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03/07/2008 - 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the day the trainee shall be able to : - Perform simple heat balances
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W: work done on the water DT: change in water temperature Joule found that a definite amount of work was required per unit mass of water for every degree of temperature rise caused by the stirring and there was a quantitative relationship between work and heat and, therefore, that heat is a form of energy.
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INTERNAL ENERGY
ENTHALPY
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ENTHALPY
Based on the standard state at a given temperature Can be added : H(0,100) = H(0,50)+H(50,100) = H(0,200)-H(200,100) H = Q = m C P dT
H = m C P dT + m
0
50
100
50
C P dT = m
100
0
100
C P dT
H = m
200
CP dT m
200
100
C P dT = m CP dT
0
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HEAT CAPACITY
h = m cp t [kJ]
m = throughput - [kg or Nm] cp = specific heat - [kJ/kg x T or kJ/Nm x T K K] at constant pressure t = difference of temperature between the measured temperature and the reference of the heat balance (in C)
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HEAT CAPACITY
Heat capacity: the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a given mass (or mole) of a material by 1 degree.
C= 1 dQ n dT
Q =
nC
dT
More practically, the heat required to change the temperature fromT1 to T2 is the area under the curve (the integral) between those two temperatures.
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Cp (kcal/kg. K)
nC 'dT
Specific heat is the heat capacity per unit mass (kcal/kg. C) C will be used for specific heat
Q =
m C dT
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Cp vs Cv
CV : heat capacity at constant volume
U = Q = m CV dT
C ' P C 'V = R
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REFERENCE TEMPERATURE
Recommended : (Convenient)
0 = 273.15 = 32 = 491.67 C K F R
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c p = a + bT + cT + d
with T : temperature in K
1 T
in kcal/kg. K
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Cpmean
CP(T) gives the rate of heat content at a given temperature. Absolute temperature is required (K)
T1
H = Q =
T1
C P dT =
a + bT + cT
T1 T0
T0
T0
d dT T2
b c d = aT + T 2 + T 3 2 3 T
a (T1 T0 ) + C P m ean =
H = Q = C Pmean ( T1 , T0 ) ( T1 T0 )
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Cpmean - Example
Calculate CPmean of nitrogen at 1000 using the Lafarge standard C correlation and the constants given below. Equation constants :
Tlimit a b c 2.76050E-8 -1.05755E-8 d 6.53840E+2 -7.11335E+3 298 to 800 K 2.32210E-1 2.14938E-5 800 to 2200K 2.42450E-1 5.44079E-5 1000 = 1273K C
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10
11
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T2
H = Q = CP dT = CP dT CPdT
T1 T0 T0
T0
T2
T1
CP
Q1
T1
Q2
T2
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PHASE CHANGE
Watson correlation:
H2 Tc T2 = H1 Tc T1
Tc : critical temperature
0.38
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= 574.1 kcal / kg
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vapor evaporation
liquid
evaporation
liquid
100 Temperature ( C)
200
100 Temperature ( C)
200
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evaporation
liquid
100 Temperature ( C)
200
Path-1: Evaporation at 100 C heat to raise liquid water from 0 to 100 : C C 100.31 kcal/kg heat to evaporate water 100 : C 538.70 kcal/kg heat to raise vapor water from 100 to 200 : 45.69 kcal/kg C C 684.70 kcal/kg
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100 Temperature ( C)
200
Path-2 : Evaporation at 200 C heat to raise liquid water from 0 to 200 : C C heat to evaporate water 200 : C
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Difference : 4.2% => The method according to first path was found accurate against Steam Tables
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HEAT BALANCES
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HEAT BALANCE Energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be converted from one form to another Energy in = Energy out MASS BALANCE
massin = massout
HEAT BALANCE
heatin = heatout
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HEAT BALANCE
3 - Point Junction : Balance around three points
1 OR 2 3
Mass Balance m1 + m2 = m3
Heat Balance m 1h 1+ m 2h 2 = m 3h 3
In order to solve a 3 junction problem it is sufficient to know only e.g. mass flow, but knowing one property of all 3 flows (e.g. heat, O2 content, Blaine)
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On one occasion, the combined flow was 12611 Nm/h and its
cp=1,0339 kJ/kg.K
ambiant air 25 C
cp=1,0071 kJ/kg.K
cp=1,0057 kJ/kg.K
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Balance Check
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The bypass system is well sized, but the kiln filter and GCT need to be
mathematically checked, if the proposed water amount for injection is sufficient (11 [m/h]) for the proposed bag quality (P84: continuous operation temperature 220 [C]) and the proposed filtration area (6400 [m]) is sufficient for an air to cloth ratio of 1 [m/(min m)].
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