UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO CAMPUS UNIVERSITRIO DE RONDONPOLIS INSTITUTO DE CINCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS CURSO DE LETRAS

PRISCILA ALINE RODRIGUES SILVA

THE HANDBOOK OF WORLD ENGLISHES WORLD ENGLISHES TODAY

Trabalho apresentado como requisito parcial para avaliao na disciplina de Lingustica da Lngua Inglesa ministrada pela Profa. Emiliana Fernandes Bonalumi.

Rondonpolis 2011

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO CAMPUS UNIVERSITRIO DE RONDONPOLIS INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS CURSO DE LICENCIATURA EM LETRAS HABILITAO EM LNGUAS E LETERATURAS DE LNGUA INGLESA Priscila Aline Rodrigues Silva Lingustica da Lngua Inglesa Professora Emiliana Fernandes Bonalumi Texto baseado na obra

KACHRU, Braj B.; KACHRU, Yamuna and NELSON, Cecil L. The Handbook of World Englishes. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2006.

World Englishes Today

KINGSLEY BOLTON

Introduction We can understand World English by three different ways. It can be understood as a reference to the new Englishes found in places as Caribbean and in West African and East African societies. By this way, studies focus on the areal characteristics of national or regional Englishes with an emphasis on the linguistic description of its varieties. This term also refers to the wide-ranging approach to the study of the English language worldwide particularly developed by Braj B. Kachru and other scholars. Kachuru tries to describe not only the national and regional varieties, but many other related topics, including: contact linguistics, creative writing, critical linguistics, discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, lexicography, pedagogy, pidgin and creole studies, sociology of language. At least, it may refers to a wide range of differing approaches to the description and analysis of English worldwide.

world English, global English international English English as an international (auxiliary) language, global English(es), international English(es), localized varieties of English, non-native varieties of English, second-language varieties of English, new Englishes, ESL (English as a Second Language) EFL (English as a Foreign Language) All these terms can be used to discuss about the language that controls the world.

World English X World Englishes The world English is subject to different dynamics: an outside pressure and an inside pressure. The outside pressure happens when the language influence come from somewhere out of the English speaker country For example, English is an international language due to the North America influence through the world. Its words are diffused around the world by the media. According to Butler, it is called world English (singular form) because this force provides from words which are present globally in international English.
There is not one English language anymore, but there are many English languages. Each of these Englishes is creating its own very special literature, which, because it doesnt feel oppressed by the immensely influential literary tradition in English, is somehow freer.

(Iyer, 1993: 53) The English studies Approach It raises questions about learning, teaching and uses of English language. English is a fissiparous language (that was divided). It will continue to divide and subdivide and the language will show a thousand different faces in the centuries ahead. Manfred Grlach says that English Studies should considers English as world language as a sub-discipline to provide an ideal opportunity to expand the social, historical and geographical aspect of English Studies. 3 Sociolinguistic Approaches to World Englishes

The sociology of language: It focuses on context to understand the English language influence. The English language has an important role in the economic globalization. To unify and homogenize the world economy it is necessary create single market into which all societies can join, then, it is necessary a commercial language as the English has been.

Feature-based approaches: It focuses in the distinctive features of varieties in terms of pronunciation or accent (phonology), vocabulary (lexis), or grammar (morphology and syntax). Cheshire advocates an approach based on empirical sociolinguistic investigation. He argues that in the case of second-language varieties of English, sociolinguistic analysis can identify where errors stop and where legitimate features of a local variety starts. The Kachruvian approach: Braj Kachru's work has major importance to linguistic research. It has a strong influence in world Englishes studies, which extends across a range of subdisciplines as applied linguistics, critical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, discourse analysis, and educational linguistics.
Thus, Kachru identifies three kinds of varieties: o The norm-providing varieties of the Inner Circle, including American English, British English, and the less-preferred varieties of Australian and New Zealand English. o The norm-developing varieties of the Outer Circle, where the localized (or endocentric) norm has a well established linguistic and cultural identity. For example, Singapore English, Nigerian English, and Indian English. o The norm-dependent varieties of the Expanding Circle, e.g., as in Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, where the norms are external (or exocentric, i.e., American or British). Kachru defends the pluralism of English language. For him, each society which use the English (as mother tonge or as a second language) have to print in the language its own culture, its own features. He is against a standard English language and he says that the differences between the languages with local varieties have to be respected.

3.4 Pidgin and creole studies: Pidgin is a language that is created, usually

spontaneously. It is a mixture of other languages and serves as a means of communication between speakers of different languages. This language usually has rudimentary grammars and restricted vocabulary. The pidgin may develop, create a grammar and become creole languages.

4 Applied Linguistics Approaches This approach tries to understand the language focusing in theories of language learning, language teaching, and language pedagogy. English isnt a British or North American possession. It is an international language which presents many varieties and is used for different purposes. Then, the British English isnt a standard English, the only correct language.
Clifford Prator said that in a country where English is not spoken natively but is used as a medium of instruction, to set up the local variety of English as the ultimate model to be imitated

by those learning the language is unjustifiable intellectually and not conducive to the best possible results.

(Prator, 1968: 459) Peter Strevens believes that in areas where English is used as a second language, the language have been developed and marked in most suitable models for use in these societies, certainly more suitable than a British or American native model. The native speaker has to accept that English belongs to the world, now. Then, new forms of English, born of countries with new communicative needs, must to be accepted as an amazing form to create new Englishes. The Lexicographical Approach The domestic English dictionary tradition includes two principles: the potential of dictionaries for fixing and standardizing the language (however unrealistic this might turn out to be); the identification of a nucleus or core of the language.

The dictionaries have an important role for the recognition of world Englishes. Only when a world English variety is supported by codification, registered by a dictionary or literature, it is possible recognize it as an institutionalized variety. Critical Linguists According to Alastair Pennycook, Critical Applied Linguistics is more than a critical science. It involves a constant skepticism, a constant questioning of the normative assumptions of applied linguistics and presents a way of doing applied linguistics that seeks to connect it to questions of gender, class, sexuality, race, ethnicity, culture, identity, politics, ideology and discourse (Pennycook, 2001: 10).

Futurology Futurology studies made questions about the language future Among other speculations, highlights the questioning of Greddol about the future of English. Graddol identifies two major issues linked to the notion of world standard English:

If English will fragment into many different languages; Whether USA and British English will continue to serve as models of correctness, or if a new world standard will emerge.

Graddol rejects a world standard English and believes in a polycentric future for English standards in the future, presenting a number of analyses of economic and sociopolitical effects of the spread of English.

Conclusion There are a lot of overlapping and intersecting approaches to understand the language through sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. The world English studies are fundamental to applied linguistics. The English language dominates the world. There are many speakers in different countries, each one with its own culture, its own language. The applied linguistics intends to understand the impact of this language throughout the world. In some societies teachers refuses the imposition of American or British norms, while in others societies the teachers continue to express deference to native speakers norms. It is necessary to understand the English of native speakers, but also respect and develop the new Englishes forms. English Language contributes to globalizations process.