetno, tamno crvene boje. 3- Ulomak ruckice, trokutastog presjeka. Izradena od dobro prociscene gline s malo primjesa kalcita, izvana je tamno crvene, a u presjeku tamno smede boje. 4- Ulomak noge tronosca, od dobro prociscene gline s tek malo primjesa kalcita. Izvana je tamno crvene do smede boje, a u presjeku erne. 5- Ulomak ruckice ovalnog presjeka erne boje. Keramika je porozna s dosta primjesa.

the settlement used the cultivable land for their needs. Southwest of the hill-fort, there is an elongated small valley which could have been used for this purpose, and here is also a pool of about 15 m diameter, just next to the well. The spring of water in the vicinity of the hill-fort was one more favourable condition to prehistoric inhabitants of this region. On the basis of such small number of sherds, collected during surface examining, without research carried out, it is rather difficult to bring conclusions about the period in which the hillfort functioned. Part of the finds suggests that the hill-fort, at least one period functioned during the Bronze Age, but they do not leave out the possibility that the life in this area continued in the next period. Unfortunately, the exploration of Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements in this region is very poor, so we cannot draw some closer parallels. For the stronger conclusions, at least exploratory examining should be conducted. Catalogue: 1- A sherd of a vessel rim with a lot of calcite temper. The vessel is of good quality, on the surface of light brown colour, at the break dark grey to black colour. 2- A sherd of a vessel rim, of well refined clay. The vessel is of good quality, of dark red colour. 3- A sherd of a handle, triangle in cross-section. It is manufactured of well refined clay with little calcite temper, red on the outside, dark brown at the break. 4- A sherd of a trivet leg, of well refined clay with just a little of calcite temper. On the outside is of dark red to brown colour, black at the break 5- A sherd of a handle, oval in cross-section, black colour. Ceramics is quite porous with lot of temper.

279

39. Piosna-Gradina. Dio noge tronosca. (T.1-4). Plosna-Gradina. Part of a leg of a

trivet. (T.1-4).

T.1. Plosna - Gradina.

i 1 ~

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Gorski kotar
HRSINA - RUDINE 159+000 Lea Cataj
The Rudine site is only one kilometre southwest of the village Hrsine. During the rescue archaeological excavations and research, carried out before the construction of the section Zagreb - Split motorway from Bosiljevo to Josipdol started6, in the wider area of Rudina site, in smaller karst valleys and on levelled plateaus, small quantity of prehistoric ceramics was found. There were mostly finds from the Copper Age and the Bronze Age, probably originating from the temporary prehistoric settlements, the houses being scattered in the wider area. Exploratory trenches on the motorway route did not give positive results, but sporadic finds certainly suggest temporary inhabitation of this area in the prehistoric time (PERKIC 2004, 13-16).
40. Strgari-Cerik. Zaravanak na vrhu Cerika. Strgari-Cerik. Plateau at the peak of Cerik.

Gorski kotar
HRSINA - RUDINE 159+000 Lea Cataj
Polozaj Rudine nalazi se svega jedan kilometar jugozapadno od samog sela Hrsine. Prilikom zastitnih arheoloskih iskopavanja i istrazivanja koja su prethodila izgradnji dionice autoceste Zagreb Split od Bosiljeva do Josipdola,6 na sirem je prostoru Rudina u manjim vrtacama i na zaravnjenim platoima pronadena manja kolicina prapovijesne keramike. Rijec je o bakrenodobnim i broncanodobnim nalazima koji najvjerojatnije potjecu iz prapovijesnih naselja koja u spomenutim periodima nisu bila stalnoa karaktera a nastambe su bile rasprsene na sirem prostoru. Probna sondiranja na samoj trasi autoceste nisu dala Dozitivne rezultate ali sooradicni nalazi svakako govore o povremenoj naseljenosti tog prostora u prapovijesno doba (PERKIC 2004, 13 - 16).

STRGARI - CERIK 159+800 Luka Bekic

In February 2005, during the route survey of the forthcoming motorway gas pipeline on the Hrsina field, I visited the nearby hill Cerik together with the archaeologist Kresimir Raguz. Small ceramic sherds and daub were found there so this site was designated as a possible prehistoric hillfort (BEKIC 2005). The hill Cerik (k.262) is situated on the northwest edqe of the Hrsine hill between the hamlet Cerovci and the village Strgari and it is prominent among lower elevations of the hill edge. It is elevated 60 cm above the field with two rather steep sides. On the top of it there is a plateau, through which solid rocks are breaking through in some places. Durina the repeated detailed examination in 2007 small ceramic sherds and crumbs of daub were'found again. Taking into account the fact that the daub crumbs were scattered around the laraer area of the plateau there is a possibility that these were not the remains of house daub, but that they were formed by some fire. Bigger parts that would certainly identify them as the remains of house daub were not found Ceramic finds are scanty. They are mostly sherds of a bellv of some undecorated oots of thin walls often porous. These sherds could be dated in the Middle Aaes on the basis of comparison with the ones found at Osretki However several sherds surely belong to the prehistoric period probably to the late Bronze Age or the early Iron Age. The remains of some prehistoric defensive walls were not noticed althouah the appearance of the too looks like a place convenient for settlement. On the basis of these scarce finds we can sav that on Cerik people sojourned or lived in the Middle Ages,

41. Strgari-Cerik. Dio zrvnja izradenog od krupnozrnatog kamena. Strgari-Cerik. Part of a grindstone made of large-grained stone.

STRGARI - CERIK 159+800 Luka Bekic

U veljaci 2005.g. prilikom pregleda trase buducea olinovoda na hrsinskom ooliu s arheologom Kresimirom Raguzem obisao sam i obliznje brdo Cerik. Tada su pronadeni sitni ulomci keramike i Ijepa pa je taj polozaj oznacen kao potencijalna prapovijesna gradina (BEKIC 2005). Brdo Cerik (k.262) nalazi se na sjeverozapadnom rubu hrsinskoa Dolia izmedu zaseoka Cerovci i sela Straari te se i'stice medu nizim rubnim uzvisinama Iznad polja je uzdiqnut sezdesetak metara s dvije razmjerno strme strane Na vrhu se nalazi zaravanak, kroz koji mjestimice probijaju zive stijene. Ponovnim, detaljnim pregledom 2007.g.
6

42 Straari-Cerik Ulomak trbuha Draooviiesne oosude s olasticnom rasclan enom trakom Strgari-Cerik Sherd of a belly of a prehistoric vessel with a plastic articulated ribbon

Arheoloska istrazivanja vodio je Domagoj Perkic, arheolog, tada zaposlen u Konzervatorskom odjelu u Karlovcu.

Works were led by Domagoj Perkic an archaeologist employed by the Conservation Department in Karlovac at the time

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ponovno su pronadeni sitni ulomci keramike, mrvice Ijepa. S obzirom na to da su mrvice Ijepa razbacane po vecem podrucju zaravanka, postoji mogucnost da ne pripadaju ostacima Ijepa kuca, nego da su to tragovi pozara. Nisu pronadeni krupniji ulomci koji bi ih sigurno odredili kao kucni Ijep. Keramicki nalazi su oskudni. Vecinom su to dijelovi trbuha neukrasenih lonaca tanjih stijenki, cesto poroznih. Ti ulomci mogli bi se prema usporedbi s onima pronadenim na Osretkima datirati u srednji vijek. Tom razdoblju vjerojatno i pripadaju rusevine kamene kucice koja se nalazi na zaravanku. No, nekoliko ulomaka zasigurno pripada prapovijesti, vjerojatno kasnom broncanom ili starijem zeljeznom dobu. Ostaci nekih prapovijesnih bedema nisu uoceni, premda izgled vrha odaje prostor pogodan za naseljavanje. Prema skrtim nalazima moze se reci kako se na Ceriku obitavalo ili zivjelo u srednjem vijeku, a to se za prapovijest ne moze sa sigurnoscu ustvrditi. Moguce je da su se tu zadrzavali stalni stanovnici obliznje Gradine kod Orisja, prilikom ispase stada na hrsinskom polju.

HRSINA - GORICA 160+500 Lea Cataj

Selo Hrsina nalazi se 2 km jugozapadno od Bosilieva u podnoziu brda Velika Druzica prvom i najvisem (468 m.n.v.) u nizu uzvisina koje se protezu od Kupe na sjeverozapadu do Dobre na iugoistoku Obilie vodenih tokova zelenih pasnjaka i" nastanjivih brda cinio je taj kraj pogodnim za zivot prapovijesnom stanovnistvu. 0 tome svjedoce i rezultati arheoloskih pregleda terena i sondiranja koji su posljednjih godina bili provodeni poradi izgradnje infrastrukture. SDominiuci aa u u XIX st R LoDasic ie miesto nazivao Sersina (LOPASIC'l 872 262) Nekoliko godina potom naveo je da se kraj Hrsine nalazi prapoviiesni humak (LOPASIC 1895 61) Riiec ie o polozaju Gorica koji se nalazi izmedu sela Hrsina i Krc Bosilievski adie ie R Drechsler-Bizic 1958 g. izvela rekognosciranje i manje sondazno iskopavanje. Lokalitet je opisan kao gradina s pravilnom kruznom osnovom promjera 50 m i relativne visine 6 m a Dronadeni keramicki materijal pripada lasinjskoj kulturi (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961 33 - 34) Tako je Hrsina pripisana nekolicini nalazista (Cakovec Lasinia Goricka Vrlovka Ozali Novo Cice Kiringrad) teVulture smjestenih juzno od Save (BALEN 1997/1998 18) Lasinjska kultura obuhvaca prostor Hrvatske od Vucedola u istocnoj Slavoniji do Josipdola u Oaulinsko - Dlascanskoi zavali sievernu Bosnu Sloveniiu Staiersku i Komsku u Austriii te madarsku Transdanubiiu (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979 139 - 142) Prema nekim autorima lasinjska ie kultura uz vucedolsku naivaznija i najznacainiia kulturna poiava bakrenodobnog razdoblia tog prostora a u Hrsini je zastupljena u ranoj fazi s elementima koii moau uDucivati na veze s lendelskim kulturnim krugom (MARKOVIC, 1985, 19 - 22). Nastala je na

while for prehistoric period this cannot be claimed with certainty. It is possible that the inhabitants of Gradina near Orisje spent some time here during the pasture of animals on the Hrsina hill.

43. Strgari-Cerik. Ostaci kamene kucice na vrhu Cerika. Strgari-Cerik. Remains of a small stone house at the peak of Cerik

HRSINA - GORICA 160+500 Lea Cataj

The village Hrsina is situated 2 km southwest of Bosilievo on the foot of the Velika Druzica hill which is the first and the highest (at 468 m above the sea level) in number of elevations that spread from the river Kupa in the northwest to the river Dobra in the southeast. Abundance of water, green grazing land and hill suitable for living made this place favourable for the life of prehistoric people. The proof for that are the results of archaeological terrain surveys and trenching that have been conducted for past several years due to the infrastructure construction. This place was mentioned back to 19th century bv R Lopasic who called it Sersina (LOPASIC 1872 262)' Several years later he said that next to Hrsina there was a prehistorical hillock (LOPASIC 1895, 61) This is the Gorica locality situated between villages Hrsina and Krc Bosilievski where R Drechsler-Bizic in 1958 conducted recognition and smaller exploratory trenching. The locality is described as a hill-fort with a regular circular base with 50 m diameter and 6 m of relative height. The ceramic material found there belonged to the Lasinie culture (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961 33 34) That is way Hrsina was attributed to several sites (Cakovec Lasinia Goricka Vrlovka Ozali Novo Cice Kiringrad) that belong to this culture and that are situated south of the river Sava (BALEN 1997/1998 18) Lasinia culture includes Croatian area from Vucedol in the east Slavonia to Josipdol in Oaulinsko-Dlascanska basin then Bosnia Slovenia, Styria and Carinthia in Austria and

44. Strgari-Cerik. Ulomak trbuha srednjovjekovne posude. Strgari-Cerik. Sherd of a belly of a medieval vessel. Ulomak trbuha srednjovjekovne posude.

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Hungarian Transdanubia DIMITRIJEVIC 1979, 139-142). According to some authors, Lasinja culture is, together with Vucedol culture, the most significant and the most important cultural occurrence of the Bronze Age in this region, and in Hrsina is present in its early phase with the elements that could indicate the connection with the Lendel cultural sphere (MARKOVIC 1985, 1922). It is formed on the substratum of Neolithic cultures, and regarding its wide spreading, it appears in several subtypes. The finds from Hrsina could be attributed to possible Cakovac or Josipdol subtype (MARKOVIC 1994, 92-96). There are different opinions about its time interval: some think that this was a transitional culture at the turn of the early Stone Age and Bronze Age, some experts think that it lasted through the whole Bronze Age period, and some are inclined to think that it existed just during the middle of that period (BALEN 1997/1998, 18). Although Hrsina has been known for its finds that belong to Lasinja culture, we have to mention that this area in the later period was on the very edge of Japod territory on its north border the least explored border so far (DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1970, 243). Building of hillocks is not a characteristic of the Copper Age and since the artefacts from this period were found in the direct vicinity of Gorica elevation, an idea appeared about its use in the Bronze or Iron period when it was covered up with the soil in which was some older material was found (PERKIC 2006, 39). The finds from the Bronze Age and the Iron Age from the nearby hill-fort Gradisce in the village Orisje that we talked about are the proof that this area was inhabited in the'earlier prehistoric periods.

45. Hrsina-Gorica. Tumul Gorica.

supstratu neolitickih kultura, a s obzirom na siroku rasprostranjenost, javlja se u nekoliko varijanta pri cemu bi nalazi iz Hrsine mogli biti pripisani eventualnom tipu Cakovac ili Josipdol (MARKOVIC 1994, 92 - 96). 0 njezinim vremenskim okvirima postoje razlicita misljenja: neki smatraju da je to prelazna kultura iz mladeg kamenog u bakreno doba druqi smatraju da traie kroz ciielo bakreno doba', a neki su skloni vjerovati da je egzistirala sredinom too razdoblia (BALEN 1997/1998 18) lako je Hrsina do sada poznata po svojim lasiniskim nalazima valia spomenuti da se tai krai u kasnijem periodu nasao na samom rubnom dijelu iapodskoa teritoriia odnosno na nieaovoi sjevernoj do sada najslabije istrazenoj granici (DRECHSLER-BIZIC 1970 243) Gradnja humaka nije karakteristicna za razdoblje bakrenog doba a posto su artefakti iz tog perioda pronadeni i u neDosrednoi blizini uzvisenia Gorice iavila se pomisao o njegovu koristenju u broncanom ili zelieznom dobu kada ie zatrpan okolnom zemliom u koioi ie bilo stariieq materiiala (PERKIC 2006 39). Da je taj prostor bio naseljen u mladim DraDoviiesnim razdobliima sviedoce i broncanodobni i zeljeznodobni nalazi s obliznje gradine Gradisce u selu Orisje, o kojoj je bilo rijeci.

HRSINA - BODUL1160+700 Lea Cataj

During the rescue archaeological excavations on the route of motorwav Zaareb-Riieka on the section from Bosiljevo to Vrbovsko two caves were found at the locality Boduli on Hrsina field7. They were situated south-east of the villaae Hrsina close to already mentioned Gorica site In them in 2000 archaeological exploratory 'trenching was conducted durina which ceramic and lithic material was found belonging to Lendel and Lasinje culture. The'caves were at 30 m distance one from another and they were covered with soil that was probably washed ashore by two nearby springs. That is why there was not any cultural stratigraphy in them so we cannot draw conclusions about the relation of these two cultures (PERKIC 2006, 3239). The sherds of Lendel ceramics are very important and very rare in Croatia. The closest site is Ozali-Stari arad some of it was found in Pepelane and sporadically at some other sites in Podravina (TEZAK-GREGL 1994 169170) Lendel culture is set of related cultural

HRSINA - BODUL1160+700 Lea Cataj

Tijekom zastitnih arheoloskih radova na trasi autoceste Zaareb - Riieka na dionici od Bosilieva do Vrbovskog pronadene su dvije spilje na lokalitetu Boduli u hrsinskom polju.7 Smjestile su se iuaoistocno od sela Hrsine a blizu SDomenutoa nalazista Gorica. U njima su 2000. g. vrsena arheoloska sondazna iskopavanja prilikom kojih je pronaden keramicki i liticki materijal koji pripada lendelskoj i lasinjskoj kulturi. Spilje su medusobno
7

Arheoloska iskopavanja vodio je Domagoj Perkic, arheolog, tada zaposlen u Konzervatorskom odjelu u Karlovcu.

Works were led by Domagoj Perkic an archaeologist employed by the Conservation Department in Karlovac at the time

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udaljene 30 m, a bile su zatrpane zemljom koju su vjerojatno naplavila dva obliznja izvora zbog cega u njima nije bilo kulturne stratigrafije te se ne mogu donositi zakljucci o odnosu dviju spomenutih kultura (PERKIC 2006, 32 - 39). Veoma su vazni ulomci lendelske keramike koji su na prostoru Hrvatske veoma rijetki. Najblize nalaziste je Ozalj - Stari grad, a lendelske je keramike pronadeno u Pepelanama, a sporadicno i na nekolicini drugih lokaliteta u Podravini (TEZAKGREGL 1994, 169 - 170). Lendelska je kultura skup srodnih kulturnih pojava kasnog neolitika, odnosno prve polovine IV. tis. pr. Kr. Javlja se u rubnom dijelu zapadne Transdanubije, Beckoj zavali, Moravskoj, Sloveniji i dijelu sjeverozapadne Hrvatske (KAROLY 1992, 93). Njena zastupljenost u Hrsini i Ozlju potvrduje sirenje lendelskog kulturnog kompleksa s podrucja jugozapadne Transdanubije, Slovacke i Moravske preko sredisnje Hrvatske sve do Slovenije a spilje u Bodulima njena su juzna periferija (PERKIC 2006, 39). Ulomci keramike bakrenodobne lasinjske kulture javljaju se tu kao i na Gorici koja je svega 350 m udaljena od spilja te ih treba promatrati u jedinstvenome arheoloskom kontekstu (ibid). S obzirom na pronadeni materijal, moze se zakljuciti kako je rijec o manjem, sezonskom stanistu koje je bilo koristeno u kasnom neolitiku i eneolitiku, odnosno na prijelazu iz IV. u III. tisucljece pr. Kr. (ibid).

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LIPOVSCAKI - OSRETK1160+900 Robert Cimin

Nalaziste Lipovscaki-Osretki nalazi se na trasi magistralnog plinovoda Pula-Karlovac (stacionaza cca 160+800-160+950) na blagom uzvisenju u dolini Hrsina juzno od sela Lipovscaki. Prilikom obilaska terena za potrebe izrade Konzervatorske studiie s aspekta arheoloske bastine maaistralnoa plinovoda Pula-Karlovac na dionici'od Rijeke do Karlovca u proljece 2005 g pregledom nekoliko poljoprivrednih parcela na povrsini je pronadena manja kolicina srednjovjekovne i novovjekovne keramike (BEKIC 2005). Na temelju toga propisano je probno arheolosko istrazivanje. Pretpostavljalo se da bi se moglo pronaci manje srednjovjekovno naselje. U jesen 2005 g pristupilo se probnom arheoloskom sondiraniu (CIMIN HARASA BEKIC 2006a). Duz trase plinovoda na svakih je 20 metara postavljena po jedna probna sonda dimenzija 2 x 2 m (nazvane A B C D) Sonde su u orilicno kratkom vremenskom periodu istrazene do sterilnih geoloskih slojeva (zdravica zute do crvenkaste boje) na maksimalnoj dubini od 60 do 80 cm (si. 46) Nazalost orilikom toaa nisu DreDoznati nikakvi kuiturni sloievi zatvorene cieline ili stambeni objekti vec je pronadena samo manja kolicina Dokretnih arheoloskih nalaza (si 49) 8 Vecinom ie rijec o vrlo sitnim srednjovjekovnim i novovjeko-

occurrences of the late New Stone Age, that is the first part of the 4th millennium BC. It is present on the edge of west Transdanubia, Vienna basin, Moravia Slovenia and in the part of northwest Croatia (KAROLY 1992, 93). Its presence in Hrsina and Ozalj confirms the spreading of Lendel cultural sphere from the area of west Transdanubia, Slovakia and Moravska, across the middle part of Croatia all the wav to Slovenia caves in Boduli being its south periphery (PERKIC 2006, 39). Ceramic sherds of Bronze Age Lasinja culture are present here as well as at Gorica which is 350 m far from the caves so they should be surveyed as a unique archaeological context (ibid.) Reaardina the material found we can conclude it is a smaller seasonal settlement that was in use in the late Neolithic and Eneolithic at the turn of fourth and third millennium BC. (ibid)

46. Lipovscaki-Osretki. Iskopavanje probne sonde D. Lipovscaki-Osretki. Excavation of the trial trench D.

LIPOVSCAKI - OSRETK1160+900 Robert Cimin

Lipovscaki-Osretki site is on the route of the motorway gas pipeline Pula-Karlovac (kilometre marker about 160+800-160+950) on the slight elevation in the vallev Hrsina south of the villaae Lipovscaki. During the terrain survey in order to make a conservation study from the view of archaeoloaical heritaae on the motorwav aas pipeline Pula-Karlovac on the section from Rijeka to Karlovac in the'spring 2005 during the examination of several farminq plots small Quantity of medieval and postmedieval ceramics was found (BEKIC 2005). On the basis of that a test archaeological survey was required. It was Dresumed that we miaht find a smaller medieval settlement.
47 LiDOvscaki-Osretki Ulomak novoviekovnoq keramickoq qlaziranoq taniura ili zdiele Lipovscaki-Osretki Sherd of a modern ceramic glazed plate or bowl

II ipdnom od nrohnih Kkona fsnnda f^ norpni su nrnslnii Mnnaranrastp hoip nastali nrilikom nradpvinskih radova 7a Kkon naftovoda (JANAF), te su zapravo prebacena zdravica koju su strojevi utisnuli u humusni sloj. In one of the test pits (trench C) sublayers of yellow-orange colour were noticed, formed during the construction works on the oil pipeline excavaL (JANAF) and these ^

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48. Lipovscaki-Osretki. Profil sonde C s vidljivim tragovima iskopa JANAF-a u humusnom sloju. Lipovscaki-Osretki. Profile of trench C with visible traces of excavation by JANAF in the humus layer.

T.1. Lipovscaki - Osretki.

vnim ulomcima keramickih posuda te recentnom materijalu (metalne cahure lovacke puske, plasticni predmeti i ulomci crijepa). Usprkos malom broju nalaza istrazivanja su dala neke rezultate Naime mali ulomak lonca (T1-3) tj zaobljenog oboda izvijenog prema van, vrlo je slican obodima lonaca iz sredisnje Europe koji datiraju u vrijeme 14-15.st. (Austrija: Neustadt, Kamptal, Horner Becken; CECH 1985 Abb 1-50; CECH 1987 Abb 1-50) Vjerojatno se jednako odnosi i na pronadenu rucku (T.1-6) koja je bila sastavni dio vrca kakvi su takoder mnogobrojni na spomenutim podrucjima (CECH 1985 Abb 4-9 41-44; CECH 1987 Abb 46-51 55-70) Sukladno takovim posudama . postoje i razni poklopci (T 1-4 5) koji sluze pri spravjanju tekuce hrane (CECH 1985 Abb 45; CECH 1987 Abb 77) Preostali ulomci s nalazista cine tek manje dijelove dna i trbuha razlicitih srednjovjekovnih i novovjekovnih keramickih posuda.

In autumn of 2005, we started with the exploratory trenching (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006a). Along the route of the gas pipeline, every 20 m one test trench was put, measuring 2 x 2 m (the test trench were called A, B, C and D). They were explored in rather short period, up to the sterile, geological layers (subsoil of yellow to reddish colour) at maximum depth of 60 - 80 cm (fig. 46). Unfortunately, no cultural layers, undistu rbed units or dwelling objects were recognized during that. Just small quantity of finds was found (fig. 48).8 There are mostly very small medieval and postmedieval sherds of ceramic vessels and some recent material (metal rifle cartridge, plastic objects and roofing tile sherds). Despite the scarcity of finds, the research gave some results. Small potsherd (T.1-3), with rounded everted rim is very similar to the pot rims from the Middle Europe dating in the 14th-15th century (Austria: Neustadt, Kamptal, Horner Becken; CECH 1985, Abb. 1-50; CECH 1987, Abb1-50). This is probably also true for the handle (T.1-6) that was part of a jug that can also be found in large number in the mentioned regions (CECH 1985, Abb. 4-9, 41-44; CECH 1987, Abb. 46-51, 55-70). Together with such vessels there are many lids (T.1-4,5) that were used for preparing liquid food (CECH 1985, Abb. 45; CECH 1987, Abb. 77). The remained sherds from the site are just small sherds of the bottom and belly of different medieval and postmedieval ceramic vessels. Modest archaeological finds of the test trenches showed that the settlement did not existed on the very route of the gas pipeline but the dwelling objects were probably situated more to the south on a slightly elevated part of the hillock. Archaeological finds could have been brought on the axis of the gas pipeline route accidentally during tilling the soil or washing out the ground caused by the influence of atmo spheric agents Taking all this into account this was probably a smaller settlement consisting of couple of houses from the 14th-15th century

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Skromni arheoloski nalazi probnih sondi pokazali su da se naselje nije smjestilo na samoj trasi plinovoda vec je vjerojatnije da su se stambeni objekti nalazili juznije na malo visem dijelu brezuljka. Odatle su pokretni arheoloski nalazi na os trase plinovoda mogli dospjeti posve slucajno prilikom obrade zemlje i ispiranjem tla zbog djelovanja atmosferilija. Prema svemu, tu je najvjerojatnije bilo manje naselje od nekoliko kuca iz vremena 14-15.st., premda pojedini nalazi potjecu iz malo kasnijeg razdoblja (17.st., si. 47). Moze se pretpostaviti da je u neposrednoj blizini brda Gradisce i Rizine u to vrijeme bilo vise takovih naselja koji su na njihovima vrhovima mogli ispovijedati svoju vjeru i traziti skloniste u nemirnim vremenima. Katalog: 1- Ulomak oboda posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, tvrde izrade, cakljena izvana i iznutra svijetlo zutom bojom, u prijelomu oker. Sonda B, SJ 1. 2- Ulomak oboda posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, oker boje. Slucajni nalaz. 3- Ulomak oboda posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu s primiesama orqanske materiie smede do tamno'smede boje. Sonda C, SJ 1. 4- Ulomak oboda posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, svijetlo smede boje izvana, u prijelomu sive Slucajni nalaz. 5- Dva ulomka oboda posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu tvrde izrade s primiesama sitnih kamencica oker boje Slucajni nalaz 6- Ulomak trakaste ruCke posude" tvrde izrade svijetlo smede boje izvana, u prijelomu tamno s\ve. Sonda C SJ 1 7- Ulomak dna posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu mekse izrade oker boie Sonda B SJ 1 8- Ulomak dna posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu tvrde izrade s primiesama sitnih kamencica oker' boje. Slucajni nalaz 9- Ulomak dna posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu tamno sive boie izvana u priielomu sviietlo smede. Slucajni nalaz.

although some finds originate from the later period (17th century, fig. 47). It might be assumed that in the direct vicinity of the hills Gradisce and Rizine there were many similar settlements in those times, where the people could profess their faith and find a shelter in turbulent times on the top of these hills. CATALOGUE: 1- A sherd of a vessel rim, manufactured on a fast potters wheel, of rough manufacture, glazed on the outside and inside with yellow colour, ochre at the break. Trench B, Layer 1. 2- A sherd of a vessel rim, manufactured on a fast potters wheel, with sand temper, of ochre colour. Chance find. 3- A sherd of a vessel rim, manufactured on a fast potters wheel, with organic substance temper, brown to dark brown colour. Trench C, Layer 1. 4- A sherd of a vessel rim, manufactured on a fast potters wheel, with tiny sand temper, of light brown colour on the outside, grey at the break. Chance find. 5- Two sherds of a vessel rim, manufactured on a fast potters wheel, of rough manufacture, with small stones temper, ochre colour. Chance find. 6- A sherd of a ribbon-like handle, of rough manufacture, light brown on the outside, dark grey at the break. Trench 1, Layer 7- A sherd of a bottom of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel of softer manufacture ochre colour Trench B Layer 1 8- A sherd of a bottom of a vessel manufactured on a fast potters wheel of rough'manufacture with small stones temper, ochre colour. Chance find. 9- A sherd of a vessel rim manufactured on a fast potters wheel dark grey on the outside light brown at the break. Chance find.
49. Lipovscaki-Osretki. Ulomak trbuha kasnosrednjovjekovnog keramickog lonca. Lipovscaki-Osretki. Sherd of a belly of a late medieval ceramic pot.

50. Podrebar-Drage. Dio oboda srednjovjekovnog lonca. Podrebar-Drage. Part of a rim of a medieval pot.

PODREBAR - DRAGE 161+350 Luka Bekic

Durina works at Osretki local people informed us about Draqe field along the road throuqh the village Podrebar because supposedly ceramic sherds could be found there Durino survev some sherds were found datinq in the prehistoric time Middle Age and New Age. These finds are not numerous and on the olouohed field we could not find the traces that would give us evidence about continuous inhabitation of this site. The finds probably originate from the people of the neighbouring settlements who were staying there for a shorter period. CATALOGUE: 1 - A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel? of porous manufacture of lioht brown colour on the outside and inside,'black at the break

PODREBAR - DRAGE 161+350 Luka Bekic

Prilikom radova na Osretkima miestani su nas uputili na polie Draqe uz cestu kroz selo Podrebar kazujuci nam da se tamo mogu naci keramicki ulomci Prealedom oolia oronadeni su ulomci koii datiraiu u prapoviiest srednii I novi viiek Tih nalaza nema mnoqo a na izoranom poliu nismo uspieli pronaci traqove koii bi sviedocili o trainom naseliavaniu na torn polozaiu Pronadeni nalazi vieroiatno potiecu od zadrzavania liudi iz okolnih naselja. KATALOG 1 Ulomak oosude izradene na kolu? oorozne izrade izvana i iznutra sviietlo smede a u oriielomu erne boje.

51. Podrebar-Drage. Dio trbuha prapovijesne posude. Podrebar-Drage. Part of a belly of a prehistoric vessel.

T.1. Podrebar - Drage.

O'S 0<=;tala ^'SQ-'^OO 01 10 nfi^i

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1fi VO OQ 99 - c i0

ORISJE - RIZINE 161+700 Robert Cimin

Above the village Orisje in the Bosiljevo municipality one can see the hills Gradisce and Rizine, separated by the narrow ravine, through which a new path passes, opened in the postmedieval period. The highest parts of the hill are at about 300 hundred meters above the sea level, and they are surrounded by the road OrisjeLipovscaki. The motorway gas pipeline PulaKarlovac passes across the Gradisce hill (on the kilometre marker 161+850 - 162+000) and 500600 metres south of the Rizine hill and it is not in the direct contact with it. The village Bosiljevo is situated couple of hundreds metres northeast of Orisje. On the hill Rizine, the remnants of ruins of an old city or a monastery are mentioned on the list of immovable cultural goods of Karlovac County from 2001 (MAVAR, MUTAK, TUSUN 2001, 61). Until the beginning of rescue archaeological excavations of the prehistorical hill-fort on the Gradisce hill in Autumn 2006, the exact position of that monastery was not known. Thanks to Mr. Miroslav Gasparovic from the nearby village Novo selo (south of Bosiljevo) the place was recognized According to his ancestors stories, at the beginning of the 20th century from that place stone material was taken for building family houses in nearby villages and hamlets (fig. 54). He says that this place was called a monastery because allegedly white monks lived there 9 During the close terrain survey some irregularities were noticed such as several elevations of different directions which indicated the existence of ruined walls of a'building or several buildings (fig. 52). In a relatively short period, the tops of these elevations were cleaned from the leaves and the whole ground-plan of a building was recognized. It was established that was a medieval church with all Darts measuring 16 x 9 meters the thickness of the walls was about 1 meter. It consists of a polygonal apse (probably pentagonal) on the east side the space for congregation the church entrance on the west side and the'place where triumphal arch used to be (fig. 55).10 During the terrain survey and examining of the soil thrown while the walls were cleaned no Darts of church furniture were found and from the small finds we found just few very damaged ceramic sherds that did not reveal much (T.1-1). Since the church itself does not make a monasterv but usuallv Dresents a part of monastery complex the surrounding area was surveyed in order to find other buildings The result was negative but the road that was used bv the church to communicate with the Old City Bosilievo was recoanised Recentlv the road has probably been used for stone transportation The road leads towards the east and goes from the top of the hill to the road Orisje-Lipovscaki in the

52. Orisje-Rizine. Crkva zarasla u gustu sumu i zbunje. Orisje-Rizine. Church overgrown with dense forest and bushes.

ORISJE - RIZINE 161+700 Robert Cimin

Povise sela Orisje u opcini Bosiljevo nalaze se brda Gradisce i Rizine medusobno odvoiena uskim klancem kroz koji prolazi novovjekovni probijeni put. Najvisi dijelovi brda nalaze se na oko 300 metara nadmorske visine a omeduje ih danasnja cesta Orisje-Lipovscaki. Sto se tice magistralnog plinovoda Pula-Karlovac on prelazi preko brda Gradisce (na stacionazi 161+850-162+000) a u odnosu na brdo Rizine prolazi oko 500-600 metara juznije i nema s njim izravnog dodira. Selo Bosiljevo nalazi se vise stotina metara sjeveroistocno od Orisja. Na brdu Rizine u DODJSU neDokretnih kulturnih dobara Karlovac'ke Lpanije iz 2001 godine navode se ostaci rusevina staroga grada ill samostana (MAVAR MUTAK TUSUN 2001 61) Do pocetka zastitnih arheoloskih istrazivanja prapovijesne gradine na brdu Gradisce u jesen 2006.g. tocna pozicija spomenutog samostana strucnjacima nije bila poznata. Zahvaljujuci gospodinu Miroslavu Gasparovicu iz obliznjeg miesta Novo Selo (iuzno od Bosilieva) DreDoznato je mjesto odakle se po pricanju njegovih predaka pocetkom 20. st. odvozila kamena grada za potrebe gradnje obiteljskih kuca u okolnim selima i zaseocima (si 54) Prema nieaovoi nrici oni su to mjesto nazivali samostanom jer su tu navodno nekada zivjeli bijeli fratri.9 Pazljivim pregledom terena uocene su nepravilnosti u vidu nekoliko uzvisenia razlicitih smierova sto ie uDucivalo na postojanje porusenih zidova jedne gradevine ili vise njih (si. 52). U relativno kratko vrijeme od lisca su ocisceni vrhovi takovih uzvisenia cime ie prepoznat gotovo citav tloris gradevine Naime ustanovljeno je da je rijec o srednjovjekovnoj crkvi sa svim njezinim dijelovima, a da debljina svih
9

53 Orisie-Rizine Ulomak oboda kasnosrednjovjekovnog keramickog lonca Orisje-Rizine. Sherd of a rim of a late medieval ceramic pot.

Bijeli fratri opcmto se vrlo cesto u narodu povezuju s mjestima gdje su nekada stajali razni samostani ili crkve.

White monks are among people very often connected with places were some monasteries or churches used to be

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zidova iznosi oko 1 metar, a ukupnih je dimenzija 16 x 9 metara. Sastoji se od poligonalne apside (vjerojatno peterokutne) na istocnoj strani, prostora namijenjenoga puku i ulaza u crkvu na zapadnoj te mjesta gdje je nekada stajao trijumfalni luk (si. 55).10 Pregledom terena i izbacene zemlje prilikom ciscenja zidova nisu pronadeni dijelovi crkvenog namjestaja, a sto se tice sitnih pokretnih arheoloskih nalaza, pronadeno je tek nekoliko vrlo ostecenih sitnih ulomaka keramickih posuda koji nam ne govore mnogo (T.1-1). Sama crkva ne cini samostan, vec obicno dio samostanskog kompleksa tako da je pregledano okolno podrucje s namjerom otkrivanja ostalih zgrada. Rezultat je bio negativan, ali je prepoznat put kojim je crkva komunicirala sa Starim gradom Bosiljevo i kojim se najvjerojatnije u novije vrijeme odvozio kamen. Put vodi prema istoku i spusta se s vrha brda na danasnju cestu Orisje-Lipovscaki u samoj blizini Staroga grada Bosiljevo.

U kasnosrednjovjekovnim i novovjekovnim crkvenim izvorima selo Orisje nije poznato vec se na sirem podrucju spominje samo ime Bosiljevo {in Bozilo) kao zupno mjesto oko crkve sv. Mavra.11 Podatke o tome donosi Ivan arhidakon u svom Statutu Zagrebacke biskupije iz 1334.g. (LOPASIC 1895, 62; LASZOWSK11902, 114; MAVAR, MUTAK, TUSUN 2001, 62). Gotovo u isto vrijeme vlastelini Bosiljeva postali su knezovi Krcki, kasnije nazvani Frankopani. Poznato je da je 1340.g. knez Karlo pozvao Dujma, kneza Krckog i Modruskog, da dade zagrebackoj crkvi polag uredbe Radoslav Lopasic (LOPASIC 1895 63) smatra da se to moze ticati jedino Bosiljeva jer knezovi Krcki u to vrijeme nisu imali drugih posjeda u Zagrebackoj biskupiji. S Lopasic in his overview of old towns and druae strane Stari arad Bosiljevo kao iedan od churches in Karlovac Pokuplje says that on the sredisnjih frankopanskih posjeda u povijesnim se izvorima iavlia tek 1461 a (LASZOWSK11902 114SZABO 1920 173" KRUHEK 1993 31) Najjasniji arhitektonski'pokazatelj tog vremena je masivna cetverokutna branic-kula u sredisnjem dijelu grada kakve su tipicne za vrijeme romanike i gotike. Izgradnja Starog grada mogla je zapoceti i u Drethodnom stoliecu a kontinuirano se u niemu zivjelo sve do 19st' kada je posljednji put bio obnovljen. Tijekom pet stotina godina zivota grad je pretrpio razne pregradnje i preinake u vezi s vremenom i novim vlasnicima 0 samom Starom aradu pisano ie vise puta (LOPASIC 1895 58-79" LASZOWSKI 1902 114" SZABO 1920 173-1741 KRUHEK 1993 31) ' Lopasic je u svom pregledu starih gradova i crkava u karlovackom Pokuplju naveo da je na brdu Gradisce uz Stari grad postojala najstarija krscanska crkva s manastirom (samostanom) na Bosilievu adie su 1531 a bili smiesteni dominikanci (LOPASIC 1895 62) Meni se osobno cini da taj podatak treba uzeti s velikim oprezom Cini se da Lopasic potkraj 19.st. nije razdvojio brda

vicinity of the Old city Bosiljevo. In the late medieval and postmedieval sources, the village Orisje is not known, just the village Bosiljevo [in Bozilo) is mentioned in the wider area as a parish place of St Mavro.11 Archdeacon Ivan reveals that in his statute of Zagreb diocese from 1334 (LOPASIC 1895, 62; LASZOWSKI 1902, 114; MAVAR, MUTAK, TUSUN 2001, 62). Almost in the same time the Bosiljevo squires become the Krk princes, later called Frankopans. It is known that in 1340, prince Karlo urges Dujmo, the prince of Krk and Modruska to give the church of Zagreb because of decree. Radoslav Lopasic (LOPASIC 1895, 63) thinks that this can only be connected with Bosiljevo because the Krk princes in that time did not have other properties in the Zagreb diocese. On the other hand, the Old town of Bosiljevo, as one of the crucial properties belonging to Frankopans, is not mentioned in the historical sources before 1461 (LASZOWSKI 1902, 114; SZABO 1920, 173; KRUHEK 1993, 31). The clearest architectural indicator of that time is a massive square defensive tower in the centre of the town, typical for the Romanesque and Gothic period. The building of the Old city could have begun in the previous century, and it continued up to the 19th century when it was reconstructed for the last time. During five hundred years of existing, there were different modifications and reconstructions connected with the time and new owners Different authors wrote about the Old city several times (LOPASIC 1895, 58-79; LASZOWSKI 1902, 114; SZABO 1920, 173-174; KRUHEK 1993, 31).

287

54. Orisje-Rizine. Otkriveni sjeverni zid crkve. Orisje-Rizine. Discovered northern wall of the church.

S novootkrivenom pozicijom crkve upoznat je i Konzervatorski odjel u Karlovcu Ministarstva kulture RH. The Conservation Department of the Ministry of Culture in Karlovac has been informed about the newly discovered position of the church.
11

Posljednji put obnovljena 1903.g. (MAVAR, MUTAK, TUSUN 2001, 61).

Last time reconstructed in 1903 (MAVAR, MUTAK, TUSUN 2001, 62).

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55. Orisje-Rizine. Supposed ground plan of the church.

ORISJE-RIZINE'06 PRETPOSTAVLJENI TLORIS CRKVE

Gradisce i Rizine te je tako nastala zabuna. Naime, sadasnja crkva sv. Marije (Majke Bozje) na Gradiscu izgradena je u slogu renesanse najvjerojatnije pocetkom 17.st. Urbar grada Bosiljeva (popisan prema starijim urbarima 1650.g.) navodi da je ban Nikola Frankopanski12 oporucno obdario obje crkve na Bosiljevu: sv. Mavra i sv. Marije na Gradiscu (LOPASIC 1895, 74). To bi znacilo da su sredinom 17.st. na relativno malom prostoru istovremeno funkcionirale dvije crkve, a treca se crkva ne spominje. Vjerojatno su crkva ili samostan na Rizinama bili kratkovjecni, stotinjak godina. Oko crkve sv. Marije na Gradiscu i danas se na povrsini mogu pronaci brojni ulomci novovjekih keramickih posuda. Pretpostavka je da je u to vrijeme na vrhu brda moglo biti manje naselje oko same crkve. Svoj sadasnji oblik crkva posvecena Majci Bozjoj popri/ mila je 1776.g. (upisana godina iznad glavnog ulaza u crkvu).13 Na sjevernoj padini brda Gradisce vidljivi su ostaci kamenih stuba u vidu vecih kamenih blokova koje su vodile prema crkvi sv. Marije, no tesko je pretpostaviti kada su one postavljene. Narucitelja, graditelja i uzivatelja otkrivene crkve i potencijalnog samostana na Rizinama trebalo bi traziti u porodici Frankopan koja je Bosiljevom i njegovom okolicom vladala od pocetka 14.st. pa sve do 1671.g., kada su austrijski odredi preuzeli sve njihove posjede (SZABO 1920, 174; KRUHEK 1993, 31). Naravno da se bez sustavnih arheoloskih istrazivanja o samoj crkvi za sada ne moze vise reel. Sigurno je da je rijec o jednoj srednjovjekovnoj zgradi, a ostale se ne naziru. Medutim, nadamo se kako ce buduca arheoloska istrazivanja potvrditi danasnja saznanja. KATALOG: 1 - Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama organske materije, porozne i nepravilne izrade, sive boje. Slucajni nalaz.
i i i

Gradisce hill next to the Old city was the oldest Christian church with monastery at Bosiljevo where in 1531 the Dominicans were located (LOPASIC 1895, 62). I personally think that this information should be taken cautiously. It seems that Lopasic did not separate the hills Gradisce and Bosiljevo at the end of the 19th century and that was the reason for confusion. Apparently, todays church of St Maria (Mother of God) on Gradisce was built in the Romanesque style, probably at the beginning of the 17th century. Terrier of the Bosiljevo town (listed in the old terriers in 1650) says that the Viceroy Nikola Frankopanski bequeathed both churches on Bosiljevo: St Mavro and St Maria on Gradisce (LOPASIC 1895, 74)J2 That would mean that in the middle of 17th century two churches functioned on a relatively small area, while the third one was not mentioned. Probably the church or a monastery at Rizine functioned only for a short period of about hundred years. On the other hand, around the church of St Maria on Gradisce even today one can find a lot of vessel sherds from the postmedieval period. It can be assumed that in those days on the top of the hill was a small settlement around the church. The church devoted to the Mother if God got its present appearance in 1776 (the year inscribed above the main entrance in the church).13 On the north slope of the Gradisce hill, stone blocks, the remnants of stone stairs are visible but it is difficult to presume when they were put. The placer of order, the constructor and the holder of the discovered church and possible monastery on Rizine was probably someone from the Frankopan family, which ruled Bosiljevo and its neighbourhood from the beginning of the 14th century until 1671 when Austrian units took all their properties (SZABO 1920, 174; KRUHEK 1993, 31). However, without systematic archaeological survey about the church we cannot say anything more for now. It is sure that it is a medieval building, while the others do not appear. However, we hope that future archaeological investigations might confirm present assumptions. CATALOGUE: 1 - A sherd of a vessel manufactured on a potters wheel, with temper of some organic substance, of porous and irregular manufacture, grey colour. Chance find.

T.1. Orisje - Rizine.

Nikola Frankopanski umro je 1647.g. Nikola Frankopanski died in 1647.

13

Prije nekoliko godina na crkvi je izvedena zamjena limenog krovista crjepovnim.

Couple of years ago, in the church the roof truss made of sheet is replaced by the tiled one.

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56. Orisje-Orisice. Pogled s Orisica na nezarastenu trasu JANAFA i brdo Gradisce. Orisje-Orisice. View of the clear JANAF route and the hill of Gradisce from Orisice.

ORISJE - ORISICE 162 + 900 Luka Bekic

Prilikom pregleda trase buduceg plinovoda, obisli smo i obliznju uzvisinu Orisice kod Orisja (K.212). Kako je trasa naftovoda JANAF-a jos bila nezarastena, pronasli smo nesto ulomaka keramike (BEKIC 2005). Vrh uzvisine zarastao je u duboku travu, pa se tu nije moglo prikupiti povrsinskih nalaza. Pronadeni keramicki ulomci pripadaju prapovijesnom i srednjovjekovnom razdoblju. Orisice su blaga uzvisina u polju izmedu sela Orisje i Novog Sela Bosiljevskog i po takvim topografskim odlikama slicne su Osretkima kod Lipovscaka. Vjerojatno se na uzvisini nalazilo manje naselje ili nekoliko kuca u prapovijesti i srednjem vijeku, kojemu su okolna polja pogodovala za ispasu i obradu, i gravitiralo je vecem naselju na Gradiscu, odnosno Bosiljevu. KATALOG LUIomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, malo poroznih stijenki, izvana i iznutra sive, a u prijelomu erne boje. 2.Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, vrlo poroznih stijenki, erne boje.

ORISJE - ORISICE 162 + 900 Luka Bekic

During the examination of the forthcoming gas pipeline route, we visited the nearby elevation Orisice near Orisje (K 212). Since the route of the oil pipeline JANAF was not overgrown, we found some ceramic sherds (BEKIC, 2005). The top of the elevation was covered with high grass so we could not collect any top soil finds. The founded sherds belonged to the prehistoric and medieval period. Orisice is a slight elevation between the villages Orisje and Novo Selo Bosiljevsko and by such topographical characteristics is similar to Osretki near Lipovscak. On this elevation probably a smaller elevation or several houses were situated in the prehistoric and medieval time and they used the surrounding fields for pasture and land cultivation and gravitated towards a bigger settlement on Gradisce, namely Bosiljevo. Catalogue: 1 - A sherd of a vessel, manufactured on a fast potters wheel, of little porous walls, grey on the outside and inside, black at the break. 2 - A sherd of a vessel, manufactured on a fast potters wheel, of very porous walls, of black colour.

57. Orisje-Orisice. Dio oboda srednjovjekovnog lonca. Orisje-Orisice. Part of a rim of a medieval pot.

T.1. Orisje - Orisice.

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VINSKI VRH - MALI KUCER 178+200 Luka Bekic

During the visiting of the forthcoming gas pipeline route near Vinski vrh, a detached hill with levelled surface on the top was noticed. In the conservation study this site is marked as a possible medieval construction site (BEKIC 2005). Since the gas pipeline route passes more northwest of this hill, no archaeological excavations were conducted, but during the route supervision, this site was visited again and that time some sherds of prehistoric ceramics were found, confirming the archaeological character of this elevation. Mali Kucer is a conical hill, which stretches from the bigger hill, Kucer (K205) like an extension.14 It is at 160 m above the sea level, and elevated about 40 m above the valley, through which a stream flows. Three sides are very steep while the mildest access is the link with Kucer, but even there, there is a climb several meters high. Therefore, this position could have easily be defended. It is in the direct vicinity of the river Dobra and there are many springs in the vicinity. Norther of Mali Kucer there are many flint deposits so several elevations are marked as Kremenik (kremen - flint). Ceramic finds founded on the plateau can be attributed to prehistoric period and to Lasinja culture without any doubt. The closest sites of Lasinja culture are at Gorica and caves Boduli near Hrsina (PERKIC 2006), cave Vrlovka near Ozalj, Cakovec near Josipdol, Kiringrad near Vrginmost and Talijanovo brdo near Lasinja (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961). The whole culture includes a lot larger area - northwest Croatia, east Slavonia, south Hungary. Regarding absolute dating, the things were radically changed. Before, it was thought that Lasinja culture belongs to the period from 2050 to 1770 BC (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961) while the latest C-14 analyses for Croatia indicate the period from 4213 to 2807 BC (BEKIC 2006).15 Our sherds are similar to others in the northwest of Croatia. The resemblances are found for the basic shapes of big vessels with sharp fold T.1-1 (Blizna MARKOVIC 2006, t.3-4) or without it T.1-6 (Stara ves, Pustakovec BEKIC 2006, t.1-8; t.1-3). On similar vessels plug like and nipple-shaped appliques that often come in couple are very often found (Pustakovec BEKIC 2006 t.1-5, t.2-11; Blizna MARKOVIC t.1-1-3). Even T.1-8 from Mali Kucar is probably similar applique. Vessels that get narrower towards the opening are also known. T1-7 (Blizna MARKOVIC 2006, t.4-3,10). The decorations on the bellies and shoulders of vessels T.1-3,4,5 are also standard for Lasinja culture (Blizna MARKOVIC 2006, t.2-8; Stara ves BEKIC 200.1-3; Boduli PERKIC 2006 s.35-11) The decoration on the very edge of the vessel with slightly closed rim T.1-2 is probably local characteristic because such layout of vertical lines

58. Vinski vrh-Mali Kucer. Pogled na najlaksi pristup Malom Kucaru s jugozapada. Vinski vrh-Mali Kucer. View of the easiest access to Mali Kucer from the southwest.

VINSKI VRH - MALI KUCER 178+200 Luka Bekic

Prilikom obilaska trase buduceg plinovoda kod Vinskog vrha zamijeceno je izdvojeno brdo sa zaravnatom povrsinom na vrhu. U konzervatorskoj studiji taj polozaj je upisan kao potencijalno srednjovjekovno gradiste (BEKIC 2005). Kako trasa plinovoda prolazi sjeverozapadnije u odnosu na to brdo, nisu provodena arheoloska iskopavanja, ali je prilikom nadzora trase ponovo obiden taj polozaj, kojom prilikom su pronadeni i ulomci prapovijesne keramike te tako potvrden arheoloski karakter te uzvisine. Mali Kucer je brdo u obliku stoca, koje se poput kraka izdvaja iz veceg brda, Kucera (K.205).14 Nadmorske visine 160 m, uzdignuto je cetrdesetak metara nad dolinom kroz koju tece potok. S tri strane je vrlo strmo, a najblazi prilaz poveznica je s Kucerom, ali i tu je uspon visok nekoliko metara. Dakle, polozaj je lako branjiv. Nalazi se u neposrednoj blizini rijeke Dobre, a u okolici postoje i brojni izvori. Sjevernije od Malog Kucera postoje brojna lezista kremena, pa je nekoliko uzvisina i oznaceno imenom Kremenik. Keramicki nalazi pronadeni na povrsini zaravanka mogu se svrstati u prapovijest i bez sumnje pripisati lasinjskoj kulturi. Najbliza nalazista lasinjske kulture su na Gorici i pecinama Boduli kod Hrsine (PERKIC 2006), pecini Vrlovki kod Ozlja, Cakovcu kod Josipdola, Kiringradu kod Vrginmosta i Talijanovu brdu kod Lasinje (DIMI TRIJEVIC 1961). Cjelokupna kultura obuhvaca kudikamo vece podrucje - sjeverozapadnu Hrvatsku, istocnu Sloveniju i juznu Madarsku. Sto se tice apsolutne datacije, ona je stubokom promijenjena. Nekada se smatralo da lasinjska kultura obuhvaca razdoblje od 2050. do 1770.g.pr.Kr. (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961), ali su najnovije C-14 analize

59. Vinski vrh-Mali Kucer. Dio zdjele (T.1-1). Vinski vrh-Mali Kucer. Part of a bowl. (T.1-1).

60. Vinski vrh-Mali Kucer. Dio oboda ukrasene zdjele (T.1-2). Vinski vrh-Mali Kucer. Part of a rim of a decorated bowl. (T.1-2).

Kako na topografskim kartama ne nosi nikakvo ime, a dio je brda Kucer, odlucio sam ga oznaciti kao Mali Kucer. Since on the topographic maps it does not have the name and it is a part of the hill Kucer, I decided to mark it as Mali Kucer.

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za Hrvatsku uputile na razdoblje od 4213. do 2807.g.pr.Kr. (BEKIC 2006).15 Nasi ulomci srodni su ostalima na prostoru sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Usporedbe mozemo pronaci za osnovne oblike velikih zdjela s ostrim pregibom T1-1 (Blizna MARKOVIC 2006, t.3-4) ili bez njega T1-6 (Stara ves, Pustakovec BEKIC 2006, t.1-8; t.1-3). Na slicnim zdjelama cesto se nalaze cepasti - bradavicasti naljepci koji se redovito nalaze u paru (Pustakovec BEKIC 2006 t.1-5, t.2-11; Blizna MARKOVIC t.1-1-3). Vjerojatno je i T1-8 s Malog Kucera slican naljepak. Poznate su i posude koje se suzavaju prema grlu T1-7 (Blizna MARKOVIC 2006, t.4-3,10). Ukrasi na trbusima i ramenima posuda T1-3,4,5 takoder su standardni za lasinjsku kulturu (Blizna MARKOVIC 2006, t.2-8; Stara ves BEKIC 2006 t.1-3; Boduli PERKIC 2006 s.35-11). Ukras na samom rubu zdjele s blago zatvorenim obodom, T1-2 vjerojatno je mjesna odlika, jer se takav raspored paralelnih crta nalazi samo u Cakovcu kod Josipdola i Bodulima kod Hrsine (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, t.V138; PERKIC 2006,5.35-5). Nalaziste na Malom Kuceru izdvaja se, unatoc slicnosti ostalim lasinjskim nalazistima po keramici, po svojem topografskom polozaju. Dosad u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj nije bilo nalaza lasinjske kulture na takvim strmim uzvisinama, koje potpuno odgovaraju potrebi obrane. Sva dosad poznata nalazista smjestena su u dolinama uz vodotoke, a ako i zauzimaju neke uzvisine, one su karaktera rijecnih terasa, redovito niske i blagih obronaka. Moguce je da ce se daljnjim istrazivanjem otkriti vise takvih lasinjskih nalazista i ustanoviti razlog takvog njihova smjestaja.

is found only in Cakovec near Josipdol and Boduli near Hrsina (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, t.V-138; PERKIC 2006, s.35-5). The site on Mali Kucer is, despite the similarity of its ceramics with the ceramics on other Lasinja sites, different from the others because of its topographical position. So far in the northwest of Croatia there have not been any finds of Lasinja culture on such steep elevation, which are perfect for the defensive purpose. All sites known so far are situated in the valleys next to the waterways, and even when they are on some elevation they have a character of river terraces, always low and with mild slopes. It is possible that further research will reveal more of these sites that belong to Lasinja culture and will also discover the reasons for such position. Catalogue: 1 - A sherd of a hand-made vessel, with tiny quartz temper that crumbles; of black/red/light brown/red /black colour through the break. 2 - A sherd of a hand-made vessel, of little porous and oily clay, of good manufacture, light brown on the outside, dark grey at the break and black on the inside. 3 - A sherd of a hand-made vessel, with little of tiny sand temper, of good manufacture, light brown colour. 4 - A sherd of a hand-made vessel, of little porous and oily clay, of good manufacture, of black/red/black/red /brown colour at the break. 5 - A sherd of a hand-made vessel, of little porous and oily clay, of good manufacture, through the break of black/red/black/red /brown colour. 6 - A sherd of a hand-made vessel, with little of tiny quartz temper, of good manufacture, red colour.
61. Vinski vrh-Mali Kucer. Dio posude s znakovitim ukrasom (T.1-3). Vinski vrh-Mali Kucer. Part of a vessel with sign decoration (T.1-3).

291

T.1. Vinski vrh - Mali Kucer.

Objavljene C-14 analize s tri lasinjska nalazista i neke jos naknadne neobjavljene analize, sve s podrucja Varazdinske i Medimurske zupanije. Published C-14 analyses from three Lasinje sites and some additionally published analyses, all from the area of Varazdin and Medimurje county

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KATALOG: 1. Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s primjesama sitnog kvarcita koji se osipa, kroz prijelom: crne/crvene/svijetlo smede/crvene/crne boje. 2. Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, malo porozne i masne gline, dobre izrade, izvana svijetlo smede, u prijelomu tamno sive a iznutra erne boje. 3. Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo primjesa sitnog pijeska, dobre izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 4. Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, malo porozne i masne gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: crne/crvene/crne/crvene/smede boje. 5. Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, malo porozne i masne gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: crne/crvene/crne/crvene/smede boje. 6. Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo primjesa sitnog kvarcita, dobre izrade, crvene boje. 7. Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene, masnije gline, dobre izrade, crvene boje. 8. Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, porozne izrade, izvana i iznutra smede a u prijelomu sive boje. Pregoreno.

7 - A sherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined, oily clay, of good manufacture, red colour. 8 - A sherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of porous manufacture, on the outside and inside brown, grey at the break. Burned through.

GRDUN - GRADISCE (GRIG) 158+000 - 158+200 Lea Cataj

Hill-fort Gradisce near the village Grdun is situated on the strategically very good position next to the river Dobra, about 10 kilometres south of Stari grad Ozalj. Elevations on the mountain slopes, near pastures and cultivable area and waterways are very often used for building settlements in the prehistoric period. The site was discovered during the conducting the regional plan of the Ozalj municipality and it was put under the preventive protection. We have known for several sites in the Ozalj area, but almost none has been systematically explored. Back to the middle of the 19th century an urn cemetery was discovered in Trescerovac near Ozalj (LJUBIC 1885, 64-68) and later in Krupace near Krasic (LASZOWSKI 1929, 10,11), and the traces of human presence are visible in the nearby Ozalj cave (LASZOWSKI 1929, 94: TEZAK-GREGL 1994, 166). West of Ozalj, near the village Kamanj, there is one more cave with prehistoric finds LASZOWSKI 1929, 94) in which in the middle of 20th century several test trenches were excavated, and the ceramics found there was attributed to the Cooper Age of Lasinja culture (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, 33; TEZAK-GREGL 1994, 166). Archaeological surveys were conducted in the medieval old town Ozalj where prehistoric layers were found, belonging to the Lasinja culture, but also the finds of the late Bronze and older Iron Age (CUCKOVIC 1993, 163,164; TEZAKGREGL 1994, 165-167). There are surely more of prehistoric sites in the wider area of Grdun, chance finds and the results of recognition and test surveys confirming that. We have to mention one important chance find, a sword, type Moringen from Draganic, the village situated only 10 kilometres northeast of Grdun. It is a bronze sword; with full metallic handle, the southeast example of the Moringen type which is dated in the second part of the 9th or beginning of the 8th century BC (SKOBERNE 2004, 153,154). The hill-fort Gradisce near Grdun has never been archaeologically examined. When the conse rvation study was being conducted due to the construction of the motorway gas pipeline Pula Karlovac, it was established that further rescue archaeological excavations should have been done because the gas pipeline route passed under the north edge of the hill-fort, and intersected two hillocks (BEKIC 2005).The works were carried out because the possibility of existing of a necropolis, which the people usually built outside their fortified settlements. On the length of 100 metres, six trenches were explored and the archaeological finds were rare: just in the trench D several

62. Grdun-Gradisce. Ulomak posude ukrasene plasticnom rasclanjenom trakom. Grdun-Gradisce. Sherd of a vessel decorated with a plastic articulated ribbon.

GRDUN - GRADISCE (GRIG) 185+000 - 185+200 Lea Cataj

Gradina Gradisce kod sela Grdun smjestila se na strateski veoma dobrom polozaju uz rijeku Dobru, desetak kilometara juzno od Staroga grada Ozlja. Uzvisenja na planinskim obroncima u blizini pasnjaka i obradive zemlje te vodenih tokova cesto su koristena za izgradnju naselja u prapovijesti. Lokalitet je otkriven prilikom izrade prostornog 63. Grdun-Gradisce. Pogled na plana opcine Ozalj i stavljen pod preventivnu masivni zemljani bedem sa zastitu. sjeverozapada. Iz okolice Ozlja za sada nam je poznato nekoliko Grdun-Gradisce. View of the massive earth defensive wall from the lokaliteta, no gotovo nijedan nije sistematski northwest. istrazen. Jos je sredinom 19.st. otkriveno groblje

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sa zarama u Trescerovcu kod Ozlja (LJUBIC 1885, 64 - 68), a nedugo potom i u Krupacama nadomak Krasica (BRUNSMID 1898, 137-143). Prapovijesna keramika nadena je na brdu Smicelju kod Trescerovca (LASZOWSKI 1929, 10-11), a tragovi ljudskog obitavanja evidentni su i u obliznjoj Ozaljskoj spilji (LASZOWSKI 1929, 94; TEZAKGREGL 1994, 166). Zapadno od Ozlja, kod sela Kamanja, jos je jedna spilja s prapovijesnim nalazima (LASZOWSKI 1929, 94) u kojoj je sredinom 20.st. iskopano nekoliko probnih sondL a pronadena je keramika pripisana bakrenodobnoj lasinjskoj kulturi (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, 33; TEZAKGREGL 1994, 166). Arheoloska su istrazivanja vodena u starom srednjovjekovnom gradu Ozlju, gdje su pronadeni prapovijesni slojevi koji takoder pripadaju lasinjskoj kulturi, ali i nalazi kasnog broncanog i starijeg zeljeznog doba (CUCKOVIC 1993, 163 - 164; TEZAK-GREGL 1994, 165 - 167). U siroj okolici Grduna zasigurno je vise prapovijesnih lokaliteta, o cemu govore podaci o slucajnim nalazima te rezultati rekognosciranja i probnih istrazivanja. Medu njima treba spomenuti jedan vazan slucajan nalaz, mac tipa Moringen iz Draganica, sela koje se nalazi svega desetak kilometara sjeveroistocno od Grduna. Rijec je o broncanom macu s punom kovinskom drskom, najjuznijem primjerku tog tipa koji je datiran u drugu polovinu 9. ili na pocetak S.st.pr.Kr. (SKOBERNE 2004, 153-154). Gradina Gradisce kod Grduna nikada nije bila arheoloski istrazivana. Prilikom izrade konzervatorske studije poradi izgradnje magistralnog plinovoda Pula - Karlovac, ustanovljeno je da je potrebno izvrsiti zastitna arheoloska iskopavanja jer trasa plinovoda prolazi ispod sjevernog ruba gradine, na udaljenosti od 50 do 100 m te sijece dva brezuljka (BEKIC 2005). Radovi su poduzeti radi mogucnosti postojanja nekropole, koje su prapovijesni stanovnici uglavnom smjestali izvan svojih utvrdenih naselja. Na duzini od oko 100 m istrazeno je sest sondi16 u kojima su arheoloski nalazi bili rijetki: samo je u sondi D pronadeno nekoliko ulomaka novovjekovne keramike (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006a; BEKIC 2007a). Na vrhu gradine zaravnjeni je plato, a sa sjeverne i istocne strane jos su i danas vidljivi ostaci zemljanog bedema u visini od oko 4 m te jarka podno njega. Na juznoj i zapadnoj strani, nad rijekom Dobrom, bedema nije bilo jer je gradina tu zasticena strmom liticom. U mladim prapovijesnim razdobljima za naselja su cesto birani tesko pristupacni polozaji koji su s nekoliko strana bili zasticeni prirodnim putem: strminom brijega, vodenim tokovima i si. S najslabije branjene strane graden je bedem koji je uglavnom bio kameni, a pokatkad i zemljani. U siroj okolici Grduna nekoliko je prapovijesnih gradina koje su bile opasane zemljanim bedemom: Zidovske kuce u Budinjaku na Zumberackom gorju (SKOBERNE 2004, 138), Sv. Kriz Brdovecki (SKOBERNE 2004 a, 164), gradine Dubovac kod
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postmedieval ceramic sherds were found (CIMIN, HARASA, BEKIC 2006a; BEKIC 2007a).16 On the top of the hill-fort there is a levelled plateau, and on the north and east side, the remnants of the soil defensive wall, 4 m high and channel under it are visible even today. On the south and west side, above the river Dobra, there were not any defensive walls because on these sides the hill-fort was protected by a steep cliff. In younger prehistoric periods, usually hardly accessible sites were chosen for settlements, on several sides protected by natural way: hill steeps, waterways, etc. On the weakest side a defensive wall was built, usually made of stone and sometimes soil. In the wider area of Grdun, there are several prehistoric hill-forts which are surrounded by the soil wall: Zidovske kuce in Budinjak on Zumberacko gorje (SKOBERNE 2004, 138), Sv. Kriz Brdovecki (SKOBERNE 2004a, 164): hill-forts Dubovac near Karlovac and Turska kosa

64. Grdun-Gradisce. Iskop probnih arheoloskih sondi na osi plinovoda. Grdun-Gradisce. Excavation of trial archaeological trenches at the axis of the gas pipeline.

65. Grdun-Gradisce. Pogled sa zemljanog bedema u unutrasnjost gradine. U pozadini rijeka Dobra. Grdun-Gradisce. View from the earth defensive wall into the inside of the hill-fort. River Dobra at the back.

Radove je vodio mr.sc.Luka Bekic, a sudjelovali su Ivana Harasa i Robert Cimin, arheolozi Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda.

The works were led by mr.sc.Luka Bekic and Ivana Harasa and Robert Cimin, the archaeologists in the Croatian Conservation Institute participated as well.

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Karlovca i Turska kosa u selu Velika Vranovina (CUCKOVIC 2004, 190) te Tocak i Vozic juzno od Karlovca (CUCKOVIC 1985, 12; CUCKOVIC 1993, 164-166). Istovremeno sa istrazivanjem sondi na samoj trasi pocelo je i rekognosciranje gradine te je geodetski snimljen obrambeni bedem i naseobinski plato. Pronadeno je nekoliko ulomaka prostorucno radene prapovijesne keramike koja se okvirno moze datirati u razdoblje broncanog i zeljeznog doba. Najzanimljiviji su ulomci oboda dvaju zdjela (T12,3), glomazna rucka koja je pripadala loncu (T11) te jedan ulomak s plasticnom trakom (T1-4) koja ima ukras izveden utiskivanjem prsta (tzv. Tupfenleistenornament, VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, 41), veoma cest i rasiren nacin ukrasavanja na brojnim lokalitetima (COVIC 1983, 130). Smjestaj prapovijesne nekropole i nakon tih istrazivanja ostao nam je nepoznat, no to bi samo trebao biti poticaj za daljnja istrazivanja. I sam toponim govori da je to uzvisenje bilo naseljeno, a to potvrduju i ostaci zemljanih bedema i keramike pronadeni na povrsini. Pregledom gradine i zasipa uz njen juzni rub pronadeno je nesto prapovijesne keramike pa je vjerojatno da je naselje bilo kratkog vijeka ili da se njegov kulturni sloj nalazi na vecoj dubini. Sira okolica Ozlja bogata je vodenim tokovima, plodnom zemljom i uzvisinama te je stoga bila idealan kraj za naseljavanje u broncano i zeljezno doba, a u tu se opcu sliku uklapa i nas lokalitet. TABLA 1 - Grdun - Gradisce : Slucajni nalazi 1- Ulomak trakaste rucke grube povrsine, izvana crvenooker, u presjeku sive boje. 2- Dio ruba zdjele uvucenog oboda djelomicno uglacane povrsine, izvana i iznutra smede, a u presjeku sive boje. 3- Dio ruba prostorucno izradene zdjele uvuce nog oboda glatke povrsine sivooker boje. 4- Ulomak lonca izradenog prostorucno, grube povrsine, ukrasen plasticnom trakom s otiskom prsta, izvana crvene, iznutra erne, a u presjeku smede boje.

in the village Velika Vranovina (CUCKOVIC 2004, 190) and Tocak and Vozic south of Karlovac (CUCKOVIC 1985, 12; CUCKOVIC 1993, 164-166). Together with trench exploring on the route itself, we started with recognition of the hill-fort so we geodetically recorded the defensive wall and settlement plateau. Several sherds of prehistorical hand-made ceramics were found that can date approximately from the Bronze and Iron Age. The most interesting are the sherds of the rims of two vessels (T1-2,3), a massive handle which belongs to a pot (T1-1) and one sherd with plastic ribbon (T1-4) that has a decoration made by pressing a finger (so called Tupfenleistenorna ment, (VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, 41), very often and widespread way of decorating, appears at numerous sites (COVIC 1983, 130). The location of the prehistoric necropolis remained unknown even after this surveys but this should only be an encouragement for further exploring. The toponym itself says that this elevation was inhabited, and the proof for that are the remains of soil defensive walls and ceramics found on the surface. Examination of the hill-fort and steep slopes on its south edge, some prehistoric ceramics was found so the settlement existed probably only for a short period and its cultural layer is probably deeper. The wider Ozalj area is rich in waterways, fertile soil and elevations so it was ideal for settlement in the Bronze and Iron Age, our site having these characteristics as well. CATALOGUE: 1- A sherd of a ribbon-shaped handle, of redochre colour, grey at the break 2- A sherd of vessel with recessed rim of partly polished surface, of brown colour on the outside and inside, grey at the break. 3- A sherd of a edge of a hand-made vessel, recessed rim, smooth surface, grey-ochre colour. 4- A sherd of a hand-made pot, of rough surface, decorated with a plastic ribbon bearing a fingerprint, red on the outside, black on the inside, brown at the break.

T.1. Grdun - Gradisce.

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BILJESKE 0 AUTORIMA/ NOTES ON THE AUTHORS

mr.sc.Luka Bekic (Zagreb, 1971)

Radio kao znanstveni novak na Katedri za provincijalnu i starokrscansku arheologiju Filozofskog fakulteta Sveucilista u Zagrebu, kao kustos u Arheoloskome muzeju Istre u Puli i konzervator Uprave za zastitu kulturne bastine Ministarstva kulture RH. Sada je procelnik Sluzbe za arheolosku bastinu Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda. Sudjelovao ili vodio veci broj arheoloskih iskopavanja na podrucju Istre, Primorja, Dalmacije, Like, Gorskog kotara, Slavonije, Podravine i Slovenije. Diplomirao na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu s temom Sustav prapovijesnih gradina rovinjskog podrucja, magistrirao na temi Ilirski i rimski Andetrij te upisao doktorat s temom Rani srednji vijek izmedu Istocnih Alpa, Panonije i Jadrana na Univerzi na Primorskem u Kopru. Autor vise znanstvenih i strucnih radova iz raznih podrucja arheologije. Worked as a junior researcher at the Department of Provincial and Early Christian Archaeol ogy at the Faculty of Philosophy of Zagreb University, as a curator in the Archaeological Museum of Istria in Pula and as a conservator of the Administration for Conservation of Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia. He is now Head of the Archaeological Heritage Service of the Croatian Conservation Institute. He has participated in or lead numerous archaeological excavations in the areas of Istria, Primorje, Dalmatia, Lika, Gorski Kotar, Slavonia, Podravina and Slovenia. He has graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb with the topic of the System of Prehistoric Hill-forts of the Area of Rovinj, while the topic of his masters thesis was Illyrian and Roman Andetrium; he has signed up for the doctorate with the topic of the Early Middle Ages Between the Eastern Alps, Panonia and the Adriatic at the Univerza na Primorskem in Koper. He is the author of many scientific and expert works from various fields of archaeology.

Robert Cimin (Koprivnica, 1982)

Radi kao arheolog u Hrvatskom restauratorskom zavodu. Sudjelovao na vecem broju arheoloskih iskopavanja na podrucju Istre, Primorja, Gorskog kotara, Slavonije i Podravine. Diplomirao na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu s temom Utvrda Canjevo - analiza pokretnog arheoloskog materijala te upisao magisterij s temom Srednjovjekovna majolika na podrucju sjeverozapadne Hrvatske na Univerzi na Primorskem u Kopru. Works as an archaeologist at the Croatian Conservation Institute. He has participated in numerous archaeological excavations in the areas of Istria, Primorje, Gorski Kotar, Slavonia and Podravina. He has graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb with the topic of Fortification of Canjevo - Analysis of Movable Archaeological Material and signed up for the masters degree with the topic of Medieval Maiolica in the Area of Northwestern Croatia at the Univerza na Primorskem in Koper.

Ivana Harasa (Zagreb, 1973)

Radi kao arheolog u Hrvatskom restauratorskom zavodu. Sudjelovala na vecem broju arheoloskih iskopavanja na podrucju Zagreba, Gorskog Kotara, Istre, Primorja, Slavonije, Baranje i Podravine. Diplomirala na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu s temom Ranosrednjovjekovna crkva sv. Marije od Poljane u Trogiru i problem njene datacije te upisala magisterij s temom Rimska vila rustika na nalazistu Boskina kod Krvavica - rezultati arheoloskih istrazivanja iz sezona 2005-2006.g. na Univerzi na Primorskem u Kopru. Works as an archaeologist at the Croatian Conservation Institute. She has participated in numerous archaeological excavations in the areas of Zagreb, Gorski Kotar, Istria, Primorje, Slavonia, Baranja and Podravina. She has graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb with the topic of The Early Medieval Church of St. Mary of the Field in Trogir and the Problem of its Dating, and signed up for the masters degree with the topic of Roman Villa Rustica at the Archaeological Site of Boskina near Krvavici - Results of Archaeological Re search from the Season 2005-2006 at Univerza na Primorskem in Koper.

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Vesna Zmaic (Zagreb, 1972)

Radi kao arheolog u Hrvatskom restauratorskom zavodu. Sudjelovala na vecem broju arheoloskih iskopavanja na podrucju Istre, Dalmacije, Zagreba, Slavonije i Podravine. Diplomirala na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu s temom Topusko u srednjem vijeku te upisala magisterij s temom Rekonstrukcija odjece s kraja 16.st. na podrucju sjeverozapadne Hrvatske (na primjeru utvrde Canjevo) na Univerzi na Primorskem u Kopru. Works as an archaeologist at the Croatian Conservation Institute. She has participated in numerous archaeological excavations in the areas of Istria, Dalmatia, Zagreb, Slavonia and Podravina. She has graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb with the topic of Topusko in the Middle Ages, and signed up for the masters degree with the topic of The Reconstruction of Clothes from the End of the 16th Century in the Area of Northwestern Croatia (on the Example of the Fortification of Canjevo) at the Univerza na Primorskem in Koper.

Josip Visnjic (Tuzla, 1980)

Radi kao arheolog u Hrvatskom restauratorskom zavodu. Vodio ili sudjelovao na vecem broju arheoloskih iskopavanja na podrucju Istre, Primorja, Dalmacije i Slavonije. Diplomirao na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zadru s temom Srednjovjekovni kasteli Istre te upisao magisterij s temom Arhitektonska analiza utvrde Petrapilosa na Univerzi na Primorskem u Kopru. Works as an archaeologist at the Croatian Conservation Institute. He has lead or participated in numerous archaeological excavations in the areas of Istria, Primorje, Dalmatia and Slavonia. He has graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy in Zadar with the topic of Medieval Citadels of Istria and signed up for the masters degree with the topic of The Architectural Analysis of the Fortification of Petrapilosa at the Univerza na Primorskem in Koper.

Lea Cataj (Zagreb, 1977)

Radi kao arheolog u Hrvatskom restauratorskom zavodu. Vodila ili sudjelovala na vecem broju arheoloskih iskopavanja na podrucju Istre, Primorja, Gorskog kotara, Like, Zagreba, Slavonije te Francuske i Slovenije. Diplomirala na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu s temom Anticke svjetiljke I terra sigillata sa zastitnih arheoloskih istrazivanja na lokalitetu Scitarjevo Dvoriste osnovne skole 2003.g. te upisala magisterij s temom Prapovijesna gradina Orisje - Gradisce na Univerzi na Primorskem u Kopru. Works as an archaeologist at the Croatian Conservation Institute. She has lead or partici pated in numerous archaeological excavations in the areas of Istria, Primorje, Gorski Kotar, Lika, Zagreb, Slavonia, as well as in France and Slovenia. She has graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb with the topic of Roman Lamps and Terra Sigillata from the Rescue Archaeological Research at the Locality of Scitarjevo - Primary School Yard 2003 and signed up for the masters degree with the topic of The Prehistoric Hill-fort of Orisje Gradisce at the Univerza na Primorskem in Koper.

Tihomir Percan (Pula, 1982)

Radi kao suradnik-tehnicar u Hrvatskom restauratorskom zavodu. Sudjelovao na vecem broju arheoloskih iskopavanja na podrucju Istre, Dalmacije, Slavonije i Podravine. Apsolvent je na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu s prijavljenom temom Histarska nekropola u Pull. Works as an associate-technician at the Croatian Conservation Institute. He has articipated in numerous archaeological excavations in the areas of Istria, Dalmatia, Slavonia and Podravina. He is an undergraduate at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb with the topic for the graduation thesis of The Histrian Necropolis in Pula.

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ISBN 978-953-7389-04-8 9II7S9537M389048