Hydro Project in Nepal

Detail Feasibility Study Jama Khola Micro Hydropower System
District Energy and Environment Section, Rukum

CHAP1ER OAE

Introduction

Rural Energy Development Programme (REDP), started in 16 August 1996, with common goal
oI poverty alleviation by community mobilization. Since the beginning, it has worked in a
number oI energy related projects. Till now, REDP is working in collaboration with DDCs in 40
districts in Nepal. In Rukum, it started in the third phase.
As a national Programme, the Rural Energy Development Programme (REDP) has a mandate Ior
the integrated rural energy development in Nepal. It, thus, Iaces the challenge oI demonstrating a
process while implementing its Programme activities. An important point being considered is to
maintain balance between the qualitative and quantitative numbers. For this, six thematic
Programme activities- Organization Development, Capital Formation, Skill Enhancement,
Technology Promotion, Environment Management and Vulnerable Community's Empowerment
have been determined taking into account the overall context oI a holistic approach towards
sustainable rural energy system development. Recently, third phase oI REDP is going on which
has comprehensive plan Ior environmental Iriendly energy development.
Four essential components oI REDP paradigm are Equity, Empowerment, Productivity and
Sustainability. Barriers will be eliminated Ior the involvement oI people, both male and Iemale,
in various economical and social activities. Mandatory requirement to have one man and one
woman Irom each household in the community organizations ensures the access to equal
opportunity. The development will be brought by people and Ior them too. Villagers will
participate Iully through the community organizations Ior the decisions and processes that will
shape their lives. The development will be sustained not only Ior the present generation but Ior
the Iuture generations as well. The energy Iunds, created at district and communities, ensure the
replenishment oI all Iorms oI physical, human and environmental capital. Rural people will be
able to increase their productivity through the participation in various employment oriented
income generating enterprises. The power generated by the rural energy system stimulates the
process.

Objectives of the Study
The Iield study made by the experienced team identiIied this project as a Ieasible project and so
the detailed Ieasibility study was conducted. The objective oI this study includes the major tasks
like detail design, cost estimate and the Iinancial analysis under the periphery oI the Iollowing
structural components oI micro hydro.
O Headworks (Diversion work in the stream and intake)
O Headrace canal
O Retaining structures
O ravel trap cum desilting basin
O Forebay cum desilting basin
O Spillway canal

O Penstock pipe
O Anchor block and support pier
O Spillway canal
O Powerhouse designing
O Tailrace Canal
O Transmission and distribution system
O End uses
O TariII structure
O Social and environmental condition

Scope of Work (Methodology)
1.3.1 DetaII DesIgn
Following Methodology were undertaken Ior achieving the objectives oI the study.
With the help oI the layout design, the consultant has prepared a detail design oI the project. The
detail design oI the scheme comprises oI the Iollowing:
O Complete proIessional design, with calculations on stability analysis, hydraulic design
and optimization oI various civil components with all necessary detailed drawings.
O Selection oI types, with technical and economic optimization oI elements like poles,
penstock pipes and other accessories.
O Complete mechanical design (except turbine oI which only the selection oI type and
sizing and eIIiciency is needed.),
O Complete design oI electrical generation including selection oI generators, its eIIiciency,
and rating etc, selection oI shortest possible route Ior transmission and distribution
system and its design with detailed drawings.
O Complete speciIication oI materials and components to be used Ior the construction oI
civil, mechanical and electrical parts oI the project.

The detail drawings oI the Iollowing structures have been prepared as per the Iollowing
guidelines.
O eneral layout plan: Showing major components oI the project in plan.
O Plans and necessary section oI headworks, intake, gravel trap cum desilting basin,
headrace canal , crossing, Iorebay, penstock alignment , anchor block, powerhouse ,
machine Ioundation and tailrace canal.
O eneral layout plan oI electrical generation, transmission and distribution system
networks.

1.3.2 EstImatIng and EconomIc AnaIysIs
For the estimating and the economic analysis oI the project, Iollowing methodology has been
adopted.

O Collection oI quotation oI electrical, electronics, mechanical equipments and the
construction materials needed Ior the project Irom various manuIacturers and
suppliers Ior their costing.
O Preparation oI detail estimates oI the project construction costs and annual operation
and management cost based on the AEPC guidelines.
O Calculation oI tariII rate Ior the electricity Ior uses, including all recommended end
uses, so that the tariII comes under aIIordable range Ior all the users and the Iund
generated Irom the tariII becomes suIIicient Ior the annual O/M costs and
replacements costs oI the project elements;
O Preparation oI and economic analysis showing economic parameters like IRR,
NPV,B/C ratio and Payback Period on the basis oI cash Ilows in the scheme.


CHAP1ER 1WO

SURJEY REQUIREMEA1S

1echnical Aspects
2.1.1 FIow measurement
This is a stream originating Irom spring. It has stable Ilow and the design discharge is available
round the year. The stream has steep slope and has average slope oI about 20 . It ultimately
meets with Sani Bheri River near Dhape oI Syalapakha. The discharge oI the river was measured
on 8 April 2010 by using salt dilution method and the discharge was Iound to be 103 lps. The
design discharge is taken as 73 lps. The discharge measurement sheet is also attached in the
annex oI this report.

2.1.2 ydroIogy
The hydrological analysis oI this project is done by using Medium Irrigation Project (MIP)
method. It has a catchment area oI about 10 km
2
. The catchments area oI the project site is
covered with dense Iorest. This stream Ilows to the North and ultimately meets with Sani Bheri
River near Dhape. There is huge Iorest, some in Rukum district and some in Salyan district.
About 60 oI the total catchments area is covered with dense Iorest and the remaining area
includes residential and cultivable land. It carries required design Ilow and has not other
problems regarding water rights.

2.1.3 $urvey MetbodoIogy
The detail survey oI this scheme was carried out in April 8-11, 2009 and the study team ( The
DEES Iorm Rukum) carried out various technical measurements in the Iield. Various Iield
measurements like the width and the topography oI the headworks, Iixing oI the site oI intake,
gravel trap cum desilting basin, Iore bay and suitable site oI the powerhouse building were
studied. The survey was conducted by using abney level and tape. Public involvement was also
made during the survey work. eneral public meeting was called aIter the survey work .The
length and the alignment oI the transmission and distribution line was measured. Socio-
economic, environmental and other inIormation were collected by involving the public experts
during the campaign.

Socio-economic Aspects

2.2.1 eneraI Background
The project lies in ShyalapakhaVDC-5 oI Rukum district. The load centres are the Ward No.-1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 oI Syalapakha VDC. There are people Irom diIIerent caste. Mostly there are
Brahmin and Chhetri Iamilies. Some households are Irom Damai, Kami and Magar caste as well.

The literacy rate among the Brahmin and Chhetri Iamilies is satisIactory as compared to other
Iamilies. The economic condition also seems the same. Because oI the lack oI electricity,
possibilities oI diIIerent economic activities have been shadowed and the establishment oI the
project will surely be milestone to increase the economic activities within the community level.

Major source oI income oI the people there is agriculture. Main agricultural products are rice,
maize, wheat and millet. Rice, wheat and maize are the major products in the lower banks and
millet and barley in upper altitude. Most oI the local youths have been compelled to go India and
abroad in search oI jobs. Because oI the lack oI inIrastructural development, this area has been
shadowed in development but there are immense possibilities in Iuture.

2.2.2 ocatIon
Jama Khola Micro Hydropower System is located in Syalapakha VDC-5 oI Rukum District. This
project electriIies 1035 households oI Syalapakha VDC. Nearest VDCs are Shova in the east,
Jhula in the west, BaIikot, Pipal, Pokhara in the North and Khalanga and Sankh in the South. The
district lies in the Mid-Western Development Region oI Nepal.

The project site can be reached aIter about 5 hours walking Irom Khalanga, Rukum. The project
site is about 15 km Irom there.

2.2.3 ouseboIds
1035 households will be directly beneIited by this project. Main load centers are Ward No.-1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 oI Syalapakha VDC. The main villages are Kanebang, Pakhagaun, othichaur,
Bandera, Kasinchaur, Chisapani oI ward No. 7, Petaribang, Chaikekanda, Katunje Tole,
Thutechiuri, Soloparne, auntole, Sunkhana oI ward No. 6, Dhape, Aulabang, Lakhedada,
arapani, Jhimkhola, Tallo dada, Mathilo dada oI ward No. 5, Patha Tole, Saunepani, Teradane,
Khalbot, Dhara, School Tole, Dadure, haisabang, Bhawana, Mathi haisabang, Batase Dada,
Panivarna. otle Tole oI ward No. 1, Mathi aun, arahalna, Danda, Palna aun, Dhajjahalna,
Chancheri, Marke, Sisneri, Saunepani, Maida Dandi, Mul Khola oI ward No. 2, Parbot,
Aulapani, Taligaun, Chiuribot, Pariban, Kharibot, Takura, Sajhabari, Kotdanda, Damai Tole oI
ward No. 3 and Mulkhola, Sidurbot, ilbang, Jhilibot, Khalbang oI ward No. 4.

2.2.4 urrent Energy $ItuatIon
Main sources oI energy are Iirewood and kerosene. Firewood is used Ior cooking and heating
purposes and kerosene is used Ior lighting. There are no other means oI energy.

2.2.S Management structure
The users' oI the micro hydro have Iormed Users' Committee oI Jama Khola Micro Hydropower
System. The project is oI community ownership type. The community has started discussing
about the collection oI Iund and local resources at local level now.

Water right issue
The proposed MHS scheme will not cause any conIlict among the villagers in connection with
water right issue. The river has suIIicient Ilow. Hence this stream has been the economic block
oI this VDC and the area around the stream basin.

Construction Materials
The whole scheme is designed such that the non local materials required Ior the construction
purpose can be minimized. Important construction materials such as stone, wooden poles and
aggregates are available at the site. The non-local materials are transported to the site with the
help oI porter Irom the nearby seasonal roadhead Dhape. The wooden poles can be achieved
Irom the community Iorests oI the same VDC.

Environment
The establishment oI the project in this area will not cause any adverse eIIect Ior the biotic
components. The intake site is located at a geologically stable existing mill canal. The headrace
proIile is also stable and the land is stable against landslide. Regarding biotic components, the
river carries suIIicient Ilow in the stream even in the dry season and hence biotic components
will also be conserved. The management oI local wooden poles might create short term impact in
the biotic environment.

CHAP1ER 1HREE

1ECHAICAL ASPEC1S OF 1HE MHS

esign Flow, Cross Head and Power Output
Jama Khola is the source oI discharge and suIIicient discharge is available in the stream. The
river carries suIIicient Ilow even in dry season at the proposed intake site. The discharge oI the
stream, measured by the experienced survey team in 8 April, 2010 is 103 lps. The design
discharge is taken as 73 lps aIter making provision oI 15 Ior downstream release and 10 Ior
evaporation and seepage loss. The gross head oI the scheme is 228.00 m.
The output power oI the scheme is:

Power (P) (n*9.81*Q
designed
*H
g
) /1000
90 kW
Where,
Q
designed
Designed discharge in lps 73.00
H
g

ross Head in m 228.00
n Overall EIIiciency oI System 0.55

CIJIL COMPOAEA1S

3.2.1 eadworks (IntakeJWeIr)
There is no existing temporary weir in the stream. There was earthen canal and permanent intake
is proposed Ior this scheme now. Sluice gate is proposed Ior the eIIicient control oI the discharge
to the headrace canal. Adequate Ilood protection structures are also proposed. The Ilow in the
tank would be oI oriIice type and the discharge can be controlled in the canal depending upon the
opening oI sluice gate.
The intake would be constructed oI stone masonry in 1:4 and PCC (1:2:4). More details are
given in the drawing section.

3.2.2 eadrace anaI
Total length oI the headrace canal is 750 m. There is no crossing in proposed canal alignment.
There is boulder mixed soil in the entire alignment with 20 m rocky area at chainage oI 0135 m
to 0155 m . The canal passes across the Iorest area at the end portion. According to Ilow divert
to intake two diIIerent canal section are proposed. Lined canal is proposed consisting oI PCC
(1:2:4), 300 mm stone soling and stone masonry in 1:4 cement mortar. The discharge capacity is
made high to balance the critical velocity oI Ilow in the canal. More detail is given in drawing
portion oI this report.
The size oI canal is 0.5 m x 0.4 m proposed Ior the chainage 0000m to 0015m and the size oI
0.5m*0.35m proposed Ior the chainage 0023 to 0750 m. The canal would be constructed oI
100 mm PCC (1:2:4) above 300 mm stone soling. The side wall would be constructed oI stone

masonry in 1:4 cement mortar. More details about the cross proIile and rock type is presented in
cross proIile drawing. Some technical data are presented in the table below.

Table 1: Headrace Canal Section
S.N. Chainage
(m)
Bottom
Width
(mm)
Depth of
Water
(mm)
Freeboard
(mm)
Type
of
Canal
Bed
Slope
(1 in
n)
Manning`s
Coefficient
(n)
Discharge
Capacity
(lps)
1. 0 to 015 m 0.5 200 200 Rect. 200 0.02 81
2. 023 to 750 m 0.5 200 150 Rect. 200 0.02 81

3.2.3 raveI Trap cum DesIItIng BasIn
ravel Trap cum Desilting basin is proposed at a chainage oI 15 m Irom the intake. The eIIective
size oI the tank is 6 m x 1 m and depth varies along the length. The tank is designed to settle the
particles 0.3 mm and above diameter and the aspect ratio is maintained in 1:6 (B:L). Sediment
concentration oI 2.0 kg/m
3
is considered. The tank would be Ilushed in every 12 hour during
Ilood season. The structure will be constructed oI 100 mm PCC (1:2:4) above 300 mm stone
masonry in 1:4 cement mortar. The side wall would be constructed oI stone masonry in 1:4
cement mortar. Longitudinal slope oI 1:50 will be maintained. The excess discharge will be
spilled to the parent stream Irom 15 m long spillway canal. 250 mm x 250 mm Ilushing gate is
proposed Ior Ilushing the sediments. 500 mm wide spillway is also proposed Ior spilling excess
discharge. More details are presented in drawing section.

3.2.4 Forebay
Forebay is proposed at a chainage oI 750 m Irom intake i.e. at the end oI headrace canal. The site
Ior Iorebay is plain and stable. It lies in the Ilat land with bushes and tree. The eIIective
dimensions oI the Iorebay are 5 m x 1 m in plan and the depth varies along the section, which
can be observed in the drawing. The Iorebay is designed as a secondary settling basin Ior settling
particles 0.2 mm and above and sediment concentration oI 0.5 kg/m
3
is considered in the design.
Adequate provision is made Ior overtopping and minimum distance above the bottom level
during the calculation oI height. 250 mm x 250 mm Ilushing gate is proposed Ior the Ilushing oI
the discharge. The discharge will be passed to the parent stream through the spillway canal.
OverIlow will be made by 500 mm wide spillway. The 150 m spillway canal passes
perpendicular to the penstock. There is rocky type oI soil in spillway canal proIile and hence the
overIlow can be passed through a lined canal to small kholsi near to the cliII. Fine trash rack is
proposed at the slope oI 1:3 which helps Ior controlling the Ilow oI large particles in the
penstock that may harm the turbine and ultimately reduce the useIul liIe. The side wall would be
constructed oI stone masonry in 1:4 cement mortars. The bottom oI the tank would be
constructed with 100 mm PCC (1:2:4) and 300 mm stone masonry in 1:4 cement mortar. 50 mm
dia. air vent pipe would be used to remove the air that may enter into the penstock. More details
are covered in drawing section.


3.2.S !enstock AIIgnment
This scheme is a high head scheme and gross head available at the site is 228.00 m. 225 mm dia.,
424 m long in which the speciIication oI pipes are as 4 mm, 43.5 m; 4.5 mm, 60 m; 5 mm, 60 m;
5.5 mm, 58.73 m; 6mm, 62.98 m; 6.5 mm, 52.96 m; 7 mm, 36.78; 7.5 mm, 49 m MS pipe is
proposed as penstock. The alignment passes through a stable land. The penstock proIile passes
along the stable land. There are seven bends in the alignment, one at the start another one in the
last anchor block.Five in intermediate part .17 anchor blocks and 65 support piers are proposed
Ior the eIIective support and anchoring. More details are provided in the drawing section.

3.2.6 Ancbor BIocks and $upport !Iers
17 anchor blocks and 65 support piers are proposed Ior this scheme. First and the last anchor
blocks will be structurally combined with Iorebay and the intermediate anchor blocks will be
placed at a distance oI 30 m respectively Irom the Iorebay. The average spacing oI the support
pier is taken as 5.0 m.17 expansion joints have been proposed to incorporate the change in length
and more details are presented in the penstock drawing section.

3.2.? !owerbouse BuIIdIng
The powerhouse building is placed at Ilat and stable cultivable land at about 120 m Irom the
stream. The site is risk Iree Irom high Iloods. The size oI the powerhouse is designed to meet the
requirement oI place Ior Electro-mechanical equipment and easy operation and maintenance
work. Beams, columns and slabs would be constructed oI RCC (1:2:4). The wall would be
constructed oI stone masonry in 1:6 cement mortar. The powerhouse would be strong and
suIIiciently waterprooI to prevent the ingress oI rainwater into the electromechanical equipment.
The eIIective dimensions oI the powerhouse are 10.0 m x 6.0 m x 3.0 m. Structural details are
covered in drawing section.

3.2.S TaIIrace anaI
The length oI the tailrace canal is 120 m Irom the powerhouse to the bank oI the same river and
Ior this section; rectangular stone masonry lined canal is designed. The Iinal dimensions are as
Iollows.
Bottom width 500 mm
Water Depth 200 mm
Freeboard 150 mm
Bed Slope 1 in 100

Mechanical Components

3.3.1 Trasbrack
Altogether two trashracks have been proposed. Coarse trash rack oI length 1500 x 350 mm
consisting oI iron Ilats with section 5 x 40 mm
2
100 mm c/c distance and 10 mm bars Ior
bracing is designed Ior the intake. Fine Trash rack oI length 1000 mm x 1100 mm with iron
plates oI section 5x25 mm
2
10 mm c/c distance with 8 mm bars Ior bracing is designed Ior the
Iorebay.

The slope oI trash rack will be 1:3 Ior both the trash racks. The objective oI the trash

rack is to protect the whole system Irom logs and other large waterborne objects Irom entering
the canal. The trash rack at penstock inlet protects leaves, twigs and small branches Irom
entering the penstock.

3.3.2 FIusbIng Arrangement
Flushing will be made by 250 mm x 250 mm MS Ilushing gate in both gravel trap and Iorebay.
More details are presented in the drawing section.

3.3.3 !enstock !Ipe
This scheme is a high head scheme and gross head available at the site is 228.00 m. 225 mm dia.,
424 m long in which the speciIication oI pipes are as 4 mm, 43.5 m; 4.5 mm, 60 m; 5 mm, 60 m;
5.5 mm, 58.73 m; 6mm, 62.98 m; 6.5 mm, 52.96 m; 7 mm, 36.78; 7.5 mm, 49 m MS pipe is
proposed as penstock.. 17 anchor block and 65 support piers have been proposed along its
alignment Ior the protection and rigidity oI the penstock pipe. The velocity oI Ilow in the pipe
would be 2.987 m/s. Bitumen sheets are recommended in between penstock pipe and support
piers Ior easy sliding. A minimum ground clearance oI 300 mm would be used to protect
penstock pipe Irom rusting and corrosion. It also makes the maintenance work easier. Expansion
joints oI 225 mm internal diameter having minimum 50 mm expansion length have been
proposed below each anchor block to allow thermal expansion on penstock due to changes in
ambient temperature. 50 mm dia. air vent system is installed ahead oI penstock pipe inlet. It
should allow the longitudinal movement oI the penstock. More details are covered in drawing
section.

3.3.4 'aIves
A gear operated butterIly Valve is proposed just beIore the turbine. The Iunction oI the valve is
to control the Ilow oI water in the turbine as per the requirement.
Specification:
Type: ButterIly Valve with mounting arrangement
Internal Diameter: 225 mm

3.3.S TurbIne
Double Jet Pelton turbine is proposed Ior this scheme. Such turbines are manuIactured inside the
country at reasonable price as well with optimum output. The eIIiciency oI this turbine is also
Iound better in some tested sites. The turbine would include manually operated Ilow regulating
guide vane, selI-aligning bearings, minimum oI 12 mm casing, base Irame with Ioundation bolts,
high tensile steel metric nut/bolts and pressure meter arrangement with drive protection.
Specification of the proposed turbine:
Type : Double Jet Pelton Turbine
Turbine ShaIt Output Power : 125 kW
Turbine RPM : 1500

The Iinal speciIication might be changed as per the design standard oI the manuIacturers.

3.3.6 DrIve $ystem
The Iunction oI the drive system is to transIer mechanical energy Irom the Turbine shaIt to the
generator rotor at recommended speed. The drive system in proposed scheme is direct coupling.

Electrical Components

3.4.1 enerator
A synchronous generator is designed Ior this scheme and the speciIications are as Iollows:
Specification of the generator:
Capacity : 180 kVA
Type : SelI-excited, Brushless, AVR Fitted
No oI Phases : 3
Layout : Horizontal
Connection : Star
Frequency : 50 HZ
Power Factor : 0.8
EIIiciency : 85
RPM : 1500
Over Speed : rease lubricated spherical roller bearing duty
Insulation Class : F
Environmental Protection : IP 23

The generator has been sized considering the nature oI the ELC, the power Iactor, altitude
correction Iactor and temperature.

3.4.2 TransIormer
Distribution in this scheme will be made partly Irom powerhouse and partly Irom transIormers
proposed at diIIerent load centres. There will be 100 kVA, 0.4/11 kV, 3 phase transIormer in
Powerhouse. Similarly, there will be three 25 kVA and one 50 kVA 11 / 0.4 kV, 3 phase
distribution transIormers at diIIerent locations as indicated in drawing. Detail speciIication oI the
transIormers is given below.
Technical Specification for 100 kVA transformer:
Power : 100 kVA
Phase : 3
Frequency : 50 HZ
No : 1 (Step up-Power TransIormer)
Insulation Voltage : 400/11000 V
Brand Name : NEEK or equivalent
Approx. Wt. : 610 kg
Oil : 180 litre


Power : 25 kVA
Phase : 3
Frequency : 50 HZ
No : 3 (distribution transIormers)
Oil : 90 litre

Power : 50 kVA
Phase : 3
Frequency : 50 HZ
No : 1 (distribution transIormers)
Oil : 120 litre

3.4.3 overnIng $ystem
90 kW ELC extension, thyrister type, has been proposed Ior governing speed and Irequency oI
electricity generated Irom the plant. Alarm system should be incorporated in the ELC to indicate
the over/under voltage/Irequency and abnormal Ilow variation. 100 kW ballast unit (35 kW Iixed
load65 kW Ior ballast load) is proposed to control the system load such that the generator is
always operating at Iull load.

3.4.4 ontroI and !rotectIon $ystem
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and SaIety Protection Board (SPB) will be incorporated in
the ELC to control the voltage and Irequency oI the plant and automatic shut down in case oI
emergency. For the connection oI generator to the main panel board, ELC and Ballast, it is
recommended to use 300 mm
2
armored copper cable. 350 mm
2
aluminum cables will be used to
connect the powerhouse and the Iirst pole oI the transmission line. The rating oI the Main switch
should be 205 A, with good quality. 260 A TP MCCB will be used Ior the protection purpose. A
set oI monitoring meters is recommended Ior the protection oI the System. Ammeter, Voltmeter,
Irequency meters, kilo watt meter and energy meter are placed on the panel board Ior the
measurement electrical outputs. All the electrical components should be checked beIore the
energization oI the system.

For the eIIicient power management, seven sets oI distribution boxes have been proposed in each
transIormer stations. Distribution boxes will localize the short circuit and any Iault in the
diIIerent branches.

3.4.S EartbIng
The purpose oI earthing is to protect the electromechanical equipment Irom lightning. 93 sets oI
earthings are proposed Ior this scheme. There will be two earthing sets Ior protection oI
equipments inside the powerhouse and two each in 5 transIormers. Remaining earthing sets will
be used in transmission and distribution lines. For the protection oI transIormer, two separate
earthing sets have been proposed Ior each units. The cost oI these earthings are included in
transIormer cost. Copper plate earthing oI size 600 mm x 600 mm x 3 mm connected by Copper
wire 8 SW, would be used Ior all earthings. The earthing pit would be about 3 m deep and
would be Iilled up with alternate layers oI charcoal, salt and Iine soil. Mechanism Ior the entry oI
water should be made through the pipe inside the plate.

3.4.6 urrent ImItIng DevIces
Specification of Current Limiting Devices:
Rated Current : 0.5A
Operation voltage : 230/415 V
Rated short-Circuit capacity : 5 kA
Insulation Voltage : 500V
Operating Temperature : -5 C to 40C
No oI Pole : Single
No : 1035

3.4.? TransmIssIon and DIstrIbutIon
ACSR (Rabbit, weasel and squirrel) conductor is proposed in this scheme and total transmission
is 10640 m and distribution length is 37380 m.So length oI transmission and distribution length
is 48020 m. The length oI 3 phase squirrel, 1 phase squirrel, 3 phase rabbit,1 phase rabbit,3 phase
Dog, 11 kV3 phase squirrel, 11 kV1 phase squirrel , 11 kV3 phase rabbit and 11 kV only is
16990 m, 8970 m, 4940 m, 550 m, 890 m, 3040 m, 600 m, 1400m and 5600 m respectively. The
length oI squirrel, weasel, rabbit, dog conductor including 10 Ior slag proposed in this scheme
is 144298 m, 6974 m, 23111 and 2937 m respectively. Some technical details are given in the
table below.
Table 2: Squirrel Conductors
From To
Length
(km) Phase
Power
(kW) Current
Voltage
Drop
Voltage
at Node

Voltage
drop
Squirrel
Phase
(m)
Squirrel
neutral
(m)
35 36 0.15 3 5.5225 10.2 3.6 388.8 2.8 450 150
36 37 0.05 3 5.405 10.0 1.2 387.6 3.1 150 50
37 38 0.05 3 5.2875 9.8 1.2 386.4 3.4 150 50
38 39 0.05 3 5.17 9.7 1.2 385.2 3.7 150 50
39 40 0.25 3 4.935 9.2 5.5 379.7 5.1 750 250
40 41 0.35 3 4.8175 9.2 7.7 372.0 7.0 1050 350

41 48 0.1 3 3.055 5.9 1.4 370.6 7.3 300 100
48 49 0.05 3 2.7025 5.3 0.6 370.0 7.5 150 50
49 50 0.05 3 2.4675 4.8 0.6 369.4 7.7 150 50
50 51 0.15 3 2.115 4.1 1.5 367.9 8.0 450 150
51 52 0.15 3 1.9975 3.9 1.4 366.5 8.4 450 150
52 53 0.2 3 1.5275 3.0 1.4 365.1 8.7 600 200
53 54 0.05 3 1.41 2.8 0.3 364.8 8.8 150 50
54 55 0.05 3 1.2925 2.6 0.3 364.5 8.9 150 50
55 56 0.05 1 1.0575 6.3 0.9 209.6 8.9 100 0
56 57 0.05 1 0.705 4.2 0.6 209.0 9.1 100 0
57 58 0.225 1 0.3525 2.1 1.3 207.7 9.7 450 0
58 59 0.15 1 0.235 1.4 0.6 207.1 10.0 300 0
55 60 0.05 1 0.235 1.4 0.2 210.3 8.6 100 0
60 61 0.1 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 210.1 8.7 200 0
52 62 0.05 1 0.1175 0.7 0.1 211.5 8.0 100 0
49 63 0.15 1 0.1175 0.7 0.3 213.3 7.3 300 0
41 42 0.15 1 1.41 8.2 3.4 211.4 8.1 300 0
42 43 0.1 1 0.94 5.6 1.5 209.9 8.7 200 0
43 44 0.2 1 0.47 2.8 1.5 208.4 9.4 400 0
44 45 0.2 1 0.235 1.4 0.8 207.6 9.7 400 0
43 46 0.05 1 0.1175 0.7 0.1 209.8 8.8 100 0
42 47 0.05 1 0.3525 2.1 0.3 211.1 8.2 100 0
82 83 0.08 1 0.94 5.6 1.2 210.4 8.5 160 0
83 84 0.16 1 0.8225 4.9 2.2 208.2 9.5 320 0
84 85 0.08 1 0.5875 3.5 0.8 207.4 9.8 160 0
85 86 0.08 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 207.2 9.9 160 0
84 87 0.18 1 0.235 1.4 0.7 207.5 9.8 360 0
82 88 0.2 1 0.47 2.8 1.5 210.1 8.7 400 0
88 89 0.18 1 0.235 1.4 0.7 209.4 9.0 360 0
88 90 0.05 1 0.1175 0.7 0.1 210.0 8.7 100 0
78 91 0.28 1 0.705 4.1 3.2 209.6 8.9 560 0
91 92 0.12 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 209.4 9.0 240 0
73 93 0.1 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 214.0 7.0 200 0
71 94 0.04 1 1.175 6.8 0.8 214.0 7.0 80 0
94 95 0.2 1 1.0575 6.2 3.4 210.6 8.4 400 0
95 96 0.12 1 0.5875 3.5 1.2 209.4 9.0 240 0
96 97 0.13 1 0.235 1.4 0.5 208.9 9.2 260 0
71 98 0.08 3 1.7625 3.4 0.7 371.4 7.2 240 80
98 99 0.15 3 1.5275 3.0 1.1 370.3 7.4 450 150
99 100 0.13 3 0.5875 1.1 0.4 369.9 7.5 390 130
99 101 0.12 1 0.3525 2.1 0.7 213.1 7.3 240 0
68 103 0.07 1 0.8225 4.8 0.9 212.9 7.4 140 0
103 104 0.12 1 0.235 1.4 0.5 212.4 7.7 240 0
103 105 0.12 1 0.235 1.4 0.5 212.4 7.7 240 0
65 106 0.075 3 3.29 6.2 1.1 384.0 4.0 225 75
106 282 0.075 3 1.7625 3.3 0.6 383.4 4.2 225 75
282 283 0.05 1 1.5275 8.6 1.2 220.2 4.3 100 0
283 284 0.15 1 1.41 8.0 3.3 216.9 5.7 300 0
284 285 0.1 1 1.2925 7.4 2.1 214.8 6.6 200 0
285 286 0.175 1 1.175 6.8 3.3 211.5 8.0 350 0
PH A 0.178 1 0.5875 3.2 1.6 229.3 0.3 356 0
A B 0.36 1 0.47 2.6 2.5 226.8 1.4 720 0
B C 0.556 1 0.3525 1.9 3.0 223.8 2.7 1112 0

C D 0.12 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 223.6 2.8 240 0
286 287 0.1 1 0.94 5.6 1.5 210.0 8.7 200 0
287 288 0.175 1 0.5875 3.5 1.7 208.3 9.4 350 0
288 289 0.175 1 0.47 2.8 1.4 206.9 10.0 350 0
106 107 0.1 1 1.2925 7.3 2.0 219.7 4.5 200 0
107 108 0.075 1 0.705 4.0 0.8 218.9 4.8 150 0
108 109 0.075 1 0.3525 2.0 0.4 218.5 5.0 150 0
PH 175 0.3 3 4.465 8.1 5.8 394.2 1.5 900 300
175 176 0.15 3 4.465 8.2 2.9 391.3 2.2 450 150
176 177 0.05 3 4.1125 7.6 0.9 390.4 2.4 150 50
177 178 0.1 3 3.995 7.4 1.8 388.6 2.9 300 100
178 179 0.15 3 3.76 7.0 2.5 386.1 3.5 450 150
179 180 0.5 3 2.82 5.3 6.3 379.8 5.1 1500 500
180 181 0.05 3 2.2325 4.2 0.5 379.3 5.2 150 50
181 182 0.1 3 1.645 3.1 0.7 378.6 5.4 300 100
182 183 0.1 3 1.5275 2.9 0.7 377.9 5.5 300 100
183 225 0.1 1 0.8225 4.7 1.3 216.9 5.7 200 0
181 226 0.05 1 0.47 2.7 0.4 218.6 5.0 100 0
180 227 0.1 1 0.47 2.7 0.7 218.6 5.0 200 0
178 228 0.15 1 0.8225 4.6 1.9 222.5 3.3 300 0
178 229 0.1 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 222.7 3.2 200 0
64 141 0.175 1 1.0575 5.8 2.8 223.3 2.9 350 0
175 142 0.1 1 0.8225 4.6 1.3 222.0 3.5 200 0
176 143 0.1 1 0.705 4.0 1.1 220.9 4.0 200 0
177 144 0.175 1 0.5875 3.3 1.6 219.3 4.7 350 0
178 145 0.15 1 0.47 2.7 1.1 218.2 5.1 300 0
179 146 0.05 1 0.3525 2.0 0.3 217.9 5.3 100 0
180 147 0.175 1 0.235 1.3 0.7 217.2 5.6 350 0
181 148 0.15 1 0.1175 0.7 0.3 216.9 5.7 300 0
141 149 0.075 1 0.235 1.3 0.3 223.0 3.0 150 0
149 150 0.1 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 222.8 3.1 200 0
I S 0.12 3 6.6975 12.1 3.5 396.5 0.9 360 120
S T 0.2 3 6.58 12.0 5.7 390.8 2.3 600 200
T U 0.04 3 5.875 10.8 1.0 389.8 2.6 120 40
U V 0.085 3 5.7575 10.7 2.2 387.6 3.1 255 85
V W 0.13 3 5.5225 10.3 3.2 384.4 3.9 390 130
W X 0.08 1 2.35 13.2 2.9 219.0 4.8 160 0
X Y 0.16 1 1.41 8.0 3.6 215.4 6.3 320 0
Y Z 0.08 1 1.175 6.8 1.5 213.9 7.0 160 0
Z 1 0.15 1 0.8225 4.8 2.0 211.9 7.9 300 0
1 2 0.12 1 0.3525 2.1 0.7 211.2 8.2 240 0
2 3 0.08 1 0.235 1.4 0.3 210.9 8.3 160 0
1 4 0.04 1 0.235 1.4 0.2 211.7 8.0 80 0
4 5 0.12 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 211.5 8.0 240 0
X 6 0.4 1 0.705 4.0 4.4 214.6 6.7 800 0
6 7 0.12 1 0.5875 3.4 1.1 213.5 7.2 240 0
7 8 0.08 1 0.3525 2.1 0.5 213.0 7.4 160 0
8 9 0.16 1 0.1175 0.7 0.3 212.7 7.5 320 0
7 10 0.12 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 213.3 7.3 240 0
W 11 0.16 1 0.94 5.3 2.3 219.6 4.5 320 0
11 12 0.08 1 0.3525 2.0 0.4 219.2 4.7 160 0
12 13 0.12 1 0.235 1.3 0.4 218.8 4.9 240 0
11 14 0.16 1 0.47 2.7 1.2 218.4 5.0 320 0

14 15 0.12 1 0.3525 2.0 0.7 217.7 5.3 240 0
W 16 0.08 3 2.2325 4.2 0.8 383.6 4.1 240 80
16 17 0.045 3 1.88 3.5 0.4 383.2 4.2 135 45
17 18 0.08 3 1.88 3.5 0.7 382.5 4.4 240 80
18 19 0.12 3 1.88 3.5 1.0 381.5 4.6 360 120
19 20 0.04 3 1.7625 3.3 0.3 381.2 4.7 120 40
20 21 0.086 1 0.94 5.3 1.3 218.8 4.9 172 0
21 22 0.086 1 0.705 4.0 1.0 217.8 5.3 172 0
22 23 0.086 1 0.5875 3.4 0.8 217.0 5.7 172 0
23 24 0.043 1 0.5875 3.4 0.4 216.6 5.8 86 0
24 25 0.3 1 0.47 2.7 2.2 214.4 6.8 600 0
20 26 0.08 1 0.705 4.0 0.9 219.2 4.7 160 0
26 27 0.12 1 0.705 4.0 1.3 217.9 5.3 240 0
27 28 0.08 1 0.5875 3.4 0.7 217.2 5.6 160 0
28 29 0.04 1 0.47 2.7 0.3 216.9 5.7 80 0
29 30 0.04 1 0.1175 0.7 0.1 216.8 5.7 80 0
T 31 0.185 1 0.3525 2.0 1.0 224.6 2.3 370 0
31 32 0.15 1 0.1175 0.7 0.3 224.3 2.5 300 0
J 0.08 1 1.41 7.6 1.7 229.2 0.3 160 0
J K 0.12 1 0.94 5.1 1.7 227.5 1.1 240 0
K L 0.08 1 0.8225 4.5 1.0 226.5 1.5 160 0
L M 0.08 1 0.5875 3.2 0.7 225.8 1.8 160 0
M N 0.12 1 0.3525 2.0 0.6 225.2 2.1 240 0
N O 0.04 1 0.235 1.3 0.1 225.1 2.1 80 0
O P 0.16 1 0.1175 0.7 0.3 224.8 2.3 320 0
J Q 0.16 1 0.3525 1.9 0.8 228.4 0.7 320 0
J R 0.12 1 0.1175 0.6 0.2 229.0 0.4 240 0
H 0.04 1 1.175 6.4 0.7 230.2 0.1 80 0
H G 0.12 1 0.94 5.1 1.7 228.5 0.7 240 0
G F 0.04 1 0.5875 3.2 0.4 228.1 0.8 80 0
F E 0.04 1 0.47 2.6 0.3 227.8 1.0 80 0
E 33 0.2 1 0.235 1.3 0.7 227.1 1.3 400 0
154 155 0.086 3 3.525 6.4 1.3 398.7 0.3 258 86
155 156 0.066 3 2.9375 5.3 0.8 397.9 0.5 198 66
156 157 0.132 3 2.2325 4.0 1.3 396.6 0.8 396 132
157 158 0.08 3 1.175 2.1 0.4 396.2 1.0 240 80
158 159 0.33 1 0.705 3.9 3.5 225.3 2.0 660 0
159 160 0.33 1 0.3525 2.0 1.8 223.5 2.8 660 0
159 161 0.08 1 1.175 6.5 1.4 223.9 2.7 160 0
157 162 0.165 1 0.705 3.8 1.8 227.2 1.2 330 0
156 163 0.132 1 0.47 2.6 0.9 228.8 0.5 264 0
154 164 0.08 3 3.055 5.5 1.1 398.9 0.3 240 80
164 165 0.198 3 2.585 4.7 2.2 396.7 0.8 594 198
165 166 0.09 1 0.94 5.1 1.3 227.7 1.0 180 0
166 167 0.132 1 0.705 3.9 1.4 226.3 1.6 264 0
165 168 0.099 3 0.5875 1.1 0.3 396.4 0.9 297 99
154 169 0.132 3 0.94 1.7 0.5 399.5 0.1 396 132
154 153 0.33 3 4.935 8.9 7.0 393.0 1.8 990 330
153 152 0.132 3 3.76 6.9 2.2 390.8 2.3 396 132
152 151 0.175 3 0.8225 1.5 0.6 390.2 2.5 525 175
153 170 0.099 1 0.5875 3.2 0.9 226.0 1.7 198 0
152 171 0.066 1 1.5275 8.5 1.5 224.1 2.6 132 0
171 172 0.15 1 1.0575 5.9 2.4 221.7 3.6 300 0

172 173 0.132 1 0.5875 3.3 1.2 220.5 4.1 264 0
171 174 0.099 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 223.9 2.7 198 0
193 194 0.25 3 5.2875 9.5 5.7 394.3 1.4 750 250
194 195 0.3 3 5.17 9.5 6.8 387.5 3.1 900 300
195 196 0.1 3 5.0525 9.4 2.2 385.3 3.7 300 100
196 197 0.1 3 4.7 8.8 2.1 383.2 4.2 300 100
197 198 0.1 3 4.465 8.4 2.0 381.2 4.7 300 100
198 199 0.1 3 4.23 8.0 1.9 379.3 5.2 300 100
199 200 0.1 3 3.6425 6.9 1.7 377.6 5.6 300 100
200 201 0.1 3 3.525 6.7 1.6 376.0 6.0 300 100
201 202 0.1 3 3.1725 6.1 1.5 374.5 6.4 300 100
202 203 0.198 3 2.82 5.4 2.6 371.9 7.0 594 198
203 204 0.13 3 2.4675 4.8 1.5 370.4 7.4 390 130
204 205 0.149 3 2.2325 4.3 1.5 368.9 7.8 447 149
205 206 0.132 3 1.88 3.7 1.2 367.7 8.1 396 132
206 207 0.128 3 1.5275 3.0 0.9 366.8 8.3 384 128
207 208 0.263 3 1.2925 2.5 1.6 365.2 8.7 789 263
208 209 0.165 3 1.0575 2.1 0.8 364.4 8.9 495 165
209 210 0.195 3 0.8225 1.6 0.8 363.6 9.1 585 195
210 211 0.066 1 0.705 4.2 0.8 209.1 9.1 132 0
211 212 0.325 1 0.1175 0.7 0.6 208.5 9.3 650 0
200 213 0.18 1 0.47 2.7 1.3 216.7 5.8 360 0
197 214 0.2 1 0.235 1.3 0.7 220.5 4.1 400 0
193 215 0.3 3 2.7025 4.9 3.5 396.5 0.9 900 300
215 216 0.2 3 1.645 3.0 1.4 395.1 1.2 600 200
216 217 0.1 3 1.2925 2.4 0.6 394.5 1.4 300 100
217 218 0.1 3 0.94 1.7 0.4 394.1 1.5 300 100
218 219 0.15 3 0.5875 1.1 0.4 393.7 1.6 450 150
215 220 0.2 1 0.3525 1.9 1.1 227.8 1.0 400 0
215 221 0.2 1 0.3525 1.9 1.1 227.8 1.0 400 0
193 192 0.15 3 6.9325 12.5 4.5 395.5 1.1 450 150
192 191 0.2 3 6.58 12.0 5.7 389.8 2.6 600 200
191 190 0.25 3 6.11 11.3 6.8 383.0 4.3 750 250
190 189 0.25 3 5.2875 10.0 6.0 377.0 5.8 750 250
189 188 0.1 3 4.8175 9.2 2.2 374.8 6.3 300 100
188 187 0.1 3 4.3475 8.4 2.0 372.8 6.8 300 100
187 186 0.1 3 3.995 7.7 1.8 371.0 7.3 300 100
186 185 0.1 3 3.055 5.9 1.4 369.6 7.6 300 100
185 184 0.2 3 2.4675 4.8 2.3 367.3 8.2 600 200
184 223 0.45 3 1.7625 3.5 3.7 363.6 9.1 1350 450
223 224 0.3 3 0.705 1.4 1.0 362.6 9.3 900 300
186 222 0.2 1 0.47 2.7 1.5 212.7 7.5 400 0
232 0.146 3 5.9925 10.8 3.8 396.2 1.0 438 146
232 233 0.15 3 5.2875 9.6 3.5 392.7 1.8 450 150
233 234 0.09 3 4.465 8.2 1.8 390.9 2.3 270 90
234 235 0.291 3 4.1125 7.6 5.3 385.6 3.6 873 291
235 236 0.096 3 2.82 5.3 1.2 384.4 3.9 288 96
236 237 0.13 1 1.41 7.9 2.8 219.1 4.7 260 0
237 238 0.164 1 0.94 5.4 2.4 216.7 5.8 328 0
238 239 0.033 1 0.3525 2.0 0.2 216.5 5.9 66 0
231 269 0.2 1 0.5875 3.2 1.8 229.1 0.4 400 0
269 270 0.1 1 0.3525 1.9 0.5 228.6 0.6 200 0
270 271 0.1 1 0.235 1.3 0.4 228.2 0.8 200 0

231 272 0.195 3 4.7 8.5 4.0 396.0 1.0 585 195
272 273 0.12 3 3.76 6.9 2.0 394.0 1.5 360 120
273 274 0.132 3 3.1725 5.8 1.8 392.2 2.0 396 132
274 275 0.15 3 2.82 5.2 1.9 390.3 2.4 450 150
275 276 0.099 3 2.4675 4.6 1.1 389.2 2.7 297 99
276 277 0.131 1 1.175 6.5 2.4 222.3 3.3 262 0
277 278 0.14 1 0.705 4.0 1.5 220.8 4.0 280 0
276 277 0.22 1 1.0575 5.9 3.6 221.1 3.9 440 0
272 280 0.1 1 0.705 3.9 1.1 227.5 1.1 200 0
231 230 0.156 1 1.0575 5.7 2.5 228.4 0.7 312 0
230 281 0.19 1 0.3525 1.9 1.0 227.4 1.1 380 0
245 246 0.066 3 4.465 8.1 1.3 398.7 0.3 198 66
246 247 0.396 3 2.9375 5.3 5.0 393.7 1.6 1188 396
247 248 0.4 3 1.5275 2.8 2.7 391.0 2.3 1200 400
248 249 0.12 1 0.94 5.2 1.7 224.1 2.6 240 0
249 250 0.132 1 0.8225 4.6 1.7 222.4 3.3 264 0
250 251 0.12 1 0.5875 3.3 1.1 221.3 3.8 240 0
251 252 0.099 1 0.47 2.7 0.7 220.6 4.1 198 0
252 253 0.12 1 0.235 1.3 0.4 220.2 4.3 240 0
247 254 0.399 1 1.2925 7.1 7.8 219.5 4.6 798 0
246 255 0.165 1 1.41 7.7 3.5 226.7 1.4 330 0
255 256 0.132 1 1.0575 5.8 2.1 224.6 2.3 264 0
256 257 0.3 1 0.705 3.9 3.2 221.4 3.7 600 0
257 258 0.2 1 0.3525 2.0 1.1 220.3 4.2 400 0
245 259 0.198 3 1.2925 2.3 1.1 398.9 0.3 594 198
259 260 0.33 3 0.8225 1.5 1.2 397.7 0.6 990 330
245 244 0.39 3 4.7 8.5 7.9 392.1 2.0 1170 390
244 243 0.13 3 2.115 3.9 1.2 390.9 2.3 390 130
243 242 0.066 3 1.7625 3.3 0.5 390.4 2.4 198 66
242 241 0.13 1 0.705 3.9 1.4 224.0 2.6 260 0
241 240 0.13 1 0.3525 2.0 0.7 223.3 2.9 260 0
244 265 0.25 1 0.1175 0.6 0.4 226.0 1.7 500 0
244 261 0.39 3 4.7 8.7 8.1 384.0 4.0 1170 390
261 262 0.13 3 2.115 4.0 1.2 382.8 4.3 390 130
262 263 0.066 3 1.7625 3.3 0.5 382.3 4.4 198 66
263 264 0.13 1 0.705 4.0 1.4 219.3 4.7 260 0
242 266 0.09 1 0.705 3.9 1.0 224.4 2.4 180 0
266 267 0.13 1 0.235 1.3 0.5 223.9 2.7 260 0
266 268 0.099 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 224.2 2.5 198 0
116 117 0.1 3 4.465 8.1 1.9 398.1 0.5 300 100
117 118 0.125 3 4.3475 7.9 2.4 395.7 1.1 375 125
118 119 0.15 3 3.8775 7.1 2.5 393.2 1.7 450 150
119 120 0.075 3 3.1725 5.8 1.0 392.2 2.0 225 75
120 121 0.35 3 2.115 3.9 3.3 388.9 2.8 1050 350
121 122 0.1 3 1.645 3.1 0.7 388.2 3.0 300 100
122 123 0.035 1 1.2925 7.2 0.7 223.4 2.9 70 0
123 124 0.05 1 0.94 5.3 0.7 222.7 3.2 100 0
124 125 0.5 1 0.705 4.0 5.5 217.2 5.6 1000 0
125 126 0.1 1 0.3525 2.0 0.6 216.6 5.8 200 0
126 127 0.1 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 216.4 5.9 200 0
125 128 0.15 1 0.1175 0.7 0.3 216.9 5.7 300 0
124 129 0.15 1 0.1175 0.7 0.3 222.4 3.3 300 0
123 130 0.1 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 223.2 3.0 200 0

121 131 0.2 1 0.3525 2.0 1.1 223.4 2.9 400 0
120 132 0.075 1 0.8225 4.5 0.9 225.5 2.0 150 0
132 133 0.175 1 0.705 3.9 1.9 223.6 2.8 350 0
133 134 0.15 1 0.47 2.6 1.1 222.5 3.3 300 0
116 115 0.275 3 3.055 5.5 3.6 396.4 0.9 825 275
117 114 0.1 3 2.9375 5.3 1.3 395.1 1.2 300 100
118 113 0.075 3 2.7025 4.9 0.9 394.2 1.5 225 75
119 112 0.125 3 2.585 4.7 1.4 392.8 1.8 375 125
120 111 0.175 3 2.35 4.3 1.8 391.0 2.3 525 175
121 136 0.2 1 1.5275 8.5 4.7 221.1 3.9 400 0
122 137 0.05 1 1.175 6.6 0.9 220.2 4.3 100 0
123 138 0.175 1 0.8225 4.7 2.3 217.9 5.3 350 0
124 139 0.65 1 0.3525 2.0 3.6 214.3 6.8 1300 0
137 140 0.1 1 0.1175 0.7 0.2 220.0 4.3 200 0
111 110 0.15 1 0.5875 3.3 1.3 224.5 2.4 300 0
114 135 0.125 1 0.1175 0.6 0.2 227.9 0.9 250 0
Total Length 41.512 km

Squirrel (m) 118026 m

Table 02: Rabbit Conductors
From To
Length
(km) Phase
Power
(kW) Current
Voltage
Drop
Voltage
at Node

Voltage
drop
Rabbit
Phase
(m)
Weasel
neutral
(m)
PH 34 0.55 3 5.7575 10.4 6.0 394.0 1.5 1650 550
34 35 0.15 3 5.64 10.3 1.6 392.4 1.9 450 150
PH 64 0.3 3 14.6875 26.5 8.4 391.6 2.1 900 300
64 65 0.25 3 13.2775 24.5 6.5 385.1 3.7 750 250
65 66 0.28 3 9.7525 18.3 5.4 379.7 5.1 840 280
66 67 0.08 3 8.8125 16.8 1.4 378.3 5.4 240 80
67 68 0.02 3 8.695 16.6 0.4 377.9 5.5 60 20
68 69 0.12 3 8.225 15.7 2.0 375.9 6.0 360 120
69 70 0.08 3 7.99 15.3 1.3 374.6 6.3 240 80
70 71 0.16 3 7.6375 14.7 2.5 372.1 7.0 480 160
71 72 0.04 3 4.5825 8.9 0.4 371.7 7.1 120 40
72 73 0.08 3 4.465 8.7 0.7 371.0 7.3 240 80
73 74 0.12 3 3.995 7.8 1.0 370.0 7.5 360 120
74 75 0.04 3 3.8775 7.6 0.3 369.7 7.6 120 40
75 76 0.08 3 3.29 6.4 0.5 369.2 7.7 240 80
76 77 0.08 3 2.82 5.5 0.5 368.7 7.8 240 80
77 78 0.04 3 2.7025 5.3 0.2 368.5 7.9 120 40
78 79 0.22 3 1.88 3.7 0.9 367.6 8.1 660 220
79 80 0.08 3 1.7625 3.5 0.3 367.3 8.2 240 80
80 81 0.08 3 1.645 3.2 0.3 367.0 8.3 240 80
81 82 0.16 3 1.5275 3.0 0.5 366.5 8.4 480 160
Total Length 3.01 km

Rabbit (m) 9030 m

Weasel (m) 3010

The voltage drop is maintained below 10 in all the branches. In case oI three phase rabbit line,
weasel conductor is proposed in the neutral side. Voltage drop calculations are also presented in
the annex.


3.4.S $tay WIre $ets
Total number oI stay sets proposed in this scheme is 303. Stay Sets are proposed in the starting,
bends and the end oI the transmission poles to conIirm the stability oI the poles. 1.8 m x 16 mm
stay rod would be used with turn buckle oI 4200 kg/sqcm. Stay plate: (6 x 300 x 300) mm,
thimble: 18 SW, Eye bolt: 300 mm, Stay insulator: 1 and Stay wire: 7/12 SW will be used.
More details are also covered in details oI Costing.

3.4.9 IgbtenIng Arrestors
In this scheme, 67 numbers oI lightning arrestors oI 500v are proposed to protect the system
Irom lightning. Among them, 19 sets are Ior single and 16 sets are Ior three phase line. More
details are presented in transmission and distribution drawing. For the protection oI 11 kV line, 9
kV lightening arrestors have been proposed and they will cover an average distance oI about one
kilometer. For every transIormer, one sets oI lightening arrestor are proposed. The cost oI
lightening arrestors at transIormer location is included in transIormer cost.

3.4.10 !oIes
In this scheme, 6 m, and 7 m poles have been proposed Ior low voltage line and 9 m steel tubular
poles have been proposed Ior 11 kV line. 6 m and 7 m poles would be wooden poles and its
number is 273 and 515 respectively. Total number oI 9 m poles is 294. Detail speciIication oI the
poles is given below.

Specification of 9m Steel Poles:
Numbers : 294 (5 H Pole sets additional)
Length oI pole : 9.0 m
Maximum span : 45 m in composite line and 50 m in high tension line
Buried length : 1.5 m (one sixth oI pole height)
Minimum ground clearance : 5.50 m
Approximate Weight : 100 Kg
The pole will be made by welding three diIIerent sections oI MS pipes oI diameter 115mm,
90mm and 76mm.
Specification of 7 m Poles
Type oI poles : Local wooden
Numbers : 515
Pole Spacing : 40 m
Buried Length : 1.20 m
Average Span : 45 m
Minimum Top Diameter : 140 mm
Minimum round Clearance : 4.60 m
Specification of 6 m Poles
Type oI poles : Local wooden
Numbers : 273
Pole Spacing : 35 m
Buried Length : 1.0 m

Average Span : 40 m
Minimum Top Diameter : 125 mm
Minimum round Clearance : 4.50 m

3.4.11 $ervIce WIre
6 mm
2
service wire, concentric aluminum cable, will be used as service wire. In average 30 m
wire is proposed Ior each household and hence 24000 m service wire will be required.

3.4.12 InsuIators
Shackle insulators are used Ior 0.4/0.23 kV distribution. Small and medium sizes oI shackle
insulators are proposed Ior low tension line and pin insulators are proposed Ior high tension line.
The number oI small, medium and large insulators is 2832, 735 and 102 respectively. 783 pin
insulators have been proposed Ior 11 kV transmissions. Apart Irom this, 163 number oI disc
insulators have been proposed to overcome the tension in high tension line. There will be three
disc insulators at each transIormer pole and other insulators will be used in dead end poles in
high tension line.

CHAP1ER FOUR
EA USES
There is greater potential Ior the end use oI electricity. There is need and demand oI alternative
energy because oI lack oI reliable Iorm oI energy. They are using local woods as the major
source oI energy. The villagers have shown keen interest to run diIIerent agro processing mills
and bakery in the village. There might also be the possibility oI setting up other end uses like
computer training centre and photo studio in near Iuture. Demand oI energy is increasing over
time. Depending upon the interest oI the diIIerent entrepreneurs and the demand oI the villagers,
agro processing mills, computer centre and rural bakery is proposed. More detail about end use is
given in the table below.
Table 4: End uses
S
.
N
.

T
y
p
e

o
f

B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s

N
o

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

(
k
W
)

Operating
Hours
Operating
Days
Operating
Months
Total Energy
Consumption
(kWh)
with pf 0.8
T
a
r
i
f
f

(
R
s
)

k
W
h

T
o
t
a
l

I
n
c
o
m
e

(
R
s
.
)

1
Agro
processing
huller
3 7 6 28 12 42336 10.00 423360
2
Agro
processing
grinder
3 7 6 28 12 42336 10.00 423360
3 Bakery 2 5 6 28 12 20160 10.00 201600
4
Cooking and
heating
15 1 4 28 12 20160 10.00 201600
5
Computer
centre
6 2 8 28 12 32256 10.00 322560
6
Cable
Network
2 2 24 28 12 32256 10.00 322560
Total 1895040

Major agricultural products are rice, maize, millet and wheat. So, Huller and grinders are
proposed Ior processing these products. It is expected that the establishment oI such agro
processing mills will reduce the consumption oI diesel in the village and the cash generated Irom
end use will be directly or indirectly used in boosting local economy.

With the development in telecommunication sector, email, internet can also be operated in the
village. Apart Irom this, computer centre can be established in the village so that it would play
key role in the production oI skilled manpower in the long run which would ultimately aid in
strengthening local economy.

The tariII Ior end uses is taken as Rs. 10.00 per unit. Only 23.01 oI the total available energy
is used by the project at present proposed condition. So, there is still more energy surplus and
surely the villagers will try to consume more in the long run.
Detail Feasibility Study Jahari Khola Sahid Smriti Micro Hydropower System
Energy Development Services Pvt. Ltd. 23

CHAP1ER FIJE

FIAAACIAL AA ECOAOMICAL ASPEC1S OF 1HE MHS

The Iinancial and economic analysis oI the scheme indicates the validity oI the project in terms
oI its capital cost. It Iocuses on the sources oI Iunding Ior the project, annual income, annual
expenditure and Iinancial indicators oI the project such as Net Present Value, BeneIit Cost Ratio
and Internal Rate oI Return on the investment. The Iinancial and economic analysis oI the
proposed MHS is conducted as per the guidelines prepared by AEPC / REDP and the analysis
shows that the proposed MHS is viable both Iinancially and economically.

Capital Costs
Capital cost includes equipment cost, erection cost, cost oI civil structures, transmission and
distribution cost and other expenses. The costs are also broken down into local and non local
cost. The cost oI electro mechanical equipments includes the cost oI generator, turbine,
transIormers, conductor, poles, insulating materials, penstock pipe, expansion joints, protection
equipments like earthing and lightening arrestors etc. Others costs are associated with the
transportation oI civil and electromechanical equipments, tools and spare parts and installation
cost. Contingencies are taken as 5 oI the total project cost. The details oI individual items are
given in Annex B. The total costs on the diIIerent headings are as Iollows.
Table 6: Capital Cost
Project Cost Summary
S. N. Description
Local Cost
Rs.
Non Local
Cost Rs.
Total Amount
( Rs. )
1 Mechanical works - 1,168,030.00 1,168,030.00
2 Electrical works 157,950.00 11,403,534.00 11,561,484.00
3 Civil works 5,849,874.00 7,951,299.00 13,801,173.00
4 Tools and Spare parts - 210,650.00 210,650.00
5 Transportation 1,319,046.00 2,638,092.00 3,957,138.00
6
Installation, Supervision and
Commissioning
- 800,000.00 800,000.00
7 Sub - Total 7,326,870.00 24,171,605.00 31,498,475.00
8
VAT 13 in Non Local Cost
only
- 3,142,308.65 3,142,308.65
9
Contingencies 5 366,343.50 1,365,695.68 1,732,039.18
10 Total Project Cost 7,693,214.00 28,679,609.00 36,372,823.00
11 Cost Per kW oI the Project 81,843.00 305,102.00 386,945.00
12 Total Subsidy 14,570,000.00
13 Subsidy per Households 18,212.50


Financial Mix
For the implementation oI this MHS, major sources oI Iinance will be provided by AEPC/REDP
in the Iorm oI subsidy. As per the government's subsidy policy Rs.125,000 per kW and
transportation subsidy oI Rs. 30,000 per kW will be received as subsidy. Hence, subsidy Ior 94
kW capacity MHS becomes Rs. 14,570,000.00. Similarly, the other source oI Iinance will be
DDC and VDC with 5 and 10 contribution respectively. Users` committee members oI
beneIiciary area have already committed to provide voluntary labor contributions Ior
transportation oI construction materials and electromechanical equipment as well as Ior the
construction oI canal, powerhouse and other necessary civil works. Apart Irom this, the villagers
are proposed to collect cash as well. The community should manage the amount in item no. 4, 5
and 6 in the table below. This sum includes the local labour cost, local cash contribution and
bank loan. In the present analysis, the community cash contribution is taken as Rs. 2000 per
household with total oI 1,600,000.00. The remaining amount is taken as bank loan and hence the
bank loan will be Rs. 7,053,685.00. More detail is presented in the table below.
Table 6: Financial Mix
S.N. Source
Amount
(Rs)
Share
()
Remarks
1 AEPC/REDP Subsidy 14,570,000 40.06
Rs. 125000.00 per kW and
Transportation subsidy Rs.
30000 per kW
2 VDC Support 3,637,282 10.00 10 oI total cost
3 DDC Support 1,818,641 5.00 5 oI total cost
4 Local Labour & Material 7,693,214 21.15
Item 4,5 and 6 should be
collected by community
5 Community Cash Contribution 1,600,000 4.40
6 Bank Loan by Community 7,053,685 19.39
7 Others 0 0.00
Total Source of Finance 36372823 100.00

The interest on bank loan is taken as 12 to reIlect current bank rates and the bank loan should
be recovered in Iive years with equal annual installments. More details about cash Ilows are
covered in the subsequent chapter.

Revenues and Expenses
In the case oI this MHS, practically tariII is Iixed in terms oI watts per month Ior lighting system.
However, Ior milling and industrial purposes tariII is designed in unit basis. The tariII is
calculated by considering Iollowing points.
Demand Ior the services
Purchasing capacity oI the consumer
TariII oI Nepal Electricity Authority
Income Irom End uses
Total Project cost

Operating cost oI the scheme
Table 7: Proposed tariff

Service Tariff
Lightening Rs 3.00 / Watt / Month
End-use Rs 10.0 per kWh
TariII needs to be review and revised periodically as the price level changes over time in the
economy. The expected annual revenue oI the MHS is as Iollows.

S.3.1 Revenue Irom IgbtIng Uses
The total revenue Irom household lighting is as Iollows
Table 8: Revenue from lighting
S.N. Subscribed Power
(Watt)
Households Tariff Rate
NRs./watt/month
Amount in
NRs. Per year
1. 117.5 800 3 3,384,000.00

S.3.2 Revenue Irom BusIness Uses
Table 9: Revenue from Business
S.N. Proposed business Unit Rate Amount
1. Agro processing huller Rs/kWh 10 423,360
2. Agro processing grinder Rs/kWh 10 423,360
3. Bakery Rs/kWh 10 201,600
4. Cooking and heating Rs/kWh 10 201,600
5. Computer centre Rs/kWh 10 322,560
6. Cable Network Rs/kWh 10 322,560
Total 1,895,040

TariII rate Ior the business use has been Iixed as Rs 10.00 per unit and the total income expected
is Rs. 1,895,040.00 annually. More detail about end use is given in chapter Iour. Hence, total
annual revenue expected Irom this scheme is Rs. 5,279,040.00. The Users' Committee will have
right to Iix tariII and tariII may be increased or decreased depending upon promotion oI end use,
bank loan, eIIiciency oI the plant and operation and maintenance cost oI the plant.

S.3.3 AnnuaI OperatIng ost
Total estimated annual cash outgoings Irom the proposed project have been tabulated below.
Table 10: Annual operating Cost
S.N. Component No
Monthly Salary /
Expenses
Month Total Remarks
1 MH Operator I 1 4000.00 12 48000
2 MH Operator II 1 4000.00 12 48000
2
MH
Manager/Accountant
1 5000.00 12 60000

3
Repair &
Maintenance
LS 1091185
3 oI Project
Cost
4 OIIice Expense LS 1000.00 12 12000
5 Miscellaneous LS 2000.00 12 24000
Total 1283185
6
For this project, two operators are proposed. Apart Irom this, the eIIiciency oI the micro hydro
plants is Iound to depend to some extent to the knowledge oI operators. Manager will also assist
in accounting. Operation and maintenance cost is taken as 3.0 oI the total project cost.

ebt Service Schedule
The debt service schedule Ior the annuity payment oI bank loan is presented below.
Table 15: Debt service schedule
S.
No.
Debt Service
Schedule
Year
0 1 2 3 4 5
1
Annuity payment
(Rs)
1956761 1956761 1956761 1956761 1956761
2
Principal
payment(Rs)
1110319 1243557 1392784 1559918 1747108
3
Interest payment at
12 (Rs)
846442 713204 563977 396843 209653
4
Principal remaining
(Rs)
7,053,685 5943367 4699810 3307026 1747108 0

Table 16: Annual Profit
S.
No.
Description
Amount,
Rs
Remarks
1 Annuity Payment (Rs) 1956761 12 annual Interest & loan maturity period 5 years
2 Depreciation (Rs) 1453522
Straight line Calculation, (Total project cost -
Subsidy) / 15
3 Recurring Annual Cost (Rs) 1283185 3 and miscellaneous
4 Total Annual Cost (Rs) 4693467
5 Net Annual ProIit (Rs) 585573 Total income - Total annual cost
6 Dividend to DDC (Rs) 29279 5 dividend as oI investment
7 Dividend to VDC (Rs) 58557 10.0 dividend as oI investment
8 Debt service coverage ratio 1.30

The sources oI revenues in this MHS are end uses and the household lighting as speciIied in the
previous tables. More detail is given in the detail Iormat.

Financial Analysis
The Iinancial analysis oI the scheme includes the Iinancial status oI the MHS. It Iocuses on the
source oI Iunding Ior the project, annual income, annual loss and Iinancial indicator oI the
project such as Net Present Value, BeneIit Cost Ratio and Internal Rate oI Return.

The Iinancial analysis oI the MHS as per the guidelines prepared by REDP has been presented in
the Iollowing pages. Value Added Tax (VAT) is also included during this analysis and the
analysis has shown that the proposed MHS is Iinancially viable and economically aIIordable Ior
the local people oI the target area.

S.4.1 et !resent 'aIue (!'), BeneIIt ost RatIo (BJ ratIo) and
InternaI Rate oI Return (IIR)
With the estimated income and expenditure mentioned in topics 5.3 and considering standard
discount rate oI 10 and economic liIe oI the plant to be 15 years, the NPV oI the MHS is
Iound to be Rs. 1,172,307.00. Similarly IRR is Iound to be 10.8 , B/C ratio 1.03 and Payback
period oI about 7.9 years. The Iinancial analysis has been done considering the total project cost
excluding the subsidy amount. The Iinancial analysis sheet is attached in annex.

Economic Analysis
The economic analysis is carried out in order to assess the economic viability oI the project.
Various tools have been adopted to evaluate the economic viability oI the proposed MHS. They
are Economic Internal Rate oI Return (EIRR), Net present Value (NPV), and payback period. In
order to carry out the analysis, the assessment oI all kinds oI costs incurred and beneIits brought
about by the project in the society as a whole is made. As the scope oI the economic cost and
beneIit is a broad area, in this project some assumption have been made in order to make the
assessment oI the economic costs and beneIit Irom the proposed MHS simple and precise.

S.6.1 Investment cost
The total investment cost has been calculated aIter deducting all the applicable VAT and taxes
Irom the total project cost. In order to calculate the applicable VAT and taxes in a more simple
way that they have been considered as 13 oI the cost oI Electro-mechanical equipments and
non local cost in civil components. Investment cost is calculated as Iollow.
Investment cost Total project cost - VAT and Taxes
Rs. 36,372,823.00- Rs. 3,142,308.65
Rs. 33,230,514.00

S.6.2 OperatIon and MaIntenance ost
In line with the document oI the World Bank, Project Appraisal Document, the cost oI system
administration, management, operation and maintenance oI the MHS have been considered as 3
oI the total project cost. Thus the operation and maintenance cost oI this project is Rs.
1,091,185.00.

S.6.3 EconomIc BeneIIts
The economic beneIits are those beneIits, which are brought about by the MHS in the society.
The assessment oI economic beneIits is a complex task it covers a wide range oI beneIits that
include quantiIiable and non-quantiIiable as well as incremental and non-incremental beneIits
based on existing level oI energy uses. Further the beneIits could be direct as well as indirect

also. In our case, in order to make the calculation simple as mentioned above, the calculation iI
EIRR includes only the quantiIiable non-incremental beneIits.

The beneIits have been assessed based on the avoided cost oI diesel generation in the case oI
supply Ior productive end uses and the avoided cost oI kerosene uses in the case oI supply to
households Ior lighting purpose. Further, the avoided cost oI the dry cell use Ior household
purposes has also been taken into consideration.

S.6.3.1 BeneIIts Irom Kerosene RepIacement
In the proposed MHS area the average use oI kerosene in the locality is 3.0 liters per household
per month. AIter the generation oI the electricity it is assumed that the community would require
only 1 liter oI kerosene per household per month. Hence, two liters oI kerosene will be saved per
household per month. As the total beneIiciary household is 800, so total oI 19200 liters oI
kerosene will be replaced per year. At the rate oI Rs.100 per liter in the community, annually Rs.
1,920,000.00 amount will be saved.

S.6.3.2 BeneIIts Irom DIeseI RepIacement

It is envisioned that six agro-processing mill each will save two liter oI diesel per operating hour
in average. Apart Irom this, bakery is also expected to save one liter oI diesel per operating hour.
So, Annually 28224 liters oI diesel equivalent to Rs. 3,104,640.00 will be saved with unit cost oI
NRs. 110 per litre.

S.6.3.3 BeneIIts Irom Dry eII Battery RepIacement

It is Iound that the beneIiciary households consume about three pairs oI dry cell batteries on an
average, per month. It is estimated that on an average, two pair oI dry cell batteries per
household per month will be saved due to the electricity Iacility. As the total beneIiciary
household is 800, so total oI 19200 pair oI dry cell batteries will be replaced per year. As the
price oI dry cells is Rs.40 per pair in the local market, it is assessed that the beneIit Irom the
replacement oI dry cells is Rs. 768,000.00 per year.

S.6.3.4 IncrementaI BeneIIt
The beneIits, which are not included in the analysis but could be mentioned, are the incremental
beneIits. The incremental beneIits are the beneIits, which come Irom the increase modern Irom
the electricity uses due to the availability in lower prices. The beneIit includes the direct
increases in the communities' education through the advent oI electricity in the locality. There
could be indirect educational beneIits due to the availability oI more reading hours and better
quality lighting Iacility. Further, there could be other electricity uses such as media viz. TV,
Radio and Computer operation etc. The community will have the opportunity to get engaged in
the income generating activities, especially during evening hours and dawn. There could be
health beneIits due to the reduction in air pollution resulting Irom kerosene uses and reduction in
drudgery due to the promotion oI various end-use appliances. There could be also being
tremendous reduction in carbon emissions Irom diesel and kerosene replacements.

CHAP1ER SIX

EAJIROAMEA1AL ASPEC1S OF 1HE MHS
enerally, environmental problems in Nepal are the result oI mismanagement oI natural
resources evolved Irom the lack oI integration oI environmental considerations in the
development process. Integration oI environmental assessment in the development oI MH Irom
the planning stage helps identiIy possible adverse impacts and their mitigation measures to avoid
or minimize the adverse consequences in the micro level, which in the long run helps to make the
MH scheme cost eIIective as well sustainable. Realizing this, a separate EIA study oI the project
has to be conducted by DDC: DEES Rukum and the report should be prepared as Vol. II oI the
DPR oI the Puspakamal Jama Khola MHS.
AIter implementation oI the MHS, the social situations, community Iacilities, employment
opportunities, land price and markets Ior local produce will increase considerably. There will not
be considerable biological impacts such as eIIects on vegetation and Iorest resources, wild liIe,
crops, aquatic liIe etc. The implementation oI the project will not cause signiIicant physical
impacts such as Iloods, landslides, deterioration oI water and soil qualities. However, minor
impacts such as loss oI some agriculture lands, cutting oI some trees etc. will occur in the project
area. Preventive measures such as awareness creation and tree plantation are suggested to reduce
potential adverse impacts. Especially, micro watershed development and tree plantation are
recommended in the peripheral areas oI the canal, intake, penstock alignment, overIlow canal,
tailrace canal etc.
In general, the MHS under consideration does not require a huge and costly mitigation measures.
The intake site is located at a geologically stable existing mill canal so it does not need huge
excavation and cutting oI trees. More than 15 oI the Ilow will be in the stream even in the dry
season, which will help in preserving the Ilora and aquatic liIe in the downstream areas.
Similarly, the headrace canal which is lined will not be any risk oI sliding the canal due to
seepage and spill oI water during water conveyance. The headrace alignment seems stable and
Iorebay area is also located in the stable area. Hence there is no risk oI erosion. There will not be
heavy excavations and tree cuttings Ior civil constructions. Hence, there will not be risk oI
Ilooding and erosion.
Environmental impact identiIication and means oI mitigation were also assessed. The
environmental impacts as dewatering oI riverbed Irom the intake, potential ground or soil erosion
caused by Ilushing Ilows discharge Irom sedimentation basins and overIlow oI the Iore bay,
potential ground instability caused by canal construction and leakage Irom canal, cutting oI trees
Ior poles were considered. Likewise appropriate means oI mitigation such as maintenance oI at
least 15 residual Ilow in the dewatering section oI the river Ior the aquatic liIe, cutting oI
Iorest cover are also considered.
This project might have impacts on Iorestation due to the management oI local wooden poles.
About 333 wooden poles will be required Ior this scheme. The headrace alignment also does not

destroy the trees. Apart Irom this, villagers should be motivated to be engaged in community
plantations. So, it will have positive impact in the environment.
Thus, the project does not hamper any household in the project area and does not disturb
signiIicant cultivated lands. Since the excavations Ior the project is minimum, there is no
possibility oI natural disturbances such as landslide, erosion and Ilooding. Furthermore, as per
the mitigation measures, REDP supports the Environment and Natural Resource Management
(ENRM) activities like nursery establishment, bioengineering works, tree, Iruit and Iodder
plantations, training to nursery naike, environment campaigns etc. in the project area. This will
be compensated by environmental beneIits due to replacements oI kerosene and diesel, and other
direct and indirect environmental and social beneIits in the project area. As per the United
Nations Framework Ior Conventional Climate Change (UNFCCC) guidelines, environmental
beneIits due to replacement oI kerosene by micro hydro electricity are around 0.9 kg oI
carbon/kWh electricity consumed. So, the micro hydro directly has positive role towards the long
term environmental protection thereby supporting global agenda to reduce carbon emissions.

CHAP1ER SEJEA
7 SOCIAL ASPEC1S OF 1HE MHS
Micro-hydro is generally a clean source oI energy without adverse impact on the environment.
However, the sustainability oI micro-hydro schemes depends much not only on technical,
management and Iinancial aspects but on social aspects also. The past experience on development
suggests that people's access to public goods (such as water and other natural resources) diIIers
signiIicantly depending on their social identity, in terms oI caste, ethnicity and gender and on
their economic status and location (urban/rural/remote rural). Because policies have been
insensitive to the social realities oI Nepal, certain groups have been excluded Irom the
mainstream oI the development process. ThereIore, it is essential to undertake social assessment
oI proposed scheme in order to assess existing social considerations oI the locality, determine
possible impacts, plan mitigation measures and implement various social development activities.
The social assessment oI the proposed MHS area revealed some degree oI social exclusion based
on caste and ethnicity. It is recommended that serious attention should be given their eIIective
participation in the programme to include a speciIic Iocus on social inclusion.
The land needed Ior canal construction and Ior constructing other civil structures are already
committed by the villagers and it will be handled by MHF. All the concerned landowners are
well oII and don`t have many uses oI the lands to be used Ior MH construction at present and they
have agreed to provide the lands Iree oI cost. There is also no problem in powerhouse land. Thus
there is no issue related to water right conIlict and land acquisition at present and it's unlikely that
any issue will arise in Iuture related to these. The existing mill in the project can be replaced aIter
the successIul implementation oI the scheme by giving chance oI running agro processing mill to
the current mill owner. Moreover, the MHF has been already initiated to register at the District
Water Resource Committee, in order to avoid the possible conIlict regarding the use oI water in
Iuture, even though there is not any sign oI conIlict on water sharing practice at present.
The project requires some cash contribution. The required collateral Ior bank loan process i.e. land
certiIicate will be collected Irom elite households in consensus decision and there is not any
problem Ior other vulnerable communities regarding this. The cash collection Irom very poor
households will be made mandatory and this should be managed by the MHF. The community
will be strongly encouraged to develop mechanisms to subsidize the contribution Irom the poor
groups. Likewise, there are very Iew opportunities Ior the poor VC members Ior economical
upliItment. The trained manpower is very less in the MHS area. The provision oI end use
development with the MHS and internal saving and credit Iacilities in the COs will help Ior
economical upliItment oI the community. Similarly, the programme will have positive impacts on
health and sanitation through environment awareness programme. The communities will
encouraged to make, ICS, latrines and waste disposal site and the provision oI additional REDP
subsidy Ior toilet attached biogas will be supportive Ior the promotion oI biogas in the MHS area.
It is observed that the community may need additional support to Iind creative ways to reduce the
dominance oI the elite and encourage more democratic behavior in the MHF/WC. The
successIul implementation oI VCs concerns activities will be perIormed by respective community
organizations with the help oI support organization and the technical input oI DDC: DEES.

CHAP1ER EICH1

COACLUSIOA AA RECOMMEAA1IOA

Conclusion
I. The site oI Jama Khola Sahid Smriti Micro-hydro power scheme is suitable Ior
development oI Micro Hydro Plant. The project site is stable and passes across the stable
land strata.
II. Various alternatives were studied and the layout proposed oIIers the most optimal and
economical alternatives.
III. The scheme involves very simple civil engineering works and readily available
mechanical and electrical equipments thus can be completed in a short interval oI time.
IV. Naturally occurring construction materials like stone, sand and aggregate are available in
the banks oI the same river which reduces the cost oI local construction materials.
V. The proposed scheme has minimal interIerence with the environment and would not
aIIect the ecology oI the area. Rather, it would minimize the carbon emission Irom
burning oI Iorest wood thus improving the environmental and the health oI people. In
long run, it would aid in the conservation oI the Iorest with the use oI electricity Ior
household cooking and heating purpose.
VI. The proposed scheme shall provide the electricity continuously and with much reliability.
Thus the scheme will be helpIul in creating employment Iacilities and improve the
quality oI liIe in terms oI per capita income, education and health in that area.

Recommendations
I. The proposed power scheme with an estimated cost oI NRs. 36,372,823.00 and capacity
oI 94 kW is recommended Ior the implementation.
II. Financial parameters show the Iinancial viability oI the project. IRR, B/C ratio and NPV
Ior the project are 10.8 , 1.03 and Rs. 1,172,307.00. These parameters can also be used
with the optimum use oI end uses in the long run.
III. The community should promote skilled local human resources as operators so that the
micro hydro plant can be operated eIIiciently.


REFEREACES

Canadian International Water and Energy Consultants, Master Plan Ior Irrigation
Development in Nepal, Cycle-2 Report, NMEN,1980
Civil Works uidelines Ior Micro-Hydropower in Nepal ( International Technology
1999)
DHM Climotological Records oI Nepal (1987-1998)
Environmental Management uidelines - REDP, 1997
Financial uide Line-ITD, Nepal
Micro-Hydro Design Manual - Adam Harvey, 1983
Micro Hydro Sources Book - NRECS, 1986
Report on alkot MHP, Rukum -BPC, Butwal - 1997
Statistical Book Nepal - Central Bureau oI Statistics, 1998

1ABLE OF COA1EA1S

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
SALIENT FEATURES............................................. IERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.I
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.I
CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................... 1
1.3 SCOPE OF WORK (METHODOLOY) ................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Detail Design ............................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2 Estimating and Economic Analysis.......................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................... 4
2 SURVEY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................. 4
2.1 TECHNICAL ASPECTS .......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.1.1 Flow measurement .................................................................................................. 4
2.1.2 Hydrology ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Survey Methodology ............................................................................................... 4
2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS ............................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.2.1 eneral Background ................................................................................................ 5
2.2.2 Location .................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.3 Households.............................................................................................................. 5
2.2.4 Current Energy Situation ......................................................................................... 5
2.2.5 Management structure ............................................................................................. 6
2.3 WATER RIHT ISSUE ....................................................................................................... 6
2.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ............................................................................................ 6
2.5 ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................. 7
3.1 DESIN FLOW, ROSS HEAD AND POWER OUTPUT ....... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.
3.2 CIVIL COMPONENTS .................................................................................................. 7
3.2.1 Headworks (Intake/Weir) ........................................................................................ 7
3.2.2 Headrace Canal ....................................................................................................... 7
3.2.3 ravel Trap cum Desilting Basin ............................................................................. 8
3.2.4 Forebay ................................................................................................................... 8
3.2.5 Penstock Alignment ................................................................................................ 9
3.2.6 Anchor Blocks and Support Piers ............................................................................ 9
3.2.7 Powerhouse Building .............................................................................................. 9
3.2.4 Tailrace Canal ......................................................................................................... 9
3.3 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS ............................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.3.1 Trashrack ................................................................................................................ 9
3.3.2 Flushing Arrangement ........................................................................................... 10
3.3.3 Penstock Pipe ........................................................................................................ 10
3.3.4 Valves ................................................................................................................... 10

3.3.5 Turbine.................................................................................................................. 10
3.3.6 Drive System ......................................................................................................... 11
3.4 ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS ............................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.4.1 enerator .............................................................................................................. 11
3.4.2 TransIormer .......................................................................................................... 11
3.4.3 overning System ................................................................................................. 12
3.4.4 Control and Protection System .............................................................................. 12
3.4.5 Earthing ................................................................................................................ 13
3.4.6 Current Limiting Devices ...................................................................................... 13
3.4.7 Transmission and Distribution ............................................................................... 13
3.4.8 Stay Wire Sets ....................................................................................................... 20
3.4.9 Lightening Arrestors.............................................................................................. 20
3.4.10 Poles.................................................................................................................. 20
3.4.11 Service Wire ...................................................................................................... 21
3.4.12 Insulators ........................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 22
4 END USES ....................................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................... 23
5 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMICAL ASPECTS OF THE MHS ........................................ 23
5.1 CAPITAL COSTS ............................................................................................................. 23
5.2 FINANCIAL MIX ............................................................................................................. 24
5.3 REVENUES AND EXPENSES ............................................................................................. 24
5.3.1 Revenue Irom Lighting Uses ................................................................................. 25
5.3.2 Revenue Irom Business Uses ................................................................................. 25
5.3.3 Annual Operating Cost .......................................................................................... 25
5.4 DEBT SERVICE SCHEDULE .............................................................................................. 26
5.5 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 26
5.4.1 Net Present Value (NPV), BeneIit Cost Ratio (B/C ratio) and Internal Rate oI Return
(IIR) ...................................................................................................................... 27
5.6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 27
5.6.1 Investment cost ..................................................................................................... 27
5.6.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost ........................................................................... 27
5.6.3 Economic BeneIits ................................................................................................ 27
5.6.3.1 BeneIits Irom Kerosene Replacement ................................................................ 28
5.6.3.2 BeneIits Irom Diesel Replacement ..................................................................... 28
5.6.3.3 BeneIits Irom Dry Cell Battery Replacement ..................................................... 28
5.6.3.4 Incremental BeneIit ........................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER SIX ....................................................................................................................... 29
6 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE MHS .............................................................. 29
CHAPTER SEVEN ................................................................................................................ 31
7 SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE MHS .................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER EIGHT................................................................................................................. 32
8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................. 32
8.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 32
8.2 8.1.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 32
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 33

AIXIS

Annox A ofnII IonsIbIIIfy Iormnf

Annox I ofnII of CosfIng

Annox C HydroIogy

Annox VoIfngo ro CnIcuInfIon

Annox I Ihofogrnhs

Annox I rnwIng SocfIon
Annox C omnnd/ Mnrkof AnnIysIs
Irojocf Cosf, Sourco, nnd Incomo
Cnsh IIow AnnIysIs

Hydro Project in Nepal

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Detail Feasibility Study Jama Khola Micro Hydropower System

District Energy and Environment Section, Rukum

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