Three- to-Seven Phase Matrix Converter using Carrier Based PWM Technique

Sathish kumar V#1, Geetha V*2

#

PG Scholar-Power Electronics and Drives, Department of Electrical Engineering GCT,Coimbatore-641 013

1

sathishkumar7891@gmail.com

Associate Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering GCT,Coimbatore-641 013,India

2

bhgita2001@yahoo.co.in

Abstract-This paper presents three to seven phase matrix converter using carrier Based PWM technique. It gives the solution to drive the seven phase system by using direct ac-ac converter. Simple Pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is developed for the proposed matrix converter configuration. The developed modulation technique is based on the comparison of high frequency carrier signal with the duty ratios. Although carrier-based scheme is widely employed for control of voltage source inverter, it is very recently being used for controlling a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter. The similar concept is extended in this paper for controlling a three-phase to sevenphase matrix converter. Two techniques are proposed, one outputs 0.75 of the input magnitude and the output reaches 0.7694 of the input with the other method. This is the maximum value of the output voltage in the linear range that can be achieved in this configuration of the matrix converter The output voltage, output current waveforms, voltage transfer ratio and THD spectrum of switching waveforms connected to R load are analyzed by using MATLAB7.6/SIMULINK software. Keywords Carrier-based PWM, matrix converter,seven-phase, multi-phase

Fig. 1.General topology of three-to-five phase matrix converter.

I.

INTRODUCTION

A Matrix converter is a direct acac power converter employing bidirectional switches. In addition to its basic capacity to provide variable sinusoidal voltages to a load, a matrix converter has several attractive features: no bulky dclink capacitor, the production of sinusoidal input current, high efficiency, compact circuit design, and regeneration capability. Despite these advantages, matrix converter has not been popular in industry because of the complexity in control of many bidirectional switches. A comprehensive overview of the development in the field of matrix converter research is presented in [1]. The three to five phase matrix converter using space vector modulation is implemented and discussed in [2].It consists of five legs with each leg having three bidirectional power switches connected in series which is shown in Fig .1.It is to be noted here that the most common configuration of the matrix converter discussed in the literature are three-phase to three-phase [3,4]. Little attention has been paid on the development of matrix converter with output more than three.

The conventional structure for variable-speed drives consists of a three-phase motor supplied by a three-phase power electronic converter. However, when the machine is connected to a modular power electronic converter, such as a voltage source inverter or a matrix converter then the need for a specific number of phases, such as three, disappears since simply adding one leg increases the number of output phases. Nowadays, the development of modern power electronic converter, makes it possible to consider the number of phases a degree of freedom, i.e., an additional design variable. Multi-phase (more than three) motor drives have some inherent advantages over the traditional three-phase motor drives such as reducing the amplitude and increasing the frequency of torque pulsations, reducing the rotor harmonic currents losses and lowering the dc link current harmonics. In addition, owing to their redundant structure, multi-phase motor drives improve the system reliability Detail reviews on the development in the area of multi-phase (more than threephase) drive are presented in [5-10]. Since multi-phase drive system has gained popularity, a need is felt to develop power electronic converter to supply such multi-phase systems. The multi-phase drive systems are invariably supplied from a multi-phase voltage source inverter. Multi-phase voltage source inverter utilises two stage power conversions and suffers from the same drawback as that of a three-phase

voltage source inverter of distorted input current, and poor input power factor. Thus this paper focuses on the development of novel topology of matrix converter which is a single stage power converter to produce more than three phases. The performance of power electronic converters (ac to ac or ac-dc-ac) is highly dependent on their control algorithms. Thus a number of modulation schemes are developed for voltage source inverters for three-phase output [11, 12] and multi-phase output [10,13]. Modulation methods of matrix converters are complex and are generally classified in two different groups, called direct and indirect. The direct PWM method developed by Alesina and Venturini [14] limits the output to half the input voltage. This limit was subsequently raised to 0.866 by taking advantage of third harmonic injection [15] and it was realized that this is maximum output that can be obtained from a threeto-three phase matrix converter in the linear modulation region. Indirect method assumes a matrix converter as a cascaded virtual three-phase rectifier and a virtual voltage source inverter with imaginary dc link. With this representation, space vector PWM method of VSI is extended to a matrix converter [16,17]. Although the space vector PWM method is suited to three-phase system but the complexity of implementation increases with the increase in the number of switches/phases. Motivated from the simple implementation, carrier-based PWM scheme is introduced recently for three to three phase matrix converter [18-23]. A generalised carrier-based PWM scheme is suggested in [24] where analytical expression for distribution of zero-vector is presented. The results show a marginal distortion in the input current. However, the aim of the paper is to reduce the common .mode voltage. In this paper, a carrier based PWM strategy is presented based on the comparison of the modulating signals (sevenphase target output voltages) with the high frequency triangular carrier wave. The output voltage is limited to 0.75 of the input voltage magnitude in the simple extension of three-phase system. Another scheme is suggested in the paper utilising the injection of common mode voltage in the output seven-phase target voltage. This results in enhanced output voltage equal to 0.7694 of the input magnitude. Theoretically this is the maximum output magnitude that can be obtained in this matrix converter configuration in the linear modulation region. However, this limit can be further enhanced by employing over-modulation and at the cost of introducing low-order harmonics . The output voltage, output current waveforms, voltage transfer ratio and THD spectrum of switching waveforms connected to R load are analyzed by using Matlab7.6/Simulink software. II. THREE-TO-SEVEN MATRIX CONVERTER The power circuit topology of a three-phase to seven phase matrix converter is illustrated in Fig. 2. There are seven legs with each leg having three bidirectional power switches connected in series. Each power switch is bidirectional in nature with anti-parallel connected IGBTs and diodes. The input is similar to a three-phase to threephase matrix converter

having LC filters and the output is seven phases with 51.4 degree phase displacement between each phases.

Fig. 2. Power Circuit topology of Three-phase to seven-phase matrix Converter

The load to the matrix converter is assumed as star connected seven-phase ac machine. Switching function is defined as Sjk = {1 for closed switch, 0 for open switch}, j = {a,b,c}(input), p= {A,B,C,D,E,F,G} (output). The switching constraint is Sak + Sbk + Sck = 1.As an analogy to the voltage source inverter, matrix converter can be seen as a three-level inverter [17], where the levels are the input voltages instead of 0, half dc link and dc link voltages. The input phases are labeled with small letters while the output phases are denoted with capital letters. The duty ratio of upper switch is labeled as ap , the middle switch is labeled as bp and the lower switch with cp . It is to be emphasized that following constraint applies to these duty ratios; ap + bp + cp =1 (1)

It is to be further noted that the modulation technique is developed by assuming input side as three-phase controlled rectifier and the output is a seven-phase voltage source inverter with a fictitious dc link. III. CARRIER-BASED PULSE WIDTH MODULATION TECHNIQUE Carrier-based PWM scheme developed in this section follows the similar concept presented in [17]. Since the input side is three-phase, the analytical treatment remains the same as that of [17]. However, the output is now increased to seven and hence the analysis will be modified to suit the requisite output phase number. A balanced three-phase system is assumed at the input and unbalance study will be reported separately. Va=|V|cost Vb=|V|cos(t- 3 ) Vc =|V|cos(t- )
3 4 2

(2)

Since the matrix converter outputs voltages with frequency decoupled from the input voltages, the duty ratios of the switches are to be calculated accordingly. The seven phase output voltage duty ratios should be calculated in such a way that output voltages remains independent of input frequency. In a different way the seven-phase output voltages can be considered in synchronous reference frame and the threephase input voltages can be considered to be in stationary reference frame, so that the input frequency term will be absent in output voltages. Considering the above points duty ratios of output phase j where are chosen as dak= kjcos(t-) dbk= kjcos(t- 3 - ) dck= kjcos(t- 3 - ) Therefore the phase A output voltage can be obtained by using the above duty ratios as VA = kAV[cos (t)*cos (t-) 2 2 +cos(t- )*cos(t- -) +cos (t- 3 )*cos(t- 3 -)]
In general equation (3) can be written as
3 4 3 4 4 2

resultant duty-ratios of individual switches are always positive.Furthermore, the offset duty-ratios should be added equally to all the output phases to ensure that the effect of resultant output voltage vector produced by the offset duty-ratios is null in the load. That is, the offset duty ratios can only add the common-mode voltages in the output. Considering the case of output phase-A

daA+dbA+dcA= kAcos(t-) 2 + kAcos(t- 3 - ) +kAcos(t- 3 -)=0

4

(7)

(2)

Absolute values of the duty-ratios are added to cancel the negative components from individual duty ratios. Thus the minimum individual offset duty ratios should be

Da(t)= |kAcos(t-)| Db(t)= |kAcos(t- 3 - )| Dc(t)= |kAcos(t- 3 - )|

The effective duty ratios are daA+Da(t),dbA+Db(t),dcA+Dc(t) Other output phases can be written similarly. The net duty ratio daA+Da(t) should be accommodated within a range of 0 to 1. Therefore 0 daA+Da(t)1 can be written as
4 2

(8)

(3)

0kAcos(t-)+ |kAcos(t-)| 1 (4)

(9)

VA = 2 VKAcos ()

In eq (4), cos() term indicates that the output voltage is affected . Thus, the output voltage VA is independent of the input frequency and only depends on the amplitude V of the input voltage and kA is a reference output voltage timevarying modulating signal for the output phase A with the desired output frequency o. The 7-phase reference output voltages can be represented as kA = mcos(ot) 2 kB = mcos(ot - 7 ) kC = mcos(ot - 7 ) kD = mcos(ot - 7 ) kE= mcos(ot - 7 ) kF = mcos(ot kG = mcos(ot 8 10 6 4

For worst case The maximum value of kA or in other words k in (5) is equal to 0.5. Hence the offset duty-ratios corresponding to the three input phases are chosen as; Da(t)= |0.5cos(t-)| Db(t)= |0.5cos(t- 3 - )| Dc(t)=|0.5cos(t- 3 - )| The modified duty ratios for output phase A are daA= Da(t)+kAcos(t-)
2 4 2

(10)

(5)

dbA =Db(t)+kAcos(t- 3 - ) dcA=Dc(t)+kAcos(t- 3 - )

4

(11)

7 12 7

) )

Therefore, from (4), the output voltage in phase-A is

VA = 2 VKAcos ()cos(ot) A. Application of Offset Duty Ratio

(6)

In the above explanation, duty-ratios become negative which are not practically realizable. For the switches connected to output phase-A, at any instant, the condition 0daA,dbA,dcA1should be valid. Therefore, offset duty ratios should to be added to the existing duty-ratios, so that the net

In any switching cycle the output phase has to be connected to any of the input phases. The summation of the duty ratios in (10) must equal unity. But the summation Da(t)+Db(t)+Dc(t) is less than or equal to unity . Hence another offset duty-ratio [1-{ Da(t)+Db(t)+Dc(t)}]/3 is added to Da(t),Db(t)and Dc(t) in (10). The addition of this offset duty-ratio in all switches will maintain the output voltages and input currents unaffected. Similarly, the dutyratios are calculated for the other output phases. This final modified duty ratios are shown in Fig.3. If kA,kB,kC,kD,kE,kF ,kG are chosen to be 7-phase sinusoidal references as given in Eq. 5, the input voltage capability is not fully utilized for output voltage generation. To overcome this, an additional common mode term equal to

[{max(kA,kB,,kC,kD,kE,kF ,kG)+min(kA,kB ,kC,kD,kE,kF ,kG )}/2]

is added as in the carrier-based space-vector PWM principle as implemented in two-level inverters. Thus the amplitude of (kA,kB ,kC,kD,kE,kF ,kG) can be enhanced from 0.5 with 0.5129.This is shown in Fig .4 for an output phase.

dbA = Db(t)+(1-{Da(t)+Db(t)+Dc(t)})/3+[kA-{max(kA,kB 2 ,kC,kD,kE,kF,kG)+min(kA,kB ,kC,kD,kE,kF ,kG )}/2]xcos(t- 3 - ) dcA = Dc(t)+(1-{Da(t)+Db(t)+Dc(t)})/3+[kA-{max(kA,kB 4 ,kC,kD,kE,kF,kG)+min(kA,kB ,kC,kD,kE,kF ,kG )}/2]xcos(t- 3 - ) where, Da(t)= |0.5cos(t-)| Db(t)= |0.5cos(t- - )|
3 2

(13)

Dc(t)=|0.5cos(t- 3 - )| The seven-phase output voltages can be written as; kA = mcos(ot) 2 kB = mcos(ot - 7 ) kC = mcos(ot - ) kD = mcos(ot - ) kE= mcos(ot - 7 )
Fig. 3. Modified Offset duty ratios for all input phases.
7 8 7 6 4

(14)

kF = mcos(ot -

10

In the next section the analytical expressions are given for the case of a three to seven phase matrix converter.

kG = mcos(ot -

7 12 7

) )

B. Without Common-mode voltage addition

The duty ratio for output phase A can be written as

Where is input frequency and o is the output frequency, m is the modulation index. For unity power factor has to chosen zero.

daA= Da(t)+ (1-{Da(t)+Db(t)+Dc(t)})/3+kAcos(t-) dbA =Db(t)+ (1-{Da(t)+Db(t)+Dc(t)})/3+kAcos(t- 3 - ) (12) dcA=Dc(t)+ (1-{Da(t)+Db(t)+Dc(t)})/3+kAcos(t- 3 - )

4 2

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS The input voltage is fixed at 100V at input frequency of 50Hz which is shown in Fig. 5.The switching frequency of the device is kept at 5kHz and frequency of the reference signal is 25Hz.The Total Harmonics Distortion of input voltage is shown in Fig. 6.The simulation output of the Three to Seven phase output voltage and current which is shown in Fig. 7& Fig. 9. The Total Harmonics Distortion of output voltage is 3.02% which is shown in Fig. 8. The results clearly shows unity power factor at the input side. The output is also sinusoidal seven-phase.The matrix converter is simulated by using MATLAB 7.6/Simulink.

Fig. 4. With and without common mode added reference for an output phase.

C. With Common mode voltage Addition

The duty ratio for output phase A can be written as

daA = Da(t)+(1-{Da(t)+Db(t)+Dc(t)})/3+[kA-{max(kA,kB ,kC,kD,kE,kF ,kG)+min(kA,kB ,kC,kD,kE,kF ,kG )}/2] *cos(t-)

Fig. 5 Input voltage and Input current

Fig. 9.Output Current Waveform

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Fig. 6. Total Harmonics Distortions(THD) for input voltage

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[9] Fig. 7.Output voltage for Three to seven phase matrix converter [10]

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[17] Fig. 8.Total Harmonics Distortions (THD) for Output Voltage

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