NUTRITION

WHAT IS NUTRITION? The process that organisms obtain energy from food, for growth, maintenance and repair of damage tissue TYPES OF NUTRITION 1) Autotrophs (self, feed) Photosynthesis (Green plants)
Chemosynthesis (Bacteria synthesis organic compounds by oxidising inorganic

compounds - ammonia) 2) Heterotrophs (cannot synthesise their own food) Holozoic (Herbivours, Carnivours & Omnivours)
Saprophytic (Organisms fed on dead / decaying matter Parasitic (Organisms obtains nutrient by living on/ in the body of other living

organisms BALANCE DIET Balance diet: a diet which contains the right amounts of carbohydrate, proteins, fat, vitamins, mineral, water and fibers.
Healthy diet: should provide the body with all the substances necessary to maintain

growth, to keep good health and repair damage tissue. WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT EFFECTING THE DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENT? Climate! Colder place need more energy to maintain body temp. because of the lost of energy to the surrounding. FACTORS EFFECTING DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENT Body size - The smaller person have a larger surface per unit volume compare to a larger person, the rate of heat loss is higher, they need more energy.
Gender - Male need more energy because they are more active & the metabolic rate

is higher then female.

Growing children have higher metabolic rate than older people. They need more

energy.
Occupation - Person does heavy work needs more energy than a person who is only

moderately active. NUTRIENTS IN FOOD Carbohydrates: (rice, noodles, potatoes) Source of energy for motion and growth

Used to form supporting structures in plants (cell wall) Effective methods for food storage (starch/glycogen)

Part of nucleus (DNA) Lack of it : become very weak

Proteins : (meat, fish, cheese, eggs) Make new cells for growing

Repair & Replace damaged cells/tissues Make enzymes, antibodies & hormones Lack of it: kwashiorkor, very weak, muscle are poorly developed

Fat : ( oils, butter, milk, nuts) Supply energy

Part of cell membrane Help absorb certain vitamins (ADEK) Too much: excess fat stored under the skin (obese)

Too little: vitamins wont be absorbed, cell membrane wont be formed normally
Vitamins: To protect health.

Biological catalyst for chemical reaction in the body.

2 categories: i) Fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K

Stored in the body fat No need to consume everyday (stored in the body)

ii) Water soluble vitamins C and B (8 types)

Dissolved easily in water, easily lost Cannot be stored in the body, need to be consumed everyday.

Vitamin A Source: Milk, green leaf, butter, tomatoes, cod liver, egg. Function: Normal growth, healthy eyes & skin. Deficiency disease: Night blindness. Vitamin B1 Source: Milk, peas, cereals, green leaf. Function: Growth & development. Deficiency disease: Beriberi (disease affects the nervous system).

Vitamin B2

Source: Peas, yeast, egg, meat. Function: Healthy skin growth. Deficiency disease: Skin disease, retarded growth. Vitamin B4 Source: Whole cereals, potatoes, tomatoes, meat, fish. Function: Healthy skin, digestive & nervous system. Deficiency disease: Pellagra (disease affect the skin, alimentary canal & nervous system). Vitamin C Source: Tomatoes, green leaf, vegetables, fruits. Function: Healthy growth, strong blood vessels. Deficiency disease: Scurvy (gums easily bleed).
Vitamin D Source: Sunlight, milk, butter. Function: Strong bones & teeth. Deficiency disease: Rickets ( Soft bones & deformed on children).

Vitamin E Source: Vegetables, oils, milk, butter. Function: Protect the cell membrane. Deficiency disease: Affect fertility.
Vitamin K Source: Green vegetables, Soya bean oils. Function: Help in clotting the blood. Deficiency disease: Excessive bleeding from wound. Mineral salts: Major trace mineral- required in large amount

Minor trace mineral- required in small amount

Iron - Formation of heamoglobin Calcium - Strong bones & teeth, muscle contractions, clotting blood Phosphorus - Strong bones Potassium - Growth & osmotic balance Sodium - Osmotic balance, proper functioning of nervous system Iodine - Body metabolism, development of brain Roughage/ fiber Higher water holding capacity

Help peristalsis / bowel movement Prevent from constipation Lower the cholesterol Reduce the risk of heart disease

Water:

Medium for biochemical reactions Medium for transportation of respiratory gases Regulates body temp. Removes excretory waste Maintain osmotic pressure Aids peristaltic movement Hydrolyse some food substances Dissolve most chemical substances

SPECIAL DIET Pregnant lady Need more nutrient to provide more energy to meet the need of my growing fetus Folate brain development
Baby

Iron prevent from anemic Calcium - growth of babys bone & teeth

Need mothers milk to provide me with energy & nutrient. Children They are active & love to play. They need carbohydrates to give us energy and protein to develop new tissue. Vegetarian They need supplement in order to complete their need. Diabetic Low sugar. Teenagers Carbohydrates provides energy (theyre active)

Protein still growing Iron menstruation (girl)

Athletes

Carbohydrates they need more energy. MALNUTRITION Starvation insufficient amount of food Eating disorder: Anorexia Nervosa Girls believe themselves to be fat (theyre extremlely thin), dont want to eat.

Bulimia Overconcern with body weight, eat a lot and then force themselves to vomit.
Overweight/ Obesity - high risk of diabetes,hypertension, heart attack Over consumption of cholesterol & saturated fat:

Can cause arthrosclerosis (build up fatty deposits in the coronary arteries/ blood vessels.

Class Of Chemicals

Constipation: lack of dietary fiber.

Cells need various types of organic and inorganic compounds to enable them to carry out their functions, as well as build their cellular components. While organic compounds contain the element carbon, inorganic compounds do not. Below is the classified descriptions of chemical compound. Carbohydrate Starch made up of long chain of glucose
The ratio of C:H:O in it is 1:2:1 Cellulose that strengthens the cell walls of plants Maltose can be converted into glucose by hydrolysis Its glucose molecules can be converted into glycogen

Lipid Cholesterol is an example of it

Fats have the triglyceride molecules in them Fatty acids can be saturated and unsaturated The hormone testosterone is an example of it

Nucleic Acid An example is the DNA found in the nucleus of a cell

Genetic material that directs protein synthesis Contain pentose sugars and phosphate groups

Protein Amino acids are its building blocks

Nearly all enzymes are examples of it The haemoglobin molecules in the red blood cells Builds muscles and aids growth

Water An inorganic compound with no carbon in it

A polar molecule with two H atoms and one O atom A universal solvent

 Acts as a medium for reactions in one's body

Proteins
Proteins play an important role in the formation of cellular components, cells and tissues in the human body. They are also needed for growth and development. Without them, we will not grow or be able to repair damaged tissues in our body. Among the substances made up of proteins in the human body are haemoglobins, antibodies, enzymes, certain hormones, muscle tissues and part of the cell membrane. The basic building block of proteins is the amino acid.
There are 20 types of amino acids. Of these, the essential amino acids are the ones that cannot be synthesised by the

body and must be obtained from the food we eat.

Five example of amino acids are leucine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, valine and

serine.
If amino acids are known as monomers, proteins are polymers. When two amino acids are joined together, a dipeptide is formed. The bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond. The process in which polypeptides are formed from amino acids is known as

condensation.
Protein can be broken down to amino acids in a process called hydrolysis. A molecule that is a protein in nature can be used to speed up the process

mentioned above. This molecule is an enzyme.