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Objective
10 August 2005
Theory 3-2
Introduction
Our current practice is to invert separately for Zp, Zs, and . An example of this procedure is LMR analysis:
Introduction
The problem with this approach is that it ignores the fact that Zp and Zs should be related. For example, we expect that from Castagnas equation, Vp and Vs should be more or less linearly related, with variations precisely where there are hydrocarbons. Similarly, should be related to Vp by some form of generalized Gardners equation.
ARCOs original mudrock derivation (Castagna et al, Geophysics, 1985)
10 August 2005 Theory 3-4
Introduction
The objective of joint inversion is to include some form of coupling between the variables. This should add stability to a problem that is ill-conditioned: - very sensitive to noise - very non-unique. A second objective is to create a joint inversion which is consistent with Strata for the case of zero-offset.
10 August 2005
Theory 3-5
RPP ( ) = c1RP + c2 RS + c3 RD
where:
RP =
1 VP V + 2 P
1 VS + RS = 2 VS RD = .
Theory 3-6
RP (i ) =
But, if we define: we can show that:
Z P (i + 1) Z P (i ) Z P (i + 1) + Z P (i )
RP (i ) 1 2 [ LP (i + 1) LP (i )]
Similarly:
LS = log( Z S ) LD = log( )
10 August 2005
RS (i ) 1 2 [ LS (i + 1) LS (i )]
RD (i ) LD (i + 1) LD (i )
Theory 3-7
R P = (1 2 ) D L p
or:
RP (1) R (2) P =1 M RP ( N )
1 1 0 L LP (1) 0 1 1 0 L (2) P 2 0 0 1 1 M 0 0 0 L LP ( N )
10 August 2005
Theory 3-8
T = WRp
T (1) T (2) =1 M T ( N ) 0 W1 0 W W 0 1 2 2 W3 W2 W1 0 W3 W2 L 1 1 0 L LP (1) L 0 1 1 0 LP (2) L 0 0 1 1 M L 0 0 0 L LP ( N )
Constant
= aVPb
ln( a ) b ln( Z P ) + ln( ) = 1+ b 1+ b
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Generalized Gardner
Theory 3-10
This assumes that the major trend is linear and that the outliers are the hydrocarbons:
Ln(Zs)
LS
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Ln(Zp)
Theory 3-11
Ln()
Ln(Zs)
LD
LS
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Ln(Zp)
Ln(Zp)
Theory 3-12
% c1 = (1 2) c1 + (1 2) kc2 + mc3 % c2 = (1 2) c2
Finally, assume we have a series of traces at various angles. We concatenate the traces into a single vector to get the system:
% % c2 (1 )W (1 ) D c3 (1 )W (1 ) D T (1 ) c1 (1 )W (1 ) D T ( ) c ( )W ( ) D c ( )W ( ) D c ( )W ( ) D LP % %2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 LS = M M M M % LD % T ( N ) c1 ( N )W ( N ) D c2 ( N )W ( N ) D c3 ( N )W ( N ) D
10 August 2005 Theory 3-13
[ LP
LS
LD ] = [log( Z P ) 0 0]
T
(4) Solve the system of equations by conjugate gradients. (5) Calculate the final values of Zp, Zs, and :
Z P = exp( LP ) Z S = exp(kLP + kc + LS )
10 August 2005
= exp(mLP + mc + LD )
Theory 3-14
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Theory 3-15
Vs
Target Zone
100% Gas
100% Wet
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Theory 3-16
Model
Input
Error
After 50 iterations:
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Theory 3-17
Model
Input
Error
After 50 iterations:
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Theory 3-18
Zp
Zs
100% Gas
10% Gas
0% Gas
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Theory 3-19
18,000
0o
90o
Transformed to angle
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Theory 3-20
Zp
Zs
Zp
Vp/Vs
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Theory 3-22
Input gathers
Synthetic gathers
Error
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Theory 3-23
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Theory 3-24
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Theory 3-25
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Theory 3-26
Zs
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Theory 3-27
Vp/Vs
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Theory 3-28
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Theory 3-29
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Theory 3-30
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Theory 3-31
10 August 2005
Theory 3-32
Zp
Vp/Vs
Extension to PS data
Similarly to the Fatti equation, we can write down a linearized expression for the PS reflectivity (Stewart, 1990; Larson, 1999):
= sin 1 ( sin ) .
10 August 2005
Theory 3-34
Extension to PS data
Combining the expression for the PS reflectivity with the relationships given earlier, we get:
Note that this is exactly the same form as the original equation for TPP:
10 August 2005
Theory 3-35
(1) Aki-Richards 3-term equation as modified by Fatti. (2) Small reflectivity assumption. (3) Linear relationship between ln(Zs), ln(Zp) and ln() is reasonable. (4) A constant value of = Vs/Vp used in Fatti coefficients. (5) NMO-stretch can be handled by angle-dependent wavelets.
10 August 2005
Theory 3-36