Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

What is Computer Network :

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

Why we are using computer network

Computer on its own is referred to as a stand-alone machine, and most domestic computer users use their PCs in this way. However even small commercial organizations may want to link their computers together. Two computers linked together so that they can exchange data form a network. However when we think of networks, we tend to think of lots of machines linked together. Advantages of linking machines ( Computer on Network or LAN)? Sharing of resources such as scanners and printers; Common information can be shared. Easier to install a program on a central computer rather than having to do it individually for each computer. E-mails can be sent between users. New users and equipment can be added easily. Different types of computers can connect to each other. Disadvantages are: If a file server goes down, the users cannot access programs. If the network is not operating properly, hardware and software sources cannot be accessed. The networks efficiency depends a lot on the skill of its manager. A poorly managed network (or one where the manager is obstructive) becomes frustrating to use and may be less efficient than stand-alone machines. Hard to keep secure from hackers. If a network is not well designed, it might not able to manage the network traffic and performance of network going down ( Slow Network for access data ).

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Computer Network Technology

Server : Server provide services to client. Like internet Server , Mail Server ,
Database server, application . Client : Who get services from server or request services from other computer systems Client /Server technology

Nodes and servers share data roles Nodes are called clients Servers are used to control access Database software
Access to data controlled by server

Server is the most important computer

Peer to Peer Technology

All nodes are equal Nodes access resources on other nodes Each node controls its own resources Distributing computing

How can computers communicate?

Actually in quite a similar way to humans The Hardware (the physical components of the network

Topology

Transmitter ( Vocal Cords in humans) Channel (Media) [ Air in humans] Receiver [Ear in humans] Transceiver How is the network connected

Protocols What rules does the network follow to facilitate communication

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Type of Computer Network

Local Area Network - A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building. LAN computers more than a mile apart. In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached to the network. Computers connected to the file server are called workstations. The workstations can be less powerful than the file server, and they may have additional software on their hard drives. LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface cards in each computer. Benefits of LANs: Sharing of hardware resources. Sharing of software and data. Consolidated wiring/cabling. Simultaneous distribution of information. More efficient person-to-person communication

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

A communications network that covers a geographic area such as a city or suburb. Consists of many local area networks linked together. Span the distance of just a few miles.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

Consists of a number of computer networks including LANs. Connected by many types of links. Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic areas, such as Sirt,Libya connected to India or other part of the world. Satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of network.

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Network Topology
Topology refers to the way in which the network of computers is connected. Each topology is suited to specific tasks and has its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of topology is dependent upon type and number of equipment being used, planned applications and rate of data transfer required, response time, and cost. Topology can also be defined as the geometrically interconnection pattern by which the stations (nodes/computers) are connected using suitable transmission media The Bus Topology In Bus Topology, all stations attach through appropriate hardware interfacing known as a tap, directly to a linear transmission medium A continuous coaxial cable to which all the devices are attached. All nodes can detect all messages sent along the bus. Key Characteristics of Bus Topology are: o Flexible o Expandable o Moderate Reliability o Moderate performance

BUS TOPOLOGY

The Ring Topology In the ring topology, the network consists of a set of
repeaters joined by point-to-point links in a closed loop as shown in Fig. . Nodes linked together to form a circle. A message sent out from one node is passed along to each node in between until the target node receives the message.

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

RING TOPOLOGY The Star Topology In the star topology, each station is directly connected to a common central node as shown in Fig. Each node is linked to a central node. All messages are routed through the central node, who delivers it to the proper node.

STAR TOPOLOGY

Key features of Star Topology : High Speed Very Flexible High Reliability High Maintainability

The Tree Topology - (hierarchical Topology)

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Looks like an upside-down tree where end nodes are linked to interior nodes that allow linking through to another end node.

TREE TOPOLOGY Mesh Topology (fully connected network) In this topology each node or station is connected to every other station. All nodes are connected to all other nodes. as shown in Fig.

MASH TOPOLOGY The key characteristics of this topology are as follows: Fully connected Robust Highly reliable Not flexible Poor expandability

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Transmission Media
Transmission media can be defined as physical path between transmitter and receiver in a data transmission system Simplex Unidirectional, one device transmitting at a time Half-duplex Bi-directional, one device transmitting at a time Full duplex Bi-directional, both devices can simultaneously transmit

The world of computer networks and data communications would not exist if there were no medium by which to transfer data. The two major categories of media include: Conducted media Coaxial Cable Twisted Pair Cable Fiber Optic Cable Wireless media Terrestrial Microwave Satellite Microwave Mobile Telephone

Coaxial Cable : A single wire wrapped in a foam insulation surrounded by a braided metal shield, then covered in a plastic jacket. Cable can be thick or thin. Base band coaxial technology uses digital signaling in which the cable carries only one channel of digital data. Broadband coaxial technology transmits analog signals and is capable of supporting multiple channels of data.

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Characteristics of Coaxial Cables Two types Thin baseband and Think baseband Coaxial cables 1- UTP Category: Thin baseband single channel Typical Use: LANs Signaling Technique: Digital Maximum Data Rate: 10 Mbps Maximum Range: 100 meters (328 feets) Advantages: Low noise Disadvantages: Insecure

UTP Category: Thick broadband multi channel Typical Use: LANs Cable TV Long distance telephone Signaling Technique: Analog Maximum Data Rate: 10 Mbps Maximum Range: 2-3 miles Advantages: Low noise Multiple channels Disadvantages: Insecure Twisted Pair : In twisted pair technology, two copper wires are strung between two points:

Figure CAT5 cable (twisted cable) In twisted pair technology, two copper wires are strung between two points Two or more pairs of single conductor wires that have been twisted around each other. Twisted pair wire is classified by category. Twisted pair wire is currently Category 1 (CAT1) through Category 7 (CAT7). Twisting the wires helps to eliminate electromagnetic interference between the two wires. Page 9 of 19

Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Shielding can further help to eliminate interference.

Characteristics of Twisted Pair Cables

1 - UTP Category: Category 1 (CAT1) Typical Use: Telephone wire Signaling Technique: Analog and Digital Maximum Data Rate: < 100 Kbps Maximum Range: 3-4 miles Advantages: Inexpensive Easy to install and interface Widely used Disadvantages: Insecure Noise 2 - UTP Category: Category 2 (CAT2) Typical Use: T1, ISDN Signaling Technique: Digital Maximum Data Rate: < 2 Mbps Maximum Range: 3-4 miles Advantages: Inexpensive Easy to install and interface Widely used Disadvantages: Insecure Noise

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Notes : Computer Communication

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IMS-DAVV

3 - UTP Category: Category 3 (CAT3) Typical Use: LANs Signaling Technique: Digital Maximum Data Rate: 10 Mbps Maximum Range: 100 meters (328 feet) Advantages: Inexpensive Easy to install and interface Widely used Disadvantages: Insecure Noise 4- UTP Category: Category 4 (CAT4) Typical Use: LANs Signaling Technique: Digital Maximum Data Rate: 20 Mbps Maximum Range: 100 meters (328 feet) Advantages: Inexpensive Easy to install and interface Widely used Disadvantages: Insecure Noise 5- UTP Category: Category 5 (CAT5) Typical Use: LANs Signaling Technique: Digital Maximum Data Rate: 100 Mbps Maximum Range: 100 meters (328 feet) Advantages: Inexpensive Easy to install and interface Widely used Disadvantages: Insecure Noise 6- UTP Category: Category 6 (CAT6) Typical Use: LANs Signaling Technique: Digital Maximum Data Rate: 200 Mbps Maximum Range: 100 meters (328 feet) Advantages: Draft standard in early stages

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

7- UTP Category: Category 7 (CAT7) Typical Use: LANs Signaling Technique: Digital Maximum Data Rate: 600 Mbps Maximum Range: 100 meters (328 feet) Advantages: Draft standard in very early stages

Twisted Pair Cable

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Fiber Optic Cable

A thin glass cable approximately a little thicker than a human hair surrounded by a plastic coating and packaged into an insulated cable. A photo diode or laser generates pulses of light which travel down the fiber optic cable and are received by a photo receptor.

Core

Multimode 50 m Singlemode 812 m Cladding

In fiber optic technology, the medium consists of a hair-width strand of silicon or glass, and the signal consists of pulses of light. For instance, a pulse of light means ``1'', lack of pulse means ``0''. It has a cylindrical shape and consists of three concentric sections: the core, the cladding, and the jacket as shown in Figure .

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Characteristics of Fiber Optic Cable

UTP Category: Fiber Optic Typical Use: LANs Data Video Audio WANs Signaling Technique: Light pulses Maximum Data Rate: 10 Gbps Maximum Range: 100 miles Advantages: Secure High capacity Very low noise Disadvantages: Expensive interface, but coming down in cost

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Wireless Media
Radio, satellite transmissions, and infrared light are all different forms of electromagnetic waves that are used to transmit data. Note in the following figure how each source occupies a different set of frequencies

Microwave Tower
Land-based, line-of-sight transmission Approximately 20-30 miles maximum between towers Transmits data at billions of bits per second (Gbps) Popular with telephone companies and business to business transmissions Microwave signals commonly used for longer distances (10's of km). Sender and receiver use some sort of dish antenna as shown in Fig.

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Figure Communication using Terrestrial Microwave Tower Difficulties: 1. Weather interferes with signals. For instance, clouds, rain, lightning, tc. May adversely affect communication. 2. Radio transmissions easy to tap. A big concern for companies worried about competitors stealing plans. 3. Signals bouncing off of structures may lead to out-of-phase signals that the receiver must filter out.

Satellite Microwave
Satellite communication is based on ideas similar to those used for line-of-sight. A communication satellite is essentially a big microwave repeater or relay station in the sky. Microwave signals from a ground station is picked up by a transponder, amplifies the signal and rebroadcasts it in another frequency, which can be received by ground stations at long distances as shown in Fig. A

Figure A Satellite Microwave Communication: point to- point . Page 16 of 19

Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Figure Satellite Microwave Communication: Broadcast links Similar to terrestrial microwave except the signal travels from a ground station on earth to a satellite and back to another ground station. Satellites can be classified by how far out into orbit each one is (LEO, MEO, and GEO). LEO - Low Earth Orbit - 100 miles to 1000 miles. Used for pagers, wireless email, special mobile telephones, spying, videoconferencing. MEO - Middle Earth Orbit - 1000 to 22,300 miles. Used for GPS and government. GEO - Geosynchronous Orbit - 22,300 miles. Used for weather, television, and government operations

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

Mobile Telephone
Wireless telephone service, such as cellular telephone, cell phone. To support multiple users in a metropolitan area (market), the market is broken into cells. Each cell has its own transmission tower and set of assignable channels.

Media Selection Criteria

Cost Speed Distance and expandability Environment Security

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Notes : Computer Communication

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

IMS-DAVV

What is a Switch? A switch is a network device that selects a path or circuit for sending a unit of data to its next destination a network traffic monitoring device that controls the flow of traffic between multiple network nodes

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