PHILIPPINE LITERATURE I. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (--BC to 1564) A. Characteristics1.Based on oral traditions2.Crude on ideology and phraseologyB . Literary Forms1.

Oral Literaturea. Riddles (bugtong) battle of wits among participants Tigmo CebuPaktakon IlonggoPatotdon - Bicolb.Proverbs (salawikain) wise sayings that contain a metaphor used to teach asa food for thoughtc. Tanaga - a mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessonson life is "more emotionally charged than the terse proverb and thus hasaffinities with th e folk lyric."2. Folk SongsIt is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people'slifestyles as well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic andnaivea. Hele or oyayi lullabyb.Ambahan (Man gyan) 7-syllable per line poem that are about humanrelationships and social ente rtainmentc.Kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the peopl ed.Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) drinking songe.Kanogan (Cebuano) song of lamentatio n for the dead3. Folk Talesa. Myths explain how the world was created, how certa in animalspossess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volc anoes,mountains, flora or faunab. Legends explain the origin of things Why the Pineapple Has EyesThe Legend of Maria Makiling c. Fables used animal characters and allegoryd.Fantastic stories deal with under world characters such as tiyanak,aswang, kapre and others4. Epics These are narrativ of sustained length based on oral tradition revolving aroundsupernatural events or heroic deeds (Arsenio Manuel)Examples: Lam-ang (Ilocano)Hinilawod (Panay)Kudam an (Palawan)Darangen (Maranao) II. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD (1565 1863)

A. Characteristics1.It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular2. It introduced Spanish as the medium of communicationB.Literary Forms1. Religious Literature - Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed inboth Sp anish and Tagalog were included in early catechism and were used toteach Filipin os the Spanish language.a.Pasyon long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. The mostpopular was Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Cristong Panignoon N atin byAguino de Belenb.Senakulo dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passio n and death of Christ2. Secular (non-religious) Literaturea.Awit - colorful tale s of chivalry made for singing and chantingExample: Ibong Adarnab.Korido metrica l tale written in octosyllabic quatrainsExample: Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazarc. Prose Narratives written to prescribe proper decorumi. Dialogoiii. ej emploii.Manual de Urbanidadiv. tratadoExamples: Modesto de Castro's " Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na siUrbana at si Feliza " and Joaquin Tuason's " Ang Bagong Robinson " (The NewRobinson) in 1879 III. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD(1864 1896) A. Characteristics1.Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos2.Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog3.Addressed the masses instead of the intelligentsia B. Literary Forms1. Propaganda Literature - Reformatory in objectivea. Political Es says satires, editorials and news articles were written to attackand expose the evils of Spanish rulei.Diariong Tagalog founded by Marcelo del Pilarii.La Solida ridad whose editor-in-chief is Graciano Lopez-Jaenab. Political Novelsi. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Jose Rizals masterpiecesthat paved the way to the revolution

2. Revolutionary Literature more propagandistic than literary as it is moreviolent in nature and demanded complete independence for the country a. Political Essays helped inflame the spirit of revolutioni. Kalayaan newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacintob. Poetryi. True Decalogue Apolinario Mabi niii.Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas Andres Bonifacioiii.Liwanag at Dilim Emilio J acinto IV. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 1945) A. Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930)1.Filipino Writers imitated English and Amer ican models2.Poems written were amateurish and mushy, which phrasing and diction isawkward and artificial a.Short Storiesi.Dead Stars Paz Marquez Benitezii.The Key Paz Latorenaiii.Footno te to Youth Jose Garcia Villab.Novelsi. Childe of Sorrow first novel in English, by Zoilo GalangB. Period of Emergence (1920-1930)1. Highly influenced by Wester n literary trends like Romanticism and Realism.a. Short Stories most prevalent l iterary formi. Jose Garcia Villa earned the international title Poet of theCentur y V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1960) A. War Years (1942-1944)1. Tagalog poets broke away from the Balagtas tradition and insteadwrote in simple language and free verse2.Fiction prevailed over poetrya. 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kthang Pilipino (1943) compilation of theshort story contest by the military governmenti. Suyuan sa Tubigan Macario Pinedaii.Lupang T inubuan Narciso Reyesiii.Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa Liwayway ArceoB.Period of Matur ity and Originality (1945-1960)1.Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama and essay2.Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized themselves iwhtdivers e techniques3.Literary giants appeared a. Palanca Awards for Literaturei.Jose Garcia Villaii.Nick Joaquiniii.NVM Gonzalesi v.Bienvenido Santosv.Gregorio Brillantesvi.Gilda CorderoFernandob.National Artis t Awards i. Jose Garcia Villaii. Nick Joaquin VI. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD (1960 PRESENT) A. Characteristics1.Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights, including freedom of thepress 2. Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at theface o f heavy censorship3.Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil. Educational Theater Association) and UP Theater.4.From the eighties onwar ds, writers continue to show dynamism and innovation