Env107 Main

Although 71 oI earth's surIace is covered with water bodies, we don't have enough water to
drink. Many researches have been done on water puriIication systems in order to have saIe
drinking water. However, there are about 1 billion people, who don't have proper excess to
drinking water. ThereIore, water needs to be conserved, and prevent Irom pollution in order to
make it saIe Ior drinking and other consumption purposes. Reducing the amount oI water use can
help conserve water as well as save money.
Since the ancient times, human have always preIerred to settle near some source oI water. At the
same time, the problems associated with the pollution oI these water bodies by human activities
are also quite old. More recently, however, the rate at which the pollution is occurring has
become a matter oI concern. As the population has increased, the amount oI waste produced by
human activities has also increased. When it comes to disposal oI this waste, we seem to have
assumed that these water bodies are the best alternatives. The amount oI waste disposed in these
water bodies around the world has increased maniIolds over the last Iew decades.

~INTRODUCTION
ENV107[ SECTION: 22,

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~Bangladesh: Current State of Water Pollution
[Project Report

The Project on :Bangladesh: Current State of Water Pollution' has been assigned by our
honorable course instructor: Mr. Masum ur Rahman, Lecturer, DESM, Aorth South
University. The report was assigned to us at the very early stage oI our course so that, we can
work and analyze deeply without any hassle and learn the concepts. ThereIore, submitting the
report on time was the Iirst and Iinal requirement. The submission date has been mentioned as
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November, 2011. The research and the study were conducted by: RiIat Noshin
Anika,............

~ORIGIN OF THE
REPORT
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The prime purposes oI our report were to portray and analyze the current Water pollution state or
condition in Bangladesh anI identiIying problems regarding this issueand and suggest possible
solution to eliminate these problems to control and reduce the rate oI :Water Polution'.
Besides that, IulIilling the course requirement oI how to prepare report and to imply the
theoretical knowledge into practical was one oI our main objectives which comprised oI
engaging in research work, physical visits, questionnaire development and survey on the current
environmental condition oI Bangladesh. Through these processess we identiIied major problems
regardig water pollution and listed Iew eIIective solutions.

~PURPOSE OF THE REPORT
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ur main concern oI this project was to study and analyze the current state oI :Water Pollution
in Bangladesh'. AIter our study and research work we pointed out the major problems. We also
identiIied many opportunities and threats oI Bangladesh regarding environmental issues and
most importantly :Water Pollution'. ur Iindings included the contents:
Past Water Pollution Statistics
urrent threats and problems
Existing major problems
Major sources and causes oI :Water Pollution'
The Iacts oI :Water Pollution' in Bangladesh'
EIIects oI :Water Pollution in Bangladesh'
Ways to prevent :Water Pollution'.
Suggested :Water Pollution Solutions'

~SCOPE OF THE REPORT
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This report has been prepared by using data and inIormations collected Irom various sources.
ur sorces are:

By interviewing Iaculty members Irom Environmental Science and Management
department and searching on the net.
InIormation collected Irom the diIIerent articles, reports, Newspapers, Internet etc.
Data collected through the survey Irom experts and general people.

ther reports on :Water Pollution in Bangladesh', ther surveys etc.
Environmental statistical reports.

~SOURCES OF COLLECTING DATA
. Secondary Source:
1.Primary Sources:
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Water pollution is one oI major environmental problems oI Bangladesh, detecting the
problems within the short time Irame was quite diIIicult Ior us,
Making appointment and getting inIormation Irom the experts and Iaculty member was
diIIicult.
Attending just on time aIter a sudden call was rally diIIicult Ior us because oI the huge
traIIic jam on that part pI Dhaka ity, (When we were trying to collect data).
We wanted to conduct many surveyes on Water Pollution to determine the most
important Iactors and the sollutions to the problesms, but due to lack oI time we could not
do properly.
Some oI the suggestions and proposals may have to be ignored because oI the budget
constraints.

~LIMITATIONS OF THE REPORT
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Water Pollution Water is considered polluted when it is altered Irom the natural state in its
physical condition, and chemical and microbiological composition, so that it becomes unsuitable
or less suitable Ior any saIe and beneIicial consumption. The term contamination is used
synonymously with pollution. The signs oI water pollution are obvious: bad taste; oIIensive
odors Irom lakes, rivers and sea beaches; unchecked growth oI aquatic weeds in water bodies;
decrease in number oI aquatic animals in surIace water bodies; oil and grease Iloating on water
surIaces; coloration oI water; etc. Besides these obvious signs, there are other kinds oI pollution,
which are not so visible.

Sources of pollution actories, power plants and sewage treatment plants are considered
point sources oI water pollution, because they emit pollutants at discrete locations, usually
through a pipe that leads to a lake or stream. Nonpoint sources oI water pollution are scattered or
diIIused. ropland, Iorests, urban and suburban lands, roadways, and parking lots are nonpoint
sources oI a variety oI substances including dust, sediment, pesticides, asbestos, Iertilizer, heavy
metals, salts, oil, grease, litter, and even air pollutants washed down Irom the sky by rain.
What is Water Pollution?
Ceneral Sources of Water Pollution
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Water pollution can also be
categorized into natural and
anthropogenic sources. Natural
sources are those which take place
without human inIluence.
Anthropogenic pollution are those
which are induced by human beings.
Natural pollution can also be
accentuated by human activities.

Water pollution
Pollution takes place in all the three main sources oI water, ie rain water, surIace water and
groundwater. SurIace water is more susceptible than groundwater, which is naturally protected
Irom surIace activities.
O Rainwater pollution Acid rain damages Iorests and may cause signiIicant decrease in
productivity. Numerous authors have also raised concern Ior crop damage. Acid rain is
particularly damaging to buds; thereIore, acids Ialling on plants in springtime may impair
growth. AcidiIication oI soil may also impair soil bacteria that play an important role in
nutrient cycling and nitrogen Iixation. Acid rain is also capable oI corroding manmade
structures. Examples oI such corrosion are: the Statue oI Liberty, the anadian
Parliament in ttawa and Egypt's temple at Karnak. Acid rain may also damage house
paint and etch the surIaces oI automobiles. There is no record oI acid rain in Bangladesh.
However, due to extensive air pollution in Dhaka city, it is very likely that rain water in
Dhaka would be more acidic than rain water in rural areas.

O Surface water pollution SurIace water occurs in oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds and
Iloodplains. It has been the source oI water supply since the dawn oI civilisation. But
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intense human activities have been polluting these readily available sources. SurIace
water used to be the primary source oI water supply in Bangladesh, but it is no longer the
case. SurIace water in Bangladesh is extensively polluted by sources such as industrial
and urban wastes, agrochemicals and sewerage wastes and seawater intrusion. SurIace
water bodies are extensively used Ior disposal oI untreated industrial wastes and this is
one oI the main sources oI pollution. The buriganga is a typical example oI serious
surIace water contamination. Apart Irom industrial sources, surIace water in the country
is also extensively contaminated by human Iaeces as sanitation in general is poor.
Agrochemicals are extensively used in the country causing pollution oI surIace water.
Due to withdrawal oI water Irom the Ganges, seawater intrudes a long way inside the
coastline which causes river water pollution by salinity. There are also other minor
sources that contaminate surIace water extensively.

O Croundwater pollution Although groundwater is not directly exposed to surIace
polluting activities, numerous natural and anthropogenic activities cause groundwater
pollution. A number oI physical, chemical and biochemical (and microbiological)
processes cause alteration oI groundwater properties either by addition oI new
elements/ions/compounds or by increasing the existing concentrations. BeIore the
discovery oI arsenic contamination in Bangladesh, groundwater used to be considered a
saIer source oI drinking water. Arsenic contamination oI groundwater in Bangladesh is
now considered the world's largest case oI water pollution. Groundwater in Bangladesh is
also polluted by a number oI anthropogenic and natural sources. The most widespread
anthropogenic sources are the inIiltration oI industrial and urban wastes disposed on the
ground or in surIace water bodies. Also intrusion or inIiltration oI saline water
contaminates groundwater. Extensive use oI agrochemicals can lead to groundwater
pollution. Leaking sewers/septic tanks/pit latrines also cause groundwater pollution
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PRESSURES: or water resource analysis and planning, water demands have been
categorized into consumptive and non-consumptive uses. onsumptive demands are
those where water is lost Irom the resource pool and non-consumptive demands are those
where used water is returned to the resource pool, and can be re-used (WARP, 1999b).
The consumptive use oI water is increasing due to the growth oI diIIerent economic
sectors - agriculture in particular.
The increasing urbanization and industrialization oI Bangladesh have negative implications Ior
water quality. The pollution Irom industrial and urban waste eIIluents and Irom agrochemicals in
some water bodies and rivers has reached alarming levels. The long-term eIIects oI this water
contamination by organic and inorganic substances, many oI them toxic, are incalculable. The
marine and aquatic ecosystems are aIIected, and the chemicals that enter the Iood chain have
public health implications. Water quality in the coastal area oI Bangladesh is degraded by the
intrusion oI saline water that has occurred due to lean Ilow in the dry season. This aIIects
agriculture signiIicantly, as well as other consumptive uses oI the water.
A common phenomenon in the lower riparian countries is that oI enough water in monsoon, but
water scarcity during the dry season. It is also common in Bangladesh Ior areas that were once
inundated Iacing water scarcity in the dry season. Dry season water availability depends on water
use Ior irrigation, dry season rainIall and withdrawal or diversion oI water upstream. It has
implications Ior navigation, and the wetland ecosystem and its productivity. Excess water in the
monsoon causes Iloods and riverbank erosion, which result in loss oI land and people being leIt
homeless. This is discussed in detail in the Land Degradation and Natural Disaster sections.
Although there is an abundance oI water in the monsoon, oIten the water quality is compromised
during Iloods, and this translates into a type oI water scarcity when good potable water becomes
diIIicult to obtain. The inter-linkage oI pressures, state, impacts and various policy responses to
address water related environmental problems have been presented in Table 3.2.1. Detailed
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analyses oI various policies and programs to address degradation oI water quality and scarcity
are presented in earlier section.

Causes of Water Pollution: The major causes oI degradation oI inland water quality are
related to land based activities, when adequate regulatory measures are not incorporated and the
stakeholders do not show proper concern. The underlying driving Iorces Ior this are poverty, an
unhealthy national economy, lack oI institutional strength, and lack oI awareness and education.
Pollutants that enter the marine and coastal environment originate on land in the Iorm oI runoII
Irom municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, and Irom commercial seaIaring activities.
O Industrial effluent
In Bangladesh, industrial units are mostly located along the banks oI the rivers. There are
obvious reasons Ior this such as provision oI transportation Ior incoming raw materials and
outgoing Iinished products. UnIortunately as a consequence, industrial units drain eIIluents
directly into the rivers without any consideration oI the environmental degradation.

Ceneral causes of Water Pollution
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The most problematic industries Ior the water sector are textiles, tanneries, pulp and paper mills,
Iertilizer, industrial chemical production and reIineries. A complex mixture oI hazardous
chemicals, both organic and inorganic, is discharged into the water bodies Irom all these
industries usually without treatment. The highest numbers oI industrial establishments in the
country are located in the North entral (N) region, which comprises about 49 per cent oI
thetotal sector. About 33 per cent oI the industries in the N region are textiles, apparels and
tanneries, oI which Dhaka district accounts Ior almost halI and Narayanganj about 32 per cent.
About 65 per cent oI the total chemicals, plastics and petroleum industries are also located in the
N region, and concentrated in and around Dhaka, Narayanganj and Gazipur districts (WARP,
2000a). Region-wise numbers oI industrial establishments and most polluting industries are
shown in Table 3.2.2
The organic pollutants are both biodegradable and non-biodegradable in nature. The
biodegradable organic components degrade water quality during decomposition by depleting
dissolved oxygen.
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The non-biodegradable organic components persist in the water system Ior a long time and pass
into the Iood chain (Ahmed and Reazuddin, 2000). Inorganic pollutants are mostly metallic salts,
and basic and acidic compounds. These inorganic components undergo diIIerent chemical and
biochemical interactions in the river system, and deteriorate water quality.
O Agrochemical
The main suspected sources oI agricultural runoII pollution are Irom the use oI Iertilizers and
agrochemicals, including herbicides and pesticides. Urea, Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Muriate
oI Potash (MP) and Gypsum are the major chemical Iertilizers used in Bangladesh. The total
amount oI Iertilizers used annually is about 2 million tons. With the increase oI irrigated areas
and cultivation oI HYV rice, there was an increase oI about 20 per cent Iertilizer use in 1990. But
the present growth in use has decreased and Iluctuates Irom plus minus 5 to 10 per cent. In 1995,
the use oI nitrogenous Iertilizer accounted Ior about 88 percent oI the total Iertilizer use, which
was about 67 percent in 1991. The share oI the market held by domestic production oI Urea, TSP
and Gypsum is currently about 90 per cent (BBS, 1979, 1985,1990, 1994, 1998). Pesticide use
was introduced in Bangladesh in 1957.
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Since 1981, the area covered by plant protection measures has actually decreased, though the
trends have been erratic. Insecticide is commonly used Ior pest control, which accounts Ior about
90 per cent oI the total consumed pesticide (BBS, 1985, 1998). The trends oI irrigated land, and
the use oI chemical Iertilizers and pesticides Irom 1991 to 1995 are presented in igure 3.1.1 in
the Land Degradation section.
O ecal Pollution
Bangladesh has the highest rural population densities in the world, and with an exception in
some areas, the overall density is very high. Most oI the rural areas have densities around 1,000
people per km, and over one third oI the thanas exceed this. The main problem poses in respect
to water is the lack oI sanitation Iacilities in the rural areas and inadequate Iacilities Ior urban
wastewater treatment. There is one sewage treatment plant in the whole country, serving only a
part oI Dhaka. A major program Ior provision oI sewerage is needed to arrest the increasing Iecal
pollution oI open watercourses around all urban areas in Bangladesh, particularly Dhaka. utside
the urban areas, there is a problem with designing adequately sealed latrine systems at the
household level, which can cope with the annual Ilooding and prevent Iecal pollution oI the
water supply. Poor management oI wellhead areas may be the most signiIicant source oI Iecal
contamination rather than direct aquiIer pollution.
The causes oI water pollution can be due to direct and indirect contaminant sources. The
Iormer are eIIluent outputs Irom reIineries, Iactories, and waste treatment plants. luids
oI diIIering qualities are emitted to the urban water supplies. In the United States and
some other countries, these methods are controlled. However, still pollutants can be
Iound in the water bodies. The latter are the water supply Irom soils/groundwater systems
that have Iertilizers, pesticides and industrial wastes. Also those through the atmosphere
like bakeries, Iactories emission and automobile discharge. ontaminants can also be
divided into inorganic, organic, acid/base and radioactive.
rganic water pollutants are:
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O ood processing waste, including pathogens
O Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range oI organ halide and other chemicals
O Tree and brush debris Irom logging operations
O Bacteria Irom sewage or livestock operations
O Petroleum hydrocarbons like diesel, gasoline, jet Iuels, Iuel oils, motor oils
O Volatile organic compounds like industrial solvents
norganic water pollutants are:
O pre-production industrial raw resin pellets
O heavy metals including acid mine drainage
O chemical waste as industrial by-products
O acidity due to industrial discharges like sulIur dioxide
O silt in surIace runoII due to logging, slash and burn practices, construction sites or land
clearing sites
O Iertilizers in runoII Irom agriculture including nitrates and phosphates
O Other Causes of water pollution:
The major sources oI water pollution are as described below. Discharge oI contaminated
and/or heated water that has been used Ior industrial purposes. The surIace runoII that
contains spilled petroleum products. The surIace runoII Irom Iarms, construction sites or
other impervious surIaces. The improper disposal oI solid wastes like littering on a
localized scale. Addition oI excessive nutrients by runoII containing detergents or
Iertilizers called eutrophication. The geology oI aquiIers where groundwater is
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abstracted. Maltreated sewage discharged in a wrong manner. Slash and burn Iarming
practice is a component in shiIting cultivation agricultural systems. Radioactive
substances Irom nuclear power plants and industrial, medical and scientiIic use are also
contributive. Uranium and thorium mining and reIining are some oI the examples. Heat is
a leading cause as it results in the death oI several aquatic organisms. A discharge oI
cooling water by Iactories and power plants lowers the temperature oI the water bodies.
il pollution is very harmIul Ior coastal wildliIe. il spreads on huge areas to Iorm oil
slicks. II there are trials to sink the oil or chemically treat it, the marine and beach
ecosystems may be Iurther disrupted.
O Classification of the causes of water pollution:
Municipal, industrial and agricultural are the diIIerent categories oI the causes oI water
pollution. Municipal causes are related to waste water Irom homes and commercial
establishments. The main aim oI handling municipal wastewater was to decrease the
harmIul bacteria, oxygen requiring materials, mixed inorganic compounds and suspended
solids. Industrial causes vary as per the biochemical demand, suspended solids, inorganic
and organic substances. Agricultural causes include commercial livestock and poultry
Iarming. These lead to organic and inorganic pollutants in surIace waters and
groundwater.
Other agents:
O The combustion oI coal leads to the release oI mercury in the atmosphere. This enters the
rivers, lakes and groundwater. This is very hazardous Ior pregnant women and inIants.
O attle and pig rearing causes a signiIicant amount oI nutrient-Iilled waste. Virulent
pIiesteria toxin collects in the water masses.
O ertilizers having a large quantity oI nitrogen and phosphorus cause a high biological
oxygen demand in the water. As oxygen is depleted, only anaerobic liIe-Iorms prosper.
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O Human settlement along the banks oI rivers causes human, animal and industrial waste to
be discharged into it. In the developed world, sewage treatment plants are used to treat
waste. However, in developing nations, the rivers are similar to open sewers.

Water Pollution Facts, Figures and Statistics:
The Iacts pertaining to water pollution can be understood in a better manner with the
Iollowing points.
O Rivers in the continent oI Asia are considered as most polluted. These rivers contain 20
times as much lead Iound in water bodies oI industrialized nations oI other continents.
The bacteria (Irom human waste) Iound in these rivers are 3 times greater than that oI the
global average.
O In Ireland, Iertilizers and sewage are the main pollutants oI water. Around 30 rivers in
this country have these pollutants.
O ontamination oI groundwater is a major problem in Bangladesh. Arsenic is the major
pollutant which aIIects water quality in this country. Around 85 oI the total area oI
Bangladesh has contaminated groundwater. It means, over 1.2 million citizens oI this
nation are exposed to hazardous eIIects oI arsenic-contaminated water.
O The King river in Australia is amongst the most polluted rivers oI the world. Around 1
million sea birds, 100000 marine mammals and several other creatures have been killed
due to acidic water present in the river. Here are Iew more water pollution statistics.
Water Pollution due to Eutrophication:
In this condition, the content oI nutrients present in water bodies increases to a great
extent. This leads to increase in primary productivity oI that water body. The result oI
Ceneral acts of :Water Pollution
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eutrophication is excessive growth oI phytoplankton. Level oI oxygen in water reduces to
a great extent and thereby, survival oI Iish and other water creatures comes under threat.
Get more inIormation on industrial water pollution.
Water Pollution Facts in America:
The situation in America with respect to water pollution is not very diIIerent Irom that oI
rest oI the world. It has been observed that around 40 rivers in the US are polluted. ne
cannot use water Irom these rivers Ior drinking, swimming or any such activity. These
rivers are not capable oI sustaining aquatic liIe. orty-six percent oI lakes in USA are
unIit Ior supporting aquatic liIe. The ocean pollution Iacts should help gain a greater
understanding oI the subject matter.
Water Pollution Facts 2010:
EIIorts are being made to alleviate the problem oI water pollution. The problem can't be
solved completely; however, steps need to be taken Ior its mitigation. onsidering the
pace at which hina and other developing countries are growing, it is necessary to Iollow
strict guidelines in reducing water pollution. Knowing the Iacts about water pollution
mentioned above should prove to be useIul.
It is necessary to understand that the water we are polluting on a daily basis can harm us
in the long run. nce toxic chemicals enter the Iood chain, people have no option but, to
live with and carry them in body systems. Reducing the use oI chemical Iertilizers is one
oI the best ways to clear water pollutants Irom our environment. These chemicals
otherwise, get washed out and enter the river water. The water pollution Iacts discussed
in this article should be useIul Ior raising concerns regarding this problem. Lakes and
rivers oI the planet earth are becoming increasingly polluted. oncentrated and organized
eIIorts by people and governments oI all countries should thereIore, prove to be useIul in
minimizing the problem.

:Water Pollution' in Bangladesh
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Water Pollution in Bangladesh:
The water pollution situation Irom Bangladesh could be the largest poisoning in history and the
irony is that this situation could be the result oI all the eIIorts in cleaning the water Ior some oI
the poorest nations oI the world. A British study, shows that about 80 million people Irom
Bangladesh, South Asia, are exposed to a high level oI toxicity Irom the water contaminated with
arsenic. An international team oI researchers Irom hicago, New York and Bangladesh has been
monitoring, in the last decade, the water intake oI arsenic contaminated wells and the impact oI
12,000 people. The conclusions showed that the death oI Iive people was directly linked to the
elevated levels oI arsenic in the bodies oI the victims oI the Bangladesh water. The result is not
just a novelty, it is a problem known Ior some years now and, over time, and residents were
advised to dig deeper wells to avoid the potentially contaminated surIace water consumption.
Now, even the deep waters appear to be problematic.

Dhaka is the capital and the largest city Irom Bangladesh and the biggest problem that the city
has is the arsenic in the water, which lately has become a menace and a source oI panic Ior
inhabitants. The inIected water sources are highly contaminated with arsenic that develops
illnesses and incurable diseases. The population oI the city Iaces everyday problems oI hygiene,
nutrition and disease all this added to the short breathable air that surrounds the city.

Arsenic is a deadly poison which, historically, has been used in cases oI intrigue and murder.
There are theories that support the hypothesis oI the death oI Napoleon Bonaparte as a result oI
his poisoning with this substance, when he was exiled to St. Helena. UnIortunately, there is
plenty oI dust and soil and the main pollution oI Bangladesh is on the water. Some studies
indicate that 20 years are needed Ior the morbid eIIects oI arsenic poisoning to disappear.
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Effects of Run-off Pollution:
Rain picks up dirt and silt and carries it into the water. II the dirt and silt settle in the water body,
then these sediments prevent sunlight Irom reaching aquatic plants. II the Sun can't reach the
plants, these perish. These sediments also clog Iish gills and smother organisms that live on the
bottom oI the water body.

Effects of Oil Pollution and Antifreeze:
II oil is spilled on the water, the eIIects on the ecosystem and the components are harmIul. Many
animals can be annihilated in case they ingest oil. il contaminated prey may be a reason oI
death Ior many. II the oil coats the Ieathers oI birds, these may die. il and antiIreeze makes the
water have a Ioul odor and there is a sticky Iilm on the surIace oI water that kills animals. il is
the most harmIul pollutant in the water.
Contaminated Ground Water Effects:
II contaminated water enters the ground, there may be serious eIIects. People may become very
sick and there is a probability oI developing liver or kidney problems and cancer or other
illnesses.

Fertilizers and Other Chemicals:
Nitrates in drinking water lead to diseases oI inIants that may result in their death. admium is a
Effects of :Water Pollution in Bangladesh'
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metal in sludge-derived Iertilizer. This can be absorbed by crops. When people ingest this, they
may cause diarrheal disorders, liver and kidney damage. The inorganic substances like mercury,
arsenic and lead are the causes oI pollution. ther chemicals can also lead to problems
concerning the taste, smell and color oI water. Pesticides, PBs and PPs are all poisonous to all
sorts oI liIe. Pesticides are used in Iarming, homes and Iorestry. PBs are Iound as insulators in
old electrical transIormers. PPs are Iound in products like wood preservatives.

Effects of Agricultural Water Pollution:
Rain and irrigation water drains oII cultivated land that has been Iertilized and treated with
pesticides, the excess nitrogen and poisons are mixed with it into the water supply. These
pesticides are toxic and pollute the water in a diIIerent mode. Aquatic plants' growth cause de-
oxygenation oI water and annihilate Ilora and Iauna in a stream, lake and river. ertilizers
enhance the growth oI bacteria that are in water and increase the concentration oI bacteria to
hazardous levels.

Effects of Thermal Water Pollution:
Machinery in the industries are cooled with water Irom lakes and rivers. This water reaches the
river in a heated state. The water decreases the ability oI the aquatic system to hold oxygen and
raises the growth oI warm water species.


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Effects of Heavy Metal Water Pollution:
Heavy metals like lead, mercury, iron, cadmium, aluminum and magnesium are present in water
sources. II these metals are present in the sediment, these reach the Iood chain through plants and
aquatic animals. This causes heavy metal poisoning in case their level in the water is very high.

Some Other Effects of Water Pollution:
In rivers, oceans and seas, water pollution aIIects Ilora and Iauna in them. urther, the birds and
animals that consume this contaminated Iood supply can perish. Blood diseases, nervous system
disorders and heart diseases are some oI the eIIects oI water pollution. Many toxins in polluted
water lead to cancer. Rarely, the body's chromosomal makeup can be altered. Some oI the less
potent eIIects are skin lesions, vomiting and diarrhea.

Even though there exist several overlapping deIinitions oI the same, water pollution - in the
simplest sense, can be deIined as contamination oI water by various biological and/or physical
contaminants which are discharged into it either directly or indirectly. The statistics on water
pollution compiled by the World Water Assessment Program (WWAP), reveals that globally, on
an average 2 million tons oI human waste is disposed into water bodies without subjecting it to
proper water treatment measures. ther than human activities, there also exist some natural
causes oI water pollution - including volcanic activity, decaying oI plant matter, algae blooms
etc. However, these have very little role to play in polluting water as compared to anthropogenic
activities.
Consequences of Water Pollution
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Water Pollution Consequences:
With rapid industrialization, water pollution has become one oI the major problems oI the
world. It is estimated that somewhere around 14,000 people succumb to waterborne
diseases every single day. This water pollution Iact is enough to highlight the severity oI
this issue in an apt manner. Basically, pollution aIIects the physical and chemical
properties oI water, and that in turn results in adverse eIIects Ior liIe Iorms who are
dependent on this water. In a broad sense, the eIIects and consequences oI water pollution
are grouped into two categories - consequences on the ecosystem and consequences on
human health. The details on what happens to be some oI the most prominent
consequences oI water pollution are discussed below.
Effects of Water Pollution on the Ecosystem:
As we mentioned earlier, pollution aIIects the physical and chemical properties oI water,
which in turn has hazardous eIIects on liIeIorms dependent on it as most oI these
properties oI water also double up as abiotic Iactors Ior these liIeIorms. The Ilora and
Iauna Iound in a particular water body tend to adapt themselves to the prevailing
conditions - such as temperature, acidity, etc., and when there is sudden change in these
conditions as a result oI pollution, it tends to result in some hazardous eIIects on them.
Water pollution can wipe oII species - especially the ones which are endemic to a
particular region or particular water body, and disrupt the Iood chain thus, holding the
entire ecosystem to ransom.
All the members being dependent on each other in an ecosystem, the loss oI one species
can result in a domino eIIect on various other species dependent on it. It's obvious that
the toxic eIIluents Irom industries which are dumped into the water bodies hamper the
marine liIe. At the same time, the organic matter which is dumped into it also results in
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rapid multiplication oI aerobic algae which brings down the oxygen levels oI water and
results in death oI aquatic liIeIorms. Similarly, the suspended particles in the water can
hamper sunlight penetration in the water and sound the death knell Ior aquatic plants and
animals.
Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health:
Even though the eIIects oI water pollution on our ecosystem is a broad concept. It also
encompasses the eIIects on us which can be much more severe than we can imagine and
thus have to explain separately in depth. So the most obvious eIIects oI water pollution
on humans are a range oI waterborne diseases - including typhoid, jaundice, cholera and
diarrhea. All these waterborne diseases - which have the tendency to result in Iatalities iI
not subjected to proper treatment at the earliest, can be attributed to microbial inIiltration
oI water as a result oI sewage water and human waste dumping. The Iact that 14,000
people die as a result oI drinking contaminated water every day shows how polluted
water can adversely aIIect human health.
ther than all these diseases, drinking polluted water is also known to result in harmIul
eIIects on the human nervous system and blood circulation. The chances oI water
contamination by carcinogenic substances cannot be ruled out, and drinking this water
can eventually cause cancer. Even though there is no concrete evidence to back the same,
but some studies have revealed that drinking polluted water on a regular basis can alter
the chromosome structure in humans. Drinking water which is contaminated by industrial
waste is also known to damage a person's kidney and liver owing to the Iact that this
water contains toxic compounds in great amount. urthermore, this toxic water can also
cause tumors, ulcers, skin disorders, etc.
ther than the aIorementioned consequences oI drinking polluted water, eating Iish or
animals which come in contact with this polluted water can also cause harm to your
health. That is not quite a pleasant thing to hear, considering that our dependence on
oceans Ior Iood has increased by mammoth proportion, and these oceans seem to have
become virtual dumping grounds Ior industries oI late. II the pollution oI aquatic biomes
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- both Ireshwater and marine, continues at the ongoing rate, we are bound to Iace severe
water and Iood shortage within the next couple oI decades to come.

Water pollution is a big issue that concerns humankind and other organisms in the world.

The quality oI water utilized and consumed is an important Iactor that determines the welIare oI
the living things in the world. The contaminated water is the cause Ior many waterborne
diseases, which aIIects people and consumes their lives. These polluted water bodies not only
wipe out the population, but also leave behind awIul health problems that cannot be treated. So,
it is important to know the importance oI clean water and also the bad eIIects oI contaminated
Long 1erm Effects of Water Pollution on Environment
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water.
Water - A Precious Resource:
Water occupies one-third oI the earth's surIace. They exist in the Iorm oI seas and oceans,
icecaps, snow, water vapor, etc. Underground water, pond water and lake water are potable. But
why is water so necessary? Imagine Ior some reason, your Iamily gets only one bucket oI water
every day Ior a week. Would you be able to manage with the limited amount oI water? Do all
organisms require water? The Iollowing paragraph will just tell you how valuable is water Ior
survival oI all living things on earth.

All the cellular processes take place using water medium. All reactions within our cells occur
between the substances that are dissolved in water. Also, the movement oI substances in our
body is in dissolved Iorm. So how important is water Ior us to live? Bodies oI terrestrial living
Iorms cannot tolerate or get rid oI saline water Irom their body and so they require Ireshwater.
Thus Ior humans, animals and plants to survive on land, water should be easily accessible. The
availability oI water not only decides the number oI individuals oI each species that can survive
in a particular area, but also the diversity oI liIe there. I course, other Iactors like temperature,
nature oI soil, etc., also determine the survival oI the species. It is an undeniable Iact that water is
an important resource that determines liIe on earth.

Effects of Water Pollution
ertilizers and pesticides that we use in our Iarms are dissolved in water, and some amount oI
these dissolved substances is washed into water bodies and pollute them. Sewage and waste Irom
towns, cities, Iactories, etc., are also dumped into rivers and lakes. Some industries use water Ior
cooling in industrial operations and later drain the hot water into water bodies. This causes
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change in the temperature oI the water and it harms the liIe Iorms and aIIects the balance
between various organisms in the water bodies. Acid mine drainage also contaminates water.
Some oI the adverse eIIects oI water pollution are discussed below.
O Addition oI undesirable substances like detergents, polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury
salts, etc., cause harmIul eIIects on water bodies.
O Any changes that reduce the amount oI dissolved oxygen would badly aIIect the aquatic
organisms.
O The eggs and larvae oI aquatic creatures get destroyed by changes in the temperature oI
water bodies as they are very susceptible to such changes.
Water Pollutants and their Long 1erm Effects:
Pesticides: 2,4,5-T (trichlorophenoxy acetic acid, which contains the impurity dioxin),
2,4-D (dichlorophenoxyaceticacid) are the two common pesticide components that cause
water pollution. The eIIects oI pesticides on living things are mostly chronic. It reduces
the competence oI our immune system, because oI which, we are easily prone to various
diseases. The Iishes in the water are susceptible to cancer and tumors due to the presence
oI harmIul pesticides.

Elemental Pollutants: The most harmIul and toxic elements that aIIect the water bodies
are heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, iron and mercury and they also hinder the
transportation oI Iluids through the cell wall. They also immobilize enzymes as they have
strong aIIinity Ior sulIur bonds present in enzymes. These substances can produce
physiological poisoning by getting accumulated over the tissues oI water creatures. The
toxic eIIects oI mercury are neurological damage, birth deIects, and chromosome
breakage. Arsenic is one oI the most important water polluting agents as it is a carcinogen
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(cancer causing agent). Apart Irom cancer, it also leads to circulatory problems and
respiratory problems.
norganic Pollutants: The inorganic pollutants that cause adverse eIIects on water bodies
are as Iollows:
O anide exists in water as hydrogen cyanide, and can cause nerve damage and thyroid
problems.
O mmonia is Iormed during microbial degradation oI biomass and organic matters. The
caustic nature oI ammonia, damages gills oI Iishes.
O drogen sulfide which evolves Irom geothermal waters, and wastes Irom paper and
textile mills, causes nervous system poisoning.
Eutrophication and lgal Decomposition: Excess oI nutrients get into the lake and other
water bodies usually caused by run-oII Iertilizers, animal waste and sewage. This
excessive growth oI nutrients causes algal deposits on the rivers. AIter some days, the
algae decomposes producing Ioul smell and blocks the penetration oI sunlight. The
oxygen content in the water reduces due to scarcity oI light and causes anaerobic
conditions, which is not good Ior the plant and animal liIe in the water body.
Radioactivity: Radioactive elements such as radon, radium-226, etc., can be Iatal iI Iound
in water and consumed. Radon is the most signiIicant element that can cause lung cancer
when consumed in a dissolved state or inhaled in its gaseous Iorm. Strontium-90 and
tritium are radioactive elements that get dumped into water during nuclear testing. They
cause genetic mutations and pose destructive eIIects on our genes that can pass on to
Iuture generations also.

Most oI the diseases that strike human beings are water-borne. They are typhoid, cholera,
paratyphoid Iever, bacillary dysentery, inIectious hepatitis, poliomyelitis, etc. So, in order
to avoid these harmIul eIIects oI water pollution aIIecting you, Iollow the ways to
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prevent water pollution and more importantly, drink clean and puriIied water and never
compromise on health because, aIter all - 'Health is Wealth'.

Water pollution is one oI the leading causes oI imbalance in our ecosystem. The dangers oI this
pollution are highly underrated, with very Iew things actually being done Ior its prevention. We
have to be aware about all the Iacts related to this pollution and see what can we do to change
things Ior the better. BeIore we get to know about the prevention oI water pollution, let us take a
minute and understand what water pollution is and what can be done to stop this pollution.

Water pollution is the contamination oI water bodies due to human interIerence and actions that
lead to a disturbance in the cycles oI our ecosystem. This contamination can take place due to a
lot oI reasons ranging Irom improper household garbage disposal to industrial waste or ignorance
towards individual habits. Take a simple example. Things work in a particular pattern or a
particular cycle, isn't it? A small disturbance in that pattern is going to cause problems in the
proper Iunctioning. It's the same with water pollution. The extent to which we pollute water is
ow to Stop Water Pollution
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not only unIorgivable but also stupid given the extent to which we are educated. Now that we
know what water pollution is, let us move ahead to know what are the causes oI water pollution
and how we can prevent it.

Water Pollution: Causes and Prevention:
The reason why you must be reading this article is because you really want to know about the
ways to prevent water pollution and do your bit by contributing to this cause, isn't it? That's
certainly good news. The Iirst step is to understand that you need to reduce your usage oI water.
The lesser water used, the less water you have to puriIy. The more quantity there is Ior
puriIication, the less eIIective it is. Turn oII the hosepipe or the tap next time you are washing
dishes or watering your garden. ver-watering oI gardens is a leading cause oI water pollution.

Another step towards the prevention oI water pollution is to control your habits. Do you Ilush pet
waste or remove it with your hosepipe iI it's in your garden? You need to stop doing that. Pick up
the pet waste and throw it oII in your bin. Do you Ilush tissues or sanitary napkins? Stop it now
as this is one oI the leading causes oI water pollution. You are actually contributing to water
pollution right at home. II you smoke, don't throw or stub your cigarette on the road. It will either
be washed away due to the rains and will eventually hit the drainage system. This adds to the
water pollution that already exists.

The toiletries that you use can also lead to the contamination oI water because oI the chemicals
they contain. Some detergents, shampoos and gels contain phosphate. Phosphate is said to be one
oI the leading chemicals to cause water pollution. Next time, buy toiletries that are environment
Iriendly. The Iertilizers and pesticides that you use also contain chemicals that seep into the
ground. You can prevent water pollution here, by using natural Iertilizers such as compost and
natural pesticides too. There are certain types oI grass available that are drought-Iree. This saves
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the water you need and you also get to maintain the lawn.

Now that we have read enough on prevention that can be done at individual levels, let us just
summarize the above inIormation in points that would make it easier Ior us to Iollow.
O Use less water
O Use environment Iriendly products
O Use naturally made Iertilizers and pesticides
O Pick up pet waste
O Stub the cigarette in a box
O Don't litter
Another thing I would like to add here is that preventing water pollution also includes cleaning
oI our surroundings. Litter on the river banks and near lakes and beaches, is eventually going to
cause contamination oI water. Next time, iI you see waste lying around, pick it up and throw it at
an appropriate place. Remember that not helping in the prevention oI water pollution is in a way
contributing to it.

Water Pollution: Time for Awareness:
Most oI us think that water pollution is something that is limited to the contamination oI water
bodies that eventually go through the process oI puriIication. In that case, you miss out on the
most important part and that is the imbalance in the ecosystem. Let's take the rivers and lakes as
an example. What do you think happens to the Iish who survive in this water? They die. That's
the truth. We all have heard oI oil spills and acid rains but we don't understand the dangers they
can possibly pose. During the Iraq war in the 90's, 900,000,000 barrels oI oil hit the waters.
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Spills like these, still continue.

A lot oI happenings around the world have proved the dangerous eIIects oI water pollution over
the years. ne oI them was the news that said around 100,000 to 300,000 black crappies were
suddenly Iound missing in Minnesota. Black rappie is a Iish that breeds in the clear waters.
Similar to this news was the one that declared the death oI approximately 240,000 Iish in
Alabama along Tennessee River. The entire world is aware oI the dangers Iaced by the polar
bears. What do we do about it? Just like charity, the prevention oI pollution starts at home.

Now that you know how to stop water pollution, you can go ahead and lend a helping hand. You
will not only help the generations ahead but will also contribute to the survival oI living beings.
You don't have to do something extraordinary, just doing your bit at an individual level is
enough. Help prevent water pollution, help prevent a disastrous tomorrow!

Water pollution is a problem that isn't new to us. Water pollution has been around
since time immemorial, though the severity oI the problem has only recently struck
environmentalists the world over. Although there are a lot oI strict laws in the United
States to protect clean water, unIortunately, these laws haven't been Iollowed up by
adequate action. In Iact, the problem is so grave that the EPA (Environmental Protection
Simple Water Pollution Solutions
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Agency) has declared 40 oI lakes, streams and rivers unsaIe Ior swimming and Iishing.
So now, along with prevention, there is a need to cure this problem as well. Given below
are a Iew water pollution solutions that each one oI us can implement in our own small
way, because the Iact is that, every drop makes an ocean.

Water Pollution Solutions
Charity Begins at Home:
BeIore blaming Presidents oI various countries and the Spice Girls and other divas Ior
their involvement in polluting water, take a look on the inside. The Iact is that each one
oI us contributes to the damage that is done to our environment. So the best way to deal
with it is to start trying with a change that may just turn into a revolution. heck Ior any
illegal setups oI pipes that may be making waste Ilow Irom the nearest outIlow pipe to
the nearest creek. Try to help your own locality and the neighboring localities set up
programs which will ensure periodic cleaning and maintenance oI septic tanks. And oI
course, one oI the best water pollutions solutions Ior kids is to save water! This will
signiIicantly help reduce the workload on the poor overworked septic systems. Also,
don't buy plastic, as the plastic industry is actually blamed as being the main culprit when
it comes to water pollution, as their chemicals and products which are dumped into the
nearest river are non-biodegradable.
Enforcing Existing Laws:
ne oI the simplest water pollution solutions is, well quite obvious - make water
protection laws more stringent and penalize anyone who's Iound breaking them. And
when I say anyone, I mean anyone - celebrity or no celebrity. This is one oI the best ways
to prevent water pollution, and though this may be one oI the most diIIicult water
pollution solutions to implement, as it involves politicians actively, iI there's genuine
concern, this can easily be implemented.
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Stop Deforestation:
All the diIIerent types oI environmental pollution are inter related. or example, Iorests
are the main source oI absorbing rainwater and soaking it up. However, due to the
extensive spread oI sprawling companies and residential complexes that is occurring at
the cost oI Iorests, leading to rampant deIorestation, this entire mechanism oI soaking in
rainwater comes to a grinding halt. Due to this, the rainwater then gets diverted directly
into streams, not only over exposing the soil, and taking away the Iertile part oI it, but
also carrying pollution in the Iorm oI sediment with it. Thus, one oI the solutions Ior
water pollution is to simply plant more trees! You'll get Iresh air and clean water in the
bargain - come on, it's a win-win situation!
Preventing Oil Spills:
il spills are sad but a Iact that is plaguing our oceans and having disastrous
consequences on our marine ecosystem. Some simple and practical ways oI nipping this
problem in the bud is to simply quicken the pace and the rate at which such vessels
carrying oil move. Also, the government can play an important role in this problem, like
strictly regulating and inspecting the movement oI commercial ships, and educating
citizens about the dire consequences oI this problem. Also a way in which we can all
contribute in our own small way is to try using transport that does not consume too much
oI petrol, like public transport. Imagine, preventing water pollution and air pollution at
the same time!
Prevent Emissions:
Industrial water pollution isn't something that any oI us are privy to, but one oI the most
scary discoveries oI late has been the graveness oI the Iact that is known as mercury
pollution. US power plants account Ior more than 40 oI mercury emissions in the US.
Also, the phenomenon oI mercury poisoning isn't new to us either. The solution to this
problem is to prevent the amount oI mercury pollution coming Irom land. We can
implement one oI the simplest water pollution solutions by simply preventing the amount
oI coal burning that is done, as this will signiIicantly reduce the mercury pollution, that is
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occurring to such an extent that our marine ecosystem is being irreversibly harmed and
damaged. ther problems, like acid rain can also be dealt with by preventing the amount
oI emissions coming Irom Iactories and production plants.
These were just a Iew oI the possible solutions Ior water pollution. II we don't implement
water pollution solutions and do something soon about this major environmental issue,
that's Ilooding our thoughts, draining us oI our sleep, and drowning us in an ocean oI
worry, then we needn't wait till 2012 Ior the world to end - because, the rate at which
things are going, it will end much beIore that

Conclusion and Recommendations
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O The world, as we know it, will soon end. No, I'm not talking about the supposed 2012
annihilation oI the world that will bring all civilization to an end, but a more long drawn,
really slow process oI torment and torture. How else can one explain pollution? Pollution
is taking away Irom us the very basic resources oI survival - water, air, peace, Iood and
more. And the only reason this is happening is because we've managed to take everything
Ior granted.

Let's take the instance oI water pollution here. There are some who would still turn a deaI
ear to the pleas oI taking immediate action in order to stop the destruction and pollution.
But then there are also those who have understood that this is not the way to go about
saving the earth, and are doing everything to save what can be saved. They are the ones
who are working vehemently towards water pollution prevention. How are they doing
that? The Iollowing article will give you the details oI the same, as well as give you an
idea oI how to prevent water pollution.
O Water Pollution Prevention Methods:

It is important to understand what is water pollution and the causes oI water pollution,
only then can prevention oI water pollution be carried out eIIectively. Preventing water
pollution is indeed possible and these are some oI the methods that will work best.

Industry Waste
Major Industries, chemical Iactories, business houses and other multinationals
that use methods oI processing in their Iactories, dump the waste that is generated
in varied water bodies. This leads to alarming amounts oI water pollution. It is not
that the waste cannot be treated beIore dumping it in the water, but waste water
treatment is an expensive process that most industries ignore because it directly
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aIIects their proIits. So also, the government policies that require industries to
treat the waste are most oIten so lax that most industries do not take them
seriously. or example, paying a Iine Ior not treating the waste. The industries
preIer paying the Iine (which is oIten quite minimal). There needs to be
immediate action taken in this direction. The rules and laws regarding water
puriIication systems need to be made stringent and so strong that industries cannot
break them. Treatment oI the waste needs to be a prerequisite and not an option
Ior industries.
Chemical Usage
Industries are not the only culprits that lead to increased levels oI water pollution.
We, through our everyday activities add to water pollution as well. The chemicals
and pesticides that we use on our lawns seep into the ground and make their way
into the water bed, thus polluting it. So also, iI these chemicals are used near
water bodies, they get carried into the streams and rivers and aIIect the ecology oI
the Iish and other creatures oI the sea. Thus ruining the ecological balance and
causing water pollution.
Vehicle Emissions
The toxic Iumes exhumed by vehicles not only lead to air pollution, but also water
pollution. These Iumes go up into the air and settle there, slowly taking up the
Iorm oI soot. The soot being heavy, will be brought down to the ground and will
not only make its way into varied water bodies, but also settle onto the ground and
seep into the water table.
Water Pollution Prevention Tips

Seems like the water pollution prevention methods mentioned above have got
nothing to do with you? Actually, the opposite is true. Stop shirking away Irom
responsibilities and put the Iollowing tips into action:
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O Use a detergent that has low phosphate levels because high phosphate levels cause added
pollution and are hazardous to the animals and plants in the water.
O Do not keep the water running when you're brushing your teeth, washing your hands or
washing the dishes. Taking small steps like these are an important way oI preventing
water wastage. Which is Iast depleting due to water pollution.
O Make sure that you dispose oII other Iorms oI wastes like tissue papers and the odd trash
bits by putting them in trash bins rather than Ilushing them down the drain.
O Do not allow household wastes like your pet waste or other items like petrol, motor oil,
paint and others to be discarded in the trash or be thrown into the sewer. These will seep
down to the water source and pollute it in the worst possible way.
O Use native plants instead oI hybrid ones, since those require a lot oI pesticides and
chemicals Ior their protection. When it rains, these chemicals seep into the ground water,
thus polluting it.
O Make sure that the products which can be recycled are given oII to recycling units instead
oI disposing them oII at random. This will ensure that pollution is prevented.
O Set up a compost unit so that all the household waste can be converted into manure or
compost rather than being disposed oII in the wrong manner and leading to more
pollution.
There have been many water pollution prevention acts that have been set up by the governments
oI the world. But these are not enough Ior permanent water pollution solutions. Each oI us needs
to take up the responsibility and do something at an everyday level. It is only then that we can
hope to survive in a world as we hoped and dreamed oI.

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1. http://www.buzzle.com/
2. http://www.adb.org/Documents/CEAs/BAN/BAN-CEA-
1ul2004.pdf
3. http://www.carebd.org/part_plist.php
4. http://www2.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_04_45
.PDF
5. http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/W_0030.HTM
6. http://www.indexmundi.com/bangladesh/environment_current_is
s...
7. http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/water-pollution
~BIBLIOGRAPHY

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